CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Achilles - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"4e2ec9c6-0503-4a2f-b0f2-04933e52cd24","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Achilles","wgTitle":"Achilles","wgCurRevisionId":1284909759,"wgRevisionId":1284909759,"wgArticleId":305,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Source attribution","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia semi-protected pages","Use mdy dates from October 2024","Articles having different image on Wikidata and Wikipedia","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2025","Articles containing Ukrainian-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Greek-language text","Articles containing French-language text","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Articles with German-language sources (de)","Commons category link from Wikidata","Greek mythological heroes","Kings of the Myrmidons","Achaean Leaders","Thessalians in the Trojan War","Metamorphoses characters","Mythological rapists","Demigods in classical mythology","LGBTQ themes in Greek mythology","Achilles","Deeds of Apollo","Medea","Princes in Greek mythology"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Achilles","wgRelevantArticleId":305,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q41746","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.23"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Achilles_fighting_against_Memnon_Leiden_Rijksmuseum_voor_Oudheden.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1693"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Achilles_fighting_against_Memnon_Leiden_Rijksmuseum_voor_Oudheden.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1129"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Achilles_fighting_against_Memnon_Leiden_Rijksmuseum_voor_Oudheden.jpg/640px-Achilles_fighting_against_Memnon_Leiden_Rijksmuseum_voor_Oudheden.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="903"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Achilles - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Achilles rootpage-Achilles skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Achilles" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Achilles" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Achilles" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Achilles" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Etymology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Other names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_and_early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_and_early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Birth and early years</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Birth_and_early_years-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Birth and early years subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Birth_and_early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Physical description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hidden_on_Skyros" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hidden_on_Skyros"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hidden on Skyros</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hidden_on_Skyros-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Trojan_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Trojan_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In the Trojan War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_the_Trojan_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In the Trojan War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_the_Trojan_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Telephus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telephus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Telephus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telephus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Troilus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Troilus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Troilus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Troilus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Iliad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Iliad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>In the <i>Iliad</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Iliad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penthesilea_and_Memnon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penthesilea_and_Memnon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Penthesilea and Memnon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penthesilea_and_Memnon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Achilles_and_Patroclus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Achilles_and_Patroclus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Achilles and Patroclus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Achilles_and_Patroclus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fate_of_Achilles'_armour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fate_of_Achilles'_armour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Fate of Achilles' armour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fate_of_Achilles'_armour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Achilles,_Ajax_and_a_game_of_petteia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Achilles,_Ajax_and_a_game_of_petteia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Achilles, Ajax and a game of <i>petteia</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Achilles,_Ajax_and_a_game_of_petteia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worship_and_heroic_cult" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worship_and_heroic_cult"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Worship and heroic cult</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worship_and_heroic_cult-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_during_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_during_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reception during antiquity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception_during_antiquity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reception during antiquity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reception_during_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Greek_tragedy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Greek_tragedy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>In Greek tragedy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Greek_tragedy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Greek_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Greek_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>In Greek philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Greek_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zeno" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zeno"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Zeno</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zeno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plato" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plato"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Plato</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plato-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Roman_and_medieval_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Roman_and_medieval_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>In Roman and medieval literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Roman_and_medieval_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_modern_literature_and_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_modern_literature_and_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In modern literature and arts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_modern_literature_and_arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In modern literature and arts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_modern_literature_and_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Visual arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Film and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Namesakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Namesakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Namesakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Namesakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Achilles</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 102 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">102 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Achilles" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%84" title="أخيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أخيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquiles" title="Aquiles – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Aquiles" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9B" title="একিলিছ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="একিলিছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquiles" title="Aquiles – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aquiles" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axill" title="Axill – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Axill" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%84" title="آشیل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آشیل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8" title="আকিলিস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আকিলিস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Ахилл – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ахилл" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Ахіл – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ахіл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Ахіл – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ахіл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Ахил – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ахил" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahilej" title="Ahilej – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ahilej" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac%27hille%C3%BCs" title="Ac'hilleüs – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ac'hilleüs" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquil%C2%B7les" title="Aquil·les – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aquil·les" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Ахилл – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ахилл" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Achilles" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achiles" title="Achiles – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Achiles" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilleus" title="Achilleus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Achilleus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilleus" title="Achilleus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Achilleus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilleus" title="Achilleus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Achilleus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αχιλλέας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αχιλλέας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquiles" title="Aquiles – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aquiles" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%A5ilo" title="Aĥilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aĥilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiles" title="Akiles – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Akiles" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%84" title="آشیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آشیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille" title="Achille – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Achille" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Achilles" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aichill" title="Aichill – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aichill" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquiles" title="Aquiles – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aquiles" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%82%AC%EB%A0%88%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="아킬레우스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아킬레우스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%BD" title="Աքիլլես – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աքիլլես" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC" title="अकिलीज़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अकिलीज़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahilej" title="Ahilej – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ahilej" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahileus" title="Ahileus – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ahileus" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhilles" title="Akhilles – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Akhilles" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Achilles" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkilles" title="Akkilles – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Akkilles" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille" title="Achille – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Achille" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A1" title="אכילס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אכילס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅಕಿಲೀಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಕಿಲೀಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="აქილევსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აქილევსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Ахилл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ахилл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiles" title="Akiles – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Akiles" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ax%C3%AEle%C3%BBs" title="Axîleûs – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Axîleûs" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Ахилл – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ахилл" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Achilles" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahillejs" title="Ahillejs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ahillejs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilleus" title="Achilleus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Achilleus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilas" title="Achilas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Achilas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acile" title="Acile – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Acile" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhilleusz" title="Akhilleusz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Akhilleusz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Ахил – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ахил" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille" title="Achille – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Achille" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="അക്കിലിസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അക്കിലിസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akille" title="Akille – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Akille" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="अकिलिस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अकिलिस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="اكليس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اكليس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhilleus" title="Akhilleus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Akhilleus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%81%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD" title="အာခိလိ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာခိလိ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Achilles" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="अकिलिस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अकिलिस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9" title="アキレウス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アキレウス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akilles" title="Akilles – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Akilles" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille" title="Achille – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Achille" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilles" title="Aquilles – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aquilles" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axill" title="Axill – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Axill" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਅਖ਼ੇਲੀਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਖ਼ੇਲੀਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AE%DB%8C%D9%84" title="آخیل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آخیل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="اکيليز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اکيليز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Achilles" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquiles" title="Aquiles – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aquiles" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahile" title="Ahile – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ahile" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Ахил – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ахил" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Ахилл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ахилл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AE%DB%8C%D9%84" title="آخیل – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="آخیل" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Achilles" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akili" title="Akili – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Akili" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilli" title="Achilli – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Achilli" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Achilles" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_(mytol%C3%B3gia)" title="Achilles (mytológia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Achilles (mytológia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahil" title="Ahil – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ahil" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AE%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8E%D8%B3" title="ئاخیلێس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاخیلێس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Ахил – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ахил" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahilej" title="Ahilej – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ahilej" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhilleus" title="Akhilleus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Akhilleus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akilles" title="Akilles – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Akilles" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Achilles" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="அக்கீலியஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அக்கீலியஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axilyus" title="Axilyus – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Axilyus" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA" title="อคิลลีส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อคิลลีส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Ахилл – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ахилл" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhilleus" title="Akhilleus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Akhilleus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Ахіллес – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ахіллес" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AE%DB%8C%D9%84" title="آخیل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آخیل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ach%C3%ACe" title="Achìe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Achìe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahill" title="Ahill – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ahill" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Achilles" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Achilles" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%96%80%E7%90%89%E6%96%AF" title="阿喀琉斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿喀琉斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF" title="阿基里斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿基里斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%96%80%E7%90%89%E6%96%AF" title="阿喀琉斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿喀琉斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q41746#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Achilles" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Achilles"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achilles&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achilles&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Achilles"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achilles&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achilles&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Achilles" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Achilles" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achilles&oldid=1284909759" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achilles&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Achilles&id=1284909759&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAchilles"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAchilles"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Achilles&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achilles&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Achilles" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q41746" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected until October 26, 2027 at 17:52 UTC."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Greek mythological hero</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Achilleus" redirects here. For the Roman usurper with this name, see <a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Achilleus" title="Aurelius Achilleus">Aurelius Achilleus</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Achilles_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Achilles (disambiguation)">Achilles (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #CEF2E0;">Achilles</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Achilles_fighting_against_Memnon_Leiden_Rijksmuseum_voor_Oudheden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Achilles_fighting_against_Memnon_Leiden_Rijksmuseum_voor_Oudheden.jpg/250px-Achilles_fighting_against_Memnon_Leiden_Rijksmuseum_voor_Oudheden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Achilles_fighting_against_Memnon_Leiden_Rijksmuseum_voor_Oudheden.jpg/330px-Achilles_fighting_against_Memnon_Leiden_Rijksmuseum_voor_Oudheden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Achilles_fighting_against_Memnon_Leiden_Rijksmuseum_voor_Oudheden.jpg/500px-Achilles_fighting_against_Memnon_Leiden_Rijksmuseum_voor_Oudheden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="965" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Ancient Greek polychromatic <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_vase_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek vase painting">pottery painting</a> (dating <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BCE</span>) of Achilles during the Trojan War</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Phthia" title="Phthia">Phthia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEF2E0;">Genealogy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peleus" title="Peleus">Peleus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Siblings</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Polymele" title="Polymele">Polymele</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Deidamia_(daughter_of_Lycomedes)" title="Deidamia (daughter of Lycomedes)">Deidamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Briseis" title="Briseis">Briseis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus" title="Neoptolemus">Neoptolemus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oneiros#Son_of_Achilles" title="Oneiros">Oneiros</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;color:black;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Category:Ancient Greek religion">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#005daa">Greek mythology</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kylix_Theseus_Aison_MNA_Inv11365_n1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Theseus slays the Minotaur under the gaze of Athena"><img alt="Theseus slays the Minotaur under the gaze of Athena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kylix_Theseus_Aison_MNA_Inv11365_n1.jpg/250px-Kylix_Theseus_Aison_MNA_Inv11365_n1.