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Sebastian van Noyen | Real Academia de la Historia
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class="wrapper-biografia"> <div class="field field--name-field-biografia field--type-text-long field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field--label sr-only">Biografía</div> <div class="field--item"><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Noyen (o Noye), Sebastian van</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">. Utrecht (Países Bajos), 27.III.1493 – Bruselas (Bélgica), 3.VI.1557. Ingeniero y arquitecto al servicio de Carlos V y Felipe II.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Philippi regis architectus generalis</span></span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">, “Ingeniero de obras del emperador” o “Ingeniero del rey nuestro señor”. Perteneciente a la familia de los arquitectos Kelderman, posiblemente sus relaciones familiares facilitaron su formación. Comenzó su carrera como ingeniero al servicio de los Granvela, siendo nombrado en 1515 arquitecto general e ingeniero del emperador en el Franco-Condado. En 1523, participó como ingeniero en el sitio de Pavía, por cuyas acciones fue ennoblecido por Carlos V. Posteriormente, en 1527 acompañó al emperador y al cardenal Antonio Perrenot de Granvela a Roma, donde Noyen realizó un dibujo de las Termas de Diocleciano, que más tarde se convertiría en un grabado de gran difusión. En 1534 realizó el plano del futuro palacio de Granvela en Besançon y a partir de 1540 construyó el palacio sobre el Coperbeke en Bruselas para la misma persona.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Noyen comenzó su etapa como ingeniero constructor de fortificación en 1545 al acometer los trabajos para las defensas de Damvillers, pero fue a partir de 1550 cuando llevó a cabo las fortificaciones de Maastricht como “Ingeniero de su Majestad”, con Donato Boni y Giovanni Maria Olgiati, ambos ingenieros también al servicio de la Monarquía española, cuando se confirmaron sus aptitudes como fortificador. En 1552 participó en el sitio de Metz del 19 de octubre de 1552 al 2 de enero de 1553, en el marco de las “Guerras de Italia” (1551 a 1559). Trabajaba más tarde en las fortificaciones de Luxemburgo, Arlon y en las Ardenas, y a partir del 12 de agosto de 1553 inspeccionaba las fortificaciones de Mons, presentando en diciembre planos de la ciudad de Namur al Consejo de Finanzas de Bruselas. También en ese año visitó Arlon con Martín van Rossem y dirigió los trabajos de fortificación de Cambrai (Francia), siéndole atribuido el baluarte de Saint-Georges.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Tras la toma en 1553 de la ciudad de Hesdin a los franceses, se encargaba de su reconstrucción Van Noyen, siendo directamente supervisada por el duque de Saboya, convertido en gobernador de Flandes. El duque había bautizado a la ciudad con el nombre de Hesdinfert. El significado de “fert” respondía a los primeros caracteres del lema de Manuel Filiberto, duque de Saboya, <i>Fortitude Ejus Rodhun Tennis</i>. La ciudadela había crecido hasta poder albergar a 2.500 soldados españoles y protegía desde la zona francesa hasta el Artois y desde el obispado de Arras hasta Cambrai, que era la otra gran base de fuerzas españolas.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">El 12 de abril de 1554 Manuel Filiberto de Saboya le envió a la ciudad de Renty para reparar sus murallas, realizando más tarde el plano y proyecto de Luxemburgo, después de que una explosión de pólvora destruyera gran parte de la Ville Haute de la ciudad. Además, debía diseñar una plaza en el centro de la ciudad fortificada, entonces conocida como el Neumarkt (Nuevo Mercado).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Siempre en 1554, en septiembre, envió a la corte el plano de la fortaleza de Hesdinfert, y visitaba Mariembourg, Bapaume y Cambrai para poner al día los trabajos de fortificación. En 1555 Noyen inspeccionaba las obras de Philippeville y Charlemont y realizaba proyectos para Arlon y Luxemburgo. Respecto a Philippeville, su proyecto consistía en una plaza fuerte de nueva planta, de planimetría irregular radioconcéntrica, construida en honor del príncipe Felipe, inminente rey de España y soberano de los Países Bajos, próximo a la frontera con Francia.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">En 1556 reconocía Frisia, Güeldres y Lingen y, finalmente, el 16 de octubre de ese año, se hacía la última mención de sus actividades, al recibir una gratificación “por gracia especial”, de 800 libras, aparte de sus emolumentos, que eran de 40 sous diarios.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Bibl.: </span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="ES-TRAD"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">C. van den Heuvel y B. Roosens<i>, </i>“Los Países Bajos. Las fortificaciones y la coronación de las defensas del Imperio de Carlos V”, en C. J. Hernando Sánchez (coord.),<i> Las Fortificaciones de Carlos V</i>, Madrid, Ediciones del Umbral, 2000;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> P. Bragard, <i>Dictionnaire Biographique des Ingénieurs des fortifications. Pays-Bas espagnols, Principauté de Liège, Franche-Comté, 1504-1713</i>, Namur, Les Amis de la Citadelle de Namur, 2011; P. H. Cabral Valadares, <i>Tratadística da arquitetura militar européia como referência para o Recife fortificado (1537-1654)</i>, Recife, 2014; J. M. Muñoz Corbalán, “Los ingenieros flamencos en el Ejército español”, en <i>Presencia de ingenieros militares extranjeros en la milicia española, Revista Internacional de Historia Militar</i>, 97 (2019), págs. 91-170; J. A. Rebullida Porto, “Las dificultades en los transportes y abastecimientos desde Castilla hasta el frente Franco-flamenco: logística de las campañas militares de Felipe II de 1557 y 1558”, en <i>Revista Universitaria de Historia Militar</i>, 9, 18 (2020), págs. 175-198.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Juan Carrillo de Albornoz y Galbeño</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </section> <aside class="col-sm-4" role="complementary"> <div class="region region-sidebar-second"> <section id="block-preguntasfrecuentes" class="block block-block-content 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