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class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="nav-container backbone-profile-documents-nav hidden-xs"><ul class="nav-tablist" role="tablist"><li class="nav-chip active" role="presentation"><a data-section-name="" data-toggle="tab" href="#all" role="tab">all</a></li><li class="nav-chip" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-docs-nav-section u-textTruncate" data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Papers" data-toggle="tab" href="#papers" role="tab" title="Papers"><span>13</span> <span class="ds2-5-body-sm-bold">Papers</span></a></li><li class="nav-chip" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-docs-nav-section u-textTruncate" data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Books" data-toggle="tab" href="#books" role="tab" title="Books"><span>1</span> <span class="ds2-5-body-sm-bold">Books</span></a></li><li class="nav-chip" role="presentation"><a 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href="https://www.academia.edu/67319585/Womens_Autonomy_and_Child_Nutrition_in_India"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Women's Autonomy and Child Nutrition in India" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/67319585/Womens_Autonomy_and_Child_Nutrition_in_India">Women's Autonomy and Child Nutrition in India</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">... Arulampalam, Wiji and Bhaskar, Anjor and Srivastava, Nisha (2010) Women&amp;#x27;s Autonomy a...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">... Arulampalam, Wiji and Bhaskar, Anjor and Srivastava, Nisha (2010) Women&amp;#x27;s Autonomy and Child Nutrition in India. In: NCRM Research Methods Festival 2010, 5th - 8th July 2010, St.Catherine&amp;#x27;s College, Oxford. (Unpublished). [img], Microsoft PowerPoint 94Kb. ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="67319585"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="67319585"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67319585; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67319585]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67319585]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67319585; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='67319585']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=67319585]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":67319585,"title":"Women's Autonomy and Child Nutrition in India","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67319585/Womens_Autonomy_and_Child_Nutrition_in_India","owner_id":41661537,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":41661537,"first_name":"Anjor","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Bhaskar","page_name":"AnjorBhaskar","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-01-18T03:40:46.679-08:00","display_name":"Anjor Bhaskar","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AnjorBhaskar"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="54139048"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/54139048/7_5_Crore_Green_Jobs_Assessing_the_Greenness_of_MGNREGA_Work"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of 7.5 Crore Green Jobs? 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This paper tries to a...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">What is the most economical and environmental way to manage waste in India? This paper tries to answer this question. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26555008"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/26555008/Water_and_Poverty_in_Chinas_Yellow_River_Basin"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Water and Poverty in China's Yellow River Basin" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46848509/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26555008/Water_and_Poverty_in_Chinas_Yellow_River_Basin">Water and Poverty in China's Yellow River Basin</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This brief is based on a water-related poverty analysis for the YRB region conducted in 2009 by I...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This brief is based on a water-related poverty analysis for the YRB region conducted in 2009 by IFPRI in collaboration with the Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy. Most of the data for the analysis come from the 2001 Household Income and Expenditure Survey conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics of China. The purpose of the analysis is to determine to what extent agricultural water management explains poverty in relation to other factors such as safe drinking water, education, and agricultural and off-farm incomes. This assessment is important for understanding which agricultural water interventions result in the highest impact on poverty reduction.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="371ab8410cb67829a79797e0824b63eb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46848509,"asset_id":26555008,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46848509/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26555008"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26555008"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26555008; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26555001"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/26555001/THE_STORY_OF_WASTE_AND_ITS_RECLAIMERS_ORGANISING_WASTE_COLLECTORS_FOR_BETTER_LIVES_AND_LIVELIHOODS"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of THE STORY OF WASTE AND ITS RECLAIMERS: ORGANISING WASTE COLLECTORS FOR BETTER LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46848438/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26555001/THE_STORY_OF_WASTE_AND_ITS_RECLAIMERS_ORGANISING_WASTE_COLLECTORS_FOR_BETTER_LIVES_AND_LIVELIHOODS">THE STORY OF WASTE AND ITS RECLAIMERS: ORGANISING WASTE COLLECTORS FOR BETTER LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Villagers living around the metropolitan cities are no longer amenable to allowing the waste to b...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Villagers living around the metropolitan cities are no longer amenable to allowing the waste to be collected and dumped on them (EPW, 2012). City governments prefer the route of privatisation of waste management to direct service provision. Contracted parties do not incorporate informal workers and enterprises that are already engaged in materials recovery and recycling. The consequence is exclusion, dispossession and destitution among waste workers. The city of Pune is, however, an exception. The unionisation of waste pickers into the Kagad Kach Patra Kashtakari Panchayat (KKPKP) in Pune has ensured that waste pickers are recognised as workers and as important contributors to the process of solid waste management (SWM) and recycling. KKPKP, along with the Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC), promoted the SWaCH cooperative of waste pickers in 2007 for providing door-to-door collection services in the city. Since then, 2100 members of SWaCH have been serving 3,50,000 households, shops and offices in the city, and recover user fees for their services. In this paper, the authors reflect on SWaCH as a model of inclusive development, which hinges on the empowerment of informal workers and challenges the traditional capitalist corporate model of development.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="574486f075ff0dbdd7ee6ff72b56a8d0" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46848438,"asset_id":26555001,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46848438/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26555001"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26555001"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26555001; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26555000"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/26555000/Messing_Around_With_Waste_Anjor_Bhaskar_and_Poornima_Chikarmane_Agenda_Infochange_India"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Messing Around With Waste Anjor Bhaskar and Poornima Chikarmane Agenda Infochange India" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46848352/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26555000/Messing_Around_With_Waste_Anjor_Bhaskar_and_Poornima_Chikarmane_Agenda_Infochange_India">Messing Around With Waste Anjor Bhaskar and Poornima Chikarmane Agenda Infochange India</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnjorBhaskar">Anjor Bhaskar</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://sndt.academia.edu/poornimachikarmane">Poornima Chikarmane</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Solid waste management accounts for over 50% of overall municipal budgets and manpower, but munic...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Solid waste management accounts for over 50% of overall municipal budgets and manpower, but municipal authorities collect only 50% of the waste and recycle a negligible 5%. Technology and privatisation are the solutions being proposed everywhere. But public-private partnerships are turning out to be more about using public money for private profit. Is integration of informal sector wastepickers into the management of domestic and commercial municipal waste the solution? Bangalore, Chennai, Pune, Nagpur, Ropar, Tiruvananthapuram, Erode, Allahabad, Ludhiana, Ranchi, Jaipur, Mumbai and Gurgaon have all been in the news for problems related to solid waste management. This article reflects on some of the issues surrounding the mess around municipal solid waste management. The authors take reduction, re-use, recovery and recycling of materials as their focal point, unlike conventional municipal solid waste management in India. Municipal governments charged with the responsibility of 'public cleansing' have never acknowledged the existence of the informal waste sector, much less sought complementarity with it. This disconnect exacerbates the complexities that are involved in managing the detritus generated by cities in an era of consumerism, globalisation and the privatisation and corporatisation of waste management. The authors also briefly present the experience of the SWaCH wastepickers cooperative that, till date, is the country's oldest and largest attempt to reconcile formal and informal waste managers through the integration of wastepickers in the management of domestic and commercial municipal waste. Municipal solid waste management An estimated 115,000 MT of solid waste are generated every day in India, increasing every year by 5%. Almost three-fourths of the total waste (83,378 MT) is accounted for by seven mega cities, 38 metro cities, and 388 Class I cities (2005). Conventional modes of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) required waste to be collected, transported and dumped on unsuspecting villages by municipal governments as part of their constitutional obligations. City governments spend between Rs 500 and Rs 1,500 per tonne on solid waste collection, transportation, treatment and disposal. However, the expenditure is unevenly distributed, with waste collection accounting for about 60-70% of the expenditure being spent on collection, the rest being on transportation with hardly any expenditure on waste treatment and disposal (DEA, GOI, 2009). MSWM accounts for over 50% of overall municipal budgets and manpower. Yet, municipal authorities are unable to collect more than 50% and to recycle a negligible 5% of the total waste generated in their jurisdictions. The informal sector does most of the recycling, nearly 15% of the total waste generated (NIUA, 2005). Uncollected and non-recyclable waste causes not only visual pollution but also invisible air pollution and groundwater pollution. There is thus a massive 'gap' between the requirement of cities, or demand for waste management, and its supply by ULBs. The past 20 years have seen changes, some driven by law and policy and others by economic factors. Only those considered to be the most significant are referred to here. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26554998"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/26554998/Well_Worth_the_Effort_Value_of_MGNREGA_Wells_in_Jharkhand"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Well Worth the Effort: Value of MGNREGA Wells in Jharkhand" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46848278/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26554998/Well_Worth_the_Effort_Value_of_MGNREGA_Wells_in_Jharkhand">Well Worth the Effort: Value of MGNREGA Wells in Jharkhand</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnjorBhaskar">Anjor Bhaskar</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PankajYadav117">Pankaj Yadav</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SunilGupta147">Sunil Gupta</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">More than 1,00,000 wells were sanctioned for construction under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">More than 1,00,000 wells were sanctioned for<br />construction under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural<br />Employment Guarantee Act in Jharkhand during the last<br />few years. This study evaluates the outcome of this<br />well-construction drive through a survey of nearly 1,000<br />wells in 24 randomly selected gram panchayats. A<br />majority of sanctioned wells (60% with parapet and<br />70% without) were completed at the time of the survey.<br />Nearly 95% of completed wells are being utilised for<br />irrigation, leading to a near tripling of agricultural<br />income from the command area of the well. The real rate of return from these wells in Jharkhand is estimated to be<br />close to 6%, a respectable figure for any economic<br />investment. However, well construction involves some out-of-pocket expenses and this investment is risky: nearly 12% of the wells were abandoned midway.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4c1cc464a72c3128cc69e094c4f9d7fa" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46848278,"asset_id":26554998,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46848278/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26554998"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26554998"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26554998; 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It then reviews the efficacies of social protection mechanisms in mitigating the the risk of such shocks. Finally, a review of various types of social protection or safety net programs available in the four case study countries is presented—Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Vietnam.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="be78584c48b7197b1891f61e6d16bbc5" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46848276,"asset_id":26554997,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46848276/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26554997"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26554997"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26554997; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26554920"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/26554920/THE_CHALLENGE_OF_PERSISTING_CHILD_UNDERNUTRITION_IN_INDIA"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of THE CHALLENGE OF PERSISTING CHILD UNDERNUTRITION IN INDIA" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46848233/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26554920/THE_CHALLENGE_OF_PERSISTING_CHILD_UNDERNUTRITION_IN_INDIA">THE CHALLENGE OF PERSISTING CHILD UNDERNUTRITION IN INDIA</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">India's image as an economic powerhouse, a country with one of the highest rates of economic grow...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">India's image as an economic powerhouse, a country with one of the highest rates of economic growth globally, is tarnished by unacceptably high levels of child malnutrition. Almost half of all children below three years of age suffer from undernutrition. From a global perspective, about one third of all undernourished children in the world are in India. India compares unfavourably with many other countries in the developing world including the sub-Saharan countries, China, Thailand, and Vietnam. Worse, the rates of undernutrition have remained stubbornly high and decreased by just about a percent between 1998-99 and 2005-06. Experience of other countries has shown that economic growth has been accompanied by a reduction in undernutrition; data shows that decline in child underweight prevalence in a country has been around half the rate of growth of per capita gross domestic product. In India, however, there appears to be a disconnect. There is a puzzling hiatus between economic growth and decline in undernutrition. Between 1990 and 2005, the economy grew at 4.2 percent annually, but undernutrition declined by less than 1 percent a year. The main instrument of GoI policy to meet this challenge is the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS); a programme that was launched in 1975 and provides six essential services to mothers and young children. It is perhaps one of the largest such programme anywhere in the world and is the 'foremost symbol of India's commitment to her children'. What has been the impact of this programme and how far has it been successful in meeting the challenge of undernutrition? This paper examines data from the National Family Health Survey to assess the performance of the programme. India has a federal structure, and while the ICDS is a GoI policy, its actual implementation rests with the state governments. The paper analyses the performance across states. Quantile regression analysis shows the determinants of children's nutritional status. The analysis finds that despite many failings, ICDS has a significant positive impact on children's weight-forage z-score particularly in the lower quantiles. Analysis of ICDS performance across states in India yields surprising results: some of the poorest states outperform better-off states. It is essential to learn from the successful strategies of these states and replicate them in lagging states. In fact the policy and experience may be of interest to other regions in the world faced with the problem of child malnutrition. In conclusion some policy issues are flagged.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e4f151a6c6aad1a2421cccdb2a3a4361" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46848233,"asset_id":26554920,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46848233/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26554920"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26554920"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26554920; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26482835"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/26482835/The_India_State_Hunger_Index_Comparisons_Of_Hunger_Across_States"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The India State Hunger Index: Comparisons Of Hunger Across States" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46778656/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26482835/The_India_State_Hunger_Index_Comparisons_Of_Hunger_Across_States">The India State Hunger Index: Comparisons Of Hunger Across States</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">India's GHI 2008 score is 23.7, which ranks it 66 th out of 88 countries. This indicates continue...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">India's GHI 2008 score is 23.7, which ranks it 66 th out of 88 countries. This indicates continued poor performance at reducing hunger in India.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2982a3f24a9de3642cb59653f1db0c05" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46778656,"asset_id":26482835,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46778656/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26482835"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26482835"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26482835; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26482833"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/26482833/Biological_Programmatic_and_Sociopolitical_Dimensions_of_Child_Undernutrition_in_Three_States_in_India"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Biological, Programmatic and Sociopolitical Dimensions of Child Undernutrition in Three States in India" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46778655/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26482833/Biological_Programmatic_and_Sociopolitical_Dimensions_of_Child_Undernutrition_in_Three_States_in_India">Biological, Programmatic and Sociopolitical Dimensions of Child Undernutrition in Three States in India</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>IDS Bulletin</span><span>, 2009</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The recently developed India State Hunger Index 2008 highlights the continuing sorry state of hun...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The recently developed India State Hunger Index 2008 highlights the continuing sorry state of hunger in India, and shows that children underweight makes the largest contribution to hunger index scores for most of India. In this article, we apply an assessment framework developed by the Mainstreaming Nutrition Initiative to understand three dimensions of child undernutrition in India: (1) the biological/ epidemiological aspects of the nutrition situation, (2) the programmatic interventions and environment and (3) the sociopolitical environment for nutrition. We conduct this assessment for three states in India, each of which offers a distinct typology: (a) Bihar, an extremely poor northern state with high levels of undernutrition; (b) Karnataka, a southern state with high economic growth, but high child undernutrition rates; (c) Tamil Nadu, a southern state portrayed as an example of successful health and nutrition programming, but with rates of undernutrition that are still very high.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="029cb337b2fdd03b03e3a6b824055e1f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46778655,"asset_id":26482833,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46778655/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26482833"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26482833"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26482833; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Books" id="Books"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Books by Anjor Bhaskar</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26556118"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/26556118/ALLS_WELL_THAT_ENDS_IN_A_WELL_AN_ECONOMIC_EVALUATION_OF_MGNREGA_WELLS_IN_JHARKHAND"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of ALL'S WELL THAT ENDS IN A WELL: AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF MGNREGA WELLS IN JHARKHAND" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/50072794/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26556118/ALLS_WELL_THAT_ENDS_IN_A_WELL_AN_ECONOMIC_EVALUATION_OF_MGNREGA_WELLS_IN_JHARKHAND">ALL'S WELL THAT ENDS IN A WELL: AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF MGNREGA WELLS IN JHARKHAND</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnjorBhaskar">Anjor Bhaskar</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PankajYadav117">Pankaj Yadav</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SunilGupta147">Sunil Gupta</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) has been widely considered to be...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) has been widely considered to be the most important public works programme for improving livelihoods of the rural poor in independent India. It provides employment to nearly 7.5 crore persons every year. However, the programme has been often criticized for not creating durable and productive assets.<br /> <br />Based on close to 1000 irrigation wells constructed under MGNREGA in rural Jharkhand, this study provides an objective and comprehensive picture of the costs and benefits of well construction, which is by far the most important asset under this programme, both in terms of number and expenditure. The study finds that wells have transformed the lives of thousands of rural poor by increasing their income from agriculture. This study is first of its kind which attempts to objectively measure the return on investment on assets. Even after accounting for all the losses incurred on account of the abandoned and  missing wells, investments into MGNREGA wells still offer nearly a return of around 6 percent which is quite encouraging. As a whole this study shows the potentials of NREGA in raising productivity through asset creation in a poor region like Jharkhand and in that sense is a pioneering one. The study will be useful for all those interested in or involved with rural employment guarantee programme.