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kylix_Theseus_Aison_MNA_Inv11365_n1.jpg/330px-Kylix_Theseus_Aison_MNA_Inv11365_n1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kylix_Theseus_Aison_MNA_Inv11365_n1.jpg/500px-Kylix_Theseus_Aison_MNA_Inv11365_n1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2025" data-file-height="2025" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i>Theseus slays the Minotaur under the gaze of Athena</i></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;color:black;;background-color:#cef2e0; color: black;"> Deities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:Azure"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_primordial_deities" title="Greek primordial deities">Primordial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titans" title="Titans">Titans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_water_deities" title="Greek water deities">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chthonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chthonic">Chthonic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;color:black;;background-color:#cef2e0; color: black;"> Heroes and heroism</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:Azure"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labours_of_Heracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Labours of Heracles">Labours</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diomedes" title="Diomedes">Diomedes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Fleece" title="Golden Fleece">Golden Fleece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgon">Gorgon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur" title="Minotaur">Minotaur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellerophon" title="Bellerophon">Bellerophon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus" title="Pegasus">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedalus" title="Daedalus">Daedalus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labyrinth" title="Labyrinth">Labyrinth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atalanta" title="Atalanta">Atalanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippomenes" title="Hippomenes">Hippomenes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_apple" title="Golden apple">Golden apple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaethon" title="Phaethon">Phaethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triptolemus" title="Triptolemus">Triptolemus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelops" title="Pelops">Pelops</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympic Games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirithous" title="Pirithous">Pirithous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centauromachy" class="mw-redirect" title="Centauromachy">Centauromachy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphitryon" title="Amphitryon">Amphitryon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teumessian_fox" title="Teumessian fox">Teumessian fox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(mythology)" title="Narcissus (mythology)">Narcissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meleager" title="Meleager">Meleager</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calydonian_boar_hunt" title="Calydonian boar hunt">Calydonian boar hunt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otrera" title="Otrera">Otrera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;color:black;;background-color:#cef2e0; color: black;"> Related</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:Azure"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">Satyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragons_in_Greek_mythology" title="Dragons in Greek mythology">Dragons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demogorgon" title="Demogorgon">Demogorgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mycenaean_deities" title="List of Mycenaean deities">List of Mycenaean deities</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/20px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/40px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece portal</a><br /> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/20px-Draig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/40px-Draig.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="475" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Myths" title="Portal:Myths">Myths portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_mythology_sidebar" title="Template:Greek mythology sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_mythology_sidebar" title="Template talk:Greek mythology sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_mythology_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek mythology sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, <b>Achilles</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">ə-<span style="font-size:90%">KIL</span>-eez</i></a>) or <b>Achilleus</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%88%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8D%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ἀχιλλεύς">Ἀχιλλεύς</a></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Achilleús</i></span>) was a hero of the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a> who was known as being the greatest of all the Greek warriors. The central character in <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>, he was the son of the <a href="/wiki/Nereids" title="Nereids">Nereid</a> <a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peleus" title="Peleus">Peleus</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Phthia" title="Phthia">Phthia</a> and famous <a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonaut</a>. Achilles was raised in Phthia along with his childhood companion <a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a> and received his education by the <a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">centaur</a> <a href="/wiki/Chiron" title="Chiron">Chiron</a>. In the <i>Iliad</i>, he is presented as the commander of the mythical tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Myrmidons" title="Myrmidons">Myrmidons</a>. </p><p>Achilles' most notable feat during the Trojan War was the slaying of the Trojan prince <a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a> outside the gates of <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a>. Although the death of Achilles is not presented in the <i>Iliad</i>, other sources concur that he was killed near the end of the Trojan War by <a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a>, who shot him with an arrow. Later legends (beginning with <a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a>' unfinished epic <i><a href="/wiki/Achilleid" title="Achilleid">Achilleid</a></i>, written in the first century CE) state that Achilles was invulnerable in all of his body except for one heel. According to that myth, when his mother Thetis dipped him in the river <a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">Styx</a> as an infant, she held him by one of his heels, leaving it untouched by the waters and thus his only vulnerable body part. </p><p>Alluding to these legends, the term <i><a href="/wiki/Achilles%27_heel" title="Achilles' heel">Achilles' heel</a></i> has come to mean a point of weakness which can lead to downfall, especially in someone or something with an otherwise strong constitution. The <a href="/wiki/Achilles_tendon" title="Achilles tendon">Achilles tendon</a> is named after him following the same legend. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> tablets attest to the personal name <i>Achilleus</i> in the forms <i>a-ki-re-u</i> and <i>a-ki-re-we</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-New_Pauly_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Pauly-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the latter being the <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a> of the former.<sup id="cite_ref-Beekes_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beekes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name grew more popular, becoming common soon after the seventh century BCE<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was also turned into the female form <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀχιλλεία</span></span> (<i>Achilleía</i>), attested in <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a> in the fourth century BCE (<a href="/wiki/Inscriptiones_Graecae" title="Inscriptiones Graecae">IG</a> II² 1617) and, in the form <i>Achillia</i>, on a <a href="/wiki/Gladiatrix" title="Gladiatrix">stele in Halicarnassus</a> as the name of a female gladiator fighting an "Amazon". </p><p>Achilles' name can be analyzed as a combination of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄχος</span></span> (<i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">áchos</i></span></i>), 'distress, pain, sorrow, grief'<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">λαός</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">laós</i></span>), 'people, soldiers, nation', resulting in a proto-form <i>*Akhí-lāu̯os</i>, 'he who has the people distressed' or 'he whose people have distress'.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nagy_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grief or distress of the people is a theme raised numerous times in the <i>Iliad</i> (and frequently by Achilles himself). Achilles' role as the hero of grief or distress forms an ironic juxtaposition with the conventional view of him as the hero of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κλέος</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">kléos</i></span> ('glory', usually in war). Furthermore, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">laós</i></span> has been construed by <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Nagy" title="Gregory Nagy">Gregory Nagy</a>, following <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Palmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Palmer">Leonard Palmer</a>, to mean 'a corps of soldiers', a <a href="/wiki/Muster_(military)" title="Muster (military)">muster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagy_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this derivation, the name obtains a double meaning in the poem: when the hero is functioning rightly, his men bring distress to the enemy, but when wrongly, his men get the grief of war. The poem is in part about the misdirection of anger on the part of leadership. </p><p>Some researchers deem the name a <a href="/wiki/Loan_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan word">loan word</a>, possibly from a <a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Greek">Pre-Greek</a> language.<sup id="cite_ref-New_Pauly_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Pauly-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Achilles' descent from the <a href="/wiki/Nereid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nereid">Nereid</a> <a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a> and a similarity of his name with those of <a href="/wiki/River_gods_(Greek_mythology)" title="River gods (Greek mythology)">river deities</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Acheron" title="Acheron">Acheron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achelous" title="Achelous">Achelous</a> have led to speculations about his being an old <a href="/wiki/Greek_sea_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek sea gods">water divinity</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a href="#Worship_and_heroic_cult">§ Worship and heroic cult</a>, below</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">Robert S. P. Beekes</a> has suggested a Pre-Greek origin of the name, based among other things on the coexistence of <i>-λλ-</i> and <i>-λ-</i> in epic language, which may account for a palatalized phoneme /l<sup>y</sup>/ in the original language.<sup id="cite_ref-Beekes_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beekes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_names">Other names</h3></div> <p>Among the appellations under which Achilles is generally known are the following:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Pyrisous</b>, "saved from the fire", his first name, which seems to favour the tradition in which his mortal parts were burned by his mother Thetis</li> <li><b>Aeacides</b>, from his grandfather <a href="/wiki/Aeacus" title="Aeacus">Aeacus</a></li> <li><b>Aemonius</b>, from Aemonia, a country which afterwards acquired the name of Thessaly</li> <li><b>Aspetos</b>, "inimitable" or "vast", his name at <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><b>Larissaeus</b>, from <a href="/wiki/Larissa_Cremaste" title="Larissa Cremaste">Larissa</a> (also called Cremaste), a town of Achaia Phthiotis in Thessaly</li> <li><b>Ligyron</b>, his original name</li> <li><b>Nereius</b>, from his mother Thetis, one of the <a href="/wiki/Nereid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nereid">Nereids</a></li> <li><b>Pelides</b>, from his father, <a href="/wiki/Peleus" title="Peleus">Peleus</a></li> <li><b>Phthius</b>, from his birthplace, <a href="/wiki/Phthia" title="Phthia">Phthia</a></li> <li><b>Podarkes</b>, "swift-footed", from the wings of <a href="/wiki/Arke" title="Arke">Arke</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἄρκη</span></span>, 'swift') being attached to his feet (<span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:πόδες">πόδες</a></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">podes</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birth_and_early_years">Birth and early years</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_181.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Peter_Paul_Rubens_181.jpg/330px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_181.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Peter_Paul_Rubens_181.jpg/500px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_181.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Peter_Paul_Rubens_181.jpg/960px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_181.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1385" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><i>Thetis Dipping the Infant Achilles into the River Styx</i> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1625</span>; <a href="/wiki/Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen" title="Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen">Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen</a>, Rotterdam)</figcaption></figure> <p>Achilles was the son of <a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a>—a <a href="/wiki/Nereid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nereid">Nereid</a> and daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Man_of_the_Sea" title="Old Man of the Sea">Old Man of the Sea</a>—and <a href="/wiki/Peleus" title="Peleus">Peleus</a>, the king of the <a href="/wiki/Myrmidons" title="Myrmidons">Myrmidons</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> had been rivals for Thetis's hand in marriage until <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a>, the fore-thinker, warned Zeus of a prophecy (originally uttered by <a href="/wiki/Themis" title="Themis">Themis</a>, goddess of divine law) that Thetis would bear a son greater than his father. For this reason, the two gods withdrew their pursuit, and had her wed Peleus.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a tale which offers an alternative version of these events: In the <i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i> (4.760) Zeus' sister and wife <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a> alludes to Thetis' chaste resistance to the advances of Zeus, pointing out that Thetis was so loyal to Hera's marriage bond that she coolly rejected the father of gods. Thetis, although a daughter of the sea-god <a href="/wiki/Nereus" title="Nereus">Nereus</a>, was also brought up by Hera, further explaining her resistance to the advances of Zeus. Zeus was furious and decreed that she would never marry an immortal.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Education_of_Achilles_1862_Delacroix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/The_Education_of_Achilles_1862_Delacroix.jpg/250px-The_Education_of_Achilles_1862_Delacroix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/The_Education_of_Achilles_1862_Delacroix.jpg/330px-The_Education_of_Achilles_1862_Delacroix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/The_Education_of_Achilles_1862_Delacroix.jpg/500px-The_Education_of_Achilles_1862_Delacroix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6232" data-file-height="4631" /></a><figcaption><i>The Education of Achilles</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a>, pastel on paper, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1862</span> (<a href="/wiki/Getty_Center" title="Getty Center">Getty Center</a>, Los Angeles)</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Achilleid" title="Achilleid">Achilleid</a></i>, written by <a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a> in the first century CE, and to <a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">non-surviving previous sources</a>, when Achilles was born Thetis tried to make him immortal by dipping him in the river <a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">Styx</a>; however, he was left vulnerable at the part of the body by which she held him: his left heel<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Achilles%27_heel" title="Achilles' heel">Achilles' heel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achilles_tendon" title="Achilles tendon">Achilles tendon</a>)</span>. It is not clear if this version of events was known earlier. In another version of this story, Thetis anointed the boy in <a href="/wiki/Ambrosia" title="Ambrosia">ambrosia</a> and put him on top of a fire in order to burn away the mortal parts of his body. She was interrupted by Peleus and abandoned both father and son in a rage.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Education_of_Achilles,_by_James_Barry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_Education_of_Achilles%2C_by_James_Barry.jpg/250px-The_Education_of_Achilles%2C_by_James_Barry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_Education_of_Achilles%2C_by_James_Barry.jpg/330px-The_Education_of_Achilles%2C_by_James_Barry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_Education_of_Achilles%2C_by_James_Barry.jpg/500px-The_Education_of_Achilles%2C_by_James_Barry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2298" data-file-height="1821" /></a><figcaption><i>The Education of Achilles</i> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1772</span>), by <a href="/wiki/James_Barry_(painter)" title="James Barry (painter)">James Barry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yale_Center_for_British_Art" title="Yale Center for British Art">Yale Center for British Art</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>None of the sources before Statius make any reference to this general invulnerability. To the contrary, in the <i>Iliad</i>, Homer mentions Achilles being wounded: in Book 21 the <a href="/wiki/Paeonia_(kingdom)" title="Paeonia (kingdom)">Paeonian</a> hero <a href="/wiki/Asteropaios" title="Asteropaios">Asteropaios</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Pelagon" title="Pelagon">Pelagon</a>, challenged Achilles by the river <a href="/wiki/Scamander" title="Scamander">Scamander</a>. He was ambidextrous, and cast a spear from each hand; one grazed Achilles' elbow, "drawing a spurt of blood".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the few fragmentary poems of the <a href="/wiki/Epic_Cycle" title="Epic Cycle">Epic Cycle</a> which describe the hero's death (i.e. the <i><a href="/wiki/Cypria" title="Cypria">Cypria</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Iliad" title="Little Iliad">Little Iliad</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Lesches" title="Lesches">Lesches</a> of Pyrrha, the <i><a href="/wiki/Aethiopis" title="Aethiopis">Aethiopis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Iliupersis" title="Iliupersis">Iliupersis</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Arctinus_of_Miletus" title="Arctinus of Miletus">Arctinus of Miletus</a>), there is no trace of any reference to his general invulnerability or his famous weakness at the heel. In the later vase paintings presenting the death of Achilles, the arrow (or in many cases, arrows) hit his torso. </p><p>Peleus entrusted Achilles to <a href="/wiki/Chiron" title="Chiron">Chiron</a>, who lived on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Pelion">Mount Pelion</a> and was known as the most righteous of the <a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaurs</a>, to be reared.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some accounts, Achilles' original name was "Ligyron" and he was later named <i>Achilles</i> by his tutor Chiron.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Homer, Achilles grew up in <a href="/wiki/Phthia" title="Phthia">Phthia</a> with his childhood companion <a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-New_Pauly_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Pauly-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homer further writes that Achilles taught Patroclus what he himself had been taught by Chiron, including the medical arts.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thetis foretold that her son's fate was either to gain glory and die young, or to live a long but uneventful life in obscurity. Achilles chose the former, and decided to take part in the Trojan War.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achilleus_Lyra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Achilleus_Lyra.jpg/250px-Achilleus_Lyra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Achilleus_Lyra.jpg/330px-Achilleus_Lyra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Achilleus_Lyra.jpg/500px-Achilleus_Lyra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1906" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chiron" title="Chiron">Chiron</a> teaching Achilles how to play the <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a>, Roman <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> from <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>, first century CE</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Photius" class="mw-redirect" title="Photius">Photius</a>, the sixth book of the <i>New History</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Hephaestion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy Hephaestion">Ptolemy Hephaestion</a> reported that Thetis burned in a secret place the children she had by Peleus. When she had Achilles, Peleus noticed, tore him from the flames with only a burnt foot, and confided him to the centaur Chiron. Later Chiron exhumed the body of the <a href="/wiki/Damysus_(Giant)" title="Damysus (Giant)">Damysus</a>, who was the fastest of all the giants, removed the ankle, and incorporated it into Achilles' burnt foot.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_description">Physical description</h3></div> <p>In Homer's <i>Iliad</i>, Achilles is portrayed as tall and striking, with strength and looks that were unmatched among the Greek warriors.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homer describes him as having long hair or a mane (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">χαίτη</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with other characters, his hair is described with the word <i>xanthḗ</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ξανθή</span></span>), which meant '<a href="/wiki/Blond" title="Blond">yellow</a>', or at times shades thereof, such as <a href="/wiki/Brown_hair" title="Brown hair">brown</a> or <a href="/wiki/Auburn_hair" title="Auburn hair">auburn</a>, and was used mostly for fair hair.<sup id="cite_ref-Myres_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myres-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A later Latin account, probably from the fifth century CE, <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">falsely attributed</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dares_Phrygius" title="Dares Phrygius">Dares Phrygius</a> described Achilles as having "... a large chest, a fine mouth, and powerfully formed arms and legs. His head was covered with long wavy chestnut-colored hair. Though mild in manner, he was very fierce in battle. His face showed the joy of a man richly endowed."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hidden_on_Skyros">Hidden on Skyros</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Achilles_on_Skyros" title="Achilles on Skyros">Achilles on Skyros</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Achilles_mosaic_in_2011_2098.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Achilles_mosaic_in_2011_2098.jpg/250px-Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Achilles_mosaic_in_2011_2098.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Achilles_mosaic_in_2011_2098.jpg/330px-Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Achilles_mosaic_in_2011_2098.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Achilles_mosaic_in_2011_2098.jpg/500px-Gaziantep_Zeugma_Museum_Achilles_mosaic_in_2011_2098.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2835" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Roman_mosaic" title="Roman mosaic">Roman mosaic</a> from the Poseidon Villa in <a href="/wiki/Zeugma,_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeugma, Commagene">Zeugma, Commagene</a> (now in the <a href="/wiki/Zeugma_Mosaic_Museum" title="Zeugma Mosaic Museum">Zeugma Mosaic Museum</a>) depicting Achilles disguised as a woman and <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a> tricking him into revealing himself</figcaption></figure> <p>Some post-Homeric sources<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claim that in order to keep Achilles safe from the war, Thetis (or, in some versions, Peleus) hid the young man dressed as a princess or at least a girl at the court of <a href="/wiki/Lycomedes_(mythology)" title="Lycomedes (mythology)">Lycomedes</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Skyros" title="Skyros">Skyros</a>. </p><p>There, Achilles, properly disguised, lived among Lycomedes' daughters, perhaps under the name "<a href="/wiki/Pyrrha_(mythology)" title="Pyrrha (mythology)">Pyrrha</a>" (the red-haired girl), Cercysera or Aissa ("swift"<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Lycomedes' daughter <a href="/wiki/Deidamia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deidamia (mythology)">Deidamia</a>, with whom he had begun a relationship, Achilles there fathered two sons, <a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus" title="Neoptolemus">Neoptolemus</a> (also called Pyrrhus, after his father's possible alias) and Oneiros. According to this story, Odysseus learned from the prophet <a href="/wiki/Calchas" title="Calchas">Calchas</a> that the Achaeans would be unable to capture Troy without Achilles' aid. Odysseus went to Skyros in the guise of a pedlar selling women's clothes and jewellery and placed a shield and spear among his goods. When Achilles instantly took up the spear, Odysseus saw through his disguise and convinced him to join the Greek campaign. In another version of the story, Odysseus arranged for a trumpet alarm to be sounded while he was with Lycomedes' women. While the women fled in panic, Achilles prepared to defend the court, thus giving his identity away. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_Trojan_War">In the Trojan War</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achilles_by_Lycomedes_Louvre_Ma2120.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Achilles_by_Lycomedes_Louvre_Ma2120.jpg/290px-Achilles_by_Lycomedes_Louvre_Ma2120.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="413" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Achilles_by_Lycomedes_Louvre_Ma2120.jpg/435px-Achilles_by_Lycomedes_Louvre_Ma2120.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Achilles_by_Lycomedes_Louvre_Ma2120.jpg/580px-Achilles_by_Lycomedes_Louvre_Ma2120.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2540" data-file-height="3620" /></a><figcaption>A marble representation of Achilles at the court of King <a href="/wiki/Lycomedes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycomedes">Lycomedes</a>, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 240 CE</span></figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <i>Iliad</i>, Achilles arrived at Troy with 50 ships, each carrying 50 <a href="/wiki/Myrmidons" title="Myrmidons">Myrmidons</a>. He appointed five leaders (each leader commanding 500 Myrmidons): Menesthius, <a href="/wiki/Eudoros" title="Eudoros">Eudorus</a>, Peisander, <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(son_of_Amyntor)" title="Phoenix (son of Amyntor)">Phoenix</a> and Alcimedon.