Protocols | Proteintech Group

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class="search__params" tabindex="0" data-search-field="secondaryab-species"> <div class="search__params__container"> <div class="search-term-layout"> <div class="search-term-layout__term">Species Reactivity</div> <div class="search-term-layout__count">0</div> </div> </div> <div class="search__dropdown"> <ul class="list-unstyled m-0"> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Chicken" id="species-reactivity-Chicken"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Chicken"> Chicken </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Goat" id="species-reactivity-Goat"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Goat"> Goat </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Guinea Pig" id="species-reactivity-Guinea-Pig"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Guinea-Pig"> Guinea Pig </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Horse" id="species-reactivity-Horse"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Horse"> Horse </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Human" id="species-reactivity-Human"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Human"> Human </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Mouse" id="species-reactivity-Mouse"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Mouse"> Mouse </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Rabbit" id="species-reactivity-Rabbit"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Rabbit"> Rabbit </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Rat" id="species-reactivity-Rat"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Rat"> Rat </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Sheep" id="species-reactivity-Sheep"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Sheep"> Sheep </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Swine" id="species-reactivity-Swine"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Swine"> Swine </label> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="search__dropdown__actions"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-text search__dropdown__actions__clear">Clear</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary search__dropdown__actions__confirm">Confirm</button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search__params" tabindex="0" data-search-field="species-reactivity"> <div class="search__params__container"> <div class="search-term-layout"> <div class="search-term-layout__term">Species Reactivity</div> <div class="search-term-layout__count">0</div> </div> </div> <div class="search__dropdown"> <ul class="list-unstyled m-0"> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Human" id="species-reactivity-Human"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Human"> Human </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Mouse" id="species-reactivity-Mouse"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Mouse"> Mouse </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Rat" id="species-reactivity-Rat"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Rat"> Rat </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Pig" id="species-reactivity-Pig"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Pig"> Pig </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Bovine" id="species-reactivity-Bovine"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Bovine"> Bovine </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Chicken" id="species-reactivity-Chicken"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Chicken"> Chicken </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Zebrafish" id="species-reactivity-Zebrafish"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Zebrafish"> Zebrafish </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Hamster" id="species-reactivity-Hamster"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Hamster"> Hamster </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Monkey" id="species-reactivity-Monkey"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Monkey"> Monkey </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Drosophila" id="species-reactivity-Drosophila"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Drosophila"> Drosophila </label> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="search__dropdown__actions"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-text search__dropdown__actions__clear">Clear</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary search__dropdown__actions__confirm">Confirm</button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search__params" tabindex="0" data-search-field="conjugate"> <div class="search__params__container"> <div class="search-term-layout"> <div class="search-term-layout__term">Conjugate</div> <div class="search-term-layout__count">0</div> </div> </div> <div class="search__dropdown"> <ul class="list-unstyled m-0"> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="APC" id="conjugate-APC"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-APC"> APC </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="Atlantic Blue™" id="conjugate-Atlantic-Blue™"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-Atlantic-Blue™"> Atlantic Blue™ </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="Biotin" id="conjugate-Biotin"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-Biotin"> Biotin </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="Cardinal Red™" id="conjugate-Cardinal-Red™"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-Cardinal-Red™"> Cardinal Red™ </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite® Plus 405" id="conjugate-CoraLite®-Plus-405"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite®-Plus-405"> CoraLite® Plus 405 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite® Plus 488" id="conjugate-CoraLite®-Plus-488"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite®-Plus-488"> CoraLite® Plus 488 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite® Plus 647" id="conjugate-CoraLite®-Plus-647"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite®-Plus-647"> CoraLite® Plus 647 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite® Plus 750" id="conjugate-CoraLite®-Plus-750"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite®-Plus-750"> CoraLite® Plus 750 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite®488" id="conjugate-CoraLite-488"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite-488"> CoraLite®488 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite®532" id="conjugate-CoraLite-532"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite-532"> CoraLite®532 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite®555" id="conjugate-CoraLite-555"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite-555"> CoraLite®555 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite®568" id="conjugate-CoraLite-568"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite-568"> CoraLite®568 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite®594" id="conjugate-CoraLite-594"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite-594"> CoraLite®594 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="FITC" id="conjugate-FITC"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-FITC"> FITC </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="FITC Plus" id="conjugate-FITC-Plus"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-FITC-Plus"> FITC Plus </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="HRP" id="conjugate-HRP"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-HRP"> HRP </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="PE" id="conjugate-PE"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-PE"> PE </label> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="search__dropdown__actions"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-text search__dropdown__actions__clear">Clear</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary search__dropdown__actions__confirm">Confirm</button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search__params" tabindex="0" data-search-field="secondaryab-conjugate"> <div class="search__params__container"> <div class="search-term-layout"> <div class="search-term-layout__term">Conjugate</div> <div class="search-term-layout__count">0</div> </div> </div> <div class="search__dropdown"> <ul class="list-unstyled m-0"> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="Alexa Fluor® 488" id="conjugate-alexa-fluor-488"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-Alexa-Fluor-488"> Alexa Fluor® 488 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="Alexa Fluor® 568" id="conjugate-alexa-fluor-568"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-Alexa-Fluor-568"> Alexa Fluor® 568 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="Alexa Fluor® 647" id="conjugate-alexa-fluor-647"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-Alexa-Fluor-647"> Alexa Fluor® 647 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="Alkaline phosphatase" id="conjugate-alkaline-phosphatase"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-Alkaline-phosphatase"> AP </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="Biotin" id="conjugate-biotin"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-Biotin"> Biotin </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite®488" id="conjugate-CoraLite-488"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite-488"> CoraLite®488 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite®594" id="conjugate-CoraLite-594"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite-594"> CoraLite®594 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite®647" id="conjugate-CoraLite-647"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite-647"> CoraLite®647 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="cy3" id="conjugate-cy3"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-Cy3"> Cy3 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="FITC" id="conjugate-FITC"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-FITC"> FITC </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="HRP" id="conjugate-HRP"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-HRP"> HRP </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="Rhodamine" id="conjugate-rhodamine"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-Rhodamine"> Rhodamine </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="R-PE" id="conjugate-r-pe"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-R-PE"> R-PE </label> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="search__dropdown__actions"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-text search__dropdown__actions__clear">Clear</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary search__dropdown__actions__confirm">Confirm</button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search__params" tabindex="0" data-search-field="compatible-species"> <div class="search__params__container"> <div class="search-term-layout"> <div class="search-term-layout__term">Compatible Species</div> <div class="search-term-layout__count">0</div> </div> </div> <div class="search__dropdown"> <ul class="list-unstyled m-0"> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="anti rabbit" id="compatible-species-Rabbit"> <label class="form-check-label" for="compatible-species-Rabbit"> Rabbit </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="anti mouse" id="compatible-species-Mouse"> <label class="form-check-label" for="compatible-species-Mouse"> Mouse </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="anti human" id="compatible-species-Human"> <label class="form-check-label" for="compatible-species-Human"> Human </label> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="search__dropdown__actions"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-text search__dropdown__actions__clear">Clear</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary search__dropdown__actions__confirm">Confirm</button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search__params" tabindex="0" data-search-field="flexable-conjugate"> <div class="search__params__container"> <div class="search-term-layout"> <div class="search-term-layout__term">Conjugate</div> <div class="search-term-layout__count">0</div> </div> </div> <div class="search__dropdown"> <ul class="list-unstyled m-0"> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite405" id="conjugate-CoraLite-Plus-405"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite-Plus-405"> CoraLite Plus 405 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="FITC" id="conjugate-FITC"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-FITC"> FITC Plus<sup style="color:red"> NEW</sup> </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite488" id="conjugate-CoraLite-488"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite-488"> CoraLite Plus 488 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite555" id="conjugate-CoraLite-Plus-555"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite-Plus-555"> CoraLite Plus 555 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite647" id="conjugate-CoraLite-Plus-647"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite-Plus-647"> CoraLite Plus 647 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite750" id="conjugate-CoraLite-Plus-750"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite-Plus-750"> CoraLite Plus 750 </label> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="search__dropdown__actions"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-text search__dropdown__actions__clear">Clear</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary search__dropdown__actions__confirm">Confirm</button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search__actions"> <button class="button" type="submit"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M11.742 10.344a6.5 6.5 0 1 0-1.397 1.398h-.001c.03.04.062.078.098.115l3.85 3.85a1 1 0 0 0 1.415-1.414l-3.85-3.85a1.007 1.007 0 0 0-.115-.1zM12 6.5a5.5 5.5 0 1 1-11 0 5.5 5.5 0 0 1 11 0z" /> </svg> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </section> <script src="https://ajax.aspnetcdn.com/ajax/jquery.validate/1.16.0/jquery.validate.min.js"></script> <script src="https://ajax.aspnetcdn.com/ajax/mvc/5.2.3/jquery.validate.unobtrusive.min.js"></script> <section> <div class="container-xl"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-lg-12"> </div> <div class="col-12 col-lg-12"> <div class="accordion" id="accordionProtocol"> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="heading-1"> <button class="accordion-button " type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse-1" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="collapse-1"> Product Specific Protocols </button> </h2> <div id="collapse-1" class="accordion-collapse collapse show" aria-labelledby="heading-1" data-bs-parent="#accordionProtocol"> <div class="accordion-body"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 ms-4"> <p><h5><a><strong>Product specific protocols direct from our lab notebook to yours.