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="52b6b4b0084969dc4263f5f04193cacb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":50072794,"asset_id":26556118,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50072794/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26556118"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26556118"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26556118; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Drafts" id="Drafts"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Drafts by Anjor Bhaskar</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26554995"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/26554995/Does_greater_autonomy_among_women_provide_the_key_to_better_child_nutrition"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Does greater autonomy among women provide the key to better child nutrition" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46848275/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26554995/Does_greater_autonomy_among_women_provide_the_key_to_better_child_nutrition">Does greater autonomy among women provide the key to better child nutrition</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We use the 3rd Round of the Indian National Family Health Survey, to study the effect of maternal...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We use the 3rd Round of the Indian National Family Health Survey, to study the effect of maternal autonomy on child nutrition defined by Height-for-age Z score (HAZ) and Weight-for- height Z score (WHZ). We create an index of maternal autonomy within a latent factor modelling framework, using the full set of sample of women in the dataset, and use in nutrition equations. The autonomy index is allowed to be correlated with factors such as religion, caste, education etc. to account for traditions and social norms. Our results show that maternal autonomy is positively associated with the long-term nutritional status of children as measured by Height-for-Age z-scores however, only for rural children who are aged under 2. One SD increase in our autonomy index is found to increase the HAZ score by 0.046 for these children. Higher autonomy also was found to reduce the probability of being stunted for these children. Ways to enhance women’s autonomy must therefore, be an integral and important part of the wider strategy to improve the nutritional status of children in India.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="53eedc62dd48bf56546b0c6febab0389" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46848275,"asset_id":26554995,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46848275/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26554995"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26554995"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26554995; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26554994"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/26554994/Does_greater_autonomy_among_women_provide_the_key_to_better_child_nutrition"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Does greater autonomy among women provide the key to better child nutrition" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46848271/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26554994/Does_greater_autonomy_among_women_provide_the_key_to_better_child_nutrition">Does greater autonomy among women provide the key to better child nutrition</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We use the 3rd Round of the Indian National Family Health Survey, to study the effect of maternal...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We use the 3rd Round of the Indian National Family Health Survey, to study the effect of maternal autonomy on child nutrition defined by Height-for-age Z score (HAZ) and Weight-for-height Z score (WHZ). We create an index of maternal autonomy within a latent factor modelling framework, using the full set of sample of women in the dataset, and use in nutrition equations. The autonomy index is allowed to be correlated with factors such as religion, caste, education etc. to account for traditions and social norms. Our results show that maternal autonomy is positively associated with the long-term nutritional status of children as measured by Height-for-Age z-scores however, only for rural children who are aged under 2. One SD increase in our autonomy index is found to increase the HAZ score by 0.046 for these children. Higher autonomy also was found to reduce the probability of being stunted for these children. Ways to enhance women’s autonomy must therefore, be an integral and important part of the wider strategy to improve the nutritional status of children in India.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="38c82b158bffd66b64ceafb19d0b287a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46848271,"asset_id":26554994,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46848271/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26554994"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26554994"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26554994; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26554999"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/26554999/The_National_Food_for_Work_Programme_in_Palamau_district_of_Jharkhand_Notes_from_a_field_survey_in_Manatu_Block_May_2005_1"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The National Food for Work Programme in Palamau district of Jharkhand: Notes from a field survey in Manatu Block, May 2005. 1" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46848286/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26554999/The_National_Food_for_Work_Programme_in_Palamau_district_of_Jharkhand_Notes_from_a_field_survey_in_Manatu_Block_May_2005_1">The National Food for Work Programme in Palamau district of Jharkhand: Notes from a field survey in Manatu Block, May 2005. 1</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The National Food for Work (NFFW) Programme of the Government of India is a precursor to the Empl...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The National Food for Work (NFFW) Programme of the Government of India is a precursor to the Employment Guarantee Programme which will be launched in 150 poorest districts of the country once the Parliament approves of the Employment Guarantee Bill. The NFFW programme is under the scrutiny of the Supreme Court, which has appointed a Commissioner to report on the functioning of the food and nutrition based schemes in a public interest litigation filed by the People's Union for Civil Liberties. Recently, in an initiative taken by the well known economist Professor Jean Dreze and a number of NGOs, teams of student researchers were sent recently to eight Food for Work districts in food insecure states. The teams were asked to survey the food for work worksites and observe how closely the guidelines for the Programme were being followed in their implementation. Our team was sent to Palamau district in Jharkhand state where we had been asked to survey Manatu Block which is considered to be one of the poorest Blocks in Palamau as well as in the whole of Jharkhand and where starvation deaths are not a rare 1 1 This preliminary field note has been prepared by Anjor Bhaskar on behalf of the survey team comprising three Delhi University students, Sandeep Rai, Eva Jayshree Keiro and Anjor Bhaskar. The design of the survey was prepared by a coordination team led by Prof. Jean Dreze. Field support was provided by the following; Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (Ashim Ghosh, Ajit Minch and others). Rajinder, Indermani, Ramlal and Devlal of the Vikas Sagyog Kendra, an NGO with a base in Manatu, hosted us, and gave invaluable inputs. Nagender, Islamul and others of Neelambar Peetambar (and NGO based in Tarahsi village) traveled with us to each and every worksite, without caring for the bazing sun above. It would have been impossible to do any work at all without their enormous support. This fieldwork would not have been possible without the help, support and advice of all these persons. We are indeed grateful to them not only for their help but for providing us a glimpse into their work which in turn gives a ray of optimism to what civil society can do in the backward regions of Jharkhand to bolster development.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3dbc26115772a5571fbb4ec4914683eb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46848286,"asset_id":26554999,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46848286/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26554999"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26554999"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26554999; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26555002"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/26555002/Reforming_Reform_Priorities"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Reforming Reform Priorities" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46848485/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26555002/Reforming_Reform_Priorities">Reforming Reform Priorities</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The Reformist is back in action. The international business community is applauding the governmen...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The Reformist is back in action. The international business community is applauding the government of India and its Prime Minister for not buckling under coalition pressure and going ahead with crucial economic reforms in the broadcasting, airline and retail sector as well as raising the diesel prices and reducing LPG quotas. The nation and its people, on the other hand, has given mixed (though overwhelmingly negative) responses to the recent reforms. To the government and the Prime Minister, it is clear as crystal that these reforms are necessary in the larger public interest-so important that they have gone to the extent of antagonizing most of their allies and even losing one. It is prepared to withstand nationwide protests; bandhs; burning effigies and even the threat of further inflation, to go ahead with what it feels are imminent measures to restore confidence in the Indian economy. There is no doubt that the excessive and irrational subsidy burden must be brought down – particularly on diesel as the diesel subsidy constitutes a huge proportion of the fiscal burden. Other subsidies (such as those on fertilizers and electricity) and exemptions (to corporates and SEZs for instance) could and should follow. Such subsidies, in a sense, are hugely 'market distorting' and must be done away. Similarly FDI in retail, airlines and broadcasting would also invite investment, technologies and more competition – something that one could argue we can never have enough of. That is understandable. Given the neoliberal development vision of the Prime Minister, less regulation and more competition will pave the path to development. Therefore, the path to progress lies in allowing fair play, promoting private investment and competition in all sectors. However, even the most neoliberal minds thinking about development would not argue that despite all the good things that the market and its players can achieve, the need for the government and 'governance' is not obliterated. There are externalities to 'private action' which the private players will not 'internalize' unless forced to do so by the government. 'Governance' is required to ensure 'free' and 'fair' play. 