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telephus">Telephus</h3></div> <p>When the Greeks left for the Trojan War, they accidentally stopped in <a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a>, ruled by King <a href="/wiki/Telephus" title="Telephus">Telephus</a>. In the resulting battle, Achilles gave Telephus a wound that would not heal; Telephus consulted an oracle, who stated that "he that wounded shall heal". Guided by the oracle, he arrived at <a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argos</a>, where Achilles healed him in order that he might become their guide for the voyage to Troy.<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_3.20_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_3.20-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to other reports in <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>' lost play about Telephus, he went to <a href="/wiki/Aulis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Aulis (ancient Greece)">Aulis</a> pretending to be a beggar and asked Achilles to heal his wound. Achilles refused, claiming to have no medical knowledge. Alternatively, Telephus held <a href="/wiki/Orestes_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orestes (mythology)">Orestes</a> for ransom, the ransom being Achilles' aid in healing the wound. <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a> reasoned that the spear had inflicted the wound; therefore, the spear must be able to heal it. Pieces of the spear were scraped off onto the wound and Telephus was healed.<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_3.20_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_3.20-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Troilus">Troilus</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achilles_slaying_Troilus.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Achilles_slaying_Troilus.PNG/250px-Achilles_slaying_Troilus.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Achilles_slaying_Troilus.PNG/330px-Achilles_slaying_Troilus.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Achilles_slaying_Troilus.PNG/500px-Achilles_slaying_Troilus.PNG 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption>Achilles slaying Troilus, red-figure kylix signed by <a href="/wiki/Euphronios" title="Euphronios">Euphronios</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Cypria" title="Cypria">Cypria</a></i> (the part of the <a href="/wiki/Epic_Cycle" title="Epic Cycle">Epic Cycle</a> that tells the events of the Trojan War before Achilles' wrath), when the <a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(Homer)" title="Achaeans (Homer)">Achaeans</a> desired to return home, they were restrained by Achilles, who afterwards attacked the cattle of <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a>, sacked neighbouring cities (such as <a href="/wiki/Pedasus" title="Pedasus">Pedasus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyrnessus" title="Lyrnessus">Lyrnessus</a>, where the Greeks capture the queen <a href="/wiki/Briseis" title="Briseis">Briseis</a>) and killed <a href="/wiki/Tenes" title="Tenes">Tenes</a>, a son of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, as well as Priam's son <a href="/wiki/Troilus" title="Troilus">Troilus</a> in the sanctuary of Apollo <a href="/wiki/Thymbra" title="Thymbra">Thymbraios</a>; however, the romance between Troilus and <a href="/wiki/Chryseis" title="Chryseis">Chryseis</a> described in <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Troilus_and_Criseyde" title="Troilus and Criseyde">Troilus and Criseyde</a></i> and in <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Troilus_and_Cressida" title="Troilus and Cressida">Troilus and Cressida</a></i> is a medieval invention.<sup id="cite_ref-stoa.org_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stoa.org-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-New_Pauly_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Pauly-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Dares_Phrygius" title="Dares Phrygius">Dares Phrygius</a>' <i>Account of the Destruction of Troy</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Latin summary through which the story of Achilles was transmitted to medieval Europe, as well as in older accounts, Troilus was a young Trojan prince, the youngest of King <a href="/wiki/Priam" title="Priam">Priam</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Hecuba" title="Hecuba">Hecuba</a>'s five legitimate sons (or according other sources, another son of Apollo).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his youth, he was one of the main Trojan war leaders, a "horse fighter" or "chariot fighter" according to Homer.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prophecies linked Troilus' fate to that of Troy and so he was ambushed in an attempt to capture him. Yet Achilles, struck by the beauty of both Troilus and his sister <a href="/wiki/Polyxena" title="Polyxena">Polyxena</a>, and overcome with lust, directed his sexual attentions on the youth—who, refusing to yield, instead found himself decapitated upon an altar-omphalos of Apollo <a href="/wiki/Thymbra" title="Thymbra">Thymbraios</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later versions of the story suggested Troilus was accidentally killed by Achilles in an over-ardent lovers' embrace.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this version of the myth, Achilles' death therefore came in retribution for this sacrilege.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient writers treated Troilus as the epitome of a dead child mourned by his parents. Had Troilus lived to adulthood, the <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Mythographer" class="mw-redirect" title="First Vatican Mythographer">First Vatican Mythographer</a> claimed, Troy would have been invincible; however, the motif is older and found already in <a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Bacchides_(play)" title="Bacchides (play)">Bacchides</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Iliad">In the <i>Iliad</i></h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achilles_Agamemnon_Pompei_mosaic_NAMNaples_10006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Achilles_Agamemnon_Pompei_mosaic_NAMNaples_10006.jpg/250px-Achilles_Agamemnon_Pompei_mosaic_NAMNaples_10006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Achilles_Agamemnon_Pompei_mosaic_NAMNaples_10006.jpg/330px-Achilles_Agamemnon_Pompei_mosaic_NAMNaples_10006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Achilles_Agamemnon_Pompei_mosaic_NAMNaples_10006.jpg/500px-Achilles_Agamemnon_Pompei_mosaic_NAMNaples_10006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2919" data-file-height="2457" /></a><figcaption>Achilles and <a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a>, from a mosaic from <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, first century CE</figcaption></figure> <p>Homer's <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> is the most famous narrative of Achilles' deeds in the Trojan War. Achilles' wrath (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μῆνις Ἀχιλλέως</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">mênis Achilléōs</i></span>) is the central theme of the poem. The first two lines of the <i>Iliad</i> read: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰ Πηληιάδεω Ἀχιλῆος<br /> <p>οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί' Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε' ἔθηκε, [...] </p> </td> <td>Sing, Goddess, of the rage of Peleus' son Achilles,<br /> <p>the accursed rage that brought great suffering to the Achaeans, [...] </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wall_painting_-_Briseis_taken_away_from_Achilles_-_Pompeii_(VI_8_5)_-_Napoli_MAN_9105_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Wall_painting_-_Briseis_taken_away_from_Achilles_-_Pompeii_%28VI_8_5%29_-_Napoli_MAN_9105_-_01.jpg/250px-Wall_painting_-_Briseis_taken_away_from_Achilles_-_Pompeii_%28VI_8_5%29_-_Napoli_MAN_9105_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Wall_painting_-_Briseis_taken_away_from_Achilles_-_Pompeii_%28VI_8_5%29_-_Napoli_MAN_9105_-_01.jpg/330px-Wall_painting_-_Briseis_taken_away_from_Achilles_-_Pompeii_%28VI_8_5%29_-_Napoli_MAN_9105_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Wall_painting_-_Briseis_taken_away_from_Achilles_-_Pompeii_%28VI_8_5%29_-_Napoli_MAN_9105_-_01.jpg/500px-Wall_painting_-_Briseis_taken_away_from_Achilles_-_Pompeii_%28VI_8_5%29_-_Napoli_MAN_9105_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3157" data-file-height="3646" /></a><figcaption>Achilles cedes <a href="/wiki/Briseis" title="Briseis">Briseis</a> to <a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Tragic_Poet" title="House of the Tragic Poet">House of the Tragic Poet</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, fresco, first century CE (<a href="/wiki/Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Naples National Archaeological Museum">Naples National Archaeological Museum</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Homeric epic only covers a few weeks of the decade-long war, and does not narrate Achilles' death. It begins with Achilles' withdrawal from battle after being dishonoured by <a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a>, the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(Homer)" title="Achaeans (Homer)">Achaean</a> forces. Agamemnon has taken a woman named <a href="/wiki/Chryseis" title="Chryseis">Chryseis</a> as his slave. Her father <a href="/wiki/Chryses" class="mw-redirect" title="Chryses">Chryses</a>, a priest of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, begs Agamemnon to return her to him. Agamemnon refuses, and Apollo sends a plague amongst the Greeks. The prophet <a href="/wiki/Calchas" title="Calchas">Calchas</a> correctly determines the source of the troubles but will not speak unless Achilles vows to protect him. Achilles does so, and Calchas declares that Chryseis must be returned to her father. Agamemnon consents, but then commands that Achilles' slave <a href="/wiki/Briseis" title="Briseis">Briseis</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Briseus" title="Briseus">Briseus</a>, be brought to him to replace Chryseis. Angry at the dishonour of having his plunder and glory taken away (and, as he says later, because he loves Briseis),<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the urging of his mother Thetis, Achilles refuses to fight or lead his troops alongside the other Greek forces. At the same time, burning with rage over Agamemnon's theft, Achilles <a href="/wiki/Homeric_prayer" title="Homeric prayer">prays</a> to Thetis to convince Zeus to help the Trojans gain ground in the war, so that he may regain his honour. </p><p>As the battle turns against the Greeks, thanks to the influence of Zeus, <a href="/wiki/Nestor_(mythology)" title="Nestor (mythology)">Nestor</a> declares that the Trojans are winning because Agamemnon has angered Achilles, and urges the king to appease the warrior. Agamemnon agrees and sends <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a> and two other chieftains, <a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(son_of_Amyntor)" title="Phoenix (son of Amyntor)">Phoenix</a>. They promise that, if Achilles returns to battle, Agamemnon will return the captive Briseis and other gifts. Achilles rejects all Agamemnon offers him and simply urges the Greeks to sail home as he is planning to do. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Rage_of_Achilles_by_Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/The_Rage_of_Achilles_by_Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo.jpeg/250px-The_Rage_of_Achilles_by_Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/The_Rage_of_Achilles_by_Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo.jpeg/330px-The_Rage_of_Achilles_by_Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/The_Rage_of_Achilles_by_Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo.jpeg/500px-The_Rage_of_Achilles_by_Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="1023" /></a><figcaption><i>The Rage of Achilles</i>, fresco by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo" title="Giovanni Battista Tiepolo">Giovanni Battista Tiepolo</a> (1757, Villa Valmarana ai Nani, Vicenza)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Trojans, led by <a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a>, subsequently push the Greek army back toward the beaches and assault the Greek ships. With the Greek forces on the verge of absolute destruction, <a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a> leads the <a href="/wiki/Myrmidons" title="Myrmidons">Myrmidons</a> into battle, wearing Achilles' armour, although Achilles remains at his camp. Patroclus succeeds in pushing the Trojans back from the beaches, but is killed by Hector before he can lead a proper assault on the city of Troy. </p><p>After receiving the news of the death of Patroclus from <a href="/wiki/Antilochus" class="mw-redirect" title="Antilochus">Antilochus</a>, the son of Nestor, Achilles grieves over his beloved companion's death. His mother Thetis comes to comfort the distraught Achilles. She persuades <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a> to make new armour for him, in place of the armour that Patroclus had been wearing, which was taken by Hector. The new armour includes the <a href="/wiki/Shield_of_Achilles" title="Shield of Achilles">Shield of Achilles</a>, described in great detail in the poem. </p><p>Enraged over the death of Patroclus, Achilles ends his refusal to fight and takes the field, killing many men in his rage but always seeking out Hector. Achilles even engages in battle with the river god <a href="/wiki/Scamander" title="Scamander">Scamander</a>, who has become angry that Achilles is choking his waters with all the men he has killed. The god tries to drown Achilles but is stopped by <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a> and Hephaestus. Zeus himself takes note of Achilles' rage and sends the gods to restrain him so that he will not go on to sack Troy itself before the time allotted for its destruction, seeming to show that the unhindered rage of Achilles can defy fate itself. Finally, Achilles finds his prey. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Triumph_of_Achilles_by_Franz_von_Matsch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/The_Triumph_of_Achilles_by_Franz_von_Matsch.jpg/500px-The_Triumph_of_Achilles_by_Franz_von_Matsch.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/The_Triumph_of_Achilles_by_Franz_von_Matsch.jpg/960px-The_Triumph_of_Achilles_by_Franz_von_Matsch.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5638" data-file-height="2639" /></a><figcaption><i>The Triumph of Achilles</i>, fresco by <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Matsch" title="Franz von Matsch">Franz von Matsch</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Achilleion_(Corfu)" title="Achilleion (Corfu)">Achilleion</a>, Greece</figcaption></figure> <p>Achilles chases Hector around the wall of Troy three times before <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, in the form of Hector's favorite and dearest brother, <a href="/wiki/Deiphobus" title="Deiphobus">Deiphobus</a>, persuades Hector to stop running and fight Achilles face to face. After Hector realizes the trick, he knows the battle is inevitable. Wanting to go down fighting, he charges at Achilles with his only weapon, his sword, but misses. Accepting his fate, Hector begs Achilles not to spare his life, but to treat his body with respect after killing him. Achilles tells Hector it is hopeless to expect that of him, declaring that, "my rage, my fury would drive me now to hack your flesh away and eat you raw – such agonies you have caused me."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Achilles then kills Hector and drags his corpse by its heels behind his chariot. After having a dream where Patroclus begs Achilles to hold his funeral, Achilles hosts a series of <a href="/wiki/Funeral_games" title="Funeral games">funeral games</a> in honour of his companion.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the onset of his duel with Hector, Achilles is referred to as the brightest star in the sky, which comes on in the autumn, Orion's dog (<a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a>); a sign of evil. During the cremation of Patroclus, he is compared to <a href="/wiki/Hesperus" title="Hesperus">Hesperus</a>, the evening/western star (<a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>), while the burning of the funeral pyre lasts until <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(morning_star)" title="Phosphorus (morning star)">Phosphorus</a>, the morning/eastern star (also Venus) has set (descended). </p><p>With the assistance of the god <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> (Argeiphontes), Hector's father <a href="/wiki/Priam" title="Priam">Priam</a> goes to Achilles' tent to plead with Achilles for the return of Hector's body so that he can be buried. Achilles relents and promises a truce for the duration of the funeral, lasting 9 days with a burial on the 10th (in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Niobe" title="Niobe">Niobe</a>'s offspring). The poem ends with a description of Hector's funeral, with the doom of Troy and Achilles himself still to come. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penthesilea_and_Memnon">Penthesilea and Memnon</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akhilleus_Memnon_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1410.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Akhilleus_Memnon_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1410.jpg/250px-Akhilleus_Memnon_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1410.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Akhilleus_Memnon_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1410.jpg/330px-Akhilleus_Memnon_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1410.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Akhilleus_Memnon_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1410.jpg/500px-Akhilleus_Memnon_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1410.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2631" data-file-height="1967" /></a><figcaption>Achilles and Memnon fighting, between Thetis and Eos, Attic black-figure amphora, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 510 BCE</span>, from Vulci</figcaption></figure> <p>Later works, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Aethiopis" title="Aethiopis">Aethiopis</a></i> (seventh century BCE) and a work named <i><a href="/wiki/Posthomerica" title="Posthomerica">Posthomerica</a></i>, composed by <a href="/wiki/Quintus_of_Smyrna" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintus of Smyrna">Quintus of Smyrna</a> in the fourth century CE, relate further events from the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Penthesilea" title="Penthesilea">Penthesilea</a>, queen of the <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a> and daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a>, arrives in Troy, Priam hopes that she will defeat Achilles. After his temporary truce with Priam, Achilles fights and kills the warrior queen, only to grieve over her death later.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially taken aback, he did not fight as intensely as usual. Once he realized that his distraction was endangering his life, he refocused and killed her. </p><p>Following the death of Patroclus, Nestor's son <a href="/wiki/Antilochus" class="mw-redirect" title="Antilochus">Antilochus</a> becomes Achilles' closest companion. Achilles already loved Antilochus, so Menelaus thought Antilochus would be the best person to inform Achilles of Patroclus' death.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, <a href="/wiki/Memnon_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Memnon (mythology)">Memnon</a>, son of the Dawn Goddess <a href="/wiki/Eos" title="Eos">Eos</a> and king of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopia (mythology)">Ethiopia</a>, slays Antilochus as he sacrifices himself to save his father. According to <a href="/wiki/Philostratus_of_Lemnos" title="Philostratus of Lemnos">Philostratus</a>' <a href="/wiki/Imagines_(work_by_Philostratus)" title="Imagines (work by Philostratus)">Imagines</a>, Achilles laments his death on the battlefield, promising Antilochus a glorious funeral and vengeance. Achilles once more obtains revenge on the battlefield for a lost lover, killing Memnon.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, Eos will not let the sun rise until Zeus persuades her. The fight between Achilles and Memnon over Antilochus echoes that of Achilles and Hector over Patroclus, except that Memnon (unlike Hector) was also the son of a goddess. </p><p>Many Homeric scholars argued that episode inspired many details in the <i>Iliad</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s description of the death of Patroclus and Achilles' reaction to it. The episode then formed the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Epic_Cycle" title="Epic Cycle">cyclic epic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Aethiopis" title="Aethiopis">Aethiopis</a></i>, which was composed after the <i>Iliad</i>, possibly in the seventh century BCE. The <i>Aethiopis</i> is now lost, except for scattered fragments quoted by later authors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Achilles_and_Patroclus">Achilles and Patroclus</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Achilles_and_Patroclus" title="Achilles and Patroclus">Achilles and Patroclus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akhilleus_Patroklos_Antikensammlung_Berlin_F2278.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Akhilleus_Patroklos_Antikensammlung_Berlin_F2278.jpg/250px-Akhilleus_Patroklos_Antikensammlung_Berlin_F2278.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Akhilleus_Patroklos_Antikensammlung_Berlin_F2278.jpg/330px-Akhilleus_Patroklos_Antikensammlung_Berlin_F2278.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Akhilleus_Patroklos_Antikensammlung_Berlin_F2278.jpg/500px-Akhilleus_Patroklos_Antikensammlung_Berlin_F2278.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1674" data-file-height="1653" /></a><figcaption>Achilles tending Patroclus wounded by an arrow, Attic red-figure <a href="/wiki/Kylix" title="Kylix">kylix</a>, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500 BCE</span> (<a href="/wiki/Altes_Museum" title="Altes Museum">Altes Museum</a>, Berlin)</figcaption></figure> <p>The exact nature of Achilles' relationship with Patroclus has been a subject of dispute in both the classical period and modern times. In the <i>Iliad</i>, it appears to be the model of a deep and loyal friendship. Homer does not suggest that Achilles and his close friend Patroclus had sexual relations.<sup id="cite_ref-Fox_2011_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox_2011-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Martin_2012_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_2012-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there is no direct evidence in the text of the <i>Iliad</i> that Achilles and Patroclus were lovers, this theory was expressed by some later authors. Commentators from <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> to the present have often interpreted the relationship through the lens of their own cultures. In fifth-century BCE Athens, the intense bond was often viewed in light of the <a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Greek custom of <i>paiderasteia</i></a>, which is the relationship between an older male and a younger one, usually a teenager. In Plato's <i>Symposium</i>, the participants in a dialogue about love assume that Achilles and Patroclus were a couple; Phaedrus argues that Achilles was the younger and more beautiful one so he was the beloved and Patroclus was the lover.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Xenophon's <i>Symposium</i>, Socrates says that Achilles and Patroclus were not lovers but had a platonic relationship. <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Dover" title="Kenneth Dover">Kenneth Dover</a> argues that ancient Greek had no words to distinguish heterosexual and homosexual,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was assumed that a man could both desire handsome young men and have sex with women. Many pairs of men throughout history have been compared to Achilles and Patroclus to imply a homosexual relationship.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Closeup_of_Achilles_thniskon_in_Corfu_Achilleion_autocorrected.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Closeup_of_Achilles_thniskon_in_Corfu_Achilleion_autocorrected.JPG/250px-Closeup_of_Achilles_thniskon_in_Corfu_Achilleion_autocorrected.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Closeup_of_Achilles_thniskon_in_Corfu_Achilleion_autocorrected.JPG/330px-Closeup_of_Achilles_thniskon_in_Corfu_Achilleion_autocorrected.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Closeup_of_Achilles_thniskon_in_Corfu_Achilleion_autocorrected.JPG/500px-Closeup_of_Achilles_thniskon_in_Corfu_Achilleion_autocorrected.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><i>Dying Achilles</i> (Achilleas thniskon) in the gardens of the Achilleion</figcaption></figure> <p>The death of Achilles, even if considered solely as it occurred in the oldest sources, is a complex one, with many different versions.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting with the oldest account, In book 22 of the <i>Iliad</i>, <a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a> predicts with his last dying breath that <a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a> and Apollo will slay him at the Scaean Gates leading to Troy (with an arrow to the heel according to Statius). In book 23, the sad spirit of dead Patroclus visits Achilles just as he drifts off into slumber, requesting that his bones be placed with those of Achilles in his golden vase, a gift of his mother. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aias_body_Akhilleus_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1884.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Aias_body_Akhilleus_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1884.jpg/250px-Aias_body_Akhilleus_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1884.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Aias_body_Akhilleus_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1884.jpg/330px-Aias_body_Akhilleus_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Aias_body_Akhilleus_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1884.jpg/500px-Aias_body_Akhilleus_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1884.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1839" data-file-height="2503" /></a><figcaption>Ajax carries off the body of Achilles, <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attic</a> black-figure <a href="/wiki/Lekythos" title="Lekythos">lekythos</a> from Sicily, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 510 BCE</span> (<a href="/wiki/Staatliche_Antikensammlungen" title="Staatliche Antikensammlungen">Staatliche Antikensammlungen</a>, Munich).