</strong></a></h5> <hr /> <p><a><strong>Achieve optimal results by following our new step-by-step antibody specific protocols for a range of applications.</strong></a></p> <p>You can now find detailed protocols tailored to individual antibodies in the Proteintech catalog. The protocols are individually optimized to each antibody to help you achieve the best possible results.</p> <h5><strong><a>How to access product specific protocols</a></strong></h5> <ol> <li> <p>Navigate to the support menu and click 'Product-specific protocols'<strong><br /></strong></p> </li> <li> <p>Search for your chosen antibody by name or catalog number in the Proteintech search bar.</p> </li> <li> <p>Select 'View' next to your chosen antibody.</p> </li> <li> <p>Chose your product-specific protocol PDF from a range of antibody applications.</p> </li> </ol> <p>Alternatively, you can find product specific protocols in the 'Protocols' tab on every antibody product page.</p> <p><a>N.B If we do not suggest a product specific protocol for an application, you can use our standard protocols listed in the support section.</a></p></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="heading-2"> <button class="accordion-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse-2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse-2"> ELISA </button> </h2> <div id="collapse-2" class="accordion-collapse collapse " aria-labelledby="heading-2" data-bs-parent="#accordionProtocol"> <div class="accordion-body"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 ms-4"> <p><h5><a><strong>ELISA Introduction</strong></a></h5> <hr /> <p>Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is widely used in immunology to detect the presence of proteins or other antibodies in a sample. For instance, it is used as an initial detection tool for HIV, based on the interaction of an antibody with antigen presented by the virus. There are several different ELISA methods: indirect ELISA, sandwich ELISA and competitive ELISA are the most commonly applied. All three methods have similar steps:</p> <p>1) Attach antigens or primary antibodies or their complexes to a solid surface.</p> <p>2) Wash away unbound substances.</p> <p>3) Block exposed sites on the solid surface.</p> <p>4) Add detection antibodies and/or enzyme-conjugated secondary antibodies.</p> <p>5) Develop color by adding substrates that react with the enzymes.</p> <p><a><strong>For a detailed step-by-step guide to Indirect ELISA download the pdf protocol below.</strong></a></p></p> </div> <div class="ms-4 download"> <h4 class="ms-4">Downloads</h4> <ul> <li> <a href="/media/mdgjrvwq/protocols-for-web_indirect-elisa_v2.pdf" class="text-decoration-none d-flex align-items-start gap-2" target="_blank"> <div> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-download" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M.5 9.9a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2.5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h12a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0v2.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H2a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5z"></path> <path d="M7.646 11.854a.5.5 0 0 0 .708 0l3-3a.5.5 0 0 0-.708-.708L8.5 10.293V1.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v8.793L5.354 8.146a.5.5 0 1 0-.708.708l3 3z"></path> </svg> </div> <div> <p> <span>Indirect ELISA</span> Downloadable PDF protocol </p> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/media/xagnzzyf/1503409_elisa-slideshow_v2.pdf" class="text-decoration-none d-flex align-items-start gap-2" target="_blank"> <div> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-download" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M.5 9.9a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2.5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h12a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0v2.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H2a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5z"></path> <path d="M7.646 11.854a.5.5 0 0 0 .708 0l3-3a.5.5 0 0 0-.708-.708L8.5 10.293V1.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v8.793L5.354 8.146a.5.5 0 1 0-.708.708l3 3z"></path> </svg> </div> <div> <p> <span>ELISA</span> Basics and technical tips slideshow </p> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="heading-3"> <button class="accordion-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse-3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse-3"> Immunohistochemistry </button> </h2> <div id="collapse-3" class="accordion-collapse collapse " aria-labelledby="heading-3" data-bs-parent="#accordionProtocol"> <div class="accordion-body"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 ms-4"> <p><h5><a>Immunohistochemistry Introduction</a></h5> <hr /> <p>Immunohistochemistry (IHC) allows you to visualize proteins in tissue while remaining its microstructure. It helps to demonstrate the exact position and distribution of the protein of interest in the analyzed tissue section. The advantage of this visualization is that it allows for comparison between, for example, healthy and diseased tissues. Briefly, in an IHC experiment, the antigen of interest is localized by the binding of an antibody. The antibody-antigen interaction is then further visualized via chromogenic or fluorescent detection.</p> <p>The IHC protocol contains many steps that may require optimization to ensure specific antibody binding and optimal visualization of the target protein. As the IHC protocol contains many different variable factors, it can be challenging to find the best working conditions to obtain strong and specific staining. </p> <h5><strong><a>Step-by-step IHC protocol</a></strong></h5> <hr /> <h5><strong><a>Immunohistochemistry using slide-mounted paraffin sections</a></strong></h5> <p data-canvas-width="930.4270792035963">All steps in the following protocol are carried out at room temperature unless stated otherwise. Recipes for all solutions highlighted bold are included at the end of the protocol.</p> <p><strong><a data-canvas-width="930.4270792035963">1. Deparaffinizing and rehydration:</a></strong></p> <ul> <li data-canvas-width="601.9405317869358"> <p>Immerse slides in xylene for 10 minutes. Repeat this step again in fresh xylene for 10 minutes. (If required, repeat a third time in fresh xylene for another 10 minutes.)</p> </li> <li data-canvas-width="601.9405317869358"> <p>Rehydrate sections by sequentially incubating with 100%, 95%, 80% and 60% ethanol for 5 minutes each.</p> </li> <li data-canvas-width="601.9405317869358"> <p>Rinse sections with distilled water three times for 3 minutes each.</p> </li> </ul> <p><a><strong> 2. Antigen retrieval (optional):</strong></a></p> <ul> <li> <p data-canvas-width="494.5283061974613">Transfer slides to a microwave-safe container and cover with <strong>Citrate buffer</strong> or <strong>Tris-EDTA (TE) buffer.</strong></p> </li> <li> <p><span>Heat in the microwave on medium power for 10 minutes.</span></p> </li> <li> <p>Allow slides to cool in the Citrate buffer or Tris-EDTA (TE) buffer for approximately 35 minutes.</p> </li> </ul> <p><a><strong>3. Proteintech antibody incubation:</strong></a></p> <ul> <li> <p data-canvas-width="251.60039242301053">Rinse slides three times with 1x <strong>TBST</strong> for 3 minutes each.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="200.65260484212368">Incubate slides with 3% H2O2 solution (diluted in distilled water) for 10 minutes to quench endogenous peroxidase activity.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="251.60039242301053">Rinse slides three times with 1x TBST for 3 minutes each, then rinse slides three times with distilled water for 3 minutes each.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="316.03044503726005">Prepare 5% normal blocking serum in 1x TBST. The serum should be derived from the same species in which the secondary antibody was raised. Block the sections for 1 hour. (Alternatively, use 5% BSA in 1x TBST for blocking if the corresponding serum is not available.)</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="429.73531605507355">Incubate sections with primary antibody diluted in 1x TBST for 1 hour, or overnight at 4°C; the optimal antibody dilution ratio should be pre-determined by experimentation. Set up negative controls by omitting the primary antibody incubation step for one slide per each experimental condition.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="548.12208118587">Following primary antibody incubation rinse slides three times with 1x TBST for 3 minutes each.</p> </li> </ul> <p><a><strong>4. Signal detection</strong></a></p> <ul> <li> <p data-canvas-width="574.5940531786936">Apply sufficient peroxidase labeled polymer and incubate for 30 minutes.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="14.275542773436188">Rinse slides three times with 1x TBST for 3 minutes each.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="12.59911704822637">Prepare an appropriate volume of substrate solution prior to use by mixing one drop of Liquid DAB plus chromogen immediately with 1 ml of substrate buffer.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="12.59911704822637">Apply the substrate carefully and incubate for 5–10 minutes till a brown color develops.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="402.1797162996661">Rinse sections gently with sufficient distilled water.</p> </li> </ul> <p><a><strong>5. Hematoxylin counterstaining (optional):</strong></a></p> <ul> <li> <p data-canvas-width="554.8623495655797">To stain nuclei, immerse slides in a bath of hematoxylin for 3 minutes.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="14.275542773436188">Rinse slides gently with distilled water.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="12.253462259523316">Transfer slides into a 1% HCl, 99% ethanol solution for 10 seconds; transfer to distilled water immediately</p> </li> </ul> <p><a><strong>6. Dehydration and mounting:</strong></a></p> <ul> <li> <p data-canvas-width="603.1503235473965">Immerse slides sequentially into 60%, 80%, 95% and 100% ethanol baths for 5 minutes each.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="14.275542773436188">Immerse slides in xylene for 5 minutes. Repeat this step again in fresh xylene for 5 minutes.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="12.426289653874843">Mount the section with sufficient mounting media and cover with a cover slip.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="382.2734570182571">Air-dry in a well-ventilated area (e.g. fume hood).</p> </li> </ul> <h5><strong><a>Solutions</a></strong></h5> <table border="1" width="609" height="71" style="width: 680px; height: 71px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a><strong>Citrate buffer</strong></a></td> <td><a><strong>For 1000 ml</strong></a></td> <td><a><strong>1x TBS</strong></a></td> <td><a><strong>For 1000 ml</strong></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div data-canvas-width="138.7631149248416">10 mM Trisodium</div> <div data-canvas-width="103.38534730108387">citrate+2H₂O</div> </td> <td><span>2.9 g</span></td> <td><span>20 mM Tris-base</span></td> <td><span>2.4 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div data-canvas-width="107.56777024439084">1.9 mM Citric</div> <div data-canvas-width="74.90339271195211">acid+H₂O</div> </td> <td><span>0.4 g</span></td> <td><span>150 mM NaCl</span></td> <td><span>8.7 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>Adjust pH to 6.0</span></td> <td> </td> <td><span>Adjust pH to 7.6</span></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div data-canvas-width="91.49482256969875">Add ddH₂O</div> <div data-canvas-width="85.7396703377929">to 1000 ml</div> </td> <td> </td> <td> <div data-canvas-width="91.49482256969875">Add ddH₂O</div> <div data-canvas-width="85.7396703377929">to 1000 ml</div> </td> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table border="1" width="611" height="75" style="width: 680px; height: 75px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a><strong> </strong><strong>Tris-EDTA (TE) buffer</strong></a></td> <td><a><strong> For 1000 ml</strong></a></td> <td><a><strong> 1x TBST</strong></a></td> <td><a><strong>For 1000 ml</strong></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> 10 mM Tris-base</td> <td> 1.21 g</td> <td> <span>1x TBS</span></td> <td> <span>999 ml</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div data-canvas-width="90.85536121059812">1 mM EDTA C₁₀H₁₄N₂Na₂O₈ +2H₂O</div> </td> <td> <span>0.372 g</span></td> <td> <span>Tween-20</span></td> <td> <span>1 ml</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>Adjust pH to 9.0</span></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div data-canvas-width="91.49482256969875">Add ddH₂O to 1000 ml</div> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><a><strong>For more IHC technical support contact us via LiveChat.