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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Occurrence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Production </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Occurrence_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Occurrence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Separation_of_zirconium_and_hafnium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separation_of_zirconium_and_hafnium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Separation of zirconium and hafnium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separation_of_zirconium_and_hafnium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Compounds </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Compounds subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxides,_nitrides,_and_carbides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxides,_nitrides,_and_carbides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Oxides, nitrides, and carbides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxides,_nitrides,_and_carbides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halides_and_pseudohalides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halides_and_pseudohalides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Halides and pseudohalides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halides_and_pseudohalides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organic_derivatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organic_derivatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Organic derivatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organic_derivatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nuclear_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Nuclear applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_and_aeronautic_industries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_and_aeronautic_industries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Space and aeronautic industries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_and_aeronautic_industries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Medical uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defunct_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defunct_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Defunct applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defunct_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Safety </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Zirconium: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 139 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" > 139 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkonium" title="Sirkonium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sirkonium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%9A%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AE%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ዚርኮኒየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዚርኮኒየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="زركونيوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زركونيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconio" title="Zirconio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Zirconio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconiu" title="Zirconiu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Zirconiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circoniu" title="Circoniu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Circoniu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkonium" title="Sirkonium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sirkonium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="زیرکونیوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="زیرکونیوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Zirkonium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="জিরকোনিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জিরকোনিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Zirconium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Цырконій – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цырконій" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Цыркон (элемэнт) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цыркон (элемэнт)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="जिरकोनियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जिरकोनियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkonyo" title="Sirkonyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sirkonyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Цирконий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цирконий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ཛིར་ཀོ་ནིམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཛིར་ཀོ་ནིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkonij" title="Cirkonij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Cirkonij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkoniom" title="Zirkoniom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Zirkoniom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconi" title="Zirconi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zirconi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Цирконий – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Цирконий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkonyo" title="Cirkonyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Cirkonyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zirkonium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconiu" title="Zirconiu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Zirconiu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirconiwm" title="Sirconiwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sirconiwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Zirconium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="زيركونيوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="زيركونيوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zirconium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsirkoonium" title="Tsirkoonium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tsirkoonium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ζιρκόνιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζιρκόνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circonio" title="Circonio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Circonio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonio" title="Zirkonio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Zirkonio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonio" title="Zirkonio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zirkonio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="زیرکونیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زیرکونیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Zirconium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zirconium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconi" title="Zirconi – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Zirconi" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siorc%C3%B3iniam" title="Siorcóiniam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Siorcóiniam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serconium" title="Serconium – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Serconium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siorc%C3%B2nium" title="Siorcònium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Siorcònium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circonio" title="Circonio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Circonio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9D%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="ઝિર્કોનિયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઝિર્કોનિયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Zirconium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Циркониум – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Циркониум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%A5%B4%EC%BD%94%EB%8A%84" title="지르코늄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지르코늄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%91%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ցիրկոնիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ցիրկոնիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="ज़र्कोनियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ज़र्कोनियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkonij" title="Cirkonij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cirkonij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonio" title="Zirkonio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Zirkonio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zirkonium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Zirconium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Цирконий – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цирконий" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IZambedu" title="IZambedu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IZambedu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkon" title="Sirkon – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sirkon" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconio" title="Zirconio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zirconio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="זירקוניום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זירקוניום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkon_(Zirkon)" title="Sirkon (Zirkon) – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sirkon (Zirkon)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%A9rk%C9%94n%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Sɩrkɔnɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sɩrkɔnɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜಿರ್ಕೊನಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಿರ್ಕೊನಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ცირკონიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცირკონიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Цирконий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Цирконий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkoniom" title="Zirkoniom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Zirkoniom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirikoni" title="Zirikoni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Zirikoni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Цирконий – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Цирконий" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerkanel" title="Zerkanel – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Zerkanel" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zikony%C3%B2m" title="Zikonyòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Zikonyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%AErkony%C3%BBm" title="Zîrkonyûm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zîrkonyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Цирконий – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Цирконий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Цирконий – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Цирконий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Zirconium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkonijs" title="Cirkonijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cirkonijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zirkonium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkonis" title="Cirkonis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Cirkonis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirconio" title="Sirconio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Sirconio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zirkonium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkounii" title="Cirkounii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Cirkounii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinmrzirkoni" title="jinmrzirkoni – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinmrzirkoni" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconio" title="Zirconio – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Zirconio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirk%C3%B3nium" title="Cirkónium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cirkónium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Циркониум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Циркониум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="സിർകോണിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിർകോണിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="झिर्कोनियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="झिर्कोनियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="زركونيوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زركونيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zirkonium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Zirconium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Циркони – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Циркони" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%87%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ဇာကိုနီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဇာကိုနီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zirkonium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="जर्कोनियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जर्कोनियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="ジルコニウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジルコニウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsirkoonium" title="Tsirkoonium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tsirkoonium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Zirkonium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Zirkonium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirc%C3%B2ni" title="Zircòni – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Zircòni" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkoniy" title="Sirkoniy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sirkoniy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਜ਼ਰਕੋਨੀਅਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜ਼ਰਕੋਨੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="जर्कोनियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="जर्कोनियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="زرکونیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="زرکونیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="زرکونيوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="زرکونيوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirc%C3%B2ni" title="Zircòni – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Zircòni" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrkon_(pierwiastek)" title="Cyrkon (pierwiastek) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cyrkon (pierwiastek)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirc%C3%B4nio" title="Zircônio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zircônio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconiu" title="Zirconiu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zirconiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkunyu" title="Sirkunyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sirkunyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Цирконий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цирконий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="जर्कोनियम – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जर्कोनियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirc%C3%B2niu" title="Zircòniu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Zircòniu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Zirconium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkoniumi" title="Zirkoniumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zirkoniumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconiu" title="Zirconiu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Zirconiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Zirconium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirk%C3%B3nium" title="Zirkónium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zirkónium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkonij" title="Cirkonij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cirkonij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkooniyaam" title="Sirkooniyaam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sirkooniyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="زیرکۆنیۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زیرکۆنیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Цирконијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Цирконијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkonijum" title="Cirkonijum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cirkonijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Zirkonium" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Zirkonium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zirkonium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonyo" title="Zirkonyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Zirkonyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சிர்க்கோனியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிர்க்கோனியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Цирконий – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Цирконий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="జిర్కోనియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జిర్కోనియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="เซอร์โคเนียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เซอร์โคเนียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Сирконий – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сирконий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkonyum" title="Zirkonyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zirkonyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Цирконій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цирконій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="زرکونیئم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زرکونیئم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A" title="سىركونىي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سىركونىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkonii" title="Cirkonii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Cirkonii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconi" title="Zirconi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Zirconi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8B%AF" title="鋯 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鋯" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconyo" title="Zirconyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Zirconyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%86" title="锆 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="锆" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="צירקאניום – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צירקאניום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Zirconium" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue 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First identified in 1789, isolated in impure form in 1824, and manufactured at scale by 1925, pure zirconium is a lustrous [[transition metal]] with a greyish-white color that closely resembles [[hafnium]] and, to a lesser extent, [[titanium]]. It is solid at room temperature, [[Ductility|ductile]], [[malleable]] and [[corrosion]]-resistant. The name ''zirconium'' is derived from the name of the mineral [[zircon]], the most important source of zirconium. The word is related to [[Persian Language|Persian]] ''[[Jargoon|zargun]]'' (zircon; ''zar-gun'', "gold-like" or "as gold").<ref name=":2">{{OEtymD|zircon}}</ref> Besides zircon, zirconium occurs in over 140 other minerals, including [[baddeleyite]] and [[eudialyte]]; most zirconium is produced as a byproduct of minerals mined for titanium and [[tin]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>'''Zirconium''' is a [[chemical element]]; it has [[Symbol (chemistry)|symbol]] '''Zr''' and [[atomic number]] 40. First identified in 1789, isolated in impure form in 1824, and manufactured at scale by 1925, pure zirconium is a lustrous [[transition metal]] with a greyish-white color that closely resembles [[hafnium]] and, to a lesser extent, [[titanium]]. It is solid at room temperature, [[Ductility|ductile]], [[malleable]] and [[corrosion]]-resistant. The name ''zirconium'' is derived from the name of the mineral [[zircon]], the most important source of zirconium. The word is related to [[Persian Language|Persian]] ''[[Jargoon|zargun]]'' (zircon; ''zar-gun'', "gold-like" or "as gold").<ref name=":2">{{OEtymD|zircon}}</ref> Besides zircon, zirconium occurs in over 140 other minerals, including [[baddeleyite]] and [[eudialyte]]; most zirconium is produced as a byproduct of minerals mined for titanium and [[tin]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Zirconium forms a variety of [[inorganic chemistry|inorganic]], such as [[zirconium dioxide]], and [[organometallic compounds]], such as [[zirconocene dichloride]]. Five [[isotopes of zirconium|isotopes]] occur naturally, four of which are stable. The metal and its alloys are mainly used as a [[refractory]] and [[opacifier]]; pure zirconium plays a vital role in the construction of [[nuclear reactors]] due to strong resistance to corrosion and low nuclear reaction cross section, and in space vehicles and turbine blades where high heat resistance is necessary. Zirconium also finds uses in [[Flashbulb (photography)|flashbulbs]], biomedical applications such as [[Dental implant|dental implants]] and [[Prosthesis|prosthetics]], [[deodorant]], and [[water purification]] systems.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Zirconium forms a variety of [[inorganic chemistry|inorganic]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> compounds</ins>, such as [[zirconium dioxide]], and [[organometallic compounds]], such as [[zirconocene dichloride]]. Five [[isotopes of zirconium|isotopes]] occur naturally, four of which are stable. The metal and its alloys are mainly used as a [[refractory]] and [[opacifier]]; pure zirconium plays a vital role in the construction of [[nuclear reactors]] due to strong resistance to corrosion and low nuclear reaction cross section, and in space vehicles and turbine blades where high heat resistance is necessary. Zirconium also finds uses in [[Flashbulb (photography)|flashbulbs]], biomedical applications such as [[Dental implant|dental implants]] and [[Prosthesis|prosthetics]], [[deodorant]], and [[water purification]] systems.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Zirconium compounds have no known biological role, though the element is widely distributed in nature and appears in small quantities in biological systems without adverse effects. There is no indication of zirconium as a carcinogen. The main hazards posed by zirconium are flammability in powder form and irritation of the eyes.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Zirconium compounds have no known biological role, though the element is widely distributed in nature and appears in small quantities in biological systems without adverse effects. There is no indication of zirconium as a carcinogen. The main hazards posed by zirconium are flammability in powder form and irritation of the eyes.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 20:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 20:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Main|Isotopes of zirconium}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Main|Isotopes of zirconium}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Naturally occurring zirconium is composed of five isotopes. 90Zr, 91Zr, 92Zr and 94Zr are stable, although 94Zr is predicted to undergo [[double beta decay]] (not observed experimentally) with a [[half-life]] of more than 1.10×1017&nbsp;years. 96Zr has a half-life of 2.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4×10</del>19&nbsp;years, and is the longest-lived radioisotope of zirconium. Of these natural isotopes, 90Zr is the most common, making up 51.45% of all zirconium. 96Zr is the least common, comprising only 2.80% of zirconium.