'Regulation' is required to minimize the public damage caused by private action. However, while our nation has progressed in terms of creating regulations, their implementation leaves much to be desired. A nation which began with having the bulkiest constitution and continues to have more laws and legislations than imaginable, does not know where to begin implementing those laws. And that is an area for which this country is 'screaming' out for reforms. The nation and its people are tormented by the thought of having to deal with any government office or its officials. And the officials do nothing to change this perception. As a consequence, a class of people, popularly known as 'agents' has emerged to minimize the public's contact with government officials and get work done. Whether it is getting a driving license, passport, train ticket, birth certificate, income certificate, caste certificate, house registration certificate, pan cards, age certificate, permission to construct, permission to conduct business, permission to convert land use, getting clearances and so on, for all these tasks you have to go through an 'agent' who would charge an amount and save you from the torment of dealing with the officials yourself. For those who decide to go it alone or those who do not have the money to pay the agent, it is a long and torturous journey. A poor man can break his head at the police station but he would not be able to get an FIR filed. He needs to go to extreme measures, such as consuming poison as in a recent case in Haryana, before his woes will be heard. One wonders</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ade97d3d52e9646f78d3f26a9dd05fcf" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46848485,"asset_id":26555002,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46848485/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26555002"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26555002"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26555002; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26555004"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/26555004/AVOIDING_THE_WASTE_OF_WASTE_ORGANISING_WASTE_COLLECTORS_UPGRADING_LIVES_AND_LIVELIHOODS_FOR_A_CLEANER_AND_FRIENDLIER_CITY"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of AVOIDING THE WASTE OF WASTE: ORGANISING WASTE COLLECTORS, UPGRADING LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS FOR A CLEANER AND FRIENDLIER CITY" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46848503/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26555004/AVOIDING_THE_WASTE_OF_WASTE_ORGANISING_WASTE_COLLECTORS_UPGRADING_LIVES_AND_LIVELIHOODS_FOR_A_CLEANER_AND_FRIENDLIER_CITY">AVOIDING THE WASTE OF WASTE: ORGANISING WASTE COLLECTORS, UPGRADING LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS FOR A CLEANER AND FRIENDLIER CITY</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Developing countries today are urbanizing rapidly. As a consequence of the rapid urbanization, co...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Developing countries today are urbanizing rapidly. As a consequence of the rapid urbanization, commercialization and consumerism, the amount of 'waste' generated is also growing tremendously-much too fast for the ability and capability of city governments. The waste of cities is therefore dumped in nearby villages, leading to protests by the villagers. The way out, according to city governments, is privatization. Private companies and corporations take over waste management in cities, thereby controlling access to waste. Consequently, waste pickers (who are invisible anyways and who traditionally have been collecting and selling scrap for generations) lose their access to scrap and to their livelihood. This is the story of waste pickers but is similar to the story of informal sector workers in all sectors of the economy. The citizens demand convenience and modernization, while city governments demand organized set ups which can rid them of their responsibility. Both these demands are met by corporations which replace traditional informal sector workers. Such is the general trend across the world, but not in the waste sector of Pune. In 1993, the waste pickers of Pune organized themselves into a registered trade union (Kagad Kach Patra Kashtakari Panchayat-KKPKP). One by one, the union helped them get over their own issues. It ensured that waste pickers were recognized not only as workers but also as important actors who made an essential contribution to society. Through quantification of their contribution, it forced the government to allocate resources for their medical insurance. Over time, the union has ensured that its members get all the benefits from government as well as private sector. It has also acted as an important platform for influencing policy in favour of waste pickers. Realising the needs of citizens as well as governments for better waste management, the waste pickers took the responsibility for door-to-door collection of waste. Today, nearly 2000 waste pickers of Pune are members and owners of a cooperative called SWaCH (Solid Waste Collection and Handling). The cooperative has an MOU with the Municipal Corporation to collect waste from all of Pune. In a highly unequal and unjust world, SWaCH is a model of empowerment of one of the most marginalized sections of society. 20 years ago, these waste pickers were invisible to the public and considered to be thieves by the police. Today, they claim proudly that they contribute more for the city and its economy than government employees. The KKPKP-SWaCH model shows how informal sector workers can organize not only to improve their conditions of work but also to engage more effectively in the development process. It is therefore a model of inclusive development which hinges on empowerment of informal sector workers and challenges the traditional capitalist corporate model of development. Nearly 8000 waste pickers in the city are members of a union called the Kagad Kach Patra Kashtakari Panchayat (KKPKP).</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="da695ea4eaa43394b79aadeb067e052d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46848503,"asset_id":26555004,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46848503/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26555004"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26555004"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26555004; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26555005"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/26555005/Report_on_the_Occupational_Health_and_Safety_of_Door_to_Door_Waste_Collectors_A_Case_Study_of_SWaCH_Pune"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Report on the Occupational Health and Safety of Door to Door Waste Collectors: A Case Study of SWaCH Pune" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46848506/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26555005/Report_on_the_Occupational_Health_and_Safety_of_Door_to_Door_Waste_Collectors_A_Case_Study_of_SWaCH_Pune">Report on the Occupational Health and Safety of Door to Door Waste Collectors: A Case Study of SWaCH Pune</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">SWaCH is a cooperative of waste pickers engaged in Door to Door Collection (DTDC) of waste from c...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">SWaCH is a cooperative of waste pickers engaged in Door to Door Collection (DTDC) of waste from citizens of Pune and Pimpri Chinchwad. Nearly 2000 members of the cooperative work in the city of Pune within the administration of the Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC). They go every morning on their push carts/cycle rickshaws/tempos with their buckets to collect waste from the households, shops, offices, factories and other establishments. They cover nearly 3,00,000 establishments comprising nearly 40% of the city’s population.<br /><br />SWaCH was established in the year 2008 for a number of purposes but the overarching objective was the welfare of waste pickers. However, the engagement of waste pickers in door to door collection in Pune was initiated nearly 20 years ago around 1990. The objective was clear – to improve working conditions by giving waste pickers direct access to clean waste at its point of generation. This engagement has steadily increased with time. With the formation of SWaCH, an MoU was signed between the PMC and SWaCH which clearly fixes the responsibility of both parties towards each other and the citizens in a way to facilitate not only better waste management, but also better resource allocation to improve the conditions of work of waste pickers.<br /><br />Clearly, one of the important purposes of shifting waste pickers from their traditional mode of waste collection, or rag picking, to DTDC is to reduce the hazards which waste pickers are traditionally exposed to as a part of their occupation. Nearly one third of the waste pickers in Pune are now engaged in DTDC as members of SWaCH. Whether or not, their occupation as SWaCH members is any less hazardous as compared to their waste picking counterparts is difficult to answer. However, it is safe to say that their occupational health and safety concerns are different from those faced by waste pickers. In spite of the changed nature of their interaction of their interaction with waste, SWaCH members still do interact with waste and are exposed to a large number of hazards. It is these hazards which are analysed in this paper. It attempts to draw a rough picture of the types of health problems afflicting waste pickers in engaged in door to door waste collection in Pune.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a42ffce428cf0ebe739be805d31c2f2b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46848506,"asset_id":26555005,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46848506/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26555005"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26555005"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26555005; 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Arulampalam, Wiji and Bhaskar, Anjor and Srivastava, Nisha (2010) Women&amp;#x27;s Autonomy a...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">... Arulampalam, Wiji and Bhaskar, Anjor and Srivastava, Nisha (2010) Women&amp;#x27;s Autonomy and Child Nutrition in India. In: NCRM Research Methods Festival 2010, 5th - 8th July 2010, St.Catherine&amp;#x27;s College, Oxford. (Unpublished). 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This paper tries to a...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">What is the most economical and environmental way to manage waste in India? This paper tries to answer this question. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26555008"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/26555008/Water_and_Poverty_in_Chinas_Yellow_River_Basin"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Water and Poverty in China's Yellow River Basin" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46848509/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26555008/Water_and_Poverty_in_Chinas_Yellow_River_Basin">Water and Poverty in China's Yellow River Basin</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This brief is based on a water-related poverty analysis for the YRB region conducted in 2009 by I...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This brief is based on a water-related poverty analysis for the YRB region conducted in 2009 by IFPRI in collaboration with the Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy. Most of the data for the analysis come from the 2001 Household Income and Expenditure Survey conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics of China. The purpose of the analysis is to determine to what extent agricultural water management explains poverty in relation to other factors such as safe drinking water, education, and agricultural and off-farm incomes. This assessment is important for understanding which agricultural water interventions result in the highest impact on poverty reduction.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="371ab8410cb67829a79797e0824b63eb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46848509,"asset_id":26555008,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46848509/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26555008"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26555008"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26555008; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26555001"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/26555001/THE_STORY_OF_WASTE_AND_ITS_RECLAIMERS_ORGANISING_WASTE_COLLECTORS_FOR_BETTER_LIVES_AND_LIVELIHOODS"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of THE STORY OF WASTE AND ITS RECLAIMERS: ORGANISING WASTE COLLECTORS FOR BETTER LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46848438/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26555001/THE_STORY_OF_WASTE_AND_ITS_RECLAIMERS_ORGANISING_WASTE_COLLECTORS_FOR_BETTER_LIVES_AND_LIVELIHOODS">THE STORY OF WASTE AND ITS RECLAIMERS: ORGANISING WASTE COLLECTORS FOR BETTER LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Villagers living around the metropolitan cities are no longer amenable to allowing the waste to b...