</strong></a></p> <p> </p></p> </div> <div class="ms-4 download"> <h4 class="ms-4">Downloads</h4> <ul> <li> <a href="/media/taohxodu/ihc-collection.pdf" class="text-decoration-none d-flex align-items-start gap-2" target="_blank"> <div> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-download" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M.5 9.9a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2.5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h12a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0v2.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H2a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5z"></path> <path d="M7.646 11.854a.5.5 0 0 0 .708 0l3-3a.5.5 0 0 0-.708-.708L8.5 10.293V1.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v8.793L5.354 8.146a.5.5 0 1 0-.708.708l3 3z"></path> </svg> </div> <div> <p> <span>How to Optimize Your Immunohistochemistry Experiment</span> The Complete Guide </p> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/media/kvend3x5/protocols-for-web_ihc_v3.pdf" class="text-decoration-none d-flex align-items-start gap-2" target="_blank"> <div> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-download" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M.5 9.9a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2.5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h12a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0v2.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H2a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5z"></path> <path d="M7.646 11.854a.5.5 0 0 0 .708 0l3-3a.5.5 0 0 0-.708-.708L8.5 10.293V1.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v8.793L5.354 8.146a.5.5 0 1 0-.708.708l3 3z"></path> </svg> </div> <div> <p> <span>IHC using slide mounted paraffin sections</span> Downloadable PDF protocol </p> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/media/t2rbzq2t/protocols-for-web_ihc-frozen_v2.pdf" class="text-decoration-none d-flex align-items-start gap-2" target="_blank"> <div> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-download" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M.5 9.9a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2.5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h12a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0v2.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H2a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5z"></path> <path d="M7.646 11.854a.5.5 0 0 0 .708 0l3-3a.5.5 0 0 0-.708-.708L8.5 10.293V1.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v8.793L5.354 8.146a.5.5 0 1 0-.708.708l3 3z"></path> </svg> </div> <div> <p> <span>IHC: Frozen section vs. paraffin section</span> Downloadable PDF protocol </p> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="heading-4"> <button class="accordion-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse-4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse-4"> Immunofluorescence </button> </h2> <div id="collapse-4" class="accordion-collapse collapse " aria-labelledby="heading-4" data-bs-parent="#accordionProtocol"> <div class="accordion-body"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 ms-4"> <p><h5><strong><a>Immunofluorescence Introduction</a></strong></h5> <hr /> <p>Immunofluorescence (IF) staining is a widely used technique in biological research and clinical diagnostics. IF utilizes fluorescent-labeled antibodies to detect specific target antigens. Followed by imaging, it is a very direct technique as you can visualize results. Although it is a well-established tool, multiple factors have to be considered and various optimization steps have to be taken to ensure successful staining.</p> <h5><a style="text-align: left;"><strong>Step by step IF protocol</strong></a></h5> <hr /> <h5><strong><a>Immunostaining Cultured cells<br /></a></strong></h5> <p data-canvas-width="994.8268870238344">All steps in this protocol are performed at room temperature unless otherwise indicated. For optimum staining, incubations should be carried out on a slow-moving rotary shaker unless the cell line being used is delicate (e.g. neuronal cells). Recipes for solutions highlighted bold are provided following the protocol.</p> <p><strong><a data-canvas-width="994.8268870238344">1. Fixation and permeabilization:</a></strong></p> <ul> <li data-canvas-width="567.5288692976033"> <p>Aspirate medium, wash cells seeded on clean glass cover slips briefly with <strong>1X PBS.</strong></p> </li> <li data-canvas-width="435.2830754137577"> <p>Fix the cells with 4% paraformaldehyde made fresh in 1X PBS for 10 minutes.</p> </li> <li data-canvas-width="435.2830754137577"> <p>Rinse cover slips with 1X PBS 3 times for 3 minutes each.</p> </li> <li data-canvas-width="435.2830754137577"> <p>Permeabilize with 0.2% Triton X-100 made in 1X PBS for 5 minutes. Rinse cover slips 3 times with 1X PBS for 3 minutes each.</p> </li> </ul> <p><strong><a>2. Blocking:</a></strong></p> <ul> <li> <div data-canvas-width="409.34168352159327">Prepare a blocking solution of 5% normal serum in 1X PBS. Select serum from the same species in which the secondary antibody was raised e.g. if the secondary antibody is goat anti-mouse, then goat serum should be selected for the blocking solution. Incubate the cells with the blocking solution for 1 hour (Alternatively, use 1% BSA in 1X PBS for blocking if the corresponding serum is not available.)</div> </li> </ul> <p><strong><a>3. Antibody incubations:</a></strong></p> <ul> <li> <p data-canvas-width="545.9963042353462">Aspirate the blocking solution and apply primary antibody diluted in <strong>antibody dilution buffer.</strong> Set aside one cover slipper experimental condition for a negative control and incubate in antibody dilution buffer minus the primary antibody. Leave these incubations for 1 hour, or, alternatively, incubate overnight at 4°C.</p> <p data-canvas-width="616.6101210194935">Please Note: If incubating overnight, take measures to ensure the cover slips do not dry out.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="171.65216806993735">Wash cover slips with 1X PBS 3 times for 3 minutes each.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="171.65216806993735">Apply an appropriate fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody diluted in antibody dilution buffer to the coverslips and incubate for 1 hour in a moist, dark environment.</p> <p data-canvas-width="610.6510324622529">Please Note: It is imperative that cover slips be kept in dark conditions as much as possible after the addition of fluorescent reagents.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="610.6510324622529">Wash cover slips with 1X PBS 3 times for 3 minutes each.</p> </li> </ul> <p><strong><a>4. Mounting and visualization:</a></strong></p> <ul> <li> <p data-canvas-width="624.9905213715991">Mount cover slips on microscope slides with Hydromount (National Diagnostics) containing DAPI (if desired) for nuclear staining.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="624.9905213715991">Examine slides under a fluorescence microscope.</p> </li> </ul> <h5><strong><a>Solutions</a></strong></h5> <table border="1" width="579" height="119" style="width: 650px; height: 119px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a><strong>1X PBS</strong></a></td> <td><a><strong>In 1000 ml (final volume)</strong></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>10 mM Na₂HPO₄</span></td> <td><span>1.42 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 400px;"><span>1.8 mM KH₂PO₄</span></td> <td><span>0.24 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>137 mM NaCl</span></td> <td>8 g</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>2.7 mM KCl</span></td> <td><span>0.2 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>Adjust to pH 7.4</span></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>Add ddH₂O to 1000 ml</span></td> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table border="1" width="580" height="47" style="width: 650px; height: 47px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a><strong>Antibody dilution buffer</strong></a></td> <td><a></a><strong><a>In 20 ml (final volume)</a></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 400px;"><span>1% BSA</span></td> <td>0.2g</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span><span>Add 1X PBS to 20ml</span></span></td> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><a><strong>For more IF technical support download the step-by-step protocol guides below or contact us via LiveChat.</strong><br /></a></p></p> </div> <div class="ms-4 download"> <h4 class="ms-4">Downloads</h4> <ul> <li> <a href="/media/l3ab0eob/immunofluorescence-guide.pdf" class="text-decoration-none d-flex align-items-start gap-2" target="_blank"> <div> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-download" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M.5 9.9a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2.5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h12a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0v2.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H2a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5z"></path> <path d="M7.646 11.854a.5.5 0 0 0 .708 0l3-3a.5.5 0 0 0-.708-.708L8.5 10.293V1.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v8.793L5.354 8.146a.5.5 0 1 0-.708.708l3 3z"></path> </svg> </div> <div> <p> <span>The Complete Guide To Optimizing Immunofluorescence Staining</span> General protocols, technical tips and FAQs </p> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/media/5funak3b/protocols-for-web_if_v2.pdf" class="text-decoration-none d-flex align-items-start gap-2" target="_blank"> <div> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-download" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M.5 9.9a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2.5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h12a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0v2.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H2a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5z"></path> <path d="M7.646 11.854a.5.5 0 0 0 .708 0l3-3a.5.5 0 0 0-.708-.708L8.5 10.293V1.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v8.793L5.354 8.146a.5.5 0 1 0-.708.708l3 3z"></path> </svg> </div> <div> <p> <span>Immunostaining cultured cells </span> Downloadable PDF </p> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="heading-5"> <button class="accordion-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse-5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse-5"> Immunoprecipitation </button> </h2> <div id="collapse-5" class="accordion-collapse collapse " aria-labelledby="heading-5" data-bs-parent="#accordionProtocol"> <div class="accordion-body"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 ms-4"> <p><h5><a><strong>Immunoprecipitation Introduction</strong></a></h5> <hr /> <p>Immunoprecipitation (IP) is an affinity purification technique. IP purifies an antigen using a specific antibody that is immobilized to a solid matrix. IP is one of the most commonly used methods for isolation of proteins out of cell or tissue lysates. </p> <h5><strong><a>Step-by-step IP protocol</a></strong></h5> <hr /> <p data-canvas-width="913.6865857182215">Keep samples as cool as possible by carrying out the steps below on ice or in a 4°C cold room. Recipes for all solutions highlighted bold are included at the end of the protocol.</p> <p><strong><a data-canvas-width="913.6865857182215">Sample preparation</a></strong></p> <ul> <li data-canvas-width="607.1046143301595">Cells may be lysed using any standard cell lysis protocol compatible with your starting material. See “Cell and Tissue Lysate Preparation” for Proteintech recommended lysis protocols.</li> </ul> <div data-canvas-width="607.1046143301595"> <p data-canvas-width="44.42744206048959"><strong>Tip 1:</strong> High concentrations of detergents interfere with immunoprecipitation (IP). Lyse cells with as small a volume volume of RIPA lysis buffer as possible before diluting the lysates with 1x PBS to the desired final volume.</p> <p data-canvas-width="44.42744206048959"><strong>Tip 2:</strong> Use sufficient lysate: for each IP aim to use between 1–3 mg total protein. Lysates of 0.2–0.5 ml, containing a total of 1–3 mg protein, are ideally suited to a single IP. Measure the total protein amount by protein assay, such as Bradford or BCA assay.</p> <p data-canvas-width="44.42744206048959"><strong>Tip 3:</strong> Make sure protease inhibitors are present in the lysate buffer. The concentration of protease inhibitor should be 1.5–2 times that of a typical lysate preparation protocol for Western blotting.</p> <strong><a data-canvas-width="44.42744206048959">Pre-clear the lysate (optional):</a></strong> <ul> <li data-canvas-width="614.0021556387289">Resuspend Protein A or G sepharose bead slurry by gently vortexing the storage bottle. Quickly add 50 μl of 50% bead slurry per 0.5–1 mg of total protein to the microfuge tube containing your lysate.