</figcaption></figure> <p>In book 11 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>, Odysseus sails to the underworld and converses with the shades. One of these is Achilles, who when greeted as "blessed in life, blessed in death", responds that he would rather be a slave to the worst of masters than be king of all the dead. But Achilles then asks Odysseus of his son's exploits in the Trojan war, and Odysseus tells him of Neoptolemus' actions.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Book 24 of <i>Odyssey</i> gives dead King Agamemnon's ghostly account of Achilles' death: the bleached bones from Achilles' funeral <a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">pyre</a> had been mixed with those of <a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a> and put into his mother's golden vase. Also, the bones of <a href="/wiki/Antilochus_of_Pylos" class="mw-redirect" title="Antilochus of Pylos">Antilochus</a>, who had become closer to Achilles than any other following Patroclus' death, were separately enclosed. The customary funeral games of a hero were performed, and a massive tomb or <a href="/wiki/Mound" title="Mound">mound</a> was built on the <a href="/wiki/Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellespont">Hellespont</a> for approaching seagoers to celebrate.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Achilles was represented in the <i>Aethiopis</i> as living after his death in the island of <a href="/wiki/Leuke" class="mw-redirect" title="Leuke">Leuke</a> at the mouth of the river <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>. Another version of Achilles' death is that he fell deeply in love with one of the Trojan princesses, <a href="/wiki/Polyxena" title="Polyxena">Polyxena</a>. Achilles asks Priam for Polyxena's hand in marriage. Priam is willing because it would mean the end of the war and an alliance with the world's greatest warrior. But while Priam is overseeing the private marriage of Polyxena and Achilles, Paris, who would have to give up Helen if Achilles married his sister, hides in the bushes and shoots Achilles with a divine arrow, killing him. According to some accounts, he had married <a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a> in life, so that after both their deaths they were united in the <a href="/wiki/Elysium" title="Elysium">Elysian Fields</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a>—as Hera promised Thetis in <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Apollonius</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i> (third century BCE). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fate_of_Achilles'_armour"><span id="Fate_of_Achilles.27_armour"></span>Fate of Achilles' armour</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odysseus_Ajax_Louvre_F340.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Odysseus_Ajax_Louvre_F340.jpg/220px-Odysseus_Ajax_Louvre_F340.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Odysseus_Ajax_Louvre_F340.jpg/330px-Odysseus_Ajax_Louvre_F340.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Odysseus_Ajax_Louvre_F340.jpg/440px-Odysseus_Ajax_Louvre_F340.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1525" /></a><figcaption>Oinochoe, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 520 BCE</span>, Ajax and Odysseus fighting over the armour of Achilles</figcaption></figure> <p>Achilles' armour was the object of a feud between Odysseus and <a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax the Great</a>. They competed for it by giving speeches on why they were the bravest after Achilles to their Trojan prisoners, who, after considering both men's presentations, decided Odysseus was more deserving of the armour. Furious, Ajax cursed Odysseus, which earned him the ire of Athena, who temporarily made Ajax so mad with grief and anguish that he began killing sheep, thinking them his comrades. After a while, when Athena lifted his madness and Ajax realized that he had actually been killing sheep, he was so ashamed that he committed suicide. Odysseus eventually gave the armour to <a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus" title="Neoptolemus">Neoptolemus</a>, the son of Achilles. When Odysseus encounters the shade of Ajax much later in the House of Hades (<i>Odyssey</i> 11.543–566), Ajax is still so angry about the outcome of the competition that he refuses to speak to Odysseus. </p><p>The armour they fought for was made by <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a> and thus much stronger and more beautiful than any armour a mortal could craft. Thetis had the gear made for Achilles because his first set was worn by <a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a> when he went to battle and taken by Hector when he killed Patroclus. The <a href="/wiki/Shield_of_Achilles" title="Shield of Achilles">Shield of Achilles</a> was also made by the fire god. His legendary spear was given to him by his mentor <a href="/wiki/Chiron" title="Chiron">Chiron</a> before he participated in the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>. It was called the Pelian Spear, which allegedly no other man could wield. </p><p>A relic claimed to be Achilles' bronze-headed spear was preserved for centuries in the temple of Athena on the acropolis of <a href="/wiki/Phaselis" title="Phaselis">Phaselis</a>, Lycia, a port on the Pamphylian Gulf. The city was visited in 333 BCE by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, who envisioned himself as the new Achilles and carried the <i>Iliad</i> with him, but his court biographers do not mention the spear; however, it was shown in the time of <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> in the second century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Achilles,_Ajax_and_a_game_of_petteia"><span id="Achilles.2C_Ajax_and_a_game_of_petteia"></span>Achilles, Ajax and a game of <i>petteia</i></h3></div> <p>Numerous paintings on pottery have suggested a tale not mentioned in the literary traditions. At some point in the war, Achilles and Ajax were playing a board game (<i>petteia</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were absorbed in the game and oblivious to the surrounding battle.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Trojans attacked and reached the heroes, who were saved only by an intervention of Athena.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worship_and_heroic_cult">Worship and heroic cult</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hero%C3%B6n" title="Heroön">Heroön</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tumulus_of_Achilles_and_sacrifice_of_Polyxena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Tumulus_of_Achilles_and_sacrifice_of_Polyxena.jpg/250px-Tumulus_of_Achilles_and_sacrifice_of_Polyxena.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Tumulus_of_Achilles_and_sacrifice_of_Polyxena.jpg/330px-Tumulus_of_Achilles_and_sacrifice_of_Polyxena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Tumulus_of_Achilles_and_sacrifice_of_Polyxena.jpg/500px-Tumulus_of_Achilles_and_sacrifice_of_Polyxena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption>Sacrifice of Polyxena and tumulus-shaped tomb of Achilles with a <a href="/wiki/Sacrificial_tripod#Ancient_Greece" title="Sacrificial tripod">tripod</a> in front, on the <a href="/wiki/Polyxena_sarcophagus" title="Polyxena sarcophagus">Polyxena sarcophagus</a>, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500 BCE</span><sup id="cite_ref-CBR79_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBR79-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achilles_Troilus_MAN_Napoli_Inv5999.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Achilles_Troilus_MAN_Napoli_Inv5999.jpg/250px-Achilles_Troilus_MAN_Napoli_Inv5999.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="440" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Achilles_Troilus_MAN_Napoli_Inv5999.jpg/330px-Achilles_Troilus_MAN_Napoli_Inv5999.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Achilles_Troilus_MAN_Napoli_Inv5999.jpg/500px-Achilles_Troilus_MAN_Napoli_Inv5999.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="4132" /></a><figcaption>Roman statue of a man with the dead body of a boy, identified as Achilles and Troilus, second century CE (<a href="/wiki/Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Naples National Archaeological Museum">Naples National Archaeological Museum</a>)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:05-Mosaico_del_Oecus._Aquiles_en_Skyros_alta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/05-Mosaico_del_Oecus._Aquiles_en_Skyros_alta.jpg/220px-05-Mosaico_del_Oecus._Aquiles_en_Skyros_alta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/05-Mosaico_del_Oecus._Aquiles_en_Skyros_alta.jpg/330px-05-Mosaico_del_Oecus._Aquiles_en_Skyros_alta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/05-Mosaico_del_Oecus._Aquiles_en_Skyros_alta.jpg/440px-05-Mosaico_del_Oecus._Aquiles_en_Skyros_alta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1435" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Achilles_on_Skyros" title="Achilles on Skyros">Achilles on Skyros</a>, where—according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Achilleid" title="Achilleid">Achilleid</a></i>—<a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a> discovers him dressed as a woman and hiding among the princesses of the royal court, late Roman mosaic from <a href="/wiki/La_Olmeda" title="La Olmeda">La Olmeda</a>, Spain, fourth–fifth centuries CE</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Achilles_at_Skyros,_Mosaic,_Villa_La_Olmeda,_4th_century_AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Achilles_at_Skyros%2C_Mosaic%2C_Villa_La_Olmeda%2C_4th_century_AD.jpg/250px-Achilles_at_Skyros%2C_Mosaic%2C_Villa_La_Olmeda%2C_4th_century_AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Achilles_at_Skyros%2C_Mosaic%2C_Villa_La_Olmeda%2C_4th_century_AD.jpg/330px-Achilles_at_Skyros%2C_Mosaic%2C_Villa_La_Olmeda%2C_4th_century_AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Achilles_at_Skyros%2C_Mosaic%2C_Villa_La_Olmeda%2C_4th_century_AD.jpg/500px-Achilles_at_Skyros%2C_Mosaic%2C_Villa_La_Olmeda%2C_4th_century_AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="391" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Detail of Achilles</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The tomb of Achilles,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> extant throughout antiquity in the <a href="/wiki/Troad" title="Troad">Troad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Troad_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Troad-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was venerated by <a href="/wiki/Thessalians" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalians">Thessalians</a>, but also by <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> expeditionary forces, as well as by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> and the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hedreen_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hedreen-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Achilles' cult was also to be found at other places, e. g. on the island of <a href="/wiki/Astypalaea" title="Astypalaea">Astypalaea</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sporades" title="Sporades">Sporades</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> which had a sanctuary,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Elis" title="Ancient Elis">Elis</a> and in Achilles' homeland <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>, as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> cities of <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Tarentum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> accounting for an almost Panhellenic cult to the hero. </p><p>The cult of Achilles is illustrated in the <a href="/wiki/Polyxena_sarcophagus" title="Polyxena sarcophagus">Polyxena sarcophagus</a> (500 BCE), which depicts the sacrifice of Polyxena near the tumulus of Achilles.<sup id="cite_ref-JB114_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JB114-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (13.1.32) also suggested that such a cult of Achilles existed in Troad:<sup id="cite_ref-CBR79_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBR79-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Near the Sigeium is a temple and monument of Achilles, and monuments also of <a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthlochus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthlochus">Anthlochus</a>. The Ilienses perform sacred ceremonies in honour of them all, and even of <a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax</a>. But they do not worship <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a>, alleging as a reason that he ravaged their country.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (13.1.32)<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The spread and intensity of the hero's veneration among the <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Crimea">Greeks</a> that had <a href="/wiki/Second_Greek_colonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Greek colonisation">settled</a> on the northern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Pontus_Euxinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontus Euxinus">Pontus Euxinus</a>, today's <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, appears to have been remarkable. An archaic cult is attested for the <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Milesian</a> colony of <a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a> as well as for an island in the middle of the Black Sea, today identified with <a href="/wiki/Snake_Island_(Black_Sea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Snake Island (Black Sea)">Snake Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Зміїний</span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Zmiinyi</i></span>, near <a href="/wiki/Kiliia" title="Kiliia">Kiliia</a>, Ukraine). Early dedicatory inscriptions from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek colonies">Greek colonies</a> on the Black Sea (<a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> and inscribed clay disks, these possibly being <a href="/wiki/Votive_offering" title="Votive offering">votive offerings</a>, from Olbia, the area of <a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Berezan Island</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tauric_Chersonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauric Chersonese">Tauric Chersonese</a><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) attest the existence of a <a href="/wiki/Heroic_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Heroic cult">heroic cult</a> of Achilles<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the sixth century BCE onwards. The cult was still thriving in the third century CE, when dedicatory <a href="/wiki/Stelae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stelae">stelae</a> from Olbia refer to an <i>Achilles Pontárchēs</i> (Ποντάρχης, roughly 'lord of the sea', or 'lord of the <a href="/wiki/Pontus_Euxinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontus Euxinus">Pontus Euxinus</a>'), who was invoked as a protector of the city of Olbia, venerated on par with <a href="/wiki/Olympian_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympian gods">Olympian gods</a> such as the local <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> Prostates, <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> Agoraeus,<sup id="cite_ref-Hedreen_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hedreen-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (23–79 CE) in his <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i> mentions a "port of the Achæi" and an "island of Achilles", famous for the tomb of that "man" (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">portus Achaeorum, insula Achillis, tumulo eius viri clara</i></span>), situated somewhat nearby Olbia and the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper-Bug_Estuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper-Bug Estuary">Dnieper-Bug Estuary</a>; furthermore, at 125 <a href="/wiki/Roman_mile" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman mile">Roman miles</a> from this island, he places a peninsula "which stretches forth in the shape of a sword" obliquely, called <i>Dromos Achilleos</i> (Ἀχιλλέως δρόμος, <i>Achilléōs drómos</i>, '<a href="/wiki/Racecourse_of_Achilles" title="Racecourse of Achilles">the Race-course of Achilles</a>')<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and considered the place of the hero's exercise or of games instituted by him.<sup id="cite_ref-Hedreen_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hedreen-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This last feature of Pliny's account is considered to be the iconic <a href="/wiki/Spit_(landform)" title="Spit (landform)">spit</a>, called today <i>Tendra</i> (or <i>Kosa Tendra</i> and <i>Kosa Djarilgatch</i>), situated between the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karkinit_Bay" title="Karkinit Bay">Karkinit Bay</a>, but which is hardly 125 <a href="/wiki/Roman_mile" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman mile">Roman miles</a> (around 185 km) away from the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper-Bug_estuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper-Bug estuary">Dnieper-Bug estuary</a>, as Pliny states (to the "Race-course" he gives a length of 80 miles (130 km), whereas the spit measures around 70 km (43 mi) today). </p><p>In the following chapter of his book, Pliny refers to the same island as <i>Achillea</i> and introduces two further names for it: <i>Leuce</i> or <i>Macaron</i> (from Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">[νῆσος] μακαρῶν</span></span>, 'island of the blest'). The "present day" measures, he gives at this point, seem to account for an identification of <i>Achillea</i> or <i>Leuce</i> with today's <a href="/wiki/Snake_Island_(Black_Sea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Snake Island (Black Sea)">Snake Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pliny's contemporary <a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 43 CE</span>) tells that Achilles was buried on an island named <i>Achillea</i>, situated between the <a href="/wiki/Borysthenes" title="Borysthenes">Borysthenes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Ister</a>, adding to the geographical confusion.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruins of a square temple, measuring 30 meters to a side, possibly that dedicated to Achilles, were discovered by Captain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Kritsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Kritsky (page does not exist)">Nikolay Kritsky</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Критский, Николай Дмитриевич">ru</a>]</span> in 1823 on <a href="/wiki/Snake_Island_(Black_Sea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Snake Island (Black Sea)">Snake Island</a>. A second exploration in 1840 showed that the construction of a lighthouse had destroyed all traces of this temple. A fifth-century BCE <a href="/wiki/Black-glazed_Ware" title="Black-glazed Ware">black-glazed</a> <a href="/wiki/Lekythos" title="Lekythos">lekythos</a> inscription, found on the island in 1840, reads: "Glaukos, son of Poseidon, dedicated me to Achilles, lord of Leuke." In another inscription from the fifth or fourth centuries BCE, a statue is dedicated to Achilles, lord of Leuke, by a citizen of Olbia, while in a further dedication, the city of Olbia confirms its continuous maintenance of the island's cult, again suggesting its quality as a place of a supra-regional hero veneration.<sup id="cite_ref-Hedreen_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hedreen-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The heroic cult dedicated to Achilles on <i>Leuce</i> seems to go back to an account from the lost epic <i><a href="/wiki/Aethiopis" title="Aethiopis">Aethiopis</a></i> according to which, after his untimely death, Thetis had snatched her son from the funeral pyre and removed him to a mythical <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Λεύκη Νῆσος</span></span> (<span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Leúkē Nêsos</i></span>, 'White Island').<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Already in the fifth century BCE, <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a> had mentioned a cult of Achilles on a "bright island" (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">φαεννά νᾶσος</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">phaenná nâsos</i></span>) of the Black Sea,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in another of his works, Pindar would retell the story of the immortalized Achilles living on a geographically indefinite <a href="/wiki/Island_of_the_Blest" class="mw-redirect" title="Island of the Blest">Island of the Blest</a> together with other heroes such as his father <a href="/wiki/Peleus" title="Peleus">Peleus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Well known is the connection of these mythological <a href="/wiki/Fortunate_Isles" title="Fortunate Isles">Fortunate Isles</a> (μακαρῶν νῆσοι, <i>makárôn nêsoi</i>) or the Homeric <a href="/wiki/Elysium" title="Elysium">Elysium</a> with the stream <a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a> which according to Greek mythology surrounds the inhabited world, which should have accounted for the identification of the northern strands of the Euxine with it.<sup id="cite_ref-Hedreen_65-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hedreen-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guy Hedreen has found further evidence for this connection of Achilles with the northern margin of the inhabited world in a poem by <a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a>, speaking of "Achilles lord of Scythia"<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the opposition of North and South, as evoked by Achilles' fight against the <a href="/wiki/Aethiopia" title="Aethiopia">Aethiopian</a> prince <a href="/wiki/Memnon_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Memnon (mythology)">Memnon</a>, who in his turn would be removed to his homeland by his mother <a href="/wiki/Eos" title="Eos">Eos</a> after his death. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_Ponti_Euxini" class="mw-redirect" title="Periplus Ponti Euxini">Periplus of the Euxine Sea</a></i> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 130 CE</span>) gives the following details: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is said that the goddess Thetis raised this island from the sea, for her son Achilles, who dwells there. Here is his temple and his statue, an archaic work. This island is not inhabited, and goats graze on it, not many, which the people who happen to arrive here with their ships, sacrifice to Achilles. In this temple are also deposited a great many holy gifts, craters, rings and precious stones, offered to Achilles in gratitude. One can still read inscriptions in Greek and Latin, in which Achilles is praised and celebrated. Some of these are worded in Patroclus' honour, because those who wish to be favored by Achilles, honour Patroclus at the same time. There are also in this island countless numbers of sea birds, which look after Achilles' temple. Every morning they fly out to sea, wet their wings with water, and return quickly to the temple and sprinkle it. And after they finish the sprinkling, they clean the hearth of the temple with their wings. Other people say still more, that some of the men who reach this island, come here intentionally. They bring animals in their ships, destined to be sacrificed. Some of these animals they slaughter, others they set free on the island, in Achilles' honour. But there are others, who are forced to come to this island by sea storms. As they have no sacrificial animals, but wish to get them from the god of the island himself, they consult Achilles' oracle. They ask permission to slaughter the victims chosen from among the animals that graze freely on the island, and to deposit in exchange the price which they consider fair. But in case the oracle denies them permission, because there is an oracle here, they add something to the price offered, and if the oracle refuses again, they add something more, until at last, the oracle agrees that the price is sufficient. And then the victim doesn't run away any more, but waits willingly to be caught. So, there is a great quantity of silver there, consecrated to the hero, as price for the sacrificial victims. To some of the people who come to this island, Achilles appears in dreams, to others he would appear even during their navigation, if they were not too far away, and would instruct them as to which part of the island they would better anchor their ships.<sup id="cite_ref-Densuşianu_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Densuşianu-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Greek geographer <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Periegetes" title="Dionysius Periegetes">Dionysius Periegetes</a>, who probably lived during the first century CE, wrote that the island was called <i>Leuce</i> "because the wild animals which live there are white. It is said that there, in Leuce island, reside the souls of Achilles and other heroes, and that they wander through the uninhabited valleys of this island; this is how Jove rewarded the men who had distinguished themselves through their virtues, because through virtue they had acquired everlasting honour."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, others relate the island's name to its white cliffs, snakes or birds dwelling there.<sup id="cite_ref-Hedreen_65-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hedreen-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> has been told that the island is "covered with forests and full of animals, some wild, some tame. In this island there is also Achilles' temple and his statue."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leuce had also a reputation as a place of healing. Pausanias reports that the <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphic</a> <a href="/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">Pythia</a> sent a lord of <a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a> to be cured of a chest wound.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a> attributes the healing to waters (<i>aquae</i>) on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> mentioned that the cape of the Racecourse of Achilles was sacred to Achilles and although it was treeless, was called Alsos (ἄλσος).