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Villagers living around the metropolitan cities are no longer amenable to allowing the waste to be collected and dumped on them (EPW, 2012). City governments prefer the route of privatisation of waste management to direct service provision. Contracted parties do not incorporate informal workers and enterprises that are already engaged in materials recovery and recycling. The consequence is exclusion, dispossession and destitution among waste workers. The city of Pune is, however, an exception. The unionisation of waste pickers into the Kagad Kach Patra Kashtakari Panchayat (KKPKP) in Pune has ensured that waste pickers are recognised as workers and as important contributors to the process of solid waste management (SWM) and recycling. KKPKP, along with the Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC), promoted the SWaCH cooperative of waste pickers in 2007 for providing door-to-door collection services in the city. Since then, 2100 members of SWaCH have been serving 3,50,000 households, shops and offices in the city, and recover user fees for their services. In this paper, the authors reflect on SWaCH as a model of inclusive development, which hinges on the empowerment of informal workers and challenges the traditional capitalist corporate model of development.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="574486f075ff0dbdd7ee6ff72b56a8d0" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46848438,"asset_id":26555001,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46848438/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26555001"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26555001"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26555001; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26555000"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/26555000/Messing_Around_With_Waste_Anjor_Bhaskar_and_Poornima_Chikarmane_Agenda_Infochange_India"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Messing Around With Waste Anjor Bhaskar and Poornima Chikarmane Agenda Infochange India" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46848352/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26555000/Messing_Around_With_Waste_Anjor_Bhaskar_and_Poornima_Chikarmane_Agenda_Infochange_India">Messing Around With Waste Anjor Bhaskar and Poornima Chikarmane Agenda Infochange India</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnjorBhaskar">Anjor Bhaskar</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://sndt.academia.edu/poornimachikarmane">Poornima Chikarmane</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Solid waste management accounts for over 50% of overall municipal budgets and manpower, but munic...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Solid waste management accounts for over 50% of overall municipal budgets and manpower, but municipal authorities collect only 50% of the waste and recycle a negligible 5%. Technology and privatisation are the solutions being proposed everywhere. But public-private partnerships are turning out to be more about using public money for private profit. Is integration of informal sector wastepickers into the management of domestic and commercial municipal waste the solution? Bangalore, Chennai, Pune, Nagpur, Ropar, Tiruvananthapuram, Erode, Allahabad, Ludhiana, Ranchi, Jaipur, Mumbai and Gurgaon have all been in the news for problems related to solid waste management. This article reflects on some of the issues surrounding the mess around municipal solid waste management. The authors take reduction, re-use, recovery and recycling of materials as their focal point, unlike conventional municipal solid waste management in India. Municipal governments charged with the responsibility of 'public cleansing' have never acknowledged the existence of the informal waste sector, much less sought complementarity with it. This disconnect exacerbates the complexities that are involved in managing the detritus generated by cities in an era of consumerism, globalisation and the privatisation and corporatisation of waste management. The authors also briefly present the experience of the SWaCH wastepickers cooperative that, till date, is the country's oldest and largest attempt to reconcile formal and informal waste managers through the integration of wastepickers in the management of domestic and commercial municipal waste. Municipal solid waste management An estimated 115,000 MT of solid waste are generated every day in India, increasing every year by 5%. Almost three-fourths of the total waste (83,378 MT) is accounted for by seven mega cities, 38 metro cities, and 388 Class I cities (2005). Conventional modes of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) required waste to be collected, transported and dumped on unsuspecting villages by municipal governments as part of their constitutional obligations. City governments spend between Rs 500 and Rs 1,500 per tonne on solid waste collection, transportation, treatment and disposal. However, the expenditure is unevenly distributed, with waste collection accounting for about 60-70% of the expenditure being spent on collection, the rest being on transportation with hardly any expenditure on waste treatment and disposal (DEA, GOI, 2009). MSWM accounts for over 50% of overall municipal budgets and manpower. Yet, municipal authorities are unable to collect more than 50% and to recycle a negligible 5% of the total waste generated in their jurisdictions. The informal sector does most of the recycling, nearly 15% of the total waste generated (NIUA, 2005). Uncollected and non-recyclable waste causes not only visual pollution but also invisible air pollution and groundwater pollution. There is thus a massive 'gap' between the requirement of cities, or demand for waste management, and its supply by ULBs. The past 20 years have seen changes, some driven by law and policy and others by economic factors. Only those considered to be the most significant are referred to here. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26554998"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/26554998/Well_Worth_the_Effort_Value_of_MGNREGA_Wells_in_Jharkhand"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Well Worth the Effort: Value of MGNREGA Wells in Jharkhand" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46848278/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26554998/Well_Worth_the_Effort_Value_of_MGNREGA_Wells_in_Jharkhand">Well Worth the Effort: Value of MGNREGA Wells in Jharkhand</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnjorBhaskar">Anjor Bhaskar</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PankajYadav117">Pankaj Yadav</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SunilGupta147">Sunil Gupta</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">More than 1,00,000 wells were sanctioned for construction under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">More than 1,00,000 wells were sanctioned for<br />construction under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural<br />Employment Guarantee Act in Jharkhand during the last<br />few years. This study evaluates the outcome of this<br />well-construction drive through a survey of nearly 1,000<br />wells in 24 randomly selected gram panchayats. A<br />majority of sanctioned wells (60% with parapet and<br />70% without) were completed at the time of the survey.<br />Nearly 95% of completed wells are being utilised for<br />irrigation, leading to a near tripling of agricultural<br />income from the command area of the well. The real rate of return from these wells in Jharkhand is estimated to be<br />close to 6%, a respectable figure for any economic<br />investment. However, well construction involves some out-of-pocket expenses and this investment is risky: nearly 12% of the wells were abandoned midway.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4c1cc464a72c3128cc69e094c4f9d7fa" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46848278,"asset_id":26554998,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46848278/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26554998"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26554998"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26554998; 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It then reviews the efficacies of social protection mechanisms in mitigating the the risk of such shocks. Finally, a review of various types of social protection or safety net programs available in the four case study countries is presented—Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Vietnam.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="be78584c48b7197b1891f61e6d16bbc5" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46848276,"asset_id":26554997,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46848276/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26554997"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26554997"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26554997; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26554920"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/26554920/THE_CHALLENGE_OF_PERSISTING_CHILD_UNDERNUTRITION_IN_INDIA"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of THE CHALLENGE OF PERSISTING CHILD UNDERNUTRITION IN INDIA" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46848233/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26554920/THE_CHALLENGE_OF_PERSISTING_CHILD_UNDERNUTRITION_IN_INDIA">THE CHALLENGE OF PERSISTING CHILD UNDERNUTRITION IN INDIA</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">India's image as an economic powerhouse, a country with one of the highest rates of economic grow...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">India's image as an economic powerhouse, a country with one of the highest rates of economic growth globally, is tarnished by unacceptably high levels of child malnutrition. Almost half of all children below three years of age suffer from undernutrition. From a global perspective, about one third of all undernourished children in the world are in India. India compares unfavourably with many other countries in the developing world including the sub-Saharan countries, China, Thailand, and Vietnam. Worse, the rates of undernutrition have remained stubbornly high and decreased by just about a percent between 1998-99 and 2005-06. Experience of other countries has shown that economic growth has been accompanied by a reduction in undernutrition; data shows that decline in child underweight prevalence in a country has been around half the rate of growth of per capita gross domestic product. In India, however, there appears to be a disconnect. There is a puzzling hiatus between economic growth and decline in undernutrition. Between 1990 and 2005, the economy grew at 4.2 percent annually, but undernutrition declined by less than 1 percent a year. The main instrument of GoI policy to meet this challenge is the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS); a programme that was launched in 1975 and provides six essential services to mothers and young children. It is perhaps one of the largest such programme anywhere in the world and is the 'foremost symbol of India's commitment to her children'. What has been the impact of this programme and how far has it been successful in meeting the challenge of undernutrition? This paper examines data from the National Family Health Survey to assess the performance of the programme. India has a federal structure, and while the ICDS is a GoI policy, its actual implementation rests with the state governments. The paper analyses the performance across states. Quantile regression analysis shows the determinants of children's nutritional status. The analysis finds that despite many failings, ICDS has a significant positive impact on children's weight-forage z-score particularly in the lower quantiles. Analysis of ICDS performance across states in India yields surprising results: some of the poorest states outperform better-off states. It is essential to learn from the successful strategies of these states and replicate them in lagging states. In fact the policy and experience may be of interest to other regions in the world faced with the problem of child malnutrition. In conclusion some policy issues are flagged.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e4f151a6c6aad1a2421cccdb2a3a4361" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46848233,"asset_id":26554920,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46848233/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26554920"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26554920"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26554920; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26482835"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/26482835/The_India_State_Hunger_Index_Comparisons_Of_Hunger_Across_States"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The India State Hunger Index: Comparisons Of Hunger Across States" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46778656/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26482835/The_India_State_Hunger_Index_Comparisons_Of_Hunger_Across_States">The India State Hunger Index: Comparisons Of Hunger Across States</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">India's GHI 2008 score is 23.7, which ranks it 66 th out of 88 countries. This indicates continue...