</li> </ul> <p data-canvas-width="44.42744206048959"><strong>Tip 4: </strong>Carefully cut the end of your pipette tip at a 45° angle using a sharp blade to facilitate pipetting the bead slurry. To maintain suction, only a very small section of pipette tip needs to be removed.</p> <ul> <li data-canvas-width="378.02363139115306">Incubate on a rotary mixer for 30 minutes at 4°C.</li> <li data-canvas-width="619.7071879262727">Centrifuge at 1000 rpm for 3 minutes at 4°C and transfer the supernatant to a fresh tube</li> </ul> <p data-canvas-width="44.42744206048959"><strong>Tip 5</strong>: Pre-clearing with Protein A or G sepharose beads is recommended for tissues abundant in IgG.</p> <strong><a data-canvas-width="44.42744206048959">Immunoprecipitation (method 1)</a></strong> <ul> <li> <p data-canvas-width="558.9929242905812">Add an appropriate amount (1–4 μg) of primary antibody to the whole (or pre-cleared) lysate. Optimal antibody concentration should be determined by titration. Set up a negative control experiment with control IgG (corresponding to the primary antibody source). Gently rock the incubations at 4°C for 2–4h or overnight.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="558.9929242905812">Add 50 μl Protein A or G sepharose bead slurry to capture the immunocomplex. Gently rock the mixture at 4°C for 1–4 h.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="558.9929242905812">Centrifuge the IP mixture at 1000rpm for 30 seconds at 4°C and discard the supernatant.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="558.9929242905812">Wash the beads 3–4 times with 1 ml 1x TBST with 1x Protease inhibitor, centrifuge and discard the supernatant as in step 6. Keep about 80μl supernatant after the last centrifuge.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="558.9929242905812">Resupend the pellet with 20μl 5x <strong>SDS Sample Buffer</strong>, gently vortex for several seconds. Heat at 95–100ºC for 5 min and centrifuge at 10,000g X g (approximately 9700 rpm for rotors of a 9.5 cm radius) for 3 minutes.</p> </li> </ul> <strong><a>Western blotting analysis</a></strong> <ul> <li> <p data-canvas-width="624.420190970239">Load supernatants onto an SDS-PAGE gel, alternatively, transfer the supernatant carefully to a fresh, well-labeled microfuge tube and store at -80°C for later use. (For method 2, directly store at -80°C for later use).</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="624.420190970239">Separate IPs by SDS-PAGE and transfer proteins to PVDF membrane. Probe with appropriate antibodies.</p> </li> </ul> <p data-canvas-width="44.42744206048959"><strong>Tip 6:</strong> For detection of immunoprecipitated proteins by Western blotting, without or reduced detection of non-specific artifacts (such as the heavy and light chains of the immunoprecipitating antibody), detect primary antibodies using HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit light chain-specific(L) antibody and HRP-conjugated Protein A instead of traditional HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies. (Protein A has higher affinity to intact antibodies compared with the denatured antibodies).</p> <a data-canvas-width="44.42744206048959"><strong>Solutions </strong></a></div> <div data-canvas-width="607.1046143301595"><strong> </strong></div> <table border="1" width="577" height="195" style="width: 650px; height: 195px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a><strong>RIPA lysis buffer</strong></a></td> <td><a><strong>For 1000 ml</strong></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 400px;"><span>50 mM TrisHCl, pH 7.4 (1 M stock)</span></td> <td><span>50 ml</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>150 mM NaCl</span></td> <td><span>8.76 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>1% Triton X-100</span></td> <td><span>10 ml</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>0.5% Sodium Deoxylcholate</span></td> <td><span>5 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>0.1 % SDS</span></td> <td><span>1 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>10 mM NaF</span></td> <td><span>0.41 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>1 mM EDTA (0.5 M stock)</span></td> <td><span>2 ml</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>Add ddH₂O to 1000 ml</span></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>Adjust to pH 7.4</span></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span><span>Add PMSF to 1 mM and other protease inhibitors immediately prior to use.</span></span> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table border="1" width="577" height="151" style="width: 650px; height: 151px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a><strong>5X SDS sample buffer</strong></a></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 400px;"><span>250 mM Tris HCl (pH 7.0) (1M stock)</span></td> <td><span>12.5 ml</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>35% Glycerol</span></td> <td><span>17.5 m</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>10% SDS</span></td> <td><span>5 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>0.02% Bromophenol Blue</span></td> <td><span>10 mg</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>10% ß-mercaptoethanol</span></td> <td><span>5.0 ml</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span>Add ddH₂O to 50ml, aliquot and store at -20°C</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><a><strong>For more IP technical support, contact us via LiveChat.</strong></a></p></p> </div> <div class="ms-4 download"> <h4 class="ms-4">Downloads</h4> <ul> <li> <a href="/media/thrlpfln/protocols-for-web_ip.pdf" class="text-decoration-none d-flex align-items-start gap-2" target="_blank"> <div> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-download" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M.5 9.9a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2.5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h12a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0v2.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H2a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5z"></path> <path d="M7.646 11.854a.5.5 0 0 0 .708 0l3-3a.5.5 0 0 0-.708-.708L8.5 10.293V1.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v8.793L5.354 8.146a.5.5 0 1 0-.708.708l3 3z"></path> </svg> </div> <div> <p> <span>Immunoprecipitation Protocol</span> Downloadable PDF </p> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/media/pgnpzl2x/web_chip-protocol.pdf" class="text-decoration-none d-flex align-items-start gap-2" target="_blank"> <div> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-download" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M.5 9.9a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2.5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h12a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0v2.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H2a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5z"></path> <path d="M7.646 11.854a.5.5 0 0 0 .708 0l3-3a.5.5 0 0 0-.708-.708L8.5 10.293V1.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v8.793L5.354 8.146a.5.5 0 1 0-.708.708l3 3z"></path> </svg> </div> <div> <p> <span>Chromatin Immunoprecipitation</span> ChIP Protocol </p> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="heading-6"> <button class="accordion-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse-6" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse-6"> Chromatin Immunoprecipitation </button> </h2> <div id="collapse-6" class="accordion-collapse collapse " aria-labelledby="heading-6" data-bs-parent="#accordionProtocol"> <div class="accordion-body"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 ms-4"> <p></p> </div> <div class="ms-4 download"> <h4 class="ms-4">Downloads</h4> <ul> <li> <a href="/media/m1aptom2/web_chip-protocol-1.pdf" class="text-decoration-none d-flex align-items-start gap-2" target="_blank"> <div> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-download" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M.5 9.9a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2.5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h12a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0v2.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H2a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5z"></path> <path d="M7.646 11.854a.5.5 0 0 0 .708 0l3-3a.5.5 0 0 0-.708-.708L8.5 10.293V1.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v8.793L5.354 8.146a.5.5 0 1 0-.708.708l3 3z"></path> </svg> </div> <div> <p> <span>Chromatin Immunoprecipitation</span> ChIP Protocol </p> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/media/u0sghlrn/chip-workflow.jpg" class="text-decoration-none d-flex align-items-start gap-2" target="_blank"> <div> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-download" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M.5 9.9a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2.5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h12a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0v2.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H2a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5z"></path> <path d="M7.646 11.854a.5.5 0 0 0 .708 0l3-3a.5.5 0 0 0-.708-.708L8.5 10.293V1.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v8.793L5.354 8.146a.5.5 0 1 0-.708.708l3 3z"></path> </svg> </div> <div> <p> <span>ChIP flowchart</span> </p> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="heading-7"> <button class="accordion-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse-7" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse-7"> Western Blot </button> </h2> <div id="collapse-7" class="accordion-collapse collapse " aria-labelledby="heading-7" data-bs-parent="#accordionProtocol"> <div class="accordion-body"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 ms-4"> <p><h5><strong><a>Western Blot Introduction</a></strong></h5> <hr /> <p>Western Blotting is an analytical Immunoblotting Technique to detect specific proteins in a cell extract or tissue homogenate. Western Blotting relies on the specific binding between the protein-of-interest and an antibody raised against this particular protein.</p> <h5><strong><a>Step-by-step western blot protocol</a></strong></h5> <hr /> <p>All steps are carried out at room temperature unless otherwise indicated. Recipes for all solutions highlighted bold are included at the end of the protocol.</p> <h5><strong><a>SDS PAGE</a></strong></h5> <ul> <li>Construct an SDS-PAGE gel according to the molecular weight (MW) of your target protein(s). (Recommendations and gel recipes are presented at the end of this protocol)</li> </ul> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Tip 1: Tris-tricine gels separate low MW proteins (<20 kDa) better than Tris-glycine gels.</strong></p> <table border="0" width="561" height="57"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <h5><a href="/news/blog/tech-tips-in-search-of-low-molecular-weight-proteins/">Blog: Tech Tips | In search of low molecular weight proteins</a></h5> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <strong>Tip 2: Gradient polyacrylamide gels can produce sharper bands and they separate a broader range of MW sizes on one gel, such as 10–500 kDa.</strong></li> </ul> <ul> <li> <p data-canvas-width="319.14306640953106">Prepare samples in microfuge tubes. Add <strong> 4X SDS sample buffer</strong> so the total protein amount is 30–50 μg per sample (according to the protein amount measured by Bradford or BCA protein assay).</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="319.14306640953106">Flick microfuge tubes to mix samples, and then heat to 95-100°C for 5 minutes.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="319.14306640953106">Set up electrophoresis apparatus and immerse in <strong>1x running buffer.</strong> Remove gel combs and cleanse wells of any residual stacking gel.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="319.14306640953106">Load samples and protein markers onto the gel using gel loading tips. Set electrophoresis power pack to 80V (through the stacking gel), before increasing it to 120V when the protein front reaches the separation gel.</p> <strong>Tip 3: </strong><strong>Load generous volumes of sample for the first experiment and adjust as necessary </strong><strong><strong>after assessing the initial target signal.</strong></strong><hr /></li> </ul> <h5><strong><a>Protein transfer</a></strong></h5> <ul> <li> <p>PVDF membranes (or PSQ membranes with 0.22 μm micropores when MW of target is <30 kDa) are strongly recommended. Soak membranes in methanol for 30 seconds before moving to transfer buffer. Soak the filter papers and sponges in transfer buffer as well.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="590.9314267667435">Sequentially assemble the transfer constituents according to the <a href="/media/1474/wb-collection_for-web.pdf">illustration</a> on page 7 of this booklet and ensure no bubbles lie between any of the layers. Apply semi-dry or wet transfer systems according to the manufacturer’s instructions.</p> <p data-canvas-width="44.42744206048959"><strong><strong>Tip 4: If target MW is larger than 100 kDa, wet transfer at 4°C overnight is suggested in place of a semi-dry method; moreover, w</strong></strong><strong>e recommend adding 0.1% SDS to the wet transfer buffer to facilitate transfer.</strong></p> <div data-canvas-width="44.42744206048959"><strong><strong>Tip 5: Gradient polyacrylamide gels can provide sharper bands and they separate a broader range of MW sizes on one gel, such as 10–500 kDa.