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Alsos</i> in Greek means '<a href="/wiki/Grove_(nature)" title="Grove (nature)">grove</a>'. </p><p>A number of important commercial port cities of the Greek waters were dedicated to Achilles. <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> reported on the existence of a town <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Achílleion</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀχίλλειον</span></span>), built by settlers from <a href="/wiki/Mytilene" title="Mytilene">Mytilene</a> in the sixth century BCE, close to the hero's presumed burial mound in the <a href="/wiki/Troad" title="Troad">Troad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Troad_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Troad-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later attestations point to an <i>Achílleion</i> in <a href="/wiki/Messenia" title="Messenia">Messenia</a> (according to <a href="/wiki/Stephanus_Byzantinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephanus Byzantinus">Stephanus Byzantinus</a>) and an <i>Achílleios</i> (Ἀχίλλειος) in <a href="/wiki/Laconia" title="Laconia">Laconia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Densu%C5%9Fianu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolae Densuşianu">Nicolae Densuşianu</a> recognized a connection to Achilles in the names of <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a> and of the northern arm of the Danube delta, called <a href="/wiki/Chilia_Veche" title="Chilia Veche">Chilia</a> (presumably from an older <i>Achileii</i>), although his conclusion, that Leuce had sovereign rights over the Black Sea, evokes modern rather than archaic sea-law.<sup id="cite_ref-Densuşianu_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Densuşianu-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The kings of <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a> claimed to be descended from Achilles through his son, <a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus" title="Neoptolemus">Neoptolemus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, son of the Epirote princess <a href="/wiki/Olympias" title="Olympias">Olympias</a>, could therefore also claim this descent, and in many ways strove to be like his great ancestor. He is said to have visited the tomb of Achilles at <a href="/wiki/Achilleion_(Troad)#Tomb_of_Achilles" title="Achilleion (Troad)">Achilleion</a> while passing Troy.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 216, the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a>, while on his way to war against <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a>, emulated Alexander by holding games around Achilles' tumulus.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_during_antiquity">Reception during antiquity</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Greek_tragedy">In Greek tragedy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Achilleis_(trilogy)" title="Achilleis (trilogy)">Achilleis (trilogy)</a></div> <p>The Greek tragedian <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> wrote a trilogy of plays about Achilles, given the title <i>Achilleis</i> by modern scholars. The tragedies relate the deeds of Achilles during the Trojan War, including his defeat of Hector and eventual death when an arrow shot by Paris and guided by Apollo punctures his heel. Extant fragments of the <i>Achilleis</i> and other Aeschylean fragments have been assembled to produce a workable modern play. The first part of the <i>Achilleis</i> trilogy, <i>The Myrmidons</i>, focused on the relationship between Achilles and chorus, who represent the Achaean army and try to convince Achilles to give up his quarrel with Agamemnon; only a few lines survive today.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Plato's <i>Symposium</i>, Phaedrus points out that Aeschylus portrayed Achilles as the lover and Patroclus as the beloved; Phaedrus argues that this is incorrect because Achilles, being the younger and more beautiful of the two, was the beloved, who loved his lover so much that he chose to die to avenge him.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tragedian <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a> also wrote <i>The Lovers of Achilles</i>, a play with Achilles as the main character. Only a few fragments survive.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Towards the end of the fifth century BCE, a more negative view of Achilles emerges in Greek drama; <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a> refers to Achilles in a bitter or ironic tone in <i><a href="/wiki/Hecuba_(play)" title="Hecuba (play)">Hecuba</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Electra_(Euripides)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electra (Euripides)">Electra</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Iphigenia_in_Aulis" title="Iphigenia in Aulis">Iphigenia in Aulis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Latacz_2010_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latacz_2010-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other contemporary tragedians, such as <a href="/wiki/Astydamas" title="Astydamas">Astydamas</a>, wrote works on Achilles that are completely lost today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Greek_philosophy">In Greek philosophy</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zeno">Zeno</h4></div> <p>The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno of Elea</a> centred one of <a href="/wiki/Zeno%27s_paradoxes" title="Zeno's paradoxes">his paradoxes</a> on an imaginary footrace between "<a href="/wiki/Epithets_in_Homer#Individuals" title="Epithets in Homer">swift-footed</a>" <a href="/wiki/Achilles_and_the_tortoise" class="mw-redirect" title="Achilles and the tortoise">Achilles and a tortoise</a>, by which he attempted to show that Achilles could not catch up to a tortoise with a head start, and therefore that motion and change were impossible. As a student of the monist Parmenides and a member of the Eleatic school, Zeno believed time and motion to be illusions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plato">Plato</h4></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Minor" title="Hippias Minor">Hippias Minor</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Socratic_dialogue" title="Socratic dialogue">Socratic dialogue</a> attributed to <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, an arrogant man named Hippias argues with <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>. The two get into a discussion about lying. They decide that a person who is intentionally false must be "better" than a person who is unintentionally false, on the basis that someone who lies intentionally must understand the subject about which they are lying.<sup id="cite_ref-hm_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hm-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Socrates uses various analogies, discussing athletics and the sciences to prove his point. The two also reference Homer extensively. Socrates and Hippias agree that <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>, who concocted a number of lies throughout the <i>Odyssey</i> and other stories in the Trojan War Cycle, was false intentionally. Achilles, like Odysseus, told numerous falsehoods. Hippias believes that Achilles was a generally honest man, while Socrates believes that Achilles lied for his own benefit. The two argue over whether it is better to lie on purpose or by accident. Socrates eventually abandons Homeric arguments and makes sports analogies to drive home the point: someone who does wrong on purpose is a better person than someone who does wrong unintentionally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Roman_and_medieval_literature">In Roman and medieval literature</h3></div> <p>The Romans, who traditionally traced their lineage to Troy, took a highly negative view of Achilles.<sup id="cite_ref-Latacz_2010_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latacz_2010-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> refers to Achilles as a savage and a merciless butcher of men,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a> portrays Achilles ruthlessly slaying women and children.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, represent a second strand of disparagement, with an emphasis on Achilles' erotic career. This strand continues in Latin accounts of the Trojan War by writers such as <a href="/wiki/Dictys_Cretensis" title="Dictys Cretensis">Dictys Cretensis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dares_Phrygius" title="Dares Phrygius">Dares Phrygius</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_de_Sainte-Maure" title="Benoît de Sainte-Maure">Benoît de Sainte-Maure</a>'s <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Roman_de_Troie" title="Roman de Troie">Roman de Troie</a></i></span> and <a href="/wiki/Guido_delle_Colonne" title="Guido delle Colonne">Guido delle Colonne</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_destructionis_Troiae" title="Historia destructionis Troiae">Historia destructionis Troiae</a></i>, which remained the most widely read and retold versions of the <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Troy" class="mw-redirect" title="Matter of Troy">Matter of Troy</a> until the seventeenth century. </p><p>Achilles was described by the Byzantine chronicler <a href="/wiki/Leo_the_Deacon" title="Leo the Deacon">Leo the Deacon</a>, not as <a href="/wiki/Hellenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenes">Hellene</a>, but as <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian</a>, while according to the Byzantine author <a href="/wiki/John_Malalas" title="John Malalas">John Malalas</a>, his army was made up of a tribe previously known as Myrmidons and later as <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_modern_literature_and_arts">In modern literature and arts</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Briseis_and_Achilles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Briseis_and_Achilles.jpg/220px-Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Briseis_and_Achilles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Briseis_and_Achilles.jpg/330px-Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Briseis_and_Achilles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Briseis_and_Achilles.jpg/440px-Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Briseis_and_Achilles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4845" data-file-height="7221" /></a><figcaption><i>Briseis and Achilles</i>, engraving by <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_Hollar" title="Wenceslaus Hollar">Wenceslaus Hollar</a> (1607–1677)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Wrath_of_Achilles_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Wrath_of_Achilles_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/250px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Wrath_of_Achilles_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Wrath_of_Achilles_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Wrath_of_Achilles_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Wrath_of_Achilles_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/500px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Wrath_of_Achilles_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5392" data-file-height="5297" /></a><figcaption><i>The Wrath of Achilles</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1630–1635</span>), painting by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Peter_Paul_Rubens_003.jpg/220px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Peter_Paul_Rubens_003.jpg/330px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Peter_Paul_Rubens_003.jpg/440px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1587" data-file-height="1330" /></a><figcaption><i>The death of Hector</i>, unfinished oil painting by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gottlieb_Schick_Achille_and_Agamemnon_1801.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gottlieb_Schick_Achille_and_Agamemnon_1801.jpg/330px-Gottlieb_Schick_Achille_and_Agamemnon_1801.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gottlieb_Schick_Achille_and_Agamemnon_1801.jpg/500px-Gottlieb_Schick_Achille_and_Agamemnon_1801.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gottlieb_Schick_Achille_and_Agamemnon_1801.jpg/580px-Gottlieb_Schick_Achille_and_Agamemnon_1801.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Achilles and Agamemnon by Gottlieb Schick (1801)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leon_Benouville_The_Wrath_of_Achilles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Leon_Benouville_The_Wrath_of_Achilles.jpg/250px-Leon_Benouville_The_Wrath_of_Achilles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Leon_Benouville_The_Wrath_of_Achilles.jpg/330px-Leon_Benouville_The_Wrath_of_Achilles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Leon_Benouville_The_Wrath_of_Achilles.jpg/500px-Leon_Benouville_The_Wrath_of_Achilles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1137" data-file-height="1929" /></a><figcaption><i>The Wrath of Achilles</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-L%C3%A9on_Benouville" title="François-Léon Benouville">François-Léon Benouville</a> (1847; <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Fabre" title="Musée Fabre">Musée Fabre</a>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <ul><li>Achilles appears in Dante's <i><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a></i> (composed 1308–1320). He is seen in <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>'s second circle, that of lust.</li> <li>Achilles is portrayed as a former hero who has become lazy and devoted to the love of Patroclus, in <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Troilus_and_Cressida" title="Troilus and Cressida">Troilus and Cressida</a></i> (1602). Despicably, he has his Myrmidons murder the unarmed Hector, and then gets them to announce that Achilles himself has slain Hector, as if it had been in a fair fight (Act 5.9.5-14).</li> <li>The French dramatist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corneille" title="Thomas Corneille">Thomas Corneille</a> wrote a tragedy <i>La Mort d'Achille</i> (1673).</li> <li>Achilles is the subject of the poem <i>Achilleis</i> (1799), a fragment by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>.</li> <li>In 1899, the Polish playwright, painter and poet <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Wyspia%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Wyspiański">Stanisław Wyspiański</a> published a national drama, based on Polish history, named <i>Achilles</i>.</li> <li>In 1921, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Shanks" title="Edward Shanks">Edward Shanks</a> published <i>The Island of Youth and Other Poems</i>, concerned among others with Achilles.</li> <li>The 1983 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Cassandra_(novel)" title="Cassandra (novel)">Kassandra</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Christa_Wolf" title="Christa Wolf">Christa Wolf</a> also treats the death of Achilles.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.D." title="H.D.">H.D.</a>'s 1961 long poem <i>Helen in Egypt</i> features Achilles prominently as a figure whose irrational hatred of Helen traumatizes her, the bulk of the poem's plot being about her recovery.</li> <li>Achilles is killed by a poisoned Centaur arrow shot by Cassandra in <a href="/wiki/Marion_Zimmer_Bradley" title="Marion Zimmer Bradley">Marion Zimmer Bradley</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Firebrand_(Bradley_novel)" title="The Firebrand (Bradley novel)">The Firebrand</a></i> (1987).</li> <li>Achilles is one of various 'narrators' in <a href="/wiki/Colleen_McCullough" title="Colleen McCullough">Colleen McCullough</a>'s novel <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Song_of_Troy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Song of Troy (page does not exist)">The Song of Troy</a></i> (1998).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Achilles" title="The Death of Achilles">The Death of Achilles</a></i> (<i>Смерть Ахиллеса</i>, 1998) is an historical detective novel by Russian writer <a href="/wiki/Boris_Akunin" title="Boris Akunin">Boris Akunin</a> that alludes to various figures and motifs from the <i>Iliad</i>.</li> <li>The character Achilles in <i><a href="/wiki/Ender%27s_Shadow" title="Ender's Shadow">Ender's Shadow</a></i> (1999), by Orson Scott Card, shares his namesake's cunning mind and ruthless attitude.</li> <li>Achilles is one of the main characters in <a href="/wiki/Dan_Simmons" title="Dan Simmons">Dan Simmons</a>'s novels <i><a href="/wiki/Ilium_(novel)" title="Ilium (novel)">Ilium</a></i> (2003) and <i><a href="/wiki/Olympos_(novel)" title="Olympos (novel)">Olympos</a></i> (2005).</li> <li>Achilles is a major supporting character in <a href="/wiki/David_Gemmell" title="David Gemmell">David Gemmell</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/David_Gemmell#Troy_series" title="David Gemmell">Troy</a></i> series of books (2005–2007).</li> <li>Achilles is the main character in <a href="/wiki/David_Malouf" title="David Malouf">David Malouf</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Ransom_(Malouf_novel)" title="Ransom (Malouf novel)">Ransom</a></i> (2009).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">ghost</a> of Achilles appears in <a href="/wiki/Rick_Riordan" title="Rick Riordan">Rick Riordan</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Olympian" title="The Last Olympian">The Last Olympian</a></i> (2009). He warns Percy Jackson about the Curse of Achilles and its side effects.</li> <li>Achilles is a main character in <a href="/wiki/Terence_Hawkins" title="Terence Hawkins">Terence Hawkins</a>' 2009 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rage_of_Achilles" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rage of Achilles">The Rage of Achilles</a></i>.</li> <li>Achilles is a major character in <a href="/wiki/Madeline_Miller" title="Madeline Miller">Madeline Miller</a>'s debut novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_Achilles" title="The Song of Achilles">The Song of Achilles</a></i> (2011), which won the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Orange_Prize_for_Fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange Prize for Fiction">Orange Prize for Fiction</a>. The novel explores the relationship between Patroclus and Achilles from boyhood to the fateful events of the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>.</li> <li>Achilles appears in the light novel series <i><a href="/wiki/Fate/Apocrypha" title="Fate/Apocrypha">Fate/Apocrypha</a></i> (2012–2014) as the Rider of Red.</li> <li>Achilles is a main character in <a href="/wiki/Pat_Barker" title="Pat Barker">Pat Barker</a>'s 2018 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Girls" title="The Silence of the Girls">The Silence of the Girls</a></i>, much of which is narrated by his slave <a href="/wiki/Briseis" title="Briseis">Briseis</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h3></div> <ul><li><i>Achilles with the Daughters of Lycomedes</i> is a subject treated in paintings by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck" title="Anthony van Dyck">Anthony van Dyck</a> (before 1618; <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Prado" title="Museo del Prado">Museo del Prado</a>, Madrid) and <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin" title="Nicolas Poussin">Nicolas Poussin</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1652</span>; <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts, Boston</a>) among others.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> has authored a series of works on the life of Achilles, comprising the titles: <i>Thetis dipping the infant Achilles into the river Styx</i>, <i>Achilles educated by the centaur Chiron</i>, <i>Achilles recognized among the daughters of Lycomedes</i>, <i>The wrath of Achilles</i>, <i>The death of Hector</i>, <i>Thetis receiving the arms of Achilles from Vulcanus</i>, <i>The death of Achilles</i> (<a href="/wiki/Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen" title="Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen">Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen</a>, Rotterdam), and <i>Briseis restored to Achilles</i> (<a href="/wiki/Detroit_Institute_of_Arts" title="Detroit Institute of Arts">Detroit Institute of Arts</a>; all <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1630–1635</span>)</li> <li>Pieter van Lint, "Achilles Discovered among the Daughters of Lycomedes", 1645, at the Israel Museum, Jerusalem</li> <li><i>Dying Achilles</i> is a sculpture created by <a href="/wiki/Christophe_Veyrier" title="Christophe Veyrier">Christophe Veyrier</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1683</span>; <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>, London).</li> <li><i>The Rage of Achilles</i> is a fresco by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo" title="Giovanni Battista Tiepolo">Giovanni Battista Tiepolo</a> (1757, <a href="/wiki/Villa_Valmarana_Ai_Nani" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa Valmarana Ai Nani">Villa Valmarana Ai Nani</a>, Vicenza).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a> painted a version of <i>The Education of Achilles</i> for the ceiling of the Paris <a href="/wiki/Palais_Bourbon" title="Palais Bourbon">Palais Bourbon</a> (1833–1847), one of the seats of the <a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">French Parliament</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Kaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Kaan (page does not exist)">Arthur Kaan</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Kaan" class="extiw" title="de:Arthur Kaan">de</a>]</sup> created a statue group <i>Achilles and Penthesilea</i> (1895; Vienna).</li> <li><i>Achilleus</i> (1908) is a <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithography</a> by <a href="/wiki/Max_Slevogt" title="Max Slevogt">Max Slevogt</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <p>Achilles has been frequently the subject of operas, ballets and related genres. </p> <ul><li>Operas titled <i>Deidamia</i> were composed by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cavalli" title="Francesco Cavalli">Francesco Cavalli</a> (1644) and <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a> (1739).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achille_et_Polyx%C3%A8ne" title="Achille et Polyxène">Achille et Polyxène</a></i> (Paris 1687) is an opera begun by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">Jean-Baptiste Lully</a> and finished by <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Collasse" title="Pascal Collasse">Pascal Collasse</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achille_et_D%C3%A9idamie" title="Achille et Déidamie">Achille et Déidamie</a></i> (Paris 1735) is an opera composed by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Campra" title="André Campra">André Campra</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achilles_(opera)" title="Achilles (opera)">Achilles</a></i> (London 1733) is a <a href="/wiki/Ballad_opera" title="Ballad opera">ballad opera</a>, written by <a href="/wiki/John_Gay" title="John Gay">John Gay</a>, parodied by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arne" title="Thomas Arne">Thomas Arne</a> as <i>Achilles in petticoats</i> in 1773.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achille_in_Sciro" title="Achille in Sciro">Achille in Sciro</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> by <a href="/wiki/Metastasio" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastasio">Metastasio</a>, composed by <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Sarro" title="Domenico Sarro">Domenico Sarro</a> for the inauguration of the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_di_San_Carlo" title="Teatro di San Carlo">Teatro di San Carlo</a> (Naples, 4 November 1737). An even earlier composition is from <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Caldara" title="Antonio Caldara">Antonio Caldara</a> (Vienna 1736). Later operas on the same libretto were composed by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Leo" title="Leonardo Leo">Leonardo Leo</a> (Turin 1739), <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Jommelli" title="Niccolò Jommelli">Niccolò Jommelli</a> (Vienna 1749 and Rome 1772), <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Sarti" title="Giuseppe Sarti">Giuseppe Sarti</a> (Copenhagen 1759 and Florence 1779), <a href="/wiki/Johann_Adolph_Hasse" title="Johann Adolph Hasse">Johann Adolph Hasse</a> (Naples 1759), <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Paisiello" title="Giovanni Paisiello">Giovanni Paisiello</a> (St. Petersburg 1772), <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Gazzaniga" title="Giuseppe Gazzaniga">Giuseppe Gazzaniga</a> (Palermo 1781) and many others. It has also been set to music as <i>Il Trionfo della gloria</i>.</li> <li><i>Achille</i> (Vienna 1801) is an opera by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Pa%C3%ABr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinando Paër">Ferdinando Paër</a> on a libretto by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_de_Gamerra" title="Giovanni de Gamerra">Giovanni de Gamerra</a>.</li> <li><i>Achille à Scyros</i> (Paris 1804) is a <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gardel" title="Pierre Gardel">Pierre Gardel</a>, composed by <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Luigi Cherubini</a>.</li> <li><i>Achilles, oder Das zerstörte Troja</i> ("Achilles, or Troy Destroyed", Bonn 1885) is an <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</a> by the German composer <a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Max Bruch</a>.</li> <li><i>Achilles auf Skyros</i> (Stuttgart 1926) is a ballet by the Austrian-British composer and musicologist <a href="/wiki/Egon_Wellesz" title="Egon Wellesz">Egon Wellesz</a>.</li> <li><i>Achilles' Wrath</i> is a concert piece by Sean O'Loughlin.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Like_Achilles" title="Temporary Like Achilles">Temporary Like Achilles</a></i> is a song on the 1966 double-album <i><a href="/wiki/Blonde_on_Blonde" title="Blonde on Blonde">Blonde on Blonde</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achilles_Last_Stand" title="Achilles Last Stand">Achilles Last Stand</a></i> is a song on the 1976 <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a> album <i><a href="/wiki/Presence_(album)" title="Presence (album)">Presence</a></i>.</li> <li><i>Achilles, Agony and Ecstasy in Eight Parts</i> is the first song on the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Manowar" title="Manowar">Manowar</a> album <i><a href="/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Steel" title="The Triumph of Steel">The Triumph of Steel</a></i>.