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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_language" title="Category:Italian language">the series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accademia_della_Crusca" title="Accademia della Crusca">Accademia della Crusca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Enciclopedia Treccani</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Italian_language#History" title="Italian language">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veronese_Riddle" title="Veronese Riddle">Veronese Riddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placiti_Cassinesi" title="Placiti Cassinesi">Placiti Cassinesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_School" title="Sicilian School">Sicilian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolce_Stil_Novo" title="Dolce Stil Novo">Dolce Stil Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">The Divine Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Arcadia" title="Pontifical Academy of Arcadia">Pontifical Academy of Arcadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accademia_della_Crusca#Monosini_and_the_first_Vocabolario" title="Accademia della Crusca">Italian Purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Letters_of_Jacopo_Ortis" title="The Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis">The Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Betrothed_(Manzoni_novel)" title="The Betrothed (Manzoni novel)">The Betrothed</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a> and other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_poetry" title="Italian poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_comics" title="Italian comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Italian_grammar" title="Italian grammar">Grammar</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_conjugation" title="Italian conjugation">Verb conjugation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Italian_orthography#Alphabet" title="Italian orthography">Alphabet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_orthography" title="Italian orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Braille</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:110%;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phonology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syntactic_gemination" title="Syntactic gemination">Syntactic gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_gorgia" title="Tuscan gorgia">Tuscan gorgia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italian_language" title="Template:Italian language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italian_language" title="Template talk:Italian language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italian language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The phonology of <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> describes the sound system—the <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetics</a>—of standard Italian and its <a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">geographical variants</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consonants">Consonants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_phonology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Consonant phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post- alveolar</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;">(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>)<a href="#endnote_A">a</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;">(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>) </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Notes: <ul><li>Between two vowels, or between a vowel and an approximant (/j, w/) or a liquid (/l, r/), consonants can be both singleton or <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminate</a>. Geminate consonants shorten the preceding vowel (or block phonetic lengthening) and the first element of the geminate is <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">unreleased</a>. For example, compare /fato/ [ˈfaːto] ('fate') with /fatto/ [ˈfat̚to] ('fact' or 'did'/'done').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall194477–78-1">[1]</a> However, /ɲ/, /ʃ/, /ʎ/, /d͡z/, /t͡s/ are always geminate intervocalically, including across word boundaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117-2">[2]</a> Similarly, nasals, liquids, and sibilants are pronounced slightly longer in medial consonant clusters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall194478-3">[3]</a></li> <li>/j/, /w/, and /z/ are the only consonants that cannot be geminated.</li> <li>/t, d/ are <a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">laminal</a> <a href="/wiki/Denti-alveolar_consonant" title="Denti-alveolar consonant">denti-alveolar</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d̪</a>],<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005132-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199262-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117-2">[2]</a> commonly called "dental" for simplicity.</li> <li>/k, ɡ/ are pre-velar before /i, e, ɛ, j/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199262-5">[5]</a></li> <li>/t͡s, d͡z, s, z/ have two variants: <ul><li>Dentalized laminal <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental affricate">t̪͡s̪</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental affricate">d̪͡z̪</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental sibilant fricative">s̪</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental sibilant fricative">z̪</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005132-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199268,_75–76-6">[6]</a> (commonly called "dental" for simplicity), pronounced with the blade of the tongue very close to the upper front teeth, with the tip of the tongue resting behind lower front teeth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199268,_75–76-6">[6]</a></li> <li>Non-retracted <a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a> alveolar [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_apico-alveolar_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless apico-alveolar affricate">t͡s̺</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_apico-alveolar_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced apico-alveolar affricate">d͡z̺</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_apico-alveolar_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless apico-alveolar fricative">s̺</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_apico-alveolar_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced apico-alveolar fricative">z̺</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199268,_75–76-6">[6]</a> The stop component of the "apical" affricates is actually laminal denti-alveolar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199268,_75–76-6">[6]</a></li></ul></li> <li>/n, l, r/ are apical alveolar [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n̺</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l̺</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r̺</a>] in most environments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005132-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199257,_84,_88–89-7">[7]</a> /n, l/ are laminal denti-alveolar [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental nasal">n̪</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental lateral approximant">l̪</a>] before /t, d, t͡s, d͡z, s, z/<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005133-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199258,_88–89-9">[9]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a> laminal <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">postalveolar</a> [n̠ʲ, l̠ʲ] before /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, ʃ/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005134-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199257–59,_88–89-11">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Italian_phonology#Dubious" title="Talk:Italian phonology">discuss</a>] /n/ is velar [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>] before /k, ɡ/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005134–135-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199259-13">[13]</a></li> <li>/m/ and /n/ do not contrast before /p, b/ and /f, v/, where they are pronounced [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiced labiodental nasal">ɱ</a>], respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005134–135-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199258-14">[14]</a></li> <li>/ɲ/ and /ʎ/ are <a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">alveolo-palatal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens201313-15">[15]</a> In a large number of accents, /ʎ/ is a fricative [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced palatal lateral fricative">ʎ̝</a>].<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li> <li>Intervocalically, single /r/ is realised as a trill with one or two contacts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996221-17">[17]</a> Some literature treats the single-contact trill as a <a href="/wiki/Tap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tap consonant">tap</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004118-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-A_Handbook_of_Pronunciation-19">[19]</a> Single-contact trills can also occur elsewhere, particularly in unstressed syllables.