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">India's GHI 2008 score is 23.7, which ranks it 66 th out of 88 countries. This indicates continued poor performance at reducing hunger in India.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2982a3f24a9de3642cb59653f1db0c05" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46778656,"asset_id":26482835,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46778656/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26482835"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26482835"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26482835; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26482833"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/26482833/Biological_Programmatic_and_Sociopolitical_Dimensions_of_Child_Undernutrition_in_Three_States_in_India"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Biological, Programmatic and Sociopolitical Dimensions of Child Undernutrition in Three States in India" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46778655/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26482833/Biological_Programmatic_and_Sociopolitical_Dimensions_of_Child_Undernutrition_in_Three_States_in_India">Biological, Programmatic and Sociopolitical Dimensions of Child Undernutrition in Three States in India</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>IDS Bulletin</span><span>, 2009</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The recently developed India State Hunger Index 2008 highlights the continuing sorry state of hun...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The recently developed India State Hunger Index 2008 highlights the continuing sorry state of hunger in India, and shows that children underweight makes the largest contribution to hunger index scores for most of India. In this article, we apply an assessment framework developed by the Mainstreaming Nutrition Initiative to understand three dimensions of child undernutrition in India: (1) the biological/ epidemiological aspects of the nutrition situation, (2) the programmatic interventions and environment and (3) the sociopolitical environment for nutrition. We conduct this assessment for three states in India, each of which offers a distinct typology: (a) Bihar, an extremely poor northern state with high levels of undernutrition; (b) Karnataka, a southern state with high economic growth, but high child undernutrition rates; (c) Tamil Nadu, a southern state portrayed as an example of successful health and nutrition programming, but with rates of undernutrition that are still very high.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="029cb337b2fdd03b03e3a6b824055e1f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46778655,"asset_id":26482833,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46778655/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26482833"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26482833"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26482833; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26482833]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26482833]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26482833; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='26482833']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="5440147" id="books"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26556118"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/26556118/ALLS_WELL_THAT_ENDS_IN_A_WELL_AN_ECONOMIC_EVALUATION_OF_MGNREGA_WELLS_IN_JHARKHAND"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of ALL'S WELL THAT ENDS IN A WELL: AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF MGNREGA WELLS IN JHARKHAND" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/50072794/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26556118/ALLS_WELL_THAT_ENDS_IN_A_WELL_AN_ECONOMIC_EVALUATION_OF_MGNREGA_WELLS_IN_JHARKHAND">ALL'S WELL THAT ENDS IN A WELL: AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF MGNREGA WELLS IN JHARKHAND</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnjorBhaskar">Anjor Bhaskar</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PankajYadav117">Pankaj Yadav</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SunilGupta147">Sunil Gupta</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) has been widely considered to be...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) has been widely considered to be the most important public works programme for improving livelihoods of the rural poor in independent India. It provides employment to nearly 7.5 crore persons every year. However, the programme has been often criticized for not creating durable and productive assets.<br /> <br />Based on close to 1000 irrigation wells constructed under MGNREGA in rural Jharkhand, this study provides an objective and comprehensive picture of the costs and benefits of well construction, which is by far the most important asset under this programme, both in terms of number and expenditure. The study finds that wells have transformed the lives of thousands of rural poor by increasing their income from agriculture. This study is first of its kind which attempts to objectively measure the return on investment on assets. Even after accounting for all the losses incurred on account of the abandoned and  missing wells, investments into MGNREGA wells still offer nearly a return of around 6 percent which is quite encouraging. As a whole this study shows the potentials of NREGA in raising productivity through asset creation in a poor region like Jharkhand and in that sense is a pioneering one. The study will be useful for all those interested in or involved with rural employment guarantee programme.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="52b6b4b0084969dc4263f5f04193cacb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":50072794,"asset_id":26556118,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50072794/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26556118"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26556118"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26556118; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26556118]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26556118]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26556118; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='26556118']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "52b6b4b0084969dc4263f5f04193cacb" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=26556118]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":26556118,"title":"ALL'S WELL THAT ENDS IN A WELL: AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF MGNREGA WELLS IN JHARKHAND","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26556118/ALLS_WELL_THAT_ENDS_IN_A_WELL_AN_ECONOMIC_EVALUATION_OF_MGNREGA_WELLS_IN_JHARKHAND","owner_id":41661537,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":41661537,"first_name":"Anjor","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Bhaskar","page_name":"AnjorBhaskar","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-01-18T03:40:46.679-08:00","display_name":"Anjor Bhaskar","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AnjorBhaskar"},"attachments":[{"id":50072794,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/50072794/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Alls_Well_that_Ends_in_a_Well_-_An_Economic_Evaluation_of_MGNREGA_Wells_in_Jharkhand.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50072794/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"ALLS_WELL_THAT_ENDS_IN_A_WELL_AN_ECONOMI.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/50072794/Alls_Well_that_Ends_in_a_Well_-_An_Economic_Evaluation_of_MGNREGA_Wells_in_Jharkhand-libre.pdf?1478160606=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DALLS_WELL_THAT_ENDS_IN_A_WELL_AN_ECONOMI.pdf\u0026Expires=1740601349\u0026Signature=H82scE0f56NN7opM09k8evrScTFoRB~h1dBtw2yb2LnLRolArm87~GK2dnCEzuVz84mg1~3yD8p-l1SbKQfeWrArEqx1UsY16Hl2zXSCz3j7bzwBygfDcLpmjQcj9QMlhUIAomKwSuIJdtYsBjLv4fcCvW3PH0X8RTcOV3frRtfa8-VMkJRydkGUzpeWkKTRTqpI-po0pxM9NONH~6tHfsc9fssHsws0SW9A6BKpRXl6yAr2aqUkVH-m86qkGPHVWW5vS6n~xDjF8mga044YAFq6hGIxBSyyeQ7EUNG3lirSc13sGTfjT65a-4nWB~o6C5VC-bP1SjRcSXsAzyU4oA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="5450865" id="drafts"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26554995"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/26554995/Does_greater_autonomy_among_women_provide_the_key_to_better_child_nutrition"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Does greater autonomy among women provide the key to better child nutrition" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46848275/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26554995/Does_greater_autonomy_among_women_provide_the_key_to_better_child_nutrition">Does greater autonomy among women provide the key to better child nutrition</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We use the 3rd Round of the Indian National Family Health Survey, to study the effect of maternal...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We use the 3rd Round of the Indian National Family Health Survey, to study the effect of maternal autonomy on child nutrition defined by Height-for-age Z score (HAZ) and Weight-for- height Z score (WHZ). We create an index of maternal autonomy within a latent factor modelling framework, using the full set of sample of women in the dataset, and use in nutrition equations. The autonomy index is allowed to be correlated with factors such as religion, caste, education etc. to account for traditions and social norms. Our results show that maternal autonomy is positively associated with the long-term nutritional status of children as measured by Height-for-Age z-scores however, only for rural children who are aged under 2. One SD increase in our autonomy index is found to increase the HAZ score by 0.046 for these children. Higher autonomy also was found to reduce the probability of being stunted for these children. Ways to enhance women’s autonomy must therefore, be an integral and important part of the wider strategy to improve the nutritional status of children in India.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="53eedc62dd48bf56546b0c6febab0389" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46848275,"asset_id":26554995,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46848275/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26554995"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26554995"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26554995; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26554994"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/26554994/Does_greater_autonomy_among_women_provide_the_key_to_better_child_nutrition"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Does greater autonomy among women provide the key to better child nutrition" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46848271/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26554994/Does_greater_autonomy_among_women_provide_the_key_to_better_child_nutrition">Does greater autonomy among women provide the key to better child nutrition</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We use the 3rd Round of the Indian National Family Health Survey, to study the effect of maternal...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We use the 3rd Round of the Indian National Family Health Survey, to study the effect of maternal autonomy on child nutrition defined by Height-for-age Z score (HAZ) and Weight-for-height Z score (WHZ). We create an index of maternal autonomy within a latent factor modelling framework, using the full set of sample of women in the dataset, and use in nutrition equations. The autonomy index is allowed to be correlated with factors such as religion, caste, education etc. to account for traditions and social norms. Our results show that maternal autonomy is positively associated with the long-term nutritional status of children as measured by Height-for-Age z-scores however, only for rural children who are aged under 2. One SD increase in our autonomy index is found to increase the HAZ score by 0.046 for these children. Higher autonomy also was found to reduce the probability of being stunted for these children. Ways to enhance women’s autonomy must therefore, be an integral and important part of the wider strategy to improve the nutritional status of children in India.