</li> <li><i>Achilles Come Down</i> is a song on the 2017 <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Youths" title="Gang of Youths">Gang of Youths</a> album <i><a href="/wiki/Go_Farther_in_Lightness" title="Go Farther in Lightness">Go Farther in Lightness</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h3></div> <p>Achilles has been portrayed in the following films and television series: </p> <ul><li>The 1924 film <i><a href="/wiki/Helena_(1924_film)" title="Helena (1924 film)">Helena</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Aldini" title="Carlo Aldini">Carlo Aldini</a></li> <li>The 1954 film <i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(1954_film)" title="Ulysses (1954 film)">Ulysses</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Piero_Lulli" title="Piero Lulli">Piero Lulli</a></li> <li>The 1956 film <i><a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy_(film)" title="Helen of Troy (film)">Helen of Troy</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baker" title="Stanley Baker">Stanley Baker</a></li> <li>The 1961 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Trojan_Horse_(film)" title="The Trojan Horse (film)">The Trojan Horse</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Dominici" title="Arturo Dominici">Arturo Dominici</a></li> <li>The 1962 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fury_of_Achilles" title="The Fury of Achilles">The Fury of Achilles</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Mitchell" title="Gordon Mitchell">Gordon Mitchell</a></li> <li>The 1997 television miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey_(miniseries)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Odyssey (miniseries)">The Odyssey</a></i> by Richard Trewett</li> <li>The 2003 television miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy_(miniseries)" title="Helen of Troy (miniseries)">Helen of Troy</a></i> by Joe Montana</li> <li>The 2004 film <i><a href="/wiki/Troy_(film)" title="Troy (film)">Troy</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Brad_Pitt" title="Brad Pitt">Brad Pitt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:200px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wellington_Monument_(Achilles)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2956596.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Wellington_Monument_%28Achilles%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2956596.jpg/250px-Wellington_Monument_%28Achilles%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2956596.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Wellington_Monument_%28Achilles%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2956596.jpg/330px-Wellington_Monument_%28Achilles%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2956596.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:200px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Achillii_490_84,_Greece_-_panoramio_(16).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Achillii_490_84%2C_Greece_-_panoramio_%2816%29.jpg/250px-Achillii_490_84%2C_Greece_-_panoramio_%2816%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Achillii_490_84%2C_Greece_-_panoramio_%2816%29.jpg/330px-Achillii_490_84%2C_Greece_-_panoramio_%2816%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Wellington Monument">Wellington Monument</a> and Achilles statue in <a href="/wiki/Achilleion_(Corfu)" title="Achilleion (Corfu)">Achilleion</a></div></div></div></div> <ul><li>In 1890, <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth of Bavaria">Elisabeth of Bavaria</a>, Empress of Austria, had a summer palace built in <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>. The building is named the <a href="/wiki/Achilleion_(Corfu)" title="Achilleion (Corfu)">Achilleion</a>, after Achilles. Its paintings and statuary depict scenes from the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>, with particular focus on Achilles.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Monument,_London" title="Wellington Monument, London">Wellington Monument</a> is a statue representing Achilles erected in 1822 as a memorial to <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley</a>, the first duke of Wellington, and his victories in the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> and the latter stages of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Namesakes">Namesakes</h2></div> <ul><li>The name of Achilles has been used for at least nine <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> warships since 1744—both as <a href="/wiki/HMS_Achilles" title="HMS Achilles">HMS <i>Achilles</i></a> and with the French spelling <a href="/wiki/HMS_Achille" title="HMS Achille">HMS <i>Achille</i></a>. A 60-gun ship of that name served at the Battle of Belleisle in 1761 while a 74-gun ship served at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a>. Other battle honours include Walcheren 1809. An armored cruiser of that name served in the Royal Navy during the First World War.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMNZS_Achilles" title="HMNZS Achilles">HMNZS <i>Achilles</i></a> was a <a href="/wiki/Leander-class_cruiser_(1931)" title="Leander-class cruiser (1931)"><i>Leander</i>-class cruiser</a> which served with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Navy" title="Royal New Zealand Navy">Royal New Zealand Navy</a> in World War II. It became famous for its part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Plate" title="Battle of the River Plate">Battle of the River Plate</a>, alongside <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ajax_(22)" title="HMS Ajax (22)">HMS <i>Ajax</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Exeter_(68)" title="HMS Exeter (68)">HMS <i>Exeter</i></a>. In addition to earning the battle honour 'River Plate', HMNZS <i>Achilles</i> also served at Guadalcanal 1942–1943 and Okinawa in 1945. After returning to the Royal Navy, the ship was sold to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a> in 1948, but when she was scrapped parts of the ship were saved and preserved in New Zealand.</li> <li>A species of lizard, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anolis_lizards" title="List of Anolis lizards">Anolis achilles</a></i>, which has widened heel plates, is named for Achilles.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Achilles_departure_Eretria_Painter_CdM_Paris_851.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Achilles and the Nereid Cymothoe, Attic red-figure kantharos from Volci (Cabinet des Médailles, Bibliothèque nationale, Paris)"><img alt="Achilles and the Nereid Cymothoe, Attic red-figure kantharos from Volci (Cabinet des Médailles, Bibliothèque nationale, Paris)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Achilles_departure_Eretria_Painter_CdM_Paris_851.jpg/120px-Achilles_departure_Eretria_Painter_CdM_Paris_851.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Achilles_departure_Eretria_Painter_CdM_Paris_851.jpg/250px-Achilles_departure_Eretria_Painter_CdM_Paris_851.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2132" data-file-height="1777" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Achilles and the <a href="/wiki/Nereid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nereid">Nereid</a> Cymothoe, Attic <a href="/wiki/Red-figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Red-figure">red-figure</a> <a href="/wiki/Kantharos" title="Kantharos">kantharos</a> from <a href="/wiki/Volci" class="mw-redirect" title="Volci">Volci</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet des Médailles">Cabinet des Médailles</a>, Bibliothèque nationale, Paris)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akhilleus_embassy_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_8770.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The embassy to Achilles, Attic red-figure hydria, c. 480 BCE (Staatliche Antikensammlungen, Berlin)"><img alt="The embassy to Achilles, Attic red-figure hydria, c. 480 BCE (Staatliche Antikensammlungen, Berlin)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Akhilleus_embassy_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_8770.jpg/120px-Akhilleus_embassy_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_8770.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Akhilleus_embassy_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_8770.jpg/250px-Akhilleus_embassy_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_8770.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="1578" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The embassy to Achilles, Attic red-figure <a href="/wiki/Hydria" title="Hydria">hydria</a>, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 480 BCE</span> (<a href="/wiki/Staatliche_Antikensammlungen" title="Staatliche Antikensammlungen">Staatliche Antikensammlungen</a>, Berlin)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AmbrosianIliadPict47Achilles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Achilles sacrificing to Zeus for Patroclus' safe return,[103] from the Ambrosian Iliad, a fifth-century illuminated manuscript"><img alt="Achilles sacrificing to Zeus for Patroclus' safe return,[103] from the Ambrosian Iliad, a fifth-century illuminated manuscript" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/AmbrosianIliadPict47Achilles.jpg/120px-AmbrosianIliadPict47Achilles.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/AmbrosianIliadPict47Achilles.jpg/250px-AmbrosianIliadPict47Achilles.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Achilles sacrificing to <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> for Patroclus' safe return,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the <i><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Iliad" title="Ambrosian Iliad">Ambrosian Iliad</a></i>, a fifth-century illuminated manuscript</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell-krater_Akhilleus_Penthesileia_MAN.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Achilles and Penthesilea fighting, Lucanian red-figure bell-krater, late fifth century BCE"><img alt="Achilles and Penthesilea fighting, Lucanian red-figure bell-krater, late fifth century BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bell-krater_Akhilleus_Penthesileia_MAN.jpg/120px-Bell-krater_Akhilleus_Penthesileia_MAN.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bell-krater_Akhilleus_Penthesileia_MAN.jpg/250px-Bell-krater_Akhilleus_Penthesileia_MAN.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Achilles and Penthesilea fighting, Lucanian red-figure bell-krater, late fifth century BCE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akhilleus_Penthesileia_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2688.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Achilles killing Penthesilea, tondo of an Attic red-figure kylix, c. 465 BCE, from Vulci"><img alt="Achilles killing Penthesilea, tondo of an Attic red-figure kylix, c. 465 BCE, from Vulci" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Akhilleus_Penthesileia_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2688.jpg/120px-Akhilleus_Penthesileia_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2688.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Akhilleus_Penthesileia_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2688.jpg/250px-Akhilleus_Penthesileia_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2688.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1672" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Achilles killing Penthesilea, <a href="/wiki/Tondo_(art)" title="Tondo (art)">tondo</a> of an Attic red-figure <a href="/wiki/Kylix" title="Kylix">kylix</a>, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 465 BCE</span>, from <a href="/wiki/Vulci" title="Vulci">Vulci</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mourning_of_Akhilleus_Louvre_E643.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thetis and the Nereids mourning Achilles, Corinthian black-figure hydria, c. 555 BCE (Louvre, Paris)"><img alt="Thetis and the Nereids mourning Achilles, Corinthian black-figure hydria, c. 555 BCE (Louvre, Paris)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mourning_of_Akhilleus_Louvre_E643.jpg/120px-Mourning_of_Akhilleus_Louvre_E643.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mourning_of_Akhilleus_Louvre_E643.jpg/250px-Mourning_of_Akhilleus_Louvre_E643.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2712" data-file-height="1680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thetis and the Nereids mourning Achilles, Corinthian black-figure <a href="/wiki/Hydria" title="Hydria">hydria</a>, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 555 BCE</span> (<a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, Paris)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aias_Achilles_game_Musei_Capitolini_MC6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Achilles and Ajax playing the board game petteia, black-figure oinochoe, c. 530 BCE (Capitoline Museums, Rome)"><img alt="Achilles and Ajax playing the board game petteia, black-figure oinochoe, c. 530 BCE (Capitoline Museums, Rome)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Aias_Achilles_game_Musei_Capitolini_MC6.jpg/120px-Aias_Achilles_game_Musei_Capitolini_MC6.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Aias_Achilles_game_Musei_Capitolini_MC6.jpg/250px-Aias_Achilles_game_Musei_Capitolini_MC6.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2271" data-file-height="2725" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Achilles and Ajax playing the board game <i>petteia</i>, black-figure <a href="/wiki/Oinochoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Oinochoe">oinochoe</a>, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 530 BCE</span> (<a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a>, Rome)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Achilles-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Head of Achilles depicted on a fourth-century BCE coin from Kremaste, Phthia. Reverse: Thetis, wearing and holding the shield of Achilles with his AX monogram"><img alt="Head of Achilles depicted on a fourth-century BCE coin from Kremaste, Phthia. Reverse: Thetis, wearing and holding the shield of Achilles with his AX monogram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Achilles-01.jpg/120px-Achilles-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Achilles-01.jpg/250px-Achilles-01.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="362" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Head of Achilles depicted on a fourth-century BCE coin from <a href="/wiki/Pelasgia,_Phthiotis" title="Pelasgia, Phthiotis">Kremaste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phthia" title="Phthia">Phthia</a>. Reverse: <a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a>, wearing and holding the shield of Achilles with his AX monogram</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Getty_Villa_-_Collection_(3151231788).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Achilles on a Roman mosaic with the Removal of Briseis, second century"><img alt="Achilles on a Roman mosaic with the Removal of Briseis, second century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Getty_Villa_-_Collection_%283151231788%29.jpg/120px-Getty_Villa_-_Collection_%283151231788%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Getty_Villa_-_Collection_%283151231788%29.jpg/250px-Getty_Villa_-_Collection_%283151231788%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2144" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Achilles on a Roman mosaic with the Removal of <a href="/wiki/Briseis" title="Briseis">Briseis</a>, second century</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-New_Pauly-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_Pauly_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Pauly_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Pauly_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Pauly_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDorothea_SigelAnne_LeyBruno_Bleckmann" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dorothea Sigel; Anne Ley; Bruno Bleckmann. "Achilles". In Hubert Cancik; et al. (eds.). <i>Achilles</i>. <i>Brill's New Pauly</i>. Brill Reference Online. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1574-9347_bnp_e102220">10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e102220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Achilles&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+New+Pauly&rft.pub=Brill+Reference+Online&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1574-9347_bnp_e102220&rft.au=Dorothea+Sigel&rft.au=Anne+Ley&rft.au=Bruno+Bleckmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved 5 May 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beekes-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beekes_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beekes_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert S. P. Beekes, <i>Etymological Dictionary of Greek</i>, Brill, 2009, pp. 183ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111126201849/http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/search?patt=*AXIL&first=250">Epigraphical database</a> gives 476 matches for Ἀχιλ-.The earliest ones: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=27810&bookid=6&region=2&subregion=1">Corinth 7th c. BCE</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=238250&bookid=118&region=3&subregion=7">Delphi 530 BCE</a>, Attica and Elis 5th c. BC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott1889" class="citation book cs1">Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aentry%3D*)axilleu%2Fs"><i>An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon</i></a>. Clarendon Press – via Perseus Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Intermediate+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0058%253Aentry%253D%2A%29axilleu%252Fs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scholia to the <i>Iliad</i>, 1.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeonard_Palmer1963" class="citation book cs1">Leonard Palmer (1963). <i>The Interpretation of Mycenaean Greek Texts</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Interpretation+of+Mycenaean+Greek+Texts&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Leonard+Palmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nagy-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nagy_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagy_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGregory_Nagy" class="citation web cs1">Gregory Nagy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115312/http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5442">"The best of the Achaeans"</a>. <i>CHS</i>. The Center for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5442">the original</a> on April 2, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CHS&rft.atitle=The+best+of+the+Achaeans&rft.au=Gregory+Nagy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchs.harvard.edu%2FCHS%2Farticle%2Fdisplay%2F5442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=achilles">"achilles"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=achilles&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dachilles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. the supportive position of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHildebrecht_Hommel1980" class="citation journal cs1">Hildebrecht Hommel (1980). "Der Gott Achilleus". <i>Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften</i> (1): <span class="nowrap">38–</span>44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sitzungsberichte+der+Heidelberger+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften&rft.atitle=Der+Gott+Achilleus&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=1980&rft.au=Hildebrecht+Hommel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span> – A critical point of view is taken by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._T._Hooker1988" class="citation journal cs1">J. T. Hooker (1988). "The cults of Achilleus". <i>Rheinisches Museum für Philologie</i>. <b>131</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rheinisches+Museum+f%C3%BCr+Philologie&rft.atitle=The+cults+of+Achilleus&rft.volume=131&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=1988&rft.au=J.+T.+Hooker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/20px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/40px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurray1833" class="citation book cs1">Murray, John (1833). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aclassicalmanua01unkngoog/page/n17"><i>A Classical Manual: Being a Mythological, Historical and Geographical Commentary on Pope's Homer, and Dryden's Aeneid of Virgil, with a Copious Index</i></a>. Albemarle Street, London. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Classical+Manual%3A+Being+a+Mythological%2C+Historical+and+Geographical+Commentary+on+Pope%27s+Homer%2C+and+Dryden%27s+Aeneid+of+Virgil%2C+with+a+Copious+Index&rft.place=Albemarle+Street%2C+London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.date=1833&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faclassicalmanua01unkngoog%2Fpage%2Fn17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Hephaestion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy Hephaestion">Ptolemy Hephaestion</a>, <i>New History</i>, Book 6 (summary from Photius, <i>Myriobiblon</i> 190, trans. Pearse): "It is said ... that he [Akhilleus (Achilles)] was called Podarkes (Podarces, Swift-Footed) by the Poet [i.e. Homer], because, it is said, Thetis gave the newborn child the wings of Arke (Arce) and Podarkes means that his feet had the wings of Arke. And Arke was the daughter of Thaumas and her sister was Iris; both had wings, but, during the struggle of the gods against the Titanes (Titans), Arke flew out of the camp of the gods and joined the Titanes. After the victory Zeus removed her wings before throwing her into Tartaros and, when he came to the wedding of Peleus and Thetis, he brought these wings as a gift for Thetis."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <i>Prometheus Bound</i> 755–768; <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, <i>Nemean</i> 5.34–37, <i>Isthmian</i> 8.26–47; Pseudo-Apollodorus, <i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Bibliotheca</a></i> 3.13.5; <i><a href="/wiki/Poeticon_astronomicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Poeticon astronomicon">Poeticon astronomicon</a></i> 2.15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pseudo-Apollodorus, <i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Bibliotheca</a></i> 3.13.5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statius, <i>Achilleid</i> 1.269; Hyginus, <i>Fabulae</i> 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_S._Burgess2009" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan S. Burgess (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_YAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA9"><i>The Death and Afterlife of Achilles</i></a>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9029-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9029-1"><bdi>978-0-8018-9029-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+and+Afterlife+of+Achilles&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-9029-1&rft.au=Jonathan+S.+Burgess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKo_YAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Apollonius of Rhodes</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i> 4.869–879.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHomer_(Robert_Fagles_translation)" class="citation book cs1">Homer (Robert Fagles translation). <i>The Iliad</i>. p. 525. <q>But the other (spear) grazed Achilles' strong right arm and dark blood gushed as the spear shot past his back</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iliad&rft.pages=525&rft.au=Homer+%28Robert+Fagles+translation%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <i>Catalogue of Women</i>, fr. 204.87–89 MW; <i>Iliad</i> 11.830–832.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apollodorus, Library, Book III <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.13&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022">3.13.6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homer, <i>The Iliad</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Iliad_(Murray)/Book_XI" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Iliad (Murray)/Book XI">Book XI 822-836</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Iliad</i> 9.410ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/photius_copyright/photius_05bibliotheca.htm">Photius, <i>Bibliotheca</i>, cod. 190</a>: "Thetis burned in a secret place the children she had by Peleus; six were born; when she had Achilles, Peleus noticed and tore him from the flames with only a burnt foot and confided him to Chiron. The latter exhumed the body of the giant Damysos who was buried at Pallene—Damysos was the fastest of all the giants—removed the 'astragale' and incorporated it into Achilles' foot using 'ingredients'. This 'astragale' fell when Achilles was pursued by Apollo and it was thus that Achilles, fallen, was killed. It is said, on the other hand, that he was called Podarkes by the Poet, because, it is said, Thetis gave the newborn child the wings of Arce and Podarkes means that his feet had the wings of Arce."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrauss2007" class="citation book cs1">Strauss, Barry (2007). <i>The Trojan War: A New History</i>. Simon and Schuster. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-6442-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-6442-6"><bdi>978-0-7432-6442-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trojan+War%3A+A+New+History&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-6442-6&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homer, <i>Iliad</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Il.+23.141&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0133">23.141</a> (in Greek)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=xai/th"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">χαίτη</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Myres-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Myres_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Myres, John Linton (1967). <i>Who were the Greeks?</i>, pp. 192–199. University of California Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=canqo/s"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ξανθός</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoodhouse1910" class="citation book cs1">Woodhouse, Sidney Chawner (1910). <i>English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language</i>. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited. pp. 52, 84, 101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English%E2%80%93Greek+Dictionary%3A+A+Vocabulary+of+the+Attic+Language&rft.place=London&rft.pages=52%2C+84%2C+101&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul+Limited&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Woodhouse&rft.aufirst=Sidney+Chawner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dares_Phrygius" title="Dares Phrygius">Dares Phrygius</a>, <i>History of the Fall of Troy</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theoi.com/Text/DaresPhrygius.html">13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <i>Skyrioi</i>, surviving only in fragmentary form; <a href="/wiki/Philostratus_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Philostratus III">Philostratus Junior</a>, <i>Imagines</i> i; Scholiast on Homer's <i>Iliad</i>, 9.326; <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, <i>Metamorphoses</i> 13.162–180; Ovid, <i><a href="/wiki/Tristia" title="Tristia">Tristia</a></i> 2.409–412 (mentioning a Roman tragedy on this subject); Pseudo-Apollodorus, <i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Bibliotheca</a></i> 3.13.8; <a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Achilleid" title="Achilleid">Achilleid</a></i> 1.689–880, 2.167ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraves2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Graves, Robert</a> (2017). <i>The Greek Myths – The Complete and Definitive Edition</i>. Penguin Books Limited. pp. Index s.v. Aissa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-98338-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-98338-6"><bdi>978-0-241-98338-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Myths+%E2%80%93+The+Complete+and+Definitive+Edition&rft.pages=Index+s.v.