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Geminate /rr/ manifests as a trill with three to seven contacts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996221-17">[17]</a></li> <li>The phonemic distinction between /s/ and /z/ is neutralized before consonants and at the beginning of words: the former is used before voiceless consonants and before vowels at the beginning of words; the latter is used before voiced consonants. The two can contrast only between vowels within a word, e.g. fuso /ˈfuzo/ 'melted' versus fuso /ˈfuso/ 'spindle'. According to Canepari,<a href="#cite_note-A_Handbook_of_Pronunciation-19">[19]</a> although, the traditional standard has been replaced by a modern neutral pronunciation which always prefers /z/ when intervocalic, except when the intervocalic s is the initial sound of a word, if the compound is still felt as such: for example, presento /preˈsɛnto/<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> ('I foresee', with pre- meaning 'before' and sento meaning 'I perceive') vs presento /preˈzɛnto/<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> ('I present'). There are many words for which dictionaries now indicate that both pronunciations, either [z] or [s], are acceptable. Word-internally between vowels, the two phonemes have merged in many regional varieties of Italian, as either /z/ (northern-central) or /s/ (southern-central). <ul><li>:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_A">^a</a> in most accents /z/ and /s/ do not contrast.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vowels">Vowels</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_phonology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Italian_vowel_chart.svg/250px-Italian_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Italian_vowel_chart.svg/375px-Italian_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Italian_vowel_chart.svg/500px-Italian_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a> of Italian. From <a href="#CITEREFRogersd'Arcangeli2004">Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004</a>:119).</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Vowel phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> In Italian <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a> distinction between <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long and short vowels</a> is rare and limited to a few words and one morphological class, namely the pair composed by the first and third person of the historic past in verbs of the third conjugation—compare sentii (/senˈtiː/, "I felt/heard'), and sentì (/senˈti/, "he felt/heard"). Normally vowels in <a href="/wiki/Lexical_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical stress">stressed</a> <a href="/wiki/Syllable#Open_and_closed" title="Syllable">open syllables</a>, unless word-final, are long at the end of the intonational phrase (including isolated words) or when emphasized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004119-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005136-24">[24]</a> Adjacent identical vowels found at <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a> boundaries are not resyllabified, but pronounced separately ("quickly rearticulated"), and they might be reduced to a single short vowel in rapid speech.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005137-25">[25]</a> Although Italian contrasts <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">close-mid</a> (/e, o/) and <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">open-mid</a> (/ɛ, ɔ/) vowels in stressed syllables, the distinction is neutralised in unstressed position<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004119-23">[23]</a> in which only the close-mid vowels occur. The <a href="/wiki/Vowel#Height" title="Vowel">height</a> of such vowels in unstressed position is context-sensitive; they are somewhat lowered ([<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a>]) in the vicinity of more open vowels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005137–138-26">[26]</a> The distinction between close-mid and open-mid vowels is lost entirely in a few southern varieties of <a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a>, especially in northern Sicily (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>), where they are realized as open-mid [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>], as well as in some northern varieties (in particular in <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>), where they are realized as mid [<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a>]. Word-final stressed /ɔ/ is found in a small number of words: però, ciò, paltò.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> However, as a <a href="/wiki/Productivity_(linguistics)" title="Productivity (linguistics)">productive</a> <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a>, it marks the first person singular of all future tense verbs (e.g. dormirò 'I will sleep') and the third person singular preterite of <a href="/wiki/Italian_conjugation" title="Italian conjugation">first conjugation</a> verbs (parlò 's/he spoke', but credé 's/he believed', dormì 's/he slept'). Word-final unstressed /u/ is rare, <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005138-28">[28]</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeic</a> terms (babau),<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> (guru),<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">place</a> or <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family names</a> derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian language</a> (Gennargentu,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Porcu).<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> When the last phoneme of a word is an unstressed vowel and the first phoneme of the following word is any vowel, the former vowel tends to become <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">non-syllabic</a>. This phenomenon is called <a href="/wiki/Synalepha" title="Synalepha">synalepha</a> and should be taken into account when counting syllables, e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>. In addition to monophthongs, Italian has <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>, which, however, are both phonemically and phonetically simply combinations of the other vowels. Some are very common (e.g. /ai, au/), others are rarer (e.g. /ɛi/) and some never occur within native Italian words (e.g. /ou/). None of the diphthongs are, however, considered to have distinct phonemic status since their constituents do not behave differently from how they occur in isolation, unlike the diphthongs in other languages such as English and German. Grammatical tradition distinguishes 'falling' from 'rising' diphthongs, but since rising diphthongs are composed of one semiconsonantal sound [j] or [w] and one vowel sound, they are not actually diphthongs. The practice of referring to them as 'diphthongs' has been criticised by phoneticians such as Luciano Canepari.<a href="#cite_note-A_Handbook_of_Pronunciation-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonotactics">Phonotactics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_phonology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonotactics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_Phonotactics.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A visual representation of Italian phonotactics." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Italian_Phonotactics.svg/220px-Italian_Phonotactics.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Italian_Phonotactics.svg/330px-Italian_Phonotactics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Italian_Phonotactics.svg/440px-Italian_Phonotactics.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1729" data-file-height="1136" /></a><figcaption>A visual representation of Italian phonotactics</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Onset">Onset</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_phonology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Onset">edit</a>]</div> Italian allows up to three consonants in <a href="/wiki/Syllable#Onset" title="Syllable">syllable-initial position</a>, although there are limitations:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall194479-33">[33]</a> CC <ul><li>/s/ + any voiceless stop or /f/. E.g. spavento ('fright')</li> <li>/z/ + any voiced stop, /v d͡ʒ m n l r/. E.g. srotolare ('unroll')</li> <li>/f v/, or any stop + /r/. E.g. frana ('landslide')</li> <li>/f v/, or any stop except /t d/ + /l/. E.g. platano ('planetree')</li> <li>/f v s z/, or any stop or nasal + /j w/. E.g. fiume ('river'), vuole ('he/she wants'), siamo ('we are'), suono ('sound')</li> <li>In words of foreign (mostly Greek) origin which are only partially assimilated, other combinations such as /pn/ (e.g. pneumatico), /mn/ (e.g. mnemonico), /tm/ (e.g. tmesi), and /ps/ (e.g. pseudo-) occur.</li></ul> As an onset, the cluster /s/ + voiceless consonant is inherently unstable. Phonetically, word-internal s+C normally syllabifies as [s.C]: [ˈrɔs.po] rospo 'toad', [tras.ˈteː.ve.re] Trastevere (neighborhood of Rome).<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall194480-35">[35]</a> Phonetic syllabification of the cluster also occurs at word boundaries if a vowel precedes it without pause, e.g. [las.ˈtɔː.rja] la storia 'the history', implying the same syllable break at the structural level, /sˈtɔrja/,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> thus always latent due to the extrasyllabic /s/, but unrealized phonetically unless a vowel precedes.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> A competing analysis accepts that while the syllabification /s.C/ is accurate historically, modern retreat of i-<a href="/wiki/Prothesis_(linguistics)" title="Prothesis (linguistics)">prosthesis</a> before word initial /s/+C (e.g. erstwhile con isforzo 'with effort' has generally given way to con sforzo) suggests that the structure is now <a href="/wiki/Underdetermination" title="Underdetermination">underdetermined</a>, with occurrence of /s.C/ or /.sC/ variable "according to the context and the idiosyncratic behaviour of the speakers."