</strong></strong><hr /></div> </li> </ul> <h5><strong><a>Immunoblotting</a></strong></h5> <ul> <li> <p data-canvas-width="626.0447684771435">After transfer, wash the membrane twice with distilled water, and using a pencil, mark bands of the MW ladder on the membrane. If desired, stain the membrane with commercial Ponceau red solution for 1 min to visualize protein bands, then wash any Ponceau red staining with copious amounts of <strong>1x TBST</strong>.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="626.0447684771435">Block with 1x TBST containing (2-5%) nonfat dry milk (or 1-5% BSA for the detection of phospho-epitope antibodies) with constant rocking for 1 hour or overnight at 4°C.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="626.0447684771435">Dilute primary antibody in blocking solution with a starting dilution ratio of 1:1000. (Optimal dilutions should be determined experimentally.) Incubate the membrane with primary antibody for 1 hour at room temperature, or overnight at 4°C.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="626.0447684771435">Wash membrane three times with 1x TBST for 10 minutes each.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="626.0447684771435">Incubate the membrane with a suitable HRP-conjugated secondary antibody (recognizing the host species of the primary antibody), diluted at 1:5000–1:50000 in blocking solution. Incubate for 1 hour with constant rocking.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="626.0447684771435">Wash membrane three times with 1x TBST for 10 minutes each.</p> <p data-canvas-width="44.42744206048959"><strong>Tip 6: Do not let the membrane dry at any stage of the blotting process.</strong></p> <p data-canvas-width="44.42744206048959"><strong>Tip 7: For preservation of the primary antibody solution over long incubations, 0.02% NaN₃ could be included in the antibody dilution buffer. Not suitable for use with secondary antibody solutions.</strong></p> </li> </ul> <hr /> <h5><strong><a data-canvas-width="44.42744206048959">Signal detection</a></strong></h5> <ul> <li> <p data-canvas-width="534.192193201137">Prepare ECL substrate according to the manufacturer’s instructions.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="534.192193201137">Incubate the membrane completely with substrate for 1–5 minutes (adjust time for more sensitive ECL substrates e.g. SuperSignal West Femto Chemiluminescent Substrate [Pierce]).</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="534.192193201137">Expose the membrane to autoradiography film in a dark room or read using a chemiluminescence imaging system.</p> <p data-canvas-width="44.42744206048959"><strong>Tip 8: Use multiple exposure lengths to determine the optimal exposure time. Use fluorescent markers as a guide for blot-film orientation.</strong></p> </li> </ul> <p data-canvas-width="44.42744206048959">Line up the developed film in the correct orientation to the blot and mark the bands of the MW ladder directly onto the film. It is also advised to add notes such as lane content, film exposure time and ECL properties. </p> <h5><strong><a>Solutions</a></strong></h5> <table border="1" width="579" height="136" style="width: 650px; height: 136px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a><strong>4X SDS sample buffer</strong></a></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>150 mM Tris•HCl (pH 7.0) (1M stock)</span></td> <td><span>15 ml </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>25% Glycerol</span></td> <td><span>25 ml</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>12% SDS</span></td> <td><span>12 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 400px;"><span>0.05% Bromophenol Blue</span></td> <td><span>0.05g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div data-canvas-width="32.612529314133276">6% β-mercaptoethanol</div> </td> <td><span>6 ml</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>Add ddH₂O to 100ml, aliquot and store at -20°C</span></td> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table border="1" width="579" height="154" style="width: 650px; height: 154px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a><strong>1X TBST</strong></a></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>20 mM Tris-base</td> <td> <span>2.42 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 400px;">150 mM NaCl</td> <td> <span>8.76 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>50 mM KCl</td> <td> <span>3.73 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>0.2% Tween-20</td> <td> <span>2 ml</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Adjust pH to 7.6</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Add ddH₂O to 1000ml</td> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table border="1" width="577" height="120" style="width: 650px; height: 120px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width: 400px;"><a><strong>Wet transfer buffer</strong></a></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>25 mM Tris-base</span></td> <td>3.03 g</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>192 mM Glycine</span></td> <td><span>14.4 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>20% Methanol</span></td> <td><span>200 ml</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span><span>Add ddH₂O to 1000ml</span></span></td> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table border="1" width="576" height="136" style="width: 650px; height: 136px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Semi-dry transfer buffer</strong></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>48 mM Tris-base</span></td> <td><span>5.81 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>39 mM Glycine</span></td> <td><span>2.93 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>0.0375% SDS</span></td> <td><span>0.375 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 400px;"><span>20% Methanol</span></td> <td><span>200 ml</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>Add ddH₂O to 1000ml</span></td> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h5><strong><a>SDS PAGE Gel recipes </a></strong></h5> <p data-canvas-width="642.8228519207896">For target proteins with MWs between 20 and 200 kDa, make a conventional SDS-PAGE gel using the following recipes in the table below. Select the percentage of gel you require using the MW of your target protein.</p> <table border="1" width="580" height="177" style="width: 650px; height: 177px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a><strong>Separating gel (ml, total 10 ml)</strong></a></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div data-canvas-width="105.23460042064522">MW of target protein (kDa)</div> </td> <td><span>80-200</span></td> <td><span>35-100</span></td> <td><span>25-60</span></td> <td><span>20-40</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>Gel percentage</span></td> <td><span>8%</span></td> <td>10%</td> <td>12%</td> <td>15%</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>ddH₂O</span></td> <td> <span>2.1</span></td> <td> 1.5</td> <td> 0.8</td> <td> 0</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div data-canvas-width="42.98217297522494">30% Acrylamide</div> </td> <td> 2.7</td> <td> 3.3</td> <td> 4</td> <td> 5</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div data-canvas-width="111.4218211384299">2x Separating buffer</div> </td> <td> 5.0</td> <td> 5.0</td> <td> 5.0</td> <td> 5.0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>10% APS</span></td> <td> 0.1</td> <td> 0.1</td> <td> 0.1</td> <td>0.1 </td> </tr> <tr> <td>TEMED</td> <td> 0.01</td> <td> 0.01</td> <td> 0.01</td> <td> 0.01</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div data-canvas-width="642.8228519207896"></div> <table border="1" width="582" height="143" style="width: 650px; height: 143px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a><strong>Stacking gel (ml)</strong></a></td> <td><strong>4 ml</strong></td> <td><strong>6ml</strong></td> <td><strong>8ml</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div data-canvas-width="105.23460042064522">MW of target protein (kDa)</div> </td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>Gel percentage</span></td> <td>4%</td> <td>4%</td> <td>4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>ddH₂O</span></td> <td>1.4</td> <td>2.1</td> <td>2.7</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>30% Acrylamide</span></td> <td>0.5</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>1.1</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>2x Stacking buffer</span></td> <td>2.0</td> <td>3.0</td> <td>4.0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span><span>10% APS</span></span></td> <td><span>0.04</span></td> <td><span>0.06</span></td> <td><span>0.08</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span><span>TEMED</span></span></td> <td><span>0.004</span></td> <td><span>0.006</span></td> <td><span>0.008</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table border="1" width="579" height="97" style="width: 650px; height: 97px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width: 400px;"><a><strong>2x Stacking Buffer Recipe (makes 1000ml)</strong></a></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tris HCl (pH 6.8)</td> <td>30.35 g</td> </tr> <tr> <td>SDS</td> <td>2.0 g</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <div data-canvas-width="655.7261451830747">Dissolve compounds thoroughly. Adjust pH slowly to pH 6.8 with concentrated HCl, then add ddH2O to 1000ml.</div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table border="1" width="578" height="87" style="width: 650px; height: 87px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a><strong>1x Running Buffer Recipe (makes 1000ml)</strong></a></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 400px;"><span>Tris-base</span></td> <td><span>1.51 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>Glycine</span></td> <td><span>7.5 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span><span>SDS</span></span></td> <td><span>0.5 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span><span><span>Dissolve compounds thoroughly, then add ddH₂O to 1000 ml.</span></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h5><a><strong>Tricine Gel Recipe</strong></a></h5> <p data-canvas-width="645.3029250297342">For target protein with MWs of less than 20 kDa, a tricine gel system will obtain higher resolution and is highly recommended. Make three layers of tricine gels as laid out in the following table and diagram. Apply specific tricine gel running buffer to the running system and perform transfer as usual.</p> <table border="1" width="581" height="189" style="width: 650px; height: 189px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a><strong>Reagents</strong></a></td> <td><a><strong>Stacking</strong></a></td> <td><a><strong>Intermediate</strong></a></td> <td><a><strong>Separating</strong></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>Gel percentage</span></td> <td>4%</td> <td>10%</td> <td>15%</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>Gel volume</span></td> <td>2ml</td> <td>3ml</td> <td>6ml</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>38% Glycerol</span></td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>1.6</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>ddH₂O</span></td> <td>1.4</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>30% Acrylamide</span></td> <td>0.3</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>2.7</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div data-canvas-width="110.19474663853406">3.0 M Tris HCl (pH 8.5)</div> </td> <td>-</td> <td>1</td> <td>2.14</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div data-canvas-width="106.09873739240284">1.0 M Tris HCl (pH 6.8)</div> </td> <td>0.3</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>10% SDS</span></td> <td>0.02</td> <td>0.03</td> <td>0.06</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>10% APS</span></td> <td>0.02</td> <td>0.03</td> <td>0.06</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span><span>TEMED</span></span></td> <td>0.002</td> <td>0.003</td> <td>0.003</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div data-canvas-width="642.8228519207896"></div></p> </div> <div class="ms-4 download"> <h4 class="ms-4">Downloads</h4> <ul> <li> <a href="/media/phohkmx0/western-blot-collection.pdf" class="text-decoration-none d-flex align-items-start gap-2" target="_blank"> <div> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-download" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M.5 9.9a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2.5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h12a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0v2.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H2a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5z"></path> <path d="M7.646 11.854a.5.5 0 0 0 .708 0l3-3a.5.5 0 0 0-.708-.708L8.5 10.293V1.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v8.793L5.354 8.146a.5.5 0 1 0-.708.708l3 3z"></path> </svg> </div> <div> <p> <span>The Complete Guide To Western Blotting</span> General protocol, technical tips and troubleshooting </p> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/media/duupdho2/protocols-for-web_wb_v2.pdf" class="text-decoration-none d-flex align-items-start gap-2" target="_blank"> <div> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-download" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M.5 9.9a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2.5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h12a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0v2.