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="38c82b158bffd66b64ceafb19d0b287a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46848271,"asset_id":26554994,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46848271/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26554994"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26554994"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26554994; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26554999"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/26554999/The_National_Food_for_Work_Programme_in_Palamau_district_of_Jharkhand_Notes_from_a_field_survey_in_Manatu_Block_May_2005_1"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The National Food for Work Programme in Palamau district of Jharkhand: Notes from a field survey in Manatu Block, May 2005. 1" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46848286/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26554999/The_National_Food_for_Work_Programme_in_Palamau_district_of_Jharkhand_Notes_from_a_field_survey_in_Manatu_Block_May_2005_1">The National Food for Work Programme in Palamau district of Jharkhand: Notes from a field survey in Manatu Block, May 2005. 1</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The National Food for Work (NFFW) Programme of the Government of India is a precursor to the Empl...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The National Food for Work (NFFW) Programme of the Government of India is a precursor to the Employment Guarantee Programme which will be launched in 150 poorest districts of the country once the Parliament approves of the Employment Guarantee Bill. The NFFW programme is under the scrutiny of the Supreme Court, which has appointed a Commissioner to report on the functioning of the food and nutrition based schemes in a public interest litigation filed by the People's Union for Civil Liberties. Recently, in an initiative taken by the well known economist Professor Jean Dreze and a number of NGOs, teams of student researchers were sent recently to eight Food for Work districts in food insecure states. The teams were asked to survey the food for work worksites and observe how closely the guidelines for the Programme were being followed in their implementation. Our team was sent to Palamau district in Jharkhand state where we had been asked to survey Manatu Block which is considered to be one of the poorest Blocks in Palamau as well as in the whole of Jharkhand and where starvation deaths are not a rare 1 1 This preliminary field note has been prepared by Anjor Bhaskar on behalf of the survey team comprising three Delhi University students, Sandeep Rai, Eva Jayshree Keiro and Anjor Bhaskar. The design of the survey was prepared by a coordination team led by Prof. Jean Dreze. Field support was provided by the following; Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (Ashim Ghosh, Ajit Minch and others). Rajinder, Indermani, Ramlal and Devlal of the Vikas Sagyog Kendra, an NGO with a base in Manatu, hosted us, and gave invaluable inputs. Nagender, Islamul and others of Neelambar Peetambar (and NGO based in Tarahsi village) traveled with us to each and every worksite, without caring for the bazing sun above. It would have been impossible to do any work at all without their enormous support. This fieldwork would not have been possible without the help, support and advice of all these persons. We are indeed grateful to them not only for their help but for providing us a glimpse into their work which in turn gives a ray of optimism to what civil society can do in the backward regions of Jharkhand to bolster development.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3dbc26115772a5571fbb4ec4914683eb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46848286,"asset_id":26554999,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46848286/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26554999"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26554999"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26554999; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26555002"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/26555002/Reforming_Reform_Priorities"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Reforming Reform Priorities" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46848485/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26555002/Reforming_Reform_Priorities">Reforming Reform Priorities</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The Reformist is back in action. The international business community is applauding the governmen...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The Reformist is back in action. The international business community is applauding the government of India and its Prime Minister for not buckling under coalition pressure and going ahead with crucial economic reforms in the broadcasting, airline and retail sector as well as raising the diesel prices and reducing LPG quotas. The nation and its people, on the other hand, has given mixed (though overwhelmingly negative) responses to the recent reforms. To the government and the Prime Minister, it is clear as crystal that these reforms are necessary in the larger public interest-so important that they have gone to the extent of antagonizing most of their allies and even losing one. It is prepared to withstand nationwide protests; bandhs; burning effigies and even the threat of further inflation, to go ahead with what it feels are imminent measures to restore confidence in the Indian economy. There is no doubt that the excessive and irrational subsidy burden must be brought down – particularly on diesel as the diesel subsidy constitutes a huge proportion of the fiscal burden. Other subsidies (such as those on fertilizers and electricity) and exemptions (to corporates and SEZs for instance) could and should follow. Such subsidies, in a sense, are hugely 'market distorting' and must be done away. Similarly FDI in retail, airlines and broadcasting would also invite investment, technologies and more competition – something that one could argue we can never have enough of. That is understandable. Given the neoliberal development vision of the Prime Minister, less regulation and more competition will pave the path to development. Therefore, the path to progress lies in allowing fair play, promoting private investment and competition in all sectors. However, even the most neoliberal minds thinking about development would not argue that despite all the good things that the market and its players can achieve, the need for the government and 'governance' is not obliterated. There are externalities to 'private action' which the private players will not 'internalize' unless forced to do so by the government. 'Governance' is required to ensure 'free' and 'fair' play. 'Regulation' is required to minimize the public damage caused by private action. However, while our nation has progressed in terms of creating regulations, their implementation leaves much to be desired. A nation which began with having the bulkiest constitution and continues to have more laws and legislations than imaginable, does not know where to begin implementing those laws. And that is an area for which this country is 'screaming' out for reforms. The nation and its people are tormented by the thought of having to deal with any government office or its officials. And the officials do nothing to change this perception. As a consequence, a class of people, popularly known as 'agents' has emerged to minimize the public's contact with government officials and get work done. Whether it is getting a driving license, passport, train ticket, birth certificate, income certificate, caste certificate, house registration certificate, pan cards, age certificate, permission to construct, permission to conduct business, permission to convert land use, getting clearances and so on, for all these tasks you have to go through an 'agent' who would charge an amount and save you from the torment of dealing with the officials yourself. For those who decide to go it alone or those who do not have the money to pay the agent, it is a long and torturous journey. A poor man can break his head at the police station but he would not be able to get an FIR filed. He needs to go to extreme measures, such as consuming poison as in a recent case in Haryana, before his woes will be heard. One wonders</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ade97d3d52e9646f78d3f26a9dd05fcf" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46848485,"asset_id":26555002,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46848485/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26555002"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26555002"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26555002; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26555004"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/26555004/AVOIDING_THE_WASTE_OF_WASTE_ORGANISING_WASTE_COLLECTORS_UPGRADING_LIVES_AND_LIVELIHOODS_FOR_A_CLEANER_AND_FRIENDLIER_CITY"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of AVOIDING THE WASTE OF WASTE: ORGANISING WASTE COLLECTORS, UPGRADING LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS FOR A CLEANER AND FRIENDLIER CITY" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46848503/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26555004/AVOIDING_THE_WASTE_OF_WASTE_ORGANISING_WASTE_COLLECTORS_UPGRADING_LIVES_AND_LIVELIHOODS_FOR_A_CLEANER_AND_FRIENDLIER_CITY">AVOIDING THE WASTE OF WASTE: ORGANISING WASTE COLLECTORS, UPGRADING LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS FOR A CLEANER AND FRIENDLIER CITY</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Developing countries today are urbanizing rapidly. As a consequence of the rapid urbanization, co...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Developing countries today are urbanizing rapidly. As a consequence of the rapid urbanization, commercialization and consumerism, the amount of 'waste' generated is also growing tremendously-much too fast for the ability and capability of city governments. The waste of cities is therefore dumped in nearby villages, leading to protests by the villagers. The way out, according to city governments, is privatization. Private companies and corporations take over waste management in cities, thereby controlling access to waste. Consequently, waste pickers (who are invisible anyways and who traditionally have been collecting and selling scrap for generations) lose their access to scrap and to their livelihood. This is the story of waste pickers but is similar to the story of informal sector workers in all sectors of the economy. The citizens demand convenience and modernization, while city governments demand organized set ups which can rid them of their responsibility. Both these demands are met by corporations which replace traditional informal sector workers. Such is the general trend across the world, but not in the waste sector of Pune. In 1993, the waste pickers of Pune organized themselves into a registered trade union (Kagad Kach Patra Kashtakari Panchayat-KKPKP). One by one, the union helped them get over their own issues. It ensured that waste pickers were recognized not only as workers but also as important actors who made an essential contribution to society. Through quantification of their contribution, it forced the government to allocate resources for their medical insurance. Over time, the union has ensured that its members get all the benefits from government as well as private sector. It has also acted as an important platform for influencing policy in favour of waste pickers. Realising the needs of citizens as well as governments for better waste management, the waste pickers took the responsibility for door-to-door collection of waste. Today, nearly 2000 waste pickers of Pune are members and owners of a cooperative called SWaCH (Solid Waste Collection and Handling). The cooperative has an MOU with the Municipal Corporation to collect waste from all of Pune. In a highly unequal and unjust world, SWaCH is a model of empowerment of one of the most marginalized sections of society. 20 years ago, these waste pickers were invisible to the public and considered to be thieves by the police. Today, they claim proudly that they contribute more for the city and its economy than government employees. The KKPKP-SWaCH model shows how informal sector workers can organize not only to improve their conditions of work but also to engage more effectively in the development process. It is therefore a model of inclusive development which hinges on empowerment of informal sector workers and challenges the traditional capitalist corporate model of development. Nearly 8000 waste pickers in the city are members of a union called the Kagad Kach Patra Kashtakari Panchayat (KKPKP).