+Aissa&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-241-98338-6&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraves2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Graves, Robert</a> (2017). <i>The Greek Myths – The Complete and Definitive Edition</i>. Penguin Books Limited. p. 642. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-98338-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-98338-6"><bdi>978-0-241-98338-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Myths+%E2%80%93+The+Complete+and+Definitive+Edition&rft.pages=642&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-241-98338-6&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Iliad</i> 16.168–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epitome_3.20-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_3.20_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_3.20_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="69" class="citation web cs1">Pseudo-Apollodorus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/ApollodorusE.html#69">"Bibliotheca, Epitome 3.20"</a>. <i>theoi.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theoi.com&rft.atitle=Bibliotheca%2C+Epitome+3.20&rft.au=Pseudo-Apollodorus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoi.com%2FText%2FApollodorusE.html%2369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stoa.org-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stoa.org_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091009120320/http://www.stoa.org/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Stoa:text:2003.01.0004">"Proclus' Summary of the Cypria"</a>. Stoa.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stoa.org/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Stoa:text:2003.01.0004">the original</a> on October 9, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proclus%27+Summary+of+the+Cypria&rft.pub=Stoa.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stoa.org%2Fhopper%2Ftext.jsp%3Fdoc%3DStoa%3Atext%3A2003.01.0004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011130034104/http://homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/DaresTW.html">"Dares' account of the destruction of Troy, Greek Mythology Link"</a>. Homepage.mac.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/DaresTW.html">the original</a> on November 30, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dares%27+account+of+the+destruction+of+Troy%2C+Greek+Mythology+Link&rft.pub=Homepage.mac.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepage.mac.com%2Fcparada%2FGML%2FDaresTW.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pseudo-Apollodorus, <i>Bibliotheca</i> 3.151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Iliad</i> 24.257. Cf. <a href="/wiki/Vergil" class="mw-redirect" title="Vergil">Vergil</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i> 1.474–478.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pseudo-Apollodorus, <i>Bibliotheca Epitome</i> 3.32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scholia to <a href="/wiki/Lycophron" title="Lycophron">Lycophron</a> 307; <a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a>, Scholia to the <i>Aeneid</i> 1.474.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Davidson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n14/davi02_.html">"Zeus Be Nice Now"</a> in <i>London Review of Books</i>, 19 July 2007. Retrieved 23 October 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacchides_(Plautus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bacchides (Plautus) (page does not exist)"><i>Bacchides</i></a> 953ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Iliad</i> 9.334–343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Iliad", Fagles translation. Penguin Books, 1991: 22.346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLattimore2011" class="citation book cs1">Lattimore, Richmond (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iliad00home_5"><i>The Illiad of Homer</i></a></span>. Chicago: The University of Chicago. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46937-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46937-9"><bdi>978-0-226-46937-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illiad+of+Homer&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-226-46937-9&rft.aulast=Lattimore&rft.aufirst=Richmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Filiad00home_5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a>, 3.11.15; <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Smyrnaeus" title="Quintus Smyrnaeus">Quintus Smyrnaeus</a> 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Imagines_(work_by_Philostratus)" title="Imagines (work by Philostratus)">Imagines</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/225#2.7.1">2.7.1</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0601%3Abook%3Dpos%3D2%3Achapter%3D7">Original Greek text</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Imagines_(work_by_Philostratus)" title="Imagines (work by Philostratus)">Imagines</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/225#2.7.2">2.7.2</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0601%3Abook%3Dpos%3D2%3Achapter%3D7">Original Greek text</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fox_2011-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fox_2011_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobin_Fox2011" class="citation book cs1">Robin Fox (2011). <i>The Tribal Imagination: Civilization and the Savage Mind</i>. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YCxy_4Bt1F0C&pg=PA223">223</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06094-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06094-4"><bdi>978-0-674-06094-4</bdi></a>. <q>There is certainly no evidence in the text of the Iliad that Achilles and Patroclus were lovers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tribal+Imagination%3A+Civilization+and+the+Savage+Mind&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-674-06094-4&rft.au=Robin+Fox&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin_2012-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Martin_2012_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin2012" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Thomas R (2012). <i>Alexander the Great: The Story of an Ancient Life</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-14844-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-14844-3"><bdi>978-0-521-14844-3</bdi></a>. <q>The ancient sources do not report, however, what modern scholars have asserted: that Alexander and his very close friend Hephaestion were lovers. Achilles and his equally close friend Patroclus provided the legendary model for this friendship, but Homer in the <i>Iliad</i> never suggested that they had sex with each other. (That came from later authors.).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great%3A+The+Story+of+an+Ancient+Life&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-14844-3&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Symposium_(Plato)" title="Symposium (Plato)">Symposium</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plat.+Sym.+180a">180a</a>; the beauty of Achilles was a topic already broached at <i>Iliad</i> 2.673–674.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Dover" title="Kenneth Dover">Kenneth Dover</a>, <i>Greek Homosexuality</i> (Harvard University Press, 1978, 1989), p. 1 <i>et passim</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrantes 2016: c. 4.3.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Odyssey</i> 11.467–564.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichmond_Lattimore2007" class="citation book cs1">Richmond Lattimore (2007). <i>The Odyssey of Homer</i>. New York: Harper Perennial. p. 347. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-124418-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-124418-6"><bdi>978-0-06-124418-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Odyssey+of+Homer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=347&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-06-124418-6&rft.au=Richmond+Lattimore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Alexander came to rest at Phaselis, a coastal city which was later renowned for the possession of Achilles' original spear." Robin Lane Fox, <i>Alexander the Great</i>, 1973, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pausanias, iii.3.6; see Christian Jacob and Anne Mullen-Hohl, "The Greek Traveler's Areas of Knowledge: Myths and Other Discourses in Pausanias' Description of Greece", <i>Yale French Studies</i> <b>59</b>: <i>Rethinking History: Time, Myth, and Writing</i> (1980:65–85, especially 81).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.personal.psu.edu/wxk116/roma/petteia.html">"Petteia".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061209122834/http://www.personal.psu.edu/wxk116/roma/petteia.html">Archived</a> 9 December 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca/Archives/Austin/index.html">"Greek Board Games".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090408090534/http://www.gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca/Archives/Austin/index.html">Archived</a> 8 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/w/x/wxk116/roma/latruncu.html">"Latrunculi".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060915044905/http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/w/x/wxk116/roma/latruncu.html">Archived</a> 15 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kakridis" title="Ioannis Kakridis">Ioannis Kakridis</a> (1988). <i>Ελληνική Μυθολογία</i> [Greek mythology]. Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon. Vol. 5, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBR79-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBR79_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBR79_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRose2014" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Charles Brian (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9gaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA79"><i>The Archaeology of Greek and Roman Troy</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76207-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76207-6"><bdi>978-0-521-76207-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Greek+and+Roman+Troy&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76207-6&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Charles+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY9gaAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. Homer, <i>Iliad</i> 24.80–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Troad-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Troad_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Troad_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus, <i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a></i> 5.94; Pliny, <i><a href="/wiki/Naturalis_Historia" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalis Historia">Naturalis Historia</a></i> 5.125; Strabo, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geographica</a></i> 13.1.32 (C596); <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a> 1.74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hedreen-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hedreen_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hedreen_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hedreen_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hedreen_65-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hedreen_65-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hedreen_65-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuy_Hedreen1991" class="citation journal cs1">Guy Hedreen (July 1991). "The Cult of Achilles in the Euxine". <i>Hesperia</i>. <b>60</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">313–</span>330. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F148068">10.2307/148068</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/148068">148068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hesperia&rft.atitle=The+Cult+of+Achilles+in+the+Euxine&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E313-%3C%2Fspan%3E330&rft.date=1991-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F148068&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F148068%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Guy+Hedreen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>De Natura Deorum</i> 3.45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pausanias, <i>Description of Greece</i> 3.20.8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lycophron 856.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JB114-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JB114_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurgess2009" class="citation book cs1">Burgess, Jonathan S. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YVnS1IcVWuYC&pg=PA114"><i>The Death and Afterlife of Achilles</i></a>. JHU Press. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0361-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0361-8"><bdi>978-1-4214-0361-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+and+Afterlife+of+Achilles&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-0361-8&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYVnS1IcVWuYC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurgess2009" class="citation book cs1">Burgess, Jonathan S. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YVnS1IcVWuYC&pg=PA116"><i>The Death and Afterlife of Achilles</i></a>. JHU Press. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0361-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0361-8"><bdi>978-1-4214-0361-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+and+Afterlife+of+Achilles&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-0361-8&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYVnS1IcVWuYC%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D13%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D32"><i>Str. 13.1.32</i></a>. Translated by Falconer, W.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Str.+13.1.32&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0239%253Abook%253D13%253Achapter%253D1%253Asection%253D32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHildebrecht_Hommel1980" class="citation journal cs1">Hildebrecht Hommel (1980). "Der Gott Achilleus". <i>Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften</i> (1): <span class="nowrap">38–</span>44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sitzungsberichte+der+Heidelberger+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften&rft.atitle=Der+Gott+Achilleus&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=1980&rft.au=Hildebrecht+Hommel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHooker1988" class="citation journal cs1">Hooker, J. T. (1988). "The cults of Achilleus". <i>Rheinisches Museum für Philologie</i>. <b>131</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rheinisches+Museum+f%C3%BCr+Philologie&rft.atitle=The+cults+of+Achilleus&rft.volume=131&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Hooker&rft.aufirst=J.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quintus Smyrnaeus, 3.770–779.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny, <i>Naturalis Historia</i> 4.12.83 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D26#note-link10">chapter 4.26</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny, <i>Naturalis Historia</i> 4.13.93 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D27">chapter 4.27</a>): "Researches which have been made at the present day place this island at a distance of 140 miles from the Borysthenes, of 120 from <a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a>, and of fifty from the island of <a href="/wiki/Peuce_Island" title="Peuce Island">Peuce</a>. It is about ten miles in circumference." Although afterwards he speaks again of "the remaining islands in the Gulf of <a href="/wiki/Kerkinitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerkinitis">Carcinites</a>" which are "Cephalonesos, Rhosphodusa [or Spodusa], and Macra".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pomponius Mela, <i>De situ orbis</i> 2.7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a>, <i>Chrestomathia</i> 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pindar, <i>Nemea</i> 4.49ff.; Arrian, <i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Euxine_Sea" title="Periplus of the Euxine Sea">Periplus of the Euxine Sea</a></i> 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pindar, <i>Olympia</i> 2.78ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Page, <i>Lyrica Graeca Selecta</i>, Oxford 1968, p. 89, no. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Densuşianu-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Densuşianu_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Densuşianu_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicolae Densuşianu: <i>Dacia preistorică</i>. Bucharest: Carol Göbl, 1913.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dionysius Periegetes, <i>Orbis descriptio</i> 5.541, quoted in Densuşianu 1913.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arrian, <i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Euxine_Sea" title="Periplus of the Euxine Sea">Periplus of the Euxine Sea</a></i> 21; Scholion to Pindar, <i>Nemea</i> 4.79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pausanias, <i>Description of Greece</i> 3.19.11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pausanias, <i>Description of Greece</i> 3.19.13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus Marcellinus, <i>Res Gestae</i> 22.8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:7.3.19">Strabo, Geography, 7.3.19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pausanias, <i>Description of Greece</i> 3.25.4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Anabasis_Alexandri" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabasis Alexandri">Anabasis Alexandri</a></i> 1.12.1, <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <i>Pro Archia Poeta</i> 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dio_Cassius" class="mw-redirect" title="Dio Cassius">Dio Cassius</a> 78.16.7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pantelis Michelakis, <i>Achilles in Greek Tragedy</i>, 2002, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato, <i>Symposium</i>, translated Benjamin Jowett, Dover Thrift Editions, page 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Radt. <i>Tragicorum Graecorum fragmenta</i>, vol. 4, (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1977) frr. 149–157a.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Latacz_2010-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Latacz_2010_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Latacz_2010_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Latacz 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hm-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hm_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJowettPlato2013" class="citation web cs1">Jowett, Benjamin; Plato (January 15, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1673/1673-h/1673-h.htm">"Lesser Hippias"</a>. Project Gutenberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lesser+Hippias&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg&rft.date=2013-01-15&rft.aulast=Jowett&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Plato&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F1673%2F1673-h%2F1673-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Aeneid</i> 2.28, 1.30, 3.87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Odes</i> 4.6.17–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEkonomou2007" class="citation book cs1">Ekonomou, Andrew (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zomZk6DbFTIC&q=john+malalas+myrmidons+achilles&pg=PA123"><i>Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes</i></a>. UK: Lexington Books. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1977-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1977-8"><bdi>978-0-7391-1977-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Rome+and+the+Greek+Popes&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-1977-8&rft.aulast=Ekonomou&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzomZk6DbFTIC%26q%3Djohn%2Bmalalas%2Bmyrmidons%2Bachilles%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeffreysCroke1990" class="citation book cs1">Jeffreys, Elizabeth; Croke, Brian (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p55mAAAAMAAJ&q=john+malalas+myrmidons+achilles"><i>Studies in John Malalas</i></a>. Sydney: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, Department of Modern Greek, University of Sydney. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9593626-5-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9593626-5-7"><bdi>978-0-9593626-5-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+John+Malalas&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Australian+Association+for+Byzantine+Studies%2C+Department+of+Modern+Greek%2C+University+of+Sydney&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-9593626-5-7&rft.aulast=Jeffreys&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Croke%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp55mAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Djohn%2Bmalalas%2Bmyrmidons%2Bachilles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://musicalworld.com/artists/sean-oloughlin/">Entry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224050134/http://musicalworld.com/artists/sean-oloughlin/">Archived</a> 24 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <i>Musical World</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). <i>The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0135-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0135-5">978-1-4214-0135-5</a>. ("Achilles", p. 1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Iliad</i> 16.220–252.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Ileana Chirassi Colombo (1977), "Heroes Achilleus – Theos Apollon". In <i>Il Mito Greco</i>, edd. Bruno Gentili and Giuseppe Paione. Rome: Edizione dell'Ateneo e Bizzarri.</li> <li>Anthony Edwards (1985a), "Achilles in the Underworld: Iliad, Odyssey, and Æthiopis". <i>Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies</i>. <b>26</b>: pp. 215–227.</li> <li>Anthony Edwards (1985b), "Achilles in the Odyssey: Ideologies of Heroism in the Homeric Epic". <i>Beiträge zur klassischen Philologie</i>. <b>171</b>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1988" class="citation journal cs1">Edwards, Anthony T. (1988). "ΚΛΕΟΣ ΑΦΘΙΤΟΝ and Oral Theory". <i>The Classical Quarterly</i>. <b>38</b>: <span class="nowrap">25–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009838800031220">10.1017/S0009838800031220</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170947595">170947595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=%CE%9A%CE%9B%CE%95%CE%9F%CE%A3+%CE%91%CE%A6%CE%98%CE%99%CE%A4%CE%9F%CE%9D+and+Oral+Theory&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009838800031220&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170947595%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Anthony+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Graves, Robert</a>, <i>The Greek Myths</i>, Harmondsworth, London, England, Penguin Books, 1960. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143106715" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143106715">978-0143106715</a></li> <li>Graves, Robert, <i>The Greek Myths: The Complete and Definitive Edition.</i> Penguin Books Limited. 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-98338-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-98338-6">978-0-241-98338-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/024198338X" title="Special:BookSources/024198338X">024198338X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuy_Hedreen1991" class="citation journal cs1">Guy Hedreen (1991). "The Cult of Achilles in the Euxine". <i>Hesperia</i>. <b>60</b> (3). American School of Classical Studies at Athens: <span class="nowrap">313–</span>330. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F148068">10.2307/148068</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/148068">148068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hesperia&rft.atitle=The+Cult+of+Achilles+in+the+Euxine&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E313-%3C%2Fspan%3E330&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F148068&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F148068%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Guy+Hedreen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarl_Kerényi1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Ker%C3%A9nyi" title="Károly Kerényi">Karl Kerényi</a> (1959). <i>The Heroes of the Greeks</i>. New York/London: Thames and Hudson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heroes+of+the+Greeks&rft.place=New+York%2FLondon&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1959&rft.au=Karl+Ker%C3%A9nyi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jakob Escher-Bürkli: <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:RE:Achilleus_1" class="extiw" title="s:de:RE:Achilleus 1">Achilleus 1</a>.</i><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> In: <i><a href="/wiki/Realencyclop%C3%A4die_der_classischen_Altertumswissenschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft">Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft</a></i> (RE). Vol. I,1, Stuttgart 1893, col. 221–245.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoachim_Latacz2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Latacz" title="Joachim Latacz">Joachim Latacz</a> (2010). "Achilles". In <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Grafton" title="Anthony Grafton">Anthony Grafton</a>; <a href="/wiki/Glenn_W._Most" title="Glenn W. Most">Glenn Most</a>; Salvatore Settis (eds.). <i>The Classical Tradition</i>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03572-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03572-0"><bdi>978-0-674-03572-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Achilles&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Tradition&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03572-0&rft.au=Joachim+Latacz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hélène Monsacré (1984), <i>Les larmes d'Achille. Le héros, la femme et la souffrance dans la poésie d'Homère</i>, Paris: Albin Michel.