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H2a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5z"></path> <path d="M7.646 11.854a.5.5 0 0 0 .708 0l3-3a.5.5 0 0 0-.708-.708L8.5 10.293V1.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v8.793L5.354 8.146a.5.5 0 1 0-.708.708l3 3z"></path> </svg> </div> <div> <p> <span>Western Blot protocol</span> Downloadable PDF </p> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/media/cs5jooty/1503450_lysate-tech-tips_web-version.pdf" class="text-decoration-none d-flex align-items-start gap-2" target="_blank"> <div> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-download" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M.5 9.9a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2.5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h12a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0v2.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H2a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5z"></path> <path d="M7.646 11.854a.5.5 0 0 0 .708 0l3-3a.5.5 0 0 0-.708-.708L8.5 10.293V1.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v8.793L5.354 8.146a.5.5 0 1 0-.708.708l3 3z"></path> </svg> </div> <div> <p> <span>Lysate Preparation </span> Downloadable Guide, Technical Tips </p> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/media/elej1nfg/protocols-for-web_lysate-preparation_v3.pdf" class="text-decoration-none d-flex align-items-start gap-2" target="_blank"> <div> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-download" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M.5 9.9a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2.5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h12a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0v2.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H2a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5z"></path> <path d="M7.646 11.854a.5.5 0 0 0 .708 0l3-3a.5.5 0 0 0-.708-.708L8.5 10.293V1.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v8.793L5.354 8.146a.5.5 0 1 0-.708.708l3 3z"></path> </svg> </div> <div> <p> <span>Cell and tissue lysate preparation protocol</span> Downloadable PDF protocol </p> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="heading-8"> <button class="accordion-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse-8" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse-8"> Affinity-Purification </button> </h2> <div id="collapse-8" class="accordion-collapse collapse " aria-labelledby="heading-8" data-bs-parent="#accordionProtocol"> <div class="accordion-body"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 ms-4"> <p><h5><strong><a>Introduction to Affinity-Purification</a></strong></h5> <hr /> <p>Antibody purification is performed using antigen-coupled sepharose, meaning only those antibodies specific to the immunogen are purified from the serum.</p> <h5><strong><a>Step-by-step affinity-purification protocol</a></strong></h5> <hr /> <h5><strong><a>Affinity purification of antibodies via protein coupled sepharose</a></strong></h5> <p><strong><a data-canvas-width="605.8464308992803">Preparation of affinity matrix and coupling of protein to the Sepharose matrix:</a></strong></p> <ul> <li data-canvas-width="513.2748936627715"> <p>Dialyze 1 mg of fusion protein in coupling buffer overnight at 4°C.</p> </li> <li data-canvas-width="513.2748936627715"> <p>Calculate the amount of cyanogen bromide (CNBr)-activated Sepharose4B needed for protein coupling. Usually, 1 g of CNBr activates 3.5 ml of Sepharose beads and 1 ml of activated Sepharose beads may absorb 5–10 mg of protein.</p> </li> <li data-canvas-width="513.2748936627715"> <p>Activate the Sepharose beads in 20–50 ml cold 1 mM HCl for 15 min at 4°C.</p> </li> <li data-canvas-width="513.2748936627715"> <p>Wash the beads with 1 mM HCl. In general, 1 g of Sepharose beads requires 200 ml of HCl to wash.</p> </li> <li data-canvas-width="513.2748936627715"> <p>Incubate appropriate amounts of activated Sepharose beads with dialyzed fusion proteins for 2 hrs at room temperature or overnight at 4°C.</p> </li> <li data-canvas-width="513.2748936627715"> <p>Wash protein-coupled Sepharose matrix with 15ml of coupling buffer.</p> </li> <li data-canvas-width="513.2748936627715"> <p>Add 5 ml 0.1 M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0) or 1 M Ethanolaniba to block the uncoupled sites on beads and let stand for 2 h at room temperature or overnight at 4°C.</p> </li> </ul> <p><a><strong>Purification of antiserum via protein-coupled Sepharose:</strong></a></p> <ul> <li data-canvas-width="598.8313669625518"> <p>Wash the beads at least three cycles with acid and alkali buffer alternative. (0.1 M Acetic/Sodium Acetate, 0.5 M NaCl, pH4.0; 0.1 M Tris-HCl, 0.5 NaCl, pH 8.0).</p> </li> <li data-canvas-width="598.8313669625518"> <p>Incubate the beads with serum for 1–2 h at room temperature or overnight at 4°C.</p> </li> <li data-canvas-width="598.8313669625518"> <p>Collect the flow-through from the purification column and save it for ELISA testing.</p> </li> <li data-canvas-width="598.8313669625518"> <p>Wash the beads 3 times with 10 ml PBS buffer.</p> </li> <li data-canvas-width="598.8313669625518"> <p>Wash the column with 10 ml 150 mM NaCl-HCl (pH 5) solution.</p> </li> <li data-canvas-width="598.8313669625518"> <p>Elute the antibodies with 6 ml elution buffer and neutralize the solution with saturated phosphate buffer. Usually, 1 ml of elution buffer requires 50–100 μl of saturated phosphate buffer depending on the temperature.</p> </li> <li data-canvas-width="598.8313669625518"> <p>For short-term storage, keep the antibody solution at 4°C; for long-term storage, keep the antibody in a 50% glycerol solution with 0.02% sodium azide at -20°C</p> </li> </ul> <p><a><strong>Beads washing and recycling:</strong></a></p> <ul> <li> <p data-canvas-width="486.76144309530366">Wash beads 3 times with 15 ml 0.01 M Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) buffer.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="486.76144309530366">Wash beads 3 times with 10 ml of PBS buffer.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="486.76144309530366">Add 2 ml PBS, 3 ml Glycerol with 0.02% sodium azide to the beads and store at -20°C for future use.</p> </li> </ul> <h5><strong><a>Buffers needed:</a></strong></h5> <table border="1" width="511" height="82" style="width: 650px; height: 82px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a><strong>Coupling Buffer</strong></a></td> <td><a></a><strong><a>1000 ml</a></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 400px;"><span>100 mM NaHCO₃</span></td> <td> <span>8.40 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>500 mM NaCl</span></td> <td> <span>29.2 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>Add ddH₂O to 1000 ml</span></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span>Adjust to pH 8.3</span> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table border="1" width="511" height="121" style="width: 650px; height: 121px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a><strong>PBS Buffer</strong></a></td> <td><a><strong>1000 ml</strong></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 400px;"><span>10 mM Na₂HPO₄</span></td> <td> <div data-canvas-width="48.92743534091749">1.42 g</div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>1.8 mM KH₂PO₄</td> <td><span>0.24 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>137 mM NaCl</span></td> <td><span>8 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>2.7 mM KCl</span></td> <td><span>0.2 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span>Add ddH₂O to 1000 ml</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span>Adjust to pH 7.4</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table border="1" width="513" height="67" style="width: 650px; height: 67px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width: 400px;"><a><strong>Elution Buffer</strong></a></td> <td><a></a><strong><a>1000 ml</a></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>150 mM NaCl</span></td> <td><span>8.8 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>Add ddH₂O to 1000 ml</span></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>Use HCl to adjust to pH 2.5</span></td> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table border="1" width="513" height="17" style="width: 650px; height: 17px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a><strong>Saturated Phosphate Buffer</strong></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>Add Na₂HPO₄ to PBS buffer until saturation</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><a><strong>For more technical support regarding antibody purification download the step-by-step protocol guides below or contact us via LiveChat.</strong></a></p></p> </div> <div class="ms-4 download"> <h4 class="ms-4">Downloads</h4> <ul> <li> <a href="/media/no2hcfzp/protocols-for-web_affinity-purification_v2.pdf" class="text-decoration-none d-flex align-items-start gap-2" target="_blank"> <div> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-download" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M.5 9.9a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2.5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h12a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0v2.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H2a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5z"></path> <path d="M7.646 11.854a.5.5 0 0 0 .708 0l3-3a.5.5 0 0 0-.708-.708L8.5 10.293V1.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v8.793L5.354 8.146a.5.5 0 1 0-.708.708l3 3z"></path> </svg> </div> <div> <p> <span>Affinity-purification of antibodies via protein-coupled sepharose</span> Downloadable PDF protocol </p> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/media/103b21ab/protocols-for-web_gst-tag_v2.pdf" class="text-decoration-none d-flex align-items-start gap-2" target="_blank"> <div> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-download" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M.5 9.9a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2.5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h12a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0v2.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H2a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5z"></path> <path d="M7.646 11.854a.5.5 0 0 0 .708 0l3-3a.5.5 0 0 0-.708-.708L8.5 10.293V1.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v8.793L5.354 8.146a.5.5 0 1 0-.708.708l3 3z"></path> </svg> </div> <div> <p> <span>Affinity-purification of soluble GST-tagged proteins</span> Downloadable PDF protocol </p> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/media/thtbwocy/protocols-for-web_his-tag_v2.pdf" class="text-decoration-none d-flex align-items-start gap-2" target="_blank"> <div> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-download" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M.5 9.9a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2.5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h12a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0v2.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H2a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5z"></path> <path d="M7.646 11.854a.5.5 0 0 0 .708 0l3-3a.5.5 0 0 0-.708-.708L8.5 10.293V1.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v8.793L5.354 8.146a.5.5 0 1 0-.708.708l3 3z"></path> </svg> </div> <div> <p> <span>Affinity purification of soluble HIS-tagged proteins</span> Downloadable PDF protocol </p> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="heading-9"> <button class="accordion-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse-9" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse-9"> Flow Cytometry </button> </h2> <div id="collapse-9" class="accordion-collapse collapse " aria-labelledby="heading-9" data-bs-parent="#accordionProtocol"> <div class="accordion-body"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 ms-4"> <p><h5><strong><a>Introduction to Flow Cytometry</a></strong></h5> <hr /> <p>Flow Cytometry is a technology that measures and analyzes several physical characteristics of single cells. The cells flow in a fluid stream through a beam of laser light. Using Flow Cytometry the following cell characteristics can be determined: cell size, cell granularity, complexity and relative fluorescence intensity.</p> <h5><strong><a>Step-by-step flow cytometry protocol</a></strong></h5> <hr /> <h5><strong><a>Flow Cytometry Intracellular and Membrane Staining Protocol</a></strong></h5> <p><a><strong>Cell fixation (for membrane protein):</strong></a></p> <ul> <li data-canvas-width="567.8244041419443"> <p>Suspend cells in 1x PBS buffer and wash them twice with 1x PBS buffer by centrifugation at 350-500 x g for 5 min each time. Discard the supernatant.</p> </li> <li data-canvas-width="567.8244041419443"> <p>Re-suspend the cells in 1 ml of 1x PBS buffer briefly.</p> </li> <li data-canvas-width="567.8244041419443"> <p>Fix the cells in a final concentration of 4% formaldehyde (or paraformaldehyde) for 20 min at room temperature.</p> </li> <li data-canvas-width="567.8244041419443"> <p>Wash the cells 3 times with 1x PBS buffer by centrifugation at 350-500 x g for 5 min each time.</p> </li> </ul> <p><a><strong>Cell fixation and Permeabilization (for intracellular protein):</strong></a></p> <ul> <li> <p data-canvas-width="572.3351991345191">Permeabilize cells by adding 100% cold methanol slowly to pre-chilled cells to a final concentration of 90% methanol before incubating for 30 min on ice.