</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="da695ea4eaa43394b79aadeb067e052d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46848503,"asset_id":26555004,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46848503/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26555004"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26555004"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26555004; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26555005"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/26555005/Report_on_the_Occupational_Health_and_Safety_of_Door_to_Door_Waste_Collectors_A_Case_Study_of_SWaCH_Pune"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Report on the Occupational Health and Safety of Door to Door Waste Collectors: A Case Study of SWaCH Pune" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46848506/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26555005/Report_on_the_Occupational_Health_and_Safety_of_Door_to_Door_Waste_Collectors_A_Case_Study_of_SWaCH_Pune">Report on the Occupational Health and Safety of Door to Door Waste Collectors: A Case Study of SWaCH Pune</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">SWaCH is a cooperative of waste pickers engaged in Door to Door Collection (DTDC) of waste from c...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">SWaCH is a cooperative of waste pickers engaged in Door to Door Collection (DTDC) of waste from citizens of Pune and Pimpri Chinchwad. Nearly 2000 members of the cooperative work in the city of Pune within the administration of the Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC). They go every morning on their push carts/cycle rickshaws/tempos with their buckets to collect waste from the households, shops, offices, factories and other establishments. They cover nearly 3,00,000 establishments comprising nearly 40% of the city’s population.<br /><br />SWaCH was established in the year 2008 for a number of purposes but the overarching objective was the welfare of waste pickers. However, the engagement of waste pickers in door to door collection in Pune was initiated nearly 20 years ago around 1990. The objective was clear – to improve working conditions by giving waste pickers direct access to clean waste at its point of generation. This engagement has steadily increased with time. With the formation of SWaCH, an MoU was signed between the PMC and SWaCH which clearly fixes the responsibility of both parties towards each other and the citizens in a way to facilitate not only better waste management, but also better resource allocation to improve the conditions of work of waste pickers.<br /><br />Clearly, one of the important purposes of shifting waste pickers from their traditional mode of waste collection, or rag picking, to DTDC is to reduce the hazards which waste pickers are traditionally exposed to as a part of their occupation. Nearly one third of the waste pickers in Pune are now engaged in DTDC as members of SWaCH. Whether or not, their occupation as SWaCH members is any less hazardous as compared to their waste picking counterparts is difficult to answer. However, it is safe to say that their occupational health and safety concerns are different from those faced by waste pickers. In spite of the changed nature of their interaction of their interaction with waste, SWaCH members still do interact with waste and are exposed to a large number of hazards. It is these hazards which are analysed in this paper. It attempts to draw a rough picture of the types of health problems afflicting waste pickers in engaged in door to door waste collection in Pune.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a42ffce428cf0ebe739be805d31c2f2b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46848506,"asset_id":26555005,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46848506/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26555005"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26555005"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26555005; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26555006"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/26555006/Making_space_the_Story_of_Sorting_Sheds_in_the_City_of_Pune"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Making space: the Story of Sorting Sheds in the City of Pune" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46848507/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26555006/Making_space_the_Story_of_Sorting_Sheds_in_the_City_of_Pune">Making space: the Story of Sorting Sheds in the City of Pune</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Overview Making space is the story of how waste pickers claimed space for sorting scrap in Pune. ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Overview Making space is the story of how waste pickers claimed space for sorting scrap in Pune. It represents in some measure the recognition and value accorded to the waste pickers of Pune and Pimpri Chinchwad by the city and its citizens. Space is at a premium in the city. So the sheds mark a milestone in the struggle of informal waste workers to make claims on its space resources and to make the city theirs.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c6dea0a4c49968627a0c16cd211efe60" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46848507,"asset_id":26555006,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46848507/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26555006"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26555006"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26555006; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26556115"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/26556115/Environmental_Evaluation_of_NREGA_in_Madhya_Pradesh_Moving_Beyond_Rhetoric"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Environmental Evaluation of NREGA in Madhya Pradesh -Moving Beyond Rhetoric" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46849232/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26556115/Environmental_Evaluation_of_NREGA_in_Madhya_Pradesh_Moving_Beyond_Rhetoric">Environmental Evaluation of NREGA in Madhya Pradesh -Moving Beyond Rhetoric</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) has led to the transformatio...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) has led to the transformation of rural India through the infusion of an unprecedented degree of power and funds for the creation of works which lead to provision of employment while building up the asset base of rural areas, thereby contributing to their long term capacity for sustainable development. In 2013-14, 93.9 lakh works were taken up with a total expenditure of over Rs. 38,678.2 crores.Several studies have pointed out towards the massive potential of these works to build and develop rural India's natural capital, provide environmental services and contribute significantly towards mitigating climate change. However, whether and to what extent, this potential is being realised has not been adequately answered. This study is a humble attempt to answer this question. And also to provide a methodology for more extensive and widespread studies to answer the same question. <br /><br />It also attempts to create a Green Index, which could act as a tool for policy makers, planners and communities to assess the environmental impact of NREGA works and help them plan an optimum mix of assets which lead to an overall improvement in natural capital. It departs significantly from previous studies of a similar nature, in realising that the nature of NREGA works is changing, and many of the newly concieved assets are not necessarily 'environmental' or 'natural resource based' assets and can in fact contribute significantly towards environmental degradation. Even the so-called natural resource based assets, in fact, can sometimes have significant negative effects on some environmental parameters while improving other environmental parameters. It is these realisations, and practical lessons learnt from the ground, which allow us to 'Go beyond Rhetoric' and develop practical tools which could help improve the environmental outcomes of NREGA.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3bb851a8c5eabfd9ef6f0e34919a713f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46849232,"asset_id":26556115,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46849232/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26556115"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26556115"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26556115; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="27079203"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/27079203/Social_Protection_for_Informal_Waste_Workers_in_India_and_Recommendations_for_Nepal"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Social Protection for Informal Waste Workers in India and Recommendations for Nepal" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47332113/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/27079203/Social_Protection_for_Informal_Waste_Workers_in_India_and_Recommendations_for_Nepal">Social Protection for Informal Waste Workers in India and Recommendations for Nepal</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This study was commissioned by Practical Action Nepal Office, under the PRISM (Poverty Reduction ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This study was commissioned by Practical Action Nepal Office, under the PRISM (Poverty Reduction of Informal Workers in Solid Waste Management Sector) project. Practical Action aims to reduce poverty in developing countries by introducing appropriate technologies for the communities, demonstrating results, sharing knowledge, building capacity to replicate and influencing others for scaling up. Through the PRISM Project, Practical Action aims to improve the living conditions of the informal waste workers (IWWs) and enhance the social protection of the vulnerable groups dependent on solid waste for their livelihoods in five municipalities of Kathmandu Valley. As a part of the PRISM Project, Practical Action commissioned two country studies of Social Protection for Informal Waste Workers. The first study was commissioned for Philippines and the second study for India. The studies were to be based solely on existing secondary sources . It is expected that the study of policies and practices in India and the lessons emerging from it would help Practical Action advocate better policies and practices in Nepal, thereby leading to better social protection for IWWs in Nepal.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="21abb92dd3bf0a38ce457d2d9b8e3a67" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47332113,"asset_id":27079203,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47332113/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="27079203"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27079203"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27079203; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26624135"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/26624135/Lesser_Known_Saviours_The_Role_of_the_Informal_Sector_in_E_Waste_Management_in_Pune"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Lesser Known Saviours: The Role of the Informal Sector in E-Waste Management in Pune" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46909680/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26624135/Lesser_Known_Saviours_The_Role_of_the_Informal_Sector_in_E_Waste_Management_in_Pune">Lesser Known Saviours: The Role of the Informal Sector in E-Waste Management in Pune</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnjorBhaskar">Anjor Bhaskar</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DipanwitaSengupta1">Dipanwita Sengupta</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This study tells the story of the journey of E-waste and its movement from the point of generatio...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This study tells the story of the journey of E-waste and its movement from the point of generation through collection, trading, intermediate processing, forwarding and final disposal in the city of Pune. The study is exploratory rather than exhaustive in scope and was carried out  over a brief period of two months. The findings are indicative rather than conclusive. 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