</li> <li>Gregory Nagy (1984), <i>The Name of Achilles: Questions of Etymology and 'Folk Etymology</i>, <i>Illinois Classical Studies</i>. <b>19</b>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Nagy" title="Gregory Nagy">Gregory Nagy</a> (1999), <i>The Best of The Acheans: Concepts of the Hero in Archaic Greek Poetry</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press (revised edition, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5576">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224041719/https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5576">Archived</a> 24 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDorothea_SigelAnne_LeyBruno_Bleckmann" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dorothea Sigel; Anne Ley; Bruno Bleckmann. "Achilles". In Hubert Cancik; et al. (eds.). <i>Achilles</i>. <i>Brill's New Pauly</i>. Brill Reference Online. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1574-9347_bnp_e102220">10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e102220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Achilles&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+New+Pauly&rft.pub=Brill+Reference+Online&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1574-9347_bnp_e102220&rft.au=Dorothea+Sigel&rft.au=Anne+Ley&rft.au=Bruno+Bleckmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dale S. Sinos (1991), <i>The Entry of Achilles into Greek Epic</i>, PhD thesis, Johns Hopkins University. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International.</li> <li>Jonathan S. Burgess (2009), <i>The Death and Afterlife of Achilles</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.</li> <li>Abrantes, M.C. (2016), <i>Themes of the Trojan Cycle: Contribution to the study of the greek mythological tradition</i> (Coimbra). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1530337118" title="Special:BookSources/978-1530337118">978-1530337118</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Achilles" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Achilles">Achilles</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Achilles" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Achilles">Achilles</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Achillean" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Achillean">Achillean</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/troy.html">Trojan War Resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancientrome.ru/art/artworken/result.htm?alt=Achilles&pnumber=20">Gallery of the Ancient Art: Achilles</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Achilles (Coates)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Achilles_(Coates)"><i>Achilles</i> </a></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Achilles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchilles" class="Z3988"></span> Poem by Florence Earle Coates</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Characters_in_the_Iliad77" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Characters_in_the_Iliad" title="Template:Characters in the Iliad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Characters_in_the_Iliad" title="Template talk:Characters in the Iliad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Characters_in_the_Iliad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Characters in the Iliad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Characters_in_the_Iliad77" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Homeric_characters" title="List of Homeric characters">Characters in the <i>Iliad</i></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Achaeans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acamas" title="Acamas">Acamas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a> (king of Mycenae)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agapenor" title="Agapenor">Agapenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax the Greater</a> (king of Salamis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Lesser" title="Ajax the Lesser">Ajax the Lesser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcimus_(mythology)" title="Alcimus (mythology)">Alcimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticlus" title="Anticlus">Anticlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antilochus" class="mw-redirect" title="Antilochus">Antilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcesilaus_(mythology)" title="Arcesilaus (mythology)">Arcesilaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalaphus_(son_of_Ares)" title="Ascalaphus (son of Ares)">Ascalaphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automedon" title="Automedon">Automedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balius_and_Xanthus" title="Balius and Xanthus">Balius and Xanthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_(mythology)" title="Bias (mythology)">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calchas" title="Calchas">Calchas</a> (prophet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diomedes" title="Diomedes">Diomedes</a> (king of Argos)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephenor" title="Elephenor">Elephenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epeius" title="Epeius">Epeius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoros" title="Eudoros">Eudoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euryalus" title="Euryalus">Euryalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurybates" title="Eurybates">Eurybates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurydamas" title="Eurydamas">Eurydamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurypylus_(king_of_Thessaly)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurypylus (king of Thessaly)">Eurypylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guneus" title="Guneus">Guneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen</a> (queen of Sparta)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ialmenus" title="Ialmenus">Ialmenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idomeneus" class="mw-redirect" title="Idomeneus">Idomeneus</a> (king of Crete)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iphigenia" title="Iphigenia">Iphigenia</a> (princess of Mycenae)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitus" title="Leitus">Leitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonteus_(mythology)" title="Leonteus (mythology)">Leonteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycomedes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycomedes">Lycomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machaon_(mythology)" title="Machaon (mythology)">Machaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medon_(mythology)" title="Medon (mythology)">Medon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meges" title="Meges">Meges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus" title="Menelaus">Menelaus</a> (king of Sparta)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menestheus" title="Menestheus">Menestheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meriones_(mythology)" title="Meriones (mythology)">Meriones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus" title="Neoptolemus">Neoptolemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_(mythology)" title="Nestor (mythology)">Nestor</a> (king of Pylos)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nireus" title="Nireus">Nireus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a> (king of Ithaca)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamedes_(mythology)" title="Palamedes (mythology)">Palamedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peneleos" title="Peneleos">Peneleos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philoctetes" title="Philoctetes">Philoctetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(son_of_Amyntor)" title="Phoenix (son of Amyntor)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podalirius" title="Podalirius">Podalirius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podarces" title="Podarces">Podarces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polites_(friend_of_Odysseus)" title="Polites (friend of Odysseus)">Polites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypoetes" title="Polypoetes">Polypoetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promachus" title="Promachus">Promachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protesilaus" title="Protesilaus">Protesilaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prothoenor" title="Prothoenor">Prothoenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schedius" title="Schedius">Schedius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinon" title="Sinon">Sinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stentor" title="Stentor">Stentor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthenelus" title="Sthenelus">Sthenelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talthybius" title="Talthybius">Talthybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teucer" title="Teucer">Teucer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thersites" title="Thersites">Thersites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoas_(king_of_Aetolia)" title="Thoas (king of Aetolia)">Thoas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrasymedes_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrasymedes (mythology)">Thrasymedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlepolemus" title="Tlepolemus">Tlepolemus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trojans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a> (royal demigod)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesepus" title="Aesepus">Aesepus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenor,_son_of_Antenor" class="mw-redirect" title="Agenor, son of Antenor">Agenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcathous" title="Alcathous">Alcathous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphimachus" title="Amphimachus">Amphimachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchises" title="Anchises">Anchises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromache" title="Andromache">Andromache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenor_(Trojan)" title="Antenor (Trojan)">Antenor</a> (king's brother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphates" title="Antiphates">Antiphates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphus" title="Antiphus">Antiphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archelochus" title="Archelochus">Archelochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asius_(mythology)" title="Asius (mythology)">Asius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteropaios" title="Asteropaios">Asteropaios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astyanax" title="Astyanax">Astyanax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atymnius" title="Atymnius">Atymnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axylus" title="Axylus">Axylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briseis" title="Briseis">Briseis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calesius" title="Calesius">Calesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caletor" title="Caletor">Caletor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassandra" title="Cassandra">Cassandra</a> (princess of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chryseis" title="Chryseis">Chryseis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chryses" class="mw-redirect" title="Chryses">Chryses</a> (priest of Apollo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clytius" title="Clytius">Clytius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co%C3%B6n" title="Coön">Coön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dares_Phrygius" title="Dares Phrygius">Dares Phrygius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deiphobus" title="Deiphobus">Deiphobus</a> (prince of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolon_(mythology)" title="Dolon (mythology)">Dolon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistrophus_(mythology)" title="Epistrophus (mythology)">Epistrophus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemus" title="Euphemus">Euphemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphorbus" title="Euphorbus">Euphorbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucus_(soldier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucus (soldier)">Glaucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgythion" title="Gorgythion">Gorgythion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a> (prince of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecuba" title="Hecuba">Hecuba</a> (queen of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenus">Helenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperenor" title="Hyperenor">Hyperenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypsenor" title="Hypsenor">Hypsenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iamenus" title="Iamenus">Iamenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilioneus" title="Ilioneus">Ilioneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbrius" title="Imbrius">Imbrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iphidamas" title="Iphidamas">Iphidamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebriones" class="mw-redirect" title="Kebriones">Kebriones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n" title="Laocoön">Laocoön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaon_of_Troy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycaon of Troy">Lycaon</a> (prince of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanippus" title="Melanippus">Melanippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memnon" title="Memnon">Memnon</a> (King of Ethiopia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentes_(King_of_the_Cicones)" title="Mentes (King of the Cicones)">Mentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mydon" title="Mydon">Mydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mygdon_of_Phrygia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mygdon of Phrygia">Mygdon of Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othryoneus" title="Othryoneus">Othryoneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandarus" title="Pandarus">Pandarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthous" title="Panthous">Panthous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a> (prince of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedasus" title="Pedasus">Pedasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peirous" title="Peirous">Peirous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthesilea" title="Penthesilea">Penthesilea</a> (Queen of the Amazons)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorcys_(Trojan_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phorcys (Trojan War)">Phorcys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podes" title="Podes">Podes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polites_(prince_of_Troy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polites (prince of Troy)">Polites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polydamas_(mythology)" title="Polydamas (mythology)">Polydamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybus_(Trojan_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polybus (Trojan War)">Polybus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polydorus_of_Troy" title="Polydorus of Troy">Polydorus</a> (prince of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyxena" title="Polyxena">Polyxena</a> (princess of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priam" title="Priam">Priam</a> (king of Troy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylaemenes" title="Pylaemenes">Pylaemenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylaeus" title="Pylaeus">Pylaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyraechmes" title="Pyraechmes">Pyraechmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhesus_of_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhesus of Thrace">Rhesus of Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarpedon_(Trojan_War_hero)" title="Sarpedon (Trojan War hero)">Sarpedon</a> (king of Lycia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamandrius_(Trojan_War)" title="Scamandrius (Trojan War)">Scamandrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theano" title="Theano">Theano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucalegon" title="Ucalegon">Ucalegon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnos" title="Hypnos">Hypnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_(mythology)" title="Iris (mythology)">Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamander" title="Scamander">Scamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatos" title="Thanatos">Thanatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medea70" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cef2e0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medea" title="Template:Medea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medea" title="Template talk:Medea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medea70" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ae%C3%ABtes" title="Aeëtes">Aeëtes</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalciope" title="Chalciope">Chalciope</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a> (aunt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absyrtus" title="Absyrtus">Apsyrtus</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a> (1st husband)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegeus" title="Aegeus">Aegeus</a> (2nd husband)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mermerus_and_Pheres" title="Mermerus and Pheres">Mermerus and Pheres</a> (sons)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcimenes" title="Alcimenes">Alcimenes and Tisander </a> (sons)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medus" title="Medus">Medus</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalus" title="Thessalus">Thessalus</a> (son)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Achilles</a> (3rd husband)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dream_of_Passion" title="A Dream of Passion">A Dream of Passion</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medea_(1969_film)" title="Medea (1969 film)"><i>Medea</i></a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medea_(1988_film)" title="Medea (1988 film)"><i>Medea</i></a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_(2001_film)" title="Médée (2001 film)"><i>Médée</i></a> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Medea_(TV_serial)" title="Medea (TV serial)">Medea</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Medea_Miracle" title="Medea Miracle">Medea Miracle</a></i> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_(Charpentier)" title="Médée (Charpentier)"><i>Médée</i></a> (1693, Charpentier)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medea_(Benda)" title="Medea (Benda)"><i>Medea</i></a> (1775, Benda)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_(Cherubini)" title="Médée (Cherubini)"><i>Médée</i></a> (1797, Cherubini)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Medea_in_Corinto" title="Medea in Corinto">Medea in Corinto</a></i> (1813, Mayr)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medea_(Pacini)" title="Medea (Pacini)"><i>Medea</i></a> (1843, Pacini)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medea_(Reimann)" title="Medea (Reimann)"><i>Medea</i></a> (2010, Reimann)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medea_(play)" title="Medea (play)"><i>Medea</i></a> (431 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medea_(Seneca)" title="Medea (Seneca)"><i>Medea</i></a> (ca. 50)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9d%C3%A9e" title="Médée">Médée</a></i> (1635)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Medea_(Johnson_play)" title="Medea (Johnson play)">Medea</a></i> (1730)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Medea" title="Cultural depictions of Medea"><i>Médée</i></a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hungry_Woman" title="The Hungry Woman"><i>The Hungry Woman</i></a> (1995)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Ballets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jason_et_M%C3%A9d%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jason et Médée (page does not exist)">Jason et Médée</a></i> (1763)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_hija_de_C%C3%B3lquide" title="La hija de Cólquide">La hija de Cólquide</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medea_(ballet)" title="Medea (ballet)"><i>Medea</i></a> (1946)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Musicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Medea,_the_Musical" title="Medea, the Musical">Medea, the Musical</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marie_Christine" title="Marie Christine">Marie Christine</a></i> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Medea%27s_Dance_of_Vengeance" title="Medea's Dance of Vengeance">Medea's Dance of Vengeance</a></i> (1956)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Medea_(Sandys_painting)" title="Medea (Sandys painting)">Medea</a></i> (painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jason_and_Medea_(painting)" title="Jason and Medea (painting)">Jason and Medea</a></i> (painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vision_of_Medea" title="Vision of Medea">Vision of Medea</a></i> (painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medea_statue" class="mw-redirect" title="Medea statue">Medea statue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Other depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Medea_(The_Icemark_Chronicles)" title="Medea (The Icemark Chronicles)">Medea</a></i> (character)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Medea_Culpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Medea Culpa">Medea Culpa</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41746#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1656" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41746#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1656" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41746#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/57405744">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/199762226">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/8146284502115332720">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/795683/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjCj6QHtFfJmMTFFVHBhpd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118500384">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2015006387">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2016908864&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007324585405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000108476">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058619158206706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118500384">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118500384">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027276031">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Achilles&oldid=1284909759">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Achilles&oldid=1284909759</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_mythological_heroes" title="Category:Greek mythological heroes">Greek mythological heroes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kings_of_the_Myrmidons" title="Category:Kings of the Myrmidons">Kings of the Myrmidons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Achaean_Leaders" title="Category:Achaean Leaders">Achaean Leaders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thessalians_in_the_Trojan_War" title="Category:Thessalians in the Trojan War">Thessalians in the Trojan War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metamorphoses_characters" title="Category:Metamorphoses characters">Metamorphoses characters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mythological_rapists" title="Category:Mythological rapists">Mythological rapists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Demigods_in_classical_mythology" title="Category:Demigods in classical mythology">Demigods in classical mythology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_themes_in_Greek_mythology" title="Category:LGBTQ themes in Greek mythology">LGBTQ themes in Greek mythology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Achilles" title="Category:Achilles">Achilles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deeds_of_Apollo" title="Category:Deeds of Apollo">Deeds of Apollo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medea" title="Category:Medea">Medea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Princes_in_Greek_mythology" title="Category:Princes in Greek mythology">Princes in Greek mythology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia semi-protected pages">Wikipedia semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_October_2024" title="Category:Use mdy dates from October 2024">Use mdy dates from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_having_different_image_on_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia" title="Category:Articles having different image on Wikidata and Wikipedia">Articles having different image on Wikidata and Wikipedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2025" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2025">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ukrainian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ukrainian-language text">Articles containing Ukrainian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:Articles with German-language sources (de)">Articles with German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 April 2025, at 14:04<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Achilles&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Achilles</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>102 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f7fb46f7f-5mjfw","wgBackendResponseTime":198,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.122","walltime":"1.486","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8634,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":160413,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11457,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":19,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":218816,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1156.114 1 -total"," 24.21% 279.934 1 Template:Reflist"," 9.45% 109.274 1 Template:Greek_mythology_sidebar"," 9.17% 106.056 1 Template:Sidebar"," 8.74% 101.085 20 Template:Cite_book"," 8.36% 96.597 1 Template:Infobox_deity"," 8.06% 93.173 3 Template:Langx"," 7.04% 81.345 3 Template:Cite_encyclopedia"," 5.09% 58.882 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.77% 55.136 1 Template:Infobox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.574","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21730530,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f7fb46f7f-64ltd","timestamp":"20250410140417","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Achilles","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Achilles","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q41746","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q41746","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-02T16:56:31Z","dateModified":"2025-04-10T14:04:06Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/ba\/Achilles_fighting_against_Memnon_Leiden_Rijksmuseum_voor_Oudheden.jpg","headline":"Greek mythological hero"}</script> </body> </html>