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="572.3351991345191">Alternatively, fix the cells in a final concentration of 4% formaldehyde (or paraformaldehyde) for 20 min at room temperature. Then incubate the cells in 0.1% Triton X-100 in 1x PBS buffer for 15 min at room temperature.</p> </li> <li> <p data-canvas-width="572.3351991345191">Wash the cells 3 times with 1x PBS buffer by centrifugation at 350-500 x g for 5 min each time.</p> </li> </ul> <p><a><strong>Immunostaining:</strong></a></p> <ul> <li data-canvas-width="624.4772240103749"> <p>Blocking: Incubate the cells with 3 ml blocking buffer for 1h at room temperature.</p> </li> <li data-canvas-width="624.4772240103749"> <p>Add primary antibody at an appropriate dilution and incubate for 15-45 min at room temperature.</p> </li> <li data-canvas-width="624.4772240103749"> <p>Wash the cells 3 times with 1x PBS buffer by centrifugation at 350-500 x g for 5 min each time.</p> </li> <li data-canvas-width="624.4772240103749"> <p>Add diluted secondary antibody (enzyme or fluorescein conjugated or other types) to the cells and incubate for 45 min at room temperature.</p> </li> <li data-canvas-width="624.4772240103749"> <p>Wash the cells 3 times with 1x PBS buffer by centrifugation at 350-500 x g for 5 min each time.</p> </li> <li data-canvas-width="624.4772240103749"> <p>Re-suspend the cells in 0.5 ml 1x PBS buffer and analyze the results on a flow cytometer. For DNA staining, re-suspend the cells in 0.5 ml of DNA dye instead; incubate for at least 5 min at room temperature before analyzing the results on a flow cytometer.</p> </li> </ul> <h5><a><strong>Buffers needed:</strong></a></h5> <table border="1" width="582" height="65" style="width: 650px; height: 65px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width: 400px;"><a><strong>Blocking Buffer</strong></a></td> <td><a><strong>1000 ml</strong></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>Bovine serum albumin</span></td> <td><span>5.00 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>1x PBS buffer</span></td> <td><span>1000 ml</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table border="1" width="583" height="105" style="width: 650px; height: 105px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width: 400px;"><a><strong>PBS Buffer</strong></a></td> <td><a></a><strong><a>1000 ml</a></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>10 mM Na₂HPO₄</td> <td><span>1.42 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>1.8 mM KH₂PO₄</td> <td><span>0.24 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>137 mM NaCl</td> <td><span>8 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2.7 mM KCl</td> <td><span>0.2 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Add ddH₂O to 1000 ml</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span>Adjust to pH 7.4</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p></p> </div> <div class="ms-4 download"> <h4 class="ms-4">Downloads</h4> <ul> <li> <a href="/media/3wmduqsw/protocols-for-web_flow-cytometry_v2.pdf" class="text-decoration-none d-flex align-items-start gap-2" target="_blank"> <div> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-download" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M.5 9.9a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2.5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h12a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0v2.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H2a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5z"></path> <path d="M7.646 11.854a.5.5 0 0 0 .708 0l3-3a.5.5 0 0 0-.708-.708L8.5 10.293V1.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v8.793L5.354 8.146a.5.5 0 1 0-.708.708l3 3z"></path> </svg> </div> <div> <p> <span>Flow cytometry intracellular and membrane staining</span> Downloadable PDF protocol </p> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="heading-10"> <button class="accordion-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse-10" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse-10"> Lysate Preparation </button> </h2> <div id="collapse-10" class="accordion-collapse collapse " aria-labelledby="heading-10" data-bs-parent="#accordionProtocol"> <div class="accordion-body"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 ms-4"> <p><h5><strong><a>Introduction to Lysate Preparation</a></strong></h5> <hr /> <p>Cell lysis is the breaking down of the cell membrane and the separation of proteins from the non-soluble parts of the cell. Lysate buffers contain different detergents that help to release soluble proteins (Triton-X, Tween, SDS, CHAPS). Dependent on the location of the protein of interest, a different lysate buffer is needed to obtain a high yield and purity of the protein.</p> <h5><a><strong>Cell and tissue lysate preparation</strong></a></h5> <p data-canvas-width="355.8516049697956">Recipes for all solutions highlighted bold are included at the end of the protocol.</p> <p><strong><a data-canvas-width="355.8516049697956">Cultured cells:</a></strong></p> <p data-canvas-width="544.0813767059313">Pre-cool a refrigerated centrifuge to 4°C. Pellet the cultured cells by centrifugation for 5 minutes at 1000 x g (approximately 2000 rpm) at 4°C. Wash 3 times with ice-cold <strong>1X</strong> <strong>PBS </strong>and then add chilled <strong>RIPA buffer</strong> with protease inhibitor. In general, add 100μl RIPA buffer for approximately every 10<sup>6</sup><em><sup> </sup></em>cells present in the pellet (count cells before centrifugation). Reduce the volume of RIPA buffer accordingly if a higher protein concentration is required. Vortex to mix and keep on ice for 30 min, vortexing occasionally.</p> <p><a data-canvas-width="544.0813767059313"><strong>Tissues:</strong></a></p> <p data-canvas-width="455.8841008204598">Dissect the tissue of interest and wash briefly with chilled 1X PBS to remove any blood if necessary, cut the tissue into smaller pieces whilst keeping it on ice. Transfer the tissue to a homogenizer and add RIPA buffer with protease inhibitor. In general, add 500μl RIPA buffer for approximately every 10 mg of tissue. Homogenize thoroughly and keep the sample on ice for 30 min. Vortex occasionally.</p> <div data-canvas-width="455.8841008204598"> <p data-canvas-width="44.42744206048959"><strong>Tip 1: </strong>Add phosphatase inhibitors to lysis buffers for extraction of phosphorylated proteins.</p> </div> <p><a data-canvas-width="455.8841008204598"><strong>Lysis and storage:</strong></a></p> <p data-canvas-width="566.2689575927806">Sonicate the sample to break the cells or tissue up further and to shear DNA. Adjust sonication time to your type of sample: 1 min for cell lysates and 2–5 min for tissue lysates at a power of about 180 watts (in rounds of 10 seconds sonication/10 seconds rest for each cycle). Keep the sample on ice during the sonication.</p> <p data-canvas-width="44.42744206048959"><strong>Tip 2:</strong> The addition of DNase for DNA digestion is not recommended as this introduces protein contamination from the enzyme.</p> <ul> <li data-canvas-width="14.275542773436188"> <p>Centrifuge at 10,000 x g (approximately 9700 rpm for rotors of a 9.5 cm radius) for 20 minutes at 4°C to pellet cell debris, and then transfer the supernatant to a fresh microfuge tube without disturbing the pellet.</p> </li> <li data-canvas-width="14.275542773436188"> <p>Determine protein concentration of the lysate by Bradford or BCA protein assay.</p> </li> <li data-canvas-width="14.275542773436188"> <p>Samples can be frozen at -80°C for long-term storage, or be used for immediate Western blotting or immunoprecipitation.</p> </li> <li data-canvas-width="14.275542773436188"> <p>For Western blotting, mix sample with <strong>4X SDS sample buffer </strong>to a final dilution of 1X. Heat the mixture to 95°C for 5 minutes before loading onto an SDS-PAGE gel.</p> </li> </ul> <h5><strong><a>Solutions:</a></strong></h5> <table border="1" width="532" height="118" style="width: 650px; height: 118px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a><strong>1X PBS</strong></a></td> <td><a><strong>For 1000 ml</strong></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>10 mM Na₂HPO₄</span></td> <td><span>1.42 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 400px;"><span>1.8 mM NaH₂PO₄</span></td> <td><span>0.24 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>137 mM NaCl</span></td> <td><span>8 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>2.7 mM KCl</span></td> <td><span>0.2 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span><span>Adjust pH to 7.4</span></span></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span>Add ddH₂O to 1000 ml</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table border="1" width="531" height="254" style="width: 650px; height: 254px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a><strong>RIPA buffer</strong></a></td> <td><a></a><strong><a>For 1000 ml</a></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 400px;"><span>50 mM Tris•HCl, pH 7.4</span></td> <td><span>50 ml</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>150 mM NaCl</span></td> <td><span>8.76 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>1% Triton X-100 or NP-40</span></td> <td><span>10 ml</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>0.5% Sodium deoxylcholate</span></td> <td><span>5 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>0.1 % SDS</td> <td>1 g</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>1 mM EDTA (0.5 M stock)</span></td> <td><span>2 ml</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>10 mM NaF</span></td> <td><span>0.42 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>Add ddH₂O to 1000 ml</span></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <div data-canvas-width="597.5092373957627">Add PMSF to a final concentration of 1 mM and any other protease inhibitors</div> <div data-canvas-width="189.34796497759024">immediately before use.</div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table border="1" width="532" height="129" style="width: 650px; height: 129px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a><strong>4X SDS sample buffer</strong></a></td> <td><a><strong>For 1000 ml</strong></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>12% SDS</span></td> <td><span>120 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 400px;"><span>25% Glycerol</span></td> <td><span>250 ml</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>150 mM Tris•HCl (pH 7.0•1M stock)</span></td> <td><span>150 ml</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>0.03% Bromophenol Blue</span></td> <td><span>300 mg</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div data-canvas-width="42.98217297522494">20% β-mercaptoethanol</div> </td> <td><span>200 ml</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Add ddH₂O to 50 ml, aliquot and store at -20°C</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <div data-canvas-width="43.50065515827952">20% β -mercaptoethanol, (or 500 mM DTT replaced), should be added freshly before use.</div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></p> </div> <div class="ms-4 download"> <h4 class="ms-4">Downloads</h4> <ul> <li> <a href="/media/elej1nfg/protocols-for-web_lysate-preparation_v3.pdf" class="text-decoration-none d-flex align-items-start gap-2" target="_blank"> <div> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-download" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M.5 9.9a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2.5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h12a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0v2.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H2a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5z"></path> <path d="M7.646 11.854a.5.5 0 0 0 .708 0l3-3a.5.5 0 0 0-.708-.708L8.5 10.293V1.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v8.793L5.354 8.146a.5.5 0 1 0-.708.708l3 3z"></path> </svg> </div> <div> <p> <span>Cell and tissue lysate preparation protocol</span> Downloadable PDF protocol </p> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/media/cs5jooty/1503450_lysate-tech-tips_web-version.pdf" class="text-decoration-none d-flex align-items-start gap-2" target="_blank"> <div> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-download" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M.5 9.9a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2.5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h12a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0v2.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H2a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5z"></path> <path d="M7.646 11.854a.5.5 0 0 0 .708 0l3-3a.5.5 0 0 0-.708-.708L8.5 10.293V1.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v8.793L5.354 8.146a.5.5 0 1 0-.708.708l3 3z"></path> </svg> </div> <div> <p> <span>Lysate Preparation </span> Downloadable Guide, Technical Tips </p> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="heading-11"> <button class="accordion-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse-11" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse-11"> Purification of Proteins from Inclusion Bodies </button> </h2> <div id="collapse-11" class="accordion-collapse collapse " aria-labelledby="heading-11" data-bs-parent="#accordionProtocol"> <div class="accordion-body"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 ms-4"> <p><h5><strong><a>Introduction</a></strong></h5> <hr /> <p>Inclusion bodies are aggregates of proteins. They can be found in the cell cytoplasm or nucleus. Inclusion bodies can be recovered from the cell lysates by centrifugation, extraction, and washing. </p> <h5><strong><a>Step-by-step protocol</a></strong></h5> <hr /> <h5><strong><a>Purification of proteins from inclusion bodies</a></strong></h5> <p data-canvas-width="355.8516049697956">Recipes for all solutions highlighted bold are included at the end of the protocol.