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005141-38">[38]</a> CCC <ul><li>/s/ + voiceless stop or /f/ + /r/. E.g. spregiare ('to despise')</li> <li>/z/ + voiced stop + /r/. E.g. sbracciato ('with bare arms'), sdraiare ('to lay down'), sgravare ('to relieve')</li> <li>/s/ + /p k/ + /l/. E.g. sclerosi ('sclerosis')</li> <li>/z/ + /b/ + /l/. E.g. sbloccato ('unblocked')</li> <li>/f v/ or any stop + /r/ + /j w/. E.g. priego (antiquated form of prego 'I pray'), proprio ('(one's) own' / proper / properly), pruovo (antiquated form of provo 'I try')</li> <li>/f v/ or any stop or nasal + /w/ + /j/. E.g. quieto ('quiet'), continuiamo ('we continue')</li></ul> The last combination is however rare and one of the approximants is often vocalised, e.g. quieto /kwiˈɛto,ˈkwjɛto/, continuiamo /kontinuˈjamo, kontinwiˈamo, ((kontiˈnwjamo))/ <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nucleus">Nucleus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_phonology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nucleus">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Syllable#Nucleus" title="Syllable">nucleus</a> is the only mandatory part of a syllable (for instance, a 'to, at' is a word) and must be a vowel or a diphthong. In a <a href="/wiki/Falling_diphthong" class="mw-redirect" title="Falling diphthong">falling diphthong</a> the most common second elements are /i̯/ or /u̯/ but other combinations such as idea /iˈdɛa̯/, trae /ˈtrae̯/ may also be interpreted as diphthongs.<a href="#cite_note-A_Handbook_of_Pronunciation-19">[19]</a> Combinations of /j w/ with vowels are often labelled diphthongs, allowing for combinations of /j w/ with falling diphthongs to be called <a href="/wiki/Triphthong" title="Triphthong">triphthongs</a>. One view holds that it is more accurate to label /j w/ as consonants and /jV wV/ as consonant-vowel sequences rather than <a href="/wiki/Rising_diphthong" class="mw-redirect" title="Rising diphthong">rising diphthongs</a>. In that interpretation, Italian has only falling diphthongs (phonemically at least, cf. <a href="/wiki/Synaeresis" title="Synaeresis">Synaeresis</a>) and no triphthongs.<a href="#cite_note-A_Handbook_of_Pronunciation-19">[19]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Nucleus </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>VP2 </th> <th>VP1</th> <th>VC</th> <th>VD </th> <th rowspan="23"> </th> <th>VP </th> <th>VC </th> <th rowspan="23"> </th> <th>VC </th> <th>VD </th> <th rowspan="23"> </th> <th>VC </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="10"> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></td> <td rowspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">i̯</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">i̯</a> </td> <td>a </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>i̯ɛ </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>u̯ɔ </td> <td>u̯ɔ </td> <td>u̯ɔ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">(k/ɡ)<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td rowspan="5">(k/ɡ)<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">u̯</a> </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>i̯ɛ </td> <td>i̯ɛ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="2">- </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" rowspan="6"> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">i̯</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td> <td>(u̯o) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">(k/ɡ)<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">u̯</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td> <td>(i̯e) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">(k/ɡ)<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> </td> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="6"> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="6"> </td> <td rowspan="6"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">i̯</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>- </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>- </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td> <td>- </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coda">Coda</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_phonology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Coda">edit</a>]</div> Italian permits a small number of <a href="/wiki/Syllable#Coda" title="Syllable">coda</a> consonants. Outside of loanwords,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2009138,_139-39">[39]</a> the permitted consonants are: <ul><li>The first element of any geminate,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2009138-40">[40]</a> e.g. tutto ('everything'), avvertire ('to warn').</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasal consonant</a> that is either /n/ (word-finally) or one that is homorganic to a following consonant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2009138-40">[40]</a> E.g. Con ('with'), un poco [umˈpɔːko] ('a little'), ampio ('ample').</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid consonants</a> /r/ and /l/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2009138-40">[40]</a> E.g. per ('for'), alto ('high').</li> <li>/s/ (although not before <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricatives</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2009138,_141-41">[41]</a> E.g. pesca ('peach'); but asfalto ('asphalt').</li></ul> There are also restrictions in the types of syllables that permit consonants in the syllable coda. <a href="#CITEREFKrämer2009">Krämer (2009)</a> explains that neither geminates, nor coda consonants with "<a href="/wiki/Sonority_hierarchy" title="Sonority hierarchy">rising sonority</a>" can follow falling diphthongs. However, "rising diphthongs" (or sequences of an approximant and a following vowel) may precede clusters with falling sonority, particularly those that stem historically from an obstruent+liquid onset.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2009135-42">[42]</a> For example:<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <ul><li>biondo ('blond')</li> <li>chiosco ('kiosk')</li> <li>chiostro ('cloister')</li> <li>chioccia ('broody hen')</li> <li>fianco ('hip')</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntactic_gemination">Syntactic gemination</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_phonology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Syntactic gemination">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_gemination" title="Syntactic gemination">Syntactic gemination</a></div> Word-initial consonants are geminated after certain vowel-final words in the same <a href="/wiki/Prosodic_unit" title="Prosodic unit">prosodic unit</a>. There are two types of triggers of initial gemination: some unstressed particles, prepositions, and other monosyllabic words, and any <a href="/wiki/Oxytone" title="Oxytone">oxytonic</a> polysyllabic word.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall194480-35">[35]</a> As an example of the first type, casa ('house') is pronounced [ˈkaːza] but a casa ('homeward') is pronounced [akˈkaːza]. This is not a purely phonological process, as no gemination is cued by the la in la casa 'the house' [laˈkaːza], and there is nothing detectable in the structure of the preposition a to account for the gemination. This type normally originates in language history: modern a, for example, derives from Latin AD, and today's geminate in [akˈkaːza] is a continuation of what was once a simple <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)" title="Assimilation (phonology)">assimilation</a>. Gemination cued by final stressed vowels, however, is transparently phonological. Final stressed vowels are short by nature, if a consonant follows a short stressed vowel the syllable must be closed, thus the consonant following the final stressed vowel is drawn to lengthen: parlò portoghese [parˈlɔpportoˈɡeːze] 's/he spoke Portuguese' vs. parla portoghese [ˈparlaportoˈɡeːze] 's/he speaks Portuguese'. To summarize, syntactic gemination occurs in standard Italian mainly in the following two cases:<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <ul><li>After word-final stressed vowels (words such as sanità, perché, poté, morì and so on).</li> <li>After the words a, che, chi, come, da, do, dove, e, fa, fra, fu, gru, ha, ho, ma, me, mo' (in the phrase a mo' di), no, o, qua, qualche, qui, so, sopra, sta, sto, su, te, tra, tre, tu, va, vo.</li></ul> Syntactic gemination is the normal native pronunciation in <a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">central Italy</a> (both "stress-induced" and "lexical") and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">southern Italy</a> (only "lexical"), including <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> (<a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>). In <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">northern Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Grisons" title="Italian Grisons">Italian Grisons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>) speakers use it inconsistently because the feature is not present in the dialectal <a href="/wiki/Substrata_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrata (linguistics)">substratum</a> and is not usually shown in the written language unless a new word is produced by the fusion of the two: "chi sa"-> chissà ("who knows" in the sense of goodness knows). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_variation">Regional variation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_phonology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Regional variation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></div> The above IPA symbols and description refer to standard Italian, based on a somewhat idealized version of the Tuscan-derived national language. As is common in many cultures, this single version of the language was pushed as neutral, proper, and eventually superior, leading to some stigmatization of varying accents. Television news anchors and other high-profile figures had to put aside their regional Italian when in the public sphere. However, in more recent years the enforcement of this standard has fallen out of favor in Italy, and news reporters, actors, and the like are now more free to deliver their words in their native regional variety of Italian, which appeals to the Italian population's range of linguistic diversity. The variety is still not represented in its wholeness and accents from the south are maybe to be considered less popular, except in shows set in the south and in comedy, a field in which Naples, Sicily and the south in general have always been present. Although it still represents the basics for the standard variety, the loosened restrictions have led to Tuscan being seen for what it is, just one dialect among many with its own regional peculiarities and qualities, many of which are shared with Umbria, southern Marche and northern Lazio. <ul><li>In Tuscany (although not in standard Italian, which is derived from, but not equivalent to, Tuscan dialect), voiceless stops are typically pronounced as fricatives between vowels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall194475-45">[45]</a> That is, /p t k/ → [ɸ θ h/x]: e.g. i capitani 'the captains' [iˌhaɸiˈθaːni], a phenomenon known as the <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_gorgia" title="Tuscan gorgia">gorgia toscana</a> 'Tuscan throat'. In a much more widespread area of central Italy, postalveolar affricates are deaffricated when intervocalic so that in Cina ('in China') is pronounced [in t͡ʃiːna] but la Cina ('the China') is [laʃiːna], and /ˈbat͡ʃo/ bacio 'kiss' is [ˈbaːʃo] rather than standard Italian [ˈbaːt͡ʃo].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall194476-46">[46]</a> This deaffrication can result in minimal pairs distinguished only by length of the fricatives, [ʃ] issuing from /t͡ʃ/ and [ʃː] from geminate /ʃʃ/: [laʃeˈrɔ] lacerò 's/he ripped' vs. [laʃːeˈrɔ] lascerò 'I will leave'.</li> <li>In nonstandard varieties of central and southern Italian, some stops at the end of a syllable completely assimilate to the following consonant.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] For example, a Venetian might say tecnica as [ˈtɛknika] or [ˈtɛɡnika] in violation of normal Italian consonant contact restrictions,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] while a Florentine would probably pronounce tecnica as [ˈtɛnniha], a Roman on a range from [ˈtɛnnika] to [ˈtɛnniɡa] (in southern Italian, complex clusters usually are separated by a vowel: a Neapolitan would say [ˈtɛkkənikə], a Sicilian [ˈtɛkkɪnɪka]). Similarly, although the cluster /kt/ has developed historically as /tt/ through assimilation, a learned word such as ictus will be pronounced [ittus] by some, [iktus] by others.</li> <li>In popular (non-Tuscan) central and southern Italian speech, /b/ and /d͡ʒ/ tend to always be geminated ([bb] and [dd͡ʒ]) when between two vowels, or a vowel and a sonorant (/j/, /w/, /l/, or /r/). Sometimes this is also used in written language, e.g. writing robba instead of roba ('property'), to suggest a regional accent, although this spelling is considered incorrect. In Tuscany and beyond in central and southern Italy, intervocalic non-geminate /d͡ʒ/ is realized as [ʒ] (parallel to /t͡ʃ/ realized as [ʃ] described above).</li> <li>The two phonemes /s/ and /z/ have merged in many varieties of Italian: when between two vowels within the same word, it tends to always be pronounced [z] in northern Italy, and [s] in central and southern Italy (except in the <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Arbëreshë</a> community). A notable example is the word casa ('house'): in northern Italy it is pronounced [ˈkaːza]; in southern-central Italy it is pronounced [ˈkaːsa].</li> <li>In several southern varieties, voiceless stops tend to be voiced if following a sonorant, as an influence of the still largely spoken regional languages: campo /ˈkampo/ is often pronounced [ˈkambo], and Antonio /anˈtɔnjo/ is frequently [anˈdɔnjo].</li></ul> The various <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Italian" title="Central Italian">central Italian</a> dialects are, to some extent, the closest ones to standard Italian in terms of linguistic features, since the latter is based on a somewhat polished form of <a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Childhood_phonological_development">Childhood phonological development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_phonology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Childhood phonological development">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phonological_development" title="Phonological development">Phonological development</a></div> Very little research has been done on the earliest stages of phonological development in Italian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeren-PortnoyMajoranoVihman2009240-47">[47]</a> This article primarily describes phonological development after the first year of life. See the main article on <a href="/wiki/Phonological_development" title="Phonological development">phonological development</a> for a description of first year stages. Many of the earliest stages are thought to be <a href="/wiki/Universal_grammar" title="Universal grammar">universal</a> to all infants. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phoneme_inventory">Phoneme inventory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_phonology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Phoneme inventory">edit</a>]</div> Word-final consonants are rarely produced during the early stages of word production. Consonants are usually found in word-initial position, or in <a href="/wiki/Intervocalic_consonant" title="Intervocalic consonant">intervocalic</a> position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZmarichBonifacio2005759-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="17_months">17 months</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_phonology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 17 months">edit</a>]</div> Most consonants are word-initial: They are the stops /p/, /b/, /t/, and /k/ and the nasal /m/. A preference for a front place of articulation is present. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="21_months">21 months</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_phonology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 21 months">edit</a>]</div> More phones now appear in intervocalic contexts. The additions to the phonetic inventory are the voiced stop /d/, the nasal /n/, the voiceless affricate /t͡ʃ/, and the liquid /l/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZmarichBonifacio2005759-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="24_months">24 months</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_phonology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 24 months">edit</a>]</div> The fricatives /f/, /v/, and /s/ are added, primarily at the intervocalic position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZmarichBonifacio2005759-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="27_months">27 months</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_phonology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 27 months">edit</a>]</div> Approximately equal numbers of phones are now produced in word-initial and intervocalic position. Additions to the phonetic inventory are the voiced stop /ɡ/ and the <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant cluster</a> /kw/. While the word-initial inventory now tends to have all the phones of the adult targets (adult production of the child's words), the intervocalic inventory tends to still be missing four consonants or consonant clusters of the adult targets: /f/, /d͡ʒ/, /r/, and /st/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZmarichBonifacio2005759-48">[48]</a> Stops are the most common <a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">manner of articulation</a> at all stages and are produced more often than they are present in the target words at around 18 months. Gradually this frequency decreases to almost target-like frequency by around 27 months. The opposite process happens with fricatives, affricates, laterals and trills. Initially, the production of these phonemes is significantly less than what is found in the target words and the production continues to increases to target-like frequency. Alveolars and bilabials are the two most common places of articulation, with alveolar production steadily increasing after the first stage and bilabial production gently decreasing. Labiodental and postalveolar production increases throughout development, while velar production decreases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZmarichBonifacio2005760-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonotactics_2">Phonotactics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_phonology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Phonotactics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syllable_structures">Syllable structures</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_phonology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Syllable structures">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="6–10_months">6–10 months</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_phonology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 6–10 months">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Babbling" title="Babbling">Babbling</a> becomes distinct from previous, less structured vocal play. Initially, syllable structure is limited to CVCV, called <a href="/wiki/Reduplication#Reduplicative_babbling_in_child_language_acquisition" title="Reduplication">reduplicated babbling</a>. At this stage, children's vocalizations have a weak relation to adult Italian and the Italian lexicon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajoranoD'Odorico201153-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="11–14_months">11–14 months</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_phonology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 11–14 months">edit</a>]</div> The most-used syllable type changes as children age, and the distribution of syllables takes on increasingly Italian characteristics. This ability significantly increases between the ages of 11 and 12 months, 12 and 13 months, and 13 and 14 months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajoranoD'Odorico201153-50">[50]</a> Consonant clusters are still absent. Children's first ten words appear around month 12, and take CVCV format (e.g. mamma 'mom', papà 'dad').