</p> <p data-canvas-width="355.8516049697956">a. Suspend the cell pellet (from 1 L culture) in 30–35 ml of <strong>PBST buffer</strong>.</p> <p data-canvas-width="355.8516049697956">b. Sonicate cells in an ice-bath at 200 W for 6 min.</p> <p data-canvas-width="355.8516049697956">c. Centrifuge cell lysate for approximately 13 min at 8000 rpm, 4°C. Discard the supernatant.</p> <p data-canvas-width="355.8516049697956">d. Re-suspend the pellets in 5 ml <strong>TNMFX-2M Urea buffer</strong> before transferring to a 10 ml centrifuge tube.</p> <p data-canvas-width="355.8516049697956">e. Sonicate the solution in an ice-bath at 200 W for 1 min.</p> <p data-canvas-width="355.8516049697956">f. Add an additional 5 ml TNMFX-2M Urea to the tube. Rotate for 30 min at 4°C.</p> <p data-canvas-width="355.8516049697956">g. Centrifuge for 20 min at 4000 rpm, 4°C. Discard the supernatant.</p> <p data-canvas-width="355.8516049697956">h. Repeat steps d-g.</p> <p data-canvas-width="355.8516049697956">i. Re-suspend the pellets in 5 ml of<strong> TNMFX-0.1% Triton-X100.</strong></p> <p data-canvas-width="355.8516049697956">j. Sonicate the solution in an ice-bath at 200 W for 1 min.</p> <p data-canvas-width="355.8516049697956">k. Add an additional 5 ml TNMFX-0.1% Triton-X100 to the tube. Rotate for 30 min at 4°C.</p> <p data-canvas-width="355.8516049697956">l. Centrifuge for 20 min at 4000 rpm, 4°C. Discard the supernatant.</p> <p data-canvas-width="355.8516049697956">m. Repeat steps i-l.</p> <p data-canvas-width="355.8516049697956">n. Vortex and wash the pellets with 2x volumes of dH₂O. Centrifuge at 1000 rpm for 2 min.</p> <p data-canvas-width="355.8516049697956">o. Repeat washing until the supernatant becomes clear. Collect the pellets.</p> <p data-canvas-width="355.8516049697956">p. Dissolve the proteins depending on intended application:</p> <p data-canvas-width="355.8516049697956">- For immunization, dissolve in 1.5x volumes of <strong>8 M urea</strong> (pH 8).</p> <p data-canvas-width="355.8516049697956">- For antibody purification, incubate in 2x volumes of <strong>PBS with 2% Sarkosyl</strong> overnight at 4°C. Collect the supernatant by centrifugation at 1000 rpm for 7 min.</p> <h5><strong><a>Solutions</a></strong></h5> <table border="1" width="546" height="99" style="width: 650px; height: 99px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width: 400px;"><a><strong>TNMFX-2M Urea</strong></a></td> <td><a><strong>For 1000 ml</strong></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>50 mM Tris-base</span></td> <td><span>6.06 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>150 mM NaCl</span></td> <td><span>8.77 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>1 mM EDTA</span></td> <td><span>0.37 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>2 M Urea</span></td> <td><span>120.20 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span>Adjust to pH 8.0</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span>Add ddH₂O to 1000 ml</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table border="1" width="547" height="130" style="width: 650px; height: 130px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width: 400px;"><a><strong>PBST buffer</strong></a></td> <td><a data-canvas-width="61.1463321215705"></a><strong><a>For 1000 ml</a></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>58 mM Na₂HPO₄</span></td> <td><span>8.24 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>17 mM NaH₂PO₄</span></td> <td><span>2.04 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>68 mM NaCl</span></td> <td><span>3.98 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>1%Triton-X100</span></td> <td><span>10 ml</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Adjust to pH 7.4</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Add ddH₂O to 1000 ml</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table border="1" width="548" height="101" style="width: 650px; height: 101px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a><strong>TNMFX-0.1% Triton X100</strong></a></td> <td><a></a><strong><a>For 1000 ml</a></strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>50 mM Tris</span></td> <td><span>6.06 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 400px;"><span>150 mM NaCl</span></td> <td><span>8.8 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>1 mM EDTA</span></td> <td><span>0.4 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>0.1% Triton-X100</span></td> <td><span>1 ml</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span><span>Adjust to pH 8.0</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span><span>Add ddH₂O to 1000 ml</span></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table border="1" width="549" height="143" style="width: 650px; height: 143px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width: 400px;"><a><strong>PBS with 2% Sarkosyl</strong></a></td> <td><a><strong>For 200 ml</strong></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>58 mM Na₂HPO₄</span></td> <td><span>1.65 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>17 mM Na₂HPO₄</span></td> <td><span>0.41 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>68 mM NaCl</span></td> <td>0.80 g</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span>2% Sarkosyl</span></td> <td><span>4 .00 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span>Adjust to pH 8.0</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span>Add ddH₂O to 200 ml</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table border="1" width="547" height="80" style="width: 650px; height: 80px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a><strong>8 M Urea</strong></a></td> <td><a><strong>For 200 ml</strong></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 400px;"><span>Urea</span></td> <td><span>96.08 g</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span>Adjust to pH 8.0</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span>Add ddH₂O to 200 ml</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></p> </div> <div class="ms-4 download"> <h4 class="ms-4">Downloads</h4> <ul> <li> <a href="/media/pp5po4nt/protocols-for-web_purification_v2.pdf" class="text-decoration-none d-flex align-items-start gap-2" target="_blank"> <div> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-download" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M.5 9.9a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2.5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h12a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0v2.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H2a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5z"></path> <path d="M7.646 11.854a.5.5 0 0 0 .708 0l3-3a.5.5 0 0 0-.708-.708L8.5 10.293V1.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v8.793L5.354 8.146a.5.5 0 1 0-.708.708l3 3z"></path> </svg> </div> <div> <p> <span>Purification of proteins from inclusion bodies</span> Downloadable PDF protocol </p> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="heading-12"> <button class="accordion-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse-12" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse-12"> Antibody Labeling </button> </h2> <div id="collapse-12" class="accordion-collapse collapse " aria-labelledby="heading-12" data-bs-parent="#accordionProtocol"> <div class="accordion-body"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 ms-4"> <p><h5 style="text-align: left;"><a>FlexAble Antibody Labeling Kit Introduction</a></h5> <hr /> <p>Flexable is anovel antibody labeling kit that uses an affinity linker to conjugate fluorchromes, enzymes, and molecules in any buffer condition.</p> <p><strong>What's in the </strong><strong>FlexAble</strong><strong> Antibody Labeling Kit box?</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p>FlexLinker</p> </li> <li> <p>FlexQuencher</p> </li> <li> <p>FlexBuffer</p> </li> </ul> <p> </p> <h5><strong><a>2-Step-Protocol</a></strong></h5> <hr /> <h5><strong><a>Standard Workflow</a></strong></h5> <p><strong>Before you begin, equilibrate all reagents to room temperature.</strong></p> <p><strong>Procedure: </strong> </p> <ol> <li> <p>Combine 0.5µg of primary antibody with 1µL of FlexLinker. Add FlexBuffer to bring total volume to 8µL.</p> </li> <li> <p>Mix gently and incubate for 5 minutes at room temperature in the dark.</p> </li> <li> <p>Add 2µL of FlexQuencher.</p> </li> <li> <p>Mix gently and incubate for 5 minutes at room temperature in the dark.</p> </li> <li> <p>The antibody is now ready to be used.</p> </li> </ol> <p><em>Scale up proportionately to label larger quantities of primary antibody </em></p> <h5><strong> </strong></h5> <h5><strong><a>Multiplexing</a></strong></h5> <p><strong>Step 1-4 see "Standard Workflow"</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p>Primary antibodies of different species can be combined in the same tube and and labeled simultaneously using corresponding species-specific FlexLinkers. Scale up the reagent volumes appropriately based on the amount of primary antibody to be labeled.</p> </li> <li> <p>For primary antibodies of the same species, label each antibody individually. Once the primary antibodies are labeled, combine and use in your desired application.</p> </li> <li> <p>Antibodies labeled with the FlexAble kit can be used alongside pre-conjugated primary antibodies.</p> </li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><a><strong>For more FlexAble Antibody Labeling Kit technical support contact us via LiveChat.</strong></a></p> <p> </p></p> </div> <div class="ms-4 download"> <h4 class="ms-4">Downloads</h4> <ul> <li> <a href="/media/3vfhb1rt/flexable-antibody-labeling-kit-protocol.pdf" class="text-decoration-none d-flex align-items-start gap-2" target="_blank"> <div> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-download" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M.5 9.9a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2.5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h12a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0v2.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H2a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5z"></path> <path d="M7.646 11.854a.5.5 0 0 0 .708 0l3-3a.5.5 0 0 0-.708-.708L8.5 10.293V1.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v8.793L5.354 8.146a.5.5 0 1 0-.708.708l3 3z"></path> </svg> </div> <div> <p> <span>FlexAble Labeling Kit Protocol</span> 2-step-protocol </p> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>  <div class="modal fade" id="myIframModal" data-bs-backdrop="static" data-bs-keyboard="false" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="staticBackdropLabel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="btn-close" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"></button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <span role="img" aria-label="loading" class="anticon-loading"> <svg viewBox="0 0 1024 1024" focusable="false" data-icon="loading" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"> <path d="M988 548c-19.9 0-36-16.1-36-36 0-59.4-11.6-117-34.6-171.3a440.45 440.45 0 00-94.3-139.9 437.71 437.71 0 00-139.9-94.3C629 83.6 571.4 72 512 72c-19.9 0-36-16.1-36-36s16.1-36 36-36c69.1 0 136.2 13.5 199.3 40.3C772.3 66 827 103 874 150c47 47 83.9 101.8 109.7 162.7 26.7 63.1 40.2 130.2 40.2 199.3.1 19.9-16 36-35.9 36z"></path> </svg> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="scroll-to-top"> <a href="#top" title="Back to Top" class="btn btn-roundel"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8 15a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V2.707l3.146 3.147a.5.5 0 0 0 .708-.708l-4-4a.5.5 0 0 0-.708 0l-4 4a.5.5 0 1 0 .708.708L7.5 2.707V14.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5z" /> </svg> </a> </div> <footer class="footer"> <div class="container-xl"> <div class="row d-flex d-lg-none"> <div class="col-12 text-center"> <hr /> <ul class="inline-list m-0 p-0 opacity-7"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/proteintech"> <img loading="lazy" src="/img/logos/Icon_Youtube.svg" width="42" /> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/proteintech-group/"> <img loading="lazy" src="/img/logos/Icon_Linkedin.svg" width="42" /> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.twitter.com/proteintech"> <img loading="lazy" src="/img/logos/Icon_Twitter.svg" width="42" /> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/Proteintech-311515338877884/timeline/"> <img loading="lazy" src="/img/logos/Icon_Facebook.svg" width="42" /> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/proteintech/"> <img loading="lazy" src="/img/logos/Icon_Instagram.svg" width="42" /> </a> </li> </ul> <hr /> <p class="fw-semi m-4"> <a class="mx-2" href="/contact/">Contact Us</a> <a class="mx-2" href="/news/blog/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a> <a class="mx-2" href="/terms-of-use/">Terms of use</a> <a class="mx-2" href="/news/blog/product-terms/">Terms and Conditions</a> <a class="mx-2" href="/trademark-information/">Trademark Information</a> <a class="mx-2" href="/imprint-impressum/">Imprint (Impressum)</a> <a class="mx-2" href="/modern-slavery-statement/">Modern Slavery Statement</a> <a class="mx-2" href="/chromotek-privacy-policy/">ChromoTek GmbH Privacy Policy</a> </p> <p class="fw-semi"> Copyright © 2002-2024 Proteintech Group, Inc. 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