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFasoloMajoranoD'Odorico200686-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="18–24_months">18–24 months</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_phonology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 18–24 months">edit</a>]</div> Reduplicated babbling is replaced by variegated babbling, producing syllable structures such as C1VC2V (e.g. cane 'dog', topo 'mouse'). Production of trisyllabic words begins (e.g. pecora 'sheep', matita 'pencil').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFasoloMajoranoD'Odorico200686-51">[51]</a> Consonant clusters are now present (e.g. bimba 'female child', venti 'twenty'). Ambient language plays an increasingly significant role as children begin to solidify early syllable structure. Syllable combinations that are infrequent in the Italian lexicon, such as velar-labial sequences (e.g. capra 'goat' or gamba 'leg') are infrequently produced correctly by children, and are often subject to <a href="/wiki/Consonant_harmony" title="Consonant harmony">consonant harmony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajoranoD'Odorico201158-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stress_patterns">Stress patterns</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_phonology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Stress patterns">edit</a>]</div> In Italian, <a href="/wiki/Lexical_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical stress">stress</a> is lexical, meaning it is word-specific and partly unpredictable. <a href="/wiki/Penult" title="Penult">Penultimate</a> stress (primary stress on the second-to-last syllable) is also generally preferred.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'ImperioRosenthall19995-54">[54]</a> This goal, acting simultaneously with the child's initial inability to produce polysyllabic words, often results in weak-syllable deletion. The primary environment for weak-syllable deletion in polysyllabic words is word-initial, as deleting word-final or word-medial syllables would interfere with the penultimate stress pattern heard in ambient language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajoranoD'Odorico201161-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonological_awareness">Phonological awareness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_phonology&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Phonological awareness">edit</a>]</div> Children develop syllabic segmentation awareness earlier than phonemic segmentation awareness. In earlier stages, syllables are perceived as a separate phonetic unit, while phonemes are perceived as assimilated units by <a href="/wiki/Coarticulation" title="Coarticulation">coarticulation</a> in spoken language. By first grade, Italian children are nearing full development of segmentation awareness on both syllables and phonemes. Compared to those children whose mother tongue exhibits <a href="/wiki/Syllable#Typical_model" title="Syllable">closed syllable structure</a> (CVC,CCVC, CVCC, etc.), Italian-speaking children develop this segmentation awareness earlier, possibly due to its <a href="/wiki/Syllable#Typical_model" title="Syllable">open syllable structure</a> (CVCV, CVCVCV, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECossuShankweilerLibermanKatz198810-56">[56]</a> Rigidity in Italian (<a href="/wiki/Orthographic_depth" title="Orthographic depth">shallow orthography</a> and open syllable structure) makes it easier for Italian-speaking children to be aware of those segments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECossuShankweilerLibermanKatz198811-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_texts">Sample texts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_phonology&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sample texts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:It-Vangeli.ogg" title="File:It-Vangeli.ogg">Milan speaker reading the Bible, Luke 2, 1–7.</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="41" data-mwtitle="It-Vangeli.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/It-Vangeli.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/97/It-Vangeli.ogg/It-Vangeli.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Provided here is a rendition of the Bible, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#Chapter_2" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 2</a>, 1–7, as read by a native Italian speaker from Milan. As a northerner, his pronunciation lacks <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_doubling" class="mw-redirect" title="Syntactic doubling">syntactic doubling</a> ([ˈfu ˈfatto] instead of [ˈfu fˈfatto]) and intervocalic [s] ([ˈkaːza] instead of [ˈkaːsa]). The speaker realises <a href="/wiki/R-labialisation" class="mw-redirect" title="R-labialisation">/r/ as [ʋ]</a> in some positions. <blockquote>2:1 In quei giorni, un decreto di Cesare Augusto ordinava che si facesse un censimento di tutta la terra. 2 Questo primo censimento fu fatto quando Quirino era governatore della Siria. 3 Tutti andavano a farsi registrare, ciascuno nella propria città. 4 Anche Giuseppe, che era della casa e della famiglia di Davide, dalla città di Nazaret e dalla Galilea si recò in Giudea nella città di Davide, chiamata Betlemme, 5 per farsi registrare insieme a Maria, sua sposa, che era incinta. 6 Proprio mentre si trovavano lì, venne il tempo per lei di partorire. 7 Mise al mondo il suo primogenito, lo avvolse in fasce e lo depose in una mangiatoia, poiché non c'era posto per loro nella locanda. </blockquote> The differences in pronunciation are underlined in the following transcriptions; the velar [ŋ] is an allophone of /n/. Vowel length is also not phonemic. A rough phonetic transcription of the audio sample is: <blockquote>2:1 [iŋ ˈkwɛi ˈdʒorni un deˈkreːto di ˈtʃeːzare auˈɡusto ordiˈnaːva ke si faˈtʃɛsːe un tʃensiˈmento di ˈtutːa la ˈtɛrːa 2 ˈkwɛsto ˈpriːmo tʃensiˈmento fu ˈfatːo ˈkwando kwiˈriːno ˈeːra ɡovernaˈtoːre dɛlːa ˈsiːrja 3 ˈtutːi anˈdaːvano a ˈfarsi redʒiˈstraːre tʃaˈskuːno nɛlːa ˈprɔːprja tʃiˈtːa 4 ˈaŋke dʒuˈzɛpːe ke ˈeːra dɛlːa ˈkaːza e dɛlːa faˈmiʎːa di ˈdaːvide dalːa tʃiˈtːa di ˈnadzːaret e dalːa ɡaliˈleːa si reˈkɔ in dʒuˈdeːa nɛlla tʃiˈtːa di ˈdaːvide kjaˈmaːta beˈtlɛmːe 5 per ˈfarsi redʒiˈstraːre inˈsjeːme a maˈriːa swa ˈspoːza ke ˈeːra inˈtʃinta 6 ˈprɔːprjo ˈmentre si troˈvaːvano ˈli ˈvɛnːe il ˈtempo per ˈlɛi di partoˈriːre 7 ˈmiːze al ˈmondo il swo primoˈdʒeːnito, lo aˈvːɔlse iɱ ˈfaːʃe e lo deˈpoːze in ˈuːna mandʒaˈtɔːja poiˈke non ˈtʃeːra ˈpɔsto per ˈloːro nɛlːa loˈkanda] </blockquote> The standard Italian pronunciation of the text is: <blockquote>2:1 [iŋ ˈkwei ˈdʒorni un deˈkreːto di ˈtʃeːzare auˈɡusto ordiˈnaːva ke sːi faˈtʃesːe un tʃensiˈmento di ˈtutːa la ˈtɛrːa 2 ˈkwesto ˈpriːmo tʃensiˈmento fu ˈfːatːo ˈkwando kwiˈriːno ˈɛːra ɡovernaˈtoːre delːa ˈsiːrja 3 ˈtutːi anˈdaːvano a ˈfːarsi redʒiˈstraːre tʃaˈskuːno nelːa ˈprɔːprja tʃiˈtːa 4 ˈaŋke dʒuˈzɛpːe ke ˈɛːra delːa ˈkaːsa e dːelːa faˈmiʎːa di ˈdaːvide dalːa tʃiˈtːa dːi ˈnadzːaret e dːalːa ɡaliˈlɛːa si reˈkɔ in dʒuˈdɛːa nelːa tʃiˈtːa dːi ˈdaːvide kjaˈmaːta beˈtlɛmːe 5 per ˈfarsi redʒiˈstraːre inˈsjɛːme a mːaˈriːa ˈsuːa ˈspɔːza ke ˈɛːra inˈtʃinta 6 ˈprɔːprjo ˈmentre si troˈvaːvano ˈli ˈvenːe il ˈtɛmpo per ˈlɛi di partoˈriːre 7 ˈmiːse al ˈmondo il ˈsuːo primoˈdʒɛːnito, lo aˈvːɔlse iɱ ˈfaʃːe e lːo deˈpoːse in ˈuːna mandʒaˈtoːja poiˈke nːon ˈtʃɛːra ˈposto per ˈloːro nelːa loˈkanda] </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_phonology&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_grammar" title="Italian grammar">Italian grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_orthography" title="Italian orthography">Italian orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntactic_gemination" title="Syntactic gemination">Syntactic gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">Wikipedia help page for IPA for Italian</a> – includes English approximations</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Italian_pronunciation" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Italian pronunciation">Italian pronunciation guide at Wiktionary</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_phonology&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall194477–78-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall194477–78_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall1944">Hall (1944)</a>, pp. 77–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004117_2-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRogersd'Arcangeli2004">Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004)</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall194478-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall194478_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall1944">Hall (1944)</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005132-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005132_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005132_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005132_4-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertinettoLoporcaro2005">Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005)</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199262-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199262_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199262_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanepari1992">Canepari (1992)</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199268,_75–76-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199268,_75–76_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199268,_75–76_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199268,_75–76_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199268,_75–76_6-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanepari1992">Canepari (1992)</a>, pp. 68, 75–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199257,_84,_88–89-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199257,_84,_88–89_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanepari1992">Canepari (1992)</a>, pp. 57, 84, 88–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005133-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005133_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertinettoLoporcaro2005">Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005)</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199258,_88–89-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199258,_88–89_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanepari1992">Canepari (1992)</a>, pp. 58, 88–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005134-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005134_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertinettoLoporcaro2005">Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005)</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199257–59,_88–89-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199257–59,_88–89_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanepari1992">Canepari (1992)</a>, pp. 57–59, 88–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005134–135-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005134–135_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005134–135_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertinettoLoporcaro2005">Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005)</a>, pp. 134–135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199259-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199259_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanepari1992">Canepari (1992)</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199258-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199258_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanepari1992">Canepari (1992)</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens201313-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasens201313_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRecasens2013">Recasens (2013)</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> "(...) in a large number of Italian accents, there is considerable friction involved in the pronunciation of [ʎ], creating a voiced palatal lateral fricative (for which there is no established IPA symbol)" <a href="#CITEREFAshby2011">Ashby (2011</a>:64). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996221-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996221_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996221_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996">Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004118-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004118_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRogersd'Arcangeli2004">Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004)</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Handbook_of_Pronunciation-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_Handbook_of_Pronunciation_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Handbook_of_Pronunciation_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Handbook_of_Pronunciation_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Handbook_of_Pronunciation_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Handbook_of_Pronunciation_19-4">e</a> Luciano Canepari, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canipa.net/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=en:hpr_03_italian.pdf">A Handbook of Pronunciation</a>, chapter 3: «Italian». </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Romano, Antonio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oapen.org/download?type=document&docid=639804#page=210">"A preliminary contribution to the study of phonetic variation of /r/ in Italian and Italo-Romance."</a> Rhotics. New data and perspectives (Proc. of’r-atics-3, Libera Università di Bolzano (2011): 209–226, pp. 213–214. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722114717/http://www.dizionario.rai.it/poplemma.aspx?lid=30356&r=69940">"Dizionario d'ortografia e di pronunzia"</a>. 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Retrieved 2009-12-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dizionario+d%27ortografia+e+di+pronunzia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dizionario.rai.it%2Fpoplemma.aspx%3Flid%3D30351%26r%3D13567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004119-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004119_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogersd'Arcangeli2004119_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRogersd'Arcangeli2004">Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004)</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005136-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005136_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertinettoLoporcaro2005">Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005)</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005137-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005137_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertinettoLoporcaro2005">Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005)</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005137–138-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005137–138_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertinettoLoporcaro2005">Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005)</a>, pp. 137–138. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/palto">"paltò"</a>. www.treccani.it (in Italian). Vocabolario – Treccani.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.treccani.it&rft.atitle=palt%C3%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fvocabolario%2Fpalto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005138-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005138_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertinettoLoporcaro2005">Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005)</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090713230857/http://www.dizionario.rai.it/poplemma.aspx?lid=76565&r=93607">"Dizionario d'ortografia e di pronunzia"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dizionario.rai.it/poplemma.aspx?lid=52079&r=40301">the original</a> on 2009-07-13. Retrieved 2008-09-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dizionario+d%27ortografia+e+di+pronunzia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dizionario.rai.it%2Fpoplemma.aspx%3Flid%3D52079%26r%3D40301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090713220516/http://www.dizionario.rai.it/poplemma.aspx?lid=29408&r=10911">"Dizionario d'ortografia e di pronunzia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dizionario.rai.it/poplemma.aspx?lid=29408&r=10911">the original</a> on 2009-07-13. Retrieved 2008-09-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dizionario+d%27ortografia+e+di+pronunzia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dizionario.rai.it%2Fpoplemma.aspx%3Flid%3D29408%26r%3D10911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall194479-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall194479_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall1944">Hall (1944)</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/sibilanti_(Enciclopedia-dell%27Italiano)/">"Sibilanti in "Enciclopedia dell'Italiano""</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sibilanti+in+%22Enciclopedia+dell%27Italiano%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fsibilanti_%28Enciclopedia-dell%2527Italiano%29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall194480-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall194480_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall194480_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall1944">Hall (1944)</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Luciano Canepari, A Handbook of Pronunciation, Chapter 3: "Italian", pp. 135–36 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> "acoustic data confirm the fact that [|sˈtV] /|sˈtV/ (after a pause, or 'silence') is part of the same syllable (a little particular, possibly, on the scale of syllabicity, but nothing really surprising) whereas, obviously, [VsˈtV] /VsˈtV/ constitute two phono-syllables bordering between two C" Luciano Canepari, A Handbook of Pronunciation, Chapter 3: "Italian", p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005141-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005141_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertinettoLoporcaro2005">Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005)</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2009138,_139-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrämer2009138,_139_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrämer2009">Krämer (2009)</a>, pp. 138, 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2009138-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrämer2009138_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrämer2009138_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrämer2009138_40-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrämer2009">Krämer (2009)</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2009138,_141-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrämer2009138,_141_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrämer2009">Krämer (2009)</a>, pp. 138, 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2009135-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrämer2009135_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrämer2009">Krämer (2009)</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Examples come from <a href="#CITEREFKrämer2009">Krämer (2009</a>:136) </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#thebigbook-2ed">thebigbook-2ed</a>, p. 111 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall194475-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall194475_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall1944">Hall (1944)</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall194476-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall194476_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall1944">Hall (1944)</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeren-PortnoyMajoranoVihman2009240-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeren-PortnoyMajoranoVihman2009240_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeren-PortnoyMajoranoVihman2009">Keren-Portnoy, Majorano & Vihman (2009)</a>, p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZmarichBonifacio2005759-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZmarichBonifacio2005759_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZmarichBonifacio2005759_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZmarichBonifacio2005759_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZmarichBonifacio2005759_48-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFZmarichBonifacio2005">Zmarich & Bonifacio (2005)</a>, p. 759. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZmarichBonifacio2005760-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZmarichBonifacio2005760_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZmarichBonifacio2005">Zmarich & Bonifacio (2005)</a>, p. 760. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajoranoD'Odorico201153-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajoranoD'Odorico201153_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajoranoD'Odorico201153_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajoranoD'Odorico2011">Majorano & D'Odorico (2011)</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFasoloMajoranoD'Odorico200686-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFasoloMajoranoD'Odorico200686_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFasoloMajoranoD'Odorico200686_51-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFasoloMajoranoD'Odorico2006">Fasolo, Majorano & D'Odorico (2006)</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajoranoD'Odorico201158-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajoranoD'Odorico201158_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajoranoD'Odorico2011">Majorano & D'Odorico (2011)</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> "Stress in Italian occurs most often on the penultimate syllable (<a href="/wiki/Paroxytone" title="Paroxytone">paroxytones</a>); it also occurs on the antepenultimate syllable (<a href="/wiki/Proparoxytone" title="Proparoxytone">proparoxytones</a>) ...<a href="#CITEREFBorrelli2002">Borrelli (2002</a>:8). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED'ImperioRosenthall19995-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'ImperioRosenthall19995_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFD'ImperioRosenthall1999">D'Imperio & Rosenthall (1999)</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajoranoD'Odorico201161-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajoranoD'Odorico201161_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajoranoD'Odorico2011">Majorano & D'Odorico (2011)</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECossuShankweilerLibermanKatz198810-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECossuShankweilerLibermanKatz198810_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCossuShankweilerLibermanKatz1988">Cossu et al. (1988)</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECossuShankweilerLibermanKatz198811-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECossuShankweilerLibermanKatz198811_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCossuShankweilerLibermanKatz1988">Cossu et al. (1988)</a>, p. 11. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_phonology&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshby2011" class="citation cs2">Ashby, Patricia (2011), Understanding Phonetics, Understanding Language series, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0340928271" title="Special:BookSources/978-0340928271"><bdi>978-0340928271</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Phonetics&rft.series=Understanding+Language+series&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0340928271&rft.aulast=Ashby&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="thebigbook-2ed" class="citation book cs1">Berloco, Fabrizio (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DYynDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">The Big Book of Italian Verbs: 900 Fully Conjugated Verbs in All Tenses. 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"The transition into ambient language: A longitudinal study of babbling and first word production of Italian children". <a href="/wiki/First_Language_(journal)" title="First Language (journal)">First Language</a>. 31 (1): 47–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0142723709359239">10.1177/0142723709359239</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143677144">143677144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Language&rft.atitle=The+transition+into+ambient+language%3A+A+longitudinal+study+of+babbling+and+first+word+production+of+Italian+children&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-66&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0142723709359239&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143677144%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Majorano&rft.aufirst=Marinella&rft.au=D%27Odorico%2C+Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRecasens2013" class="citation cs2">Recasens, Daniel (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506145007/http://pagines.uab.cat/danielrecasens/sites/pagines.uab.cat.danielrecasens/files/Alveolopalatals%20JIPA.pdf">"On the articulatory classification of (alveolo)palatal consonants"</a> (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 1–22, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100312000199">10.1017/S0025100312000199</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145463946">145463946</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pagines.uab.cat/danielrecasens/sites/pagines.uab.cat.danielrecasens/files/Alveolopalatals%20JIPA.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2021-05-06, retrieved 2019-03-21</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=On+the+articulatory+classification+of+%28alveolo%29palatal+consonants&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100312000199&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145463946%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Recasens&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpagines.uab.cat%2Fdanielrecasens%2Fsites%2Fpagines.uab.cat.danielrecasens%2Ffiles%2FAlveolopalatals%2520JIPA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogersd'Arcangeli2004" class="citation journal cs1">Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/426259D72EEC9F71664AC2F2D3A0FD30/S0025100304001628a.pdf/italian.pdf">"Italian"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_International_Phonetic_Association" title="Journal of the International Phonetic Association">Journal of the International Phonetic Association</a>. 34 (1): 117–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001628">10.1017/S0025100304001628</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232345223">232345223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Italian&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=117-121&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100304001628&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232345223%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=d%27Arcangeli%2C+Luciana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F426259D72EEC9F71664AC2F2D3A0FD30%2FS0025100304001628a.pdf%2Fitalian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZmarichBonifacio2005" class="citation web cs1">Zmarich, Claudio; Bonifacio, Serena (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aisv.it/AISVScuolaEstiva2006/materials/C.Zmarich/Zmarich&Bonifacio%20(2005).pdf">"Phonetic Inventories in Italian Children aged 18-27 months: a Longitudinal Study"</a> (PDF). Interspeech. pp. 757–760.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Interspeech&rft.atitle=Phonetic+Inventories+in+Italian+Children+aged+18-27+months%3A+a+Longitudinal+Study&rft.pages=757-760&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Zmarich&rft.aufirst=Claudio&rft.au=Bonifacio%2C+Serena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aisv.it%2FAISVScuolaEstiva2006%2Fmaterials%2FC.Zmarich%2FZmarich%26Bonifacio%2520%282005%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+phonology" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_phonology&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dop.netadcom.com/">The online edition (2016) of the Dizionario d'ortografia e di pronunzia (DOP), a pronouncing dictionary of standard Italian</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_phonologies" title="Template talk:Language phonologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language phonologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Phonologies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonologies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Phonologies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Template:Language orthographies">Orthographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_grammars" title="Template:Language grammars">Grammars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_adjectives" title="Template:Language adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_determiners" title="Template:Language determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">A–E</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_phonology" title="Abkhaz phonology">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_phonology" title="Acehnese phonology">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_phonology" title="Adyghe phonology">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_phonology" title="Afrikaans phonology">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_phonology" title="American Sign Language phonology">American Sign Language</a></li> <li>Arabic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Modern Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_phonology" title="Egyptian Arabic phonology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic_phonology" title="Hejazi Arabic phonology">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_phonology" title="Levantine Arabic phonology">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic#Phonology" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic_phonology" title="Tunisian Arabic phonology">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_phonology" title="Avestan phonology">Avestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_phonology" title="Belarusian phonology">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_phonology" title="Bengali phonology">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_phonology" title="Bulgarian phonology">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_phonology" title="Burmese phonology">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Catalan</a></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_phonology" title="Hokkien phonology">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wu_phonology" title="Northern Wu phonology">Northern Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_phonology" title="Chukchi phonology">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_phonology" title="Cornish phonology">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_phonology" title="Czech phonology">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_phonology" title="Danish phonology">Danish</a></li> <li>Dutch <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_phonology" title="Dutch phonology">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orsmaal-Gussenhoven_dialect_phonology" title="Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology">Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_English_regional_phonology" title="North American English regional phonology">Regional North American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">White South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_phonology" title="Old English phonology">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English_phonology" title="Middle English phonology">Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_phonology" title="Esperanto phonology">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_phonology" title="Estonian phonology">Estonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">F–L</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_phonology" title="Faroese phonology">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_phonology" title="Finnish phonology">Finnish</a></li> <li>French <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_phonology" title="French phonology">Parisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French_phonology" title="Quebec French phonology">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_phonology" title="Galician phonology">Galician</a></li> <li>German <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_German_phonology" title="Standard German phonology">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernese_German_phonology" title="Bernese German phonology">Bernese</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greek <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Standard Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_phonology" title="Greenlandic phonology">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_phonology" title="Gujarati phonology">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_phonology" title="Hawaiian phonology">Hawaiian</a></li> <li>Hebrew <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_phonology" title="Hindustani phonology">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_phonology" title="Hungarian phonology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_phonology" title="Icelandic phonology">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_phonology" title="Ingrian phonology">Ingrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_phonology" title="Inuit phonology">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_phonology" title="Irish phonology">Irish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_phonology" title="Kiowa phonology">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_phonology" title="Konkani phonology">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_phonology" title="Korean phonology">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_phonology" title="Kurdish phonology">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_phonology" title="Kyrgyz phonology">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latgalian_phonology" title="Latgalian phonology">Latgalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_phonology_and_orthography" title="Latin phonology and orthography">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_phonology" title="Latvian phonology">Latvian</a></li> <li>Limburgish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian_dialect_phonology" title="Maastrichtian dialect phonology">Maastrichtian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_phonology" title="Lithuanian phonology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_phonology" title="Luxembourgish phonology">Luxembourgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">M–S</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phonology" title="Macedonian phonology">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_phonology" title="Malay phonology">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_phonology" title="Maldivian phonology">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_phonology" title="Māori phonology">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_phonology" title="Marathi phonology">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_phonology" title="Massachusett phonology">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medumba_phonology" title="Medumba phonology">Medumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_phonology" title="Navajo phonology">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_phonology" title="Nepali phonology">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_phonology" title="Norwegian phonology">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_phonology" title="Occitan phonology">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_phonology" title="Ojibwe phonology">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon_phonology" title="Old Saxon phonology">Old Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_phonology" title="Oromo phonology">Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_phonology" title="Ottawa phonology">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_phonology" title="Pashto phonology">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_phonology" title="Persian phonology">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_phonology" title="Polish phonology">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_phonology" title="Portuguese phonology">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Proto-Indo-European</a></li> <li>Ripuarian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_phonology" title="Colognian phonology">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerkrade_dialect_phonology" title="Kerkrade dialect phonology">Kerkrade dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_phonology" title="Romanian phonology">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_phonology" title="Russian phonology">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_phonology" title="Sardinian phonology">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Scots" title="Phonological history of Scots">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_phonology" title="Serbo-Croatian phonology">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_phonology" title="Slovak phonology">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_phonology" title="Slovene phonology">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_phonology" title="Somali phonology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_phonology" title="Sotho phonology">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">Dialects and varieties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_phonology" title="Swedish phonology">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">T–Z</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_phonology" title="Tagalog phonology">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_phonology" title="Tamil phonology">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_phonology" title="Taos phonology">Taos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_phonology" title="Turkish phonology">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_phonology" title="Ubykh phonology">Ubykh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_phonology" title="Ukrainian phonology">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_phonology" title="Uyghur phonology">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_phonology" title="Vietnamese phonology">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_phonology" title="Welsh phonology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_phonology" title="West Frisian phonology">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_phonology" title="Yiddish phonology">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_phonology" title="Zuni phonology">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> 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