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref name="nubase"></del>{{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">NUBASE 2003</del>}}<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></ref></del></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Naturally occurring zirconium is composed of five isotopes. 90Zr, 91Zr, 92Zr and 94Zr are stable, although 94Zr is predicted to undergo [[double beta decay]] (not observed experimentally) with a [[half-life]] of more than 1.10×1017&nbsp;years. 96Zr has a half-life of 2.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">34×10</ins>19&nbsp;years, and is the longest-lived radioisotope of zirconium. Of these natural isotopes, 90Zr is the most common, making up 51.45% of all zirconium. 96Zr is the least common, comprising only 2.80% of zirconium.{{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">NUBASE2020|ref</ins>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Twenty</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">eight</del> artificial isotopes of zirconium have been synthesized, ranging in atomic mass from <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">78</del> to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">110</del>. [[Zirconium-93|93Zr]] is the longest-lived artificial isotope, with a half-life of 1.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">53×10</del>6&nbsp;years<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. 110Zr, the heaviest isotope of zirconium, is the most radioactive, with an estimated half-life of 30&nbsp;milliseconds</del>. Radioactive isotopes at or above mass number 93 decay by [[beta decay|electron emission]], whereas those at or below 89 decay by [[beta decay|positron emission]]. The only exception is 88Zr, which decays by [[electron capture]].<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><</del>ref<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> name="nubase" /></del></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Thirty</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">three</ins> artificial isotopes of zirconium have been synthesized, ranging in atomic mass from <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">77</ins> to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">114</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{NUBASE2020|ref}}<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.aps.org/prc/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevC.103.014614|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevC.103.014614|title = Observation of new neutron-rich isotopes in the vicinity of Zr110|year = 2021|last1 = Sumikama|first1 = T.|last2 = Fukuda|first2 = N.|last3 = Inabe|first3 = N.|last4 = Kameda|first4 = D.|last5 = Kubo|first5 = T.|last6 = Shimizu|first6 = Y.|last7 = Suzuki|first7 = H.|last8 = Takeda|first8 = H.|last9 = Yoshida|first9 = K.|last10 = Baba|first10 = H.|last11 = Browne|first11 = F.|last12 = Bruce|first12 = A. M.|last13 = Carroll|first13 = R.|last14 = Chiga|first14 = N.|last15 = Daido|first15 = R.|last16 = Didierjean|first16 = F.|last17 = Doornenbal|first17 = P.|last18 = Fang|first18 = Y.|last19 = Gey|first19 = G.|last20 = Ideguchi|first20 = E.|last21 = Isobe|first21 = T.|last22 = Lalkovski|first22 = S.|last23 = Li|first23 = Z.|last24 = Lorusso|first24 = G.|last25 = Lozeva|first25 = R.|last26 = Nishibata|first26 = H.|last27 = Nishimura|first27 = S.|last28 = Nishizuka|first28 = I.|last29 = Odahara|first29 = A.|last30 = Patel|first30 = Z.|journal = Physical Review C|volume = 103| issue=1 | page=014614 | bibcode=2021PhRvC.103a4614S |s2cid = 234019083|display-authors = 1|hdl = 10261/260248|hdl-access = free}}</ref></ins> [[Zirconium-93|93Zr]] is the longest-lived artificial isotope, with a half-life of 1.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">61×10</ins>6&nbsp;years. Radioactive isotopes at or above mass number 93 decay by [[beta decay|electron emission]], whereas those at or below 89 decay by [[beta decay|positron emission]]. The only exception is 88Zr, which decays by [[electron capture]].<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{NUBASE2020|</ins>ref<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Five</del> isotopes of zirconium also exist as [[nuclear isomer|metastable isomers]]: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">83m</del>Zr, 85mZr, 89mZr, 90m1Zr, 90m2Zr and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">91m</del>Zr. Of these, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">90m2</del>Zr has the shortest half-life at <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">131</del>&nbsp;nanoseconds. 89mZr is the longest lived with a half-life of 4.161&nbsp;minutes.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><</del>ref<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> name="nubase" /></del></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Thirteen</ins> isotopes of zirconium also exist as [[nuclear isomer|metastable isomers]]: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">83m1Zr, 83m2</ins>Zr, 85m<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Zr, 87mZr, 88m</ins>Zr, 89mZr, 90m1Zr, 90m2Zr<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 91mZr, 97mZr, 98mZr, 99mZr,</ins> and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">108m</ins>Zr. Of these, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">97m</ins>Zr has the shortest half-life at <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">104.8</ins>&nbsp;nanoseconds. 89mZr is the longest lived with a half-life of 4.161&nbsp;minutes.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{NUBASE2020|</ins>ref<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Occurrence===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Occurrence===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 31:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 31:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Zirconium has a concentration of about 130&nbsp;mg/kg within the [[abundance of elements in Earth's crust|Earth's crust]] and about 0.026&nbsp;μg/L in [[sea water]]. It is the 18th most abundant element in the crust.<ref name="argonne" /> It is not found in nature as a [[native metal]], reflecting its intrinsic instability with respect to water. The principal commercial source of zirconium is [[zircon]] (ZrSiO4), a [[silicate mineral]],<ref name="nbb" /> which is found primarily in Australia, Brazil, India, Russia, South Africa and the United States, as well as in smaller deposits around the world.<ref name="madehow" /> As of 2013, two-thirds of zircon mining occurs in Australia and South Africa.<ref name="nbb13">{{cite web|title=Zirconium and Hafnium – Mineral resources|date=2014|url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/zirconium/mcs-2014-zirco.pdf}}</ref> Zircon resources exceed 60 million [[tonne]]s worldwide<ref name="usgs2008">{{cite journal |title= Zirconium and Hafnium |journal= Mineral Commodity Summaries |pages= 192–193 |date=January 2008 |url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/zirconium/mcs-2008-zirco.pdf |access-date= 2008-02-24}}</ref> and annual worldwide zirconium production is approximately 900,000 tonnes.<ref name="argonne">{{cite book|first1=John|last1=Peterson|first2=Margaret|last2=MacDonell|contribution=Zirconium|title=Radiological and Chemical Fact Sheets to Support Health Risk Analyses for Contaminated Areas|date=2007|pages=64–65|publisher=Argonne National Laboratory|url=http://www.evs.anl.gov/pub/doc/ANL_ContaminantFactSheets_All_070418.pdf|access-date=2008-02-26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528130257/http://www.evs.anl.gov/pub/doc/ANL_ContaminantFactSheets_All_070418.pdf|archive-date=2008-05-28}}</ref> Zirconium also occurs in more than 140 other minerals, including the commercially useful ores [[baddeleyite]] and [[eudialyte]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ralph, Jolyon|author2=Ralph, Ida|name-list-style=amp |title=Minerals that include Zr|publisher=Mindat.org |date=2008|url=http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Zr%2C&exc=&sub=Search+for+Minerals|access-date=2008-02-23}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Zirconium has a concentration of about 130&nbsp;mg/kg within the [[abundance of elements in Earth's crust|Earth's crust]] and about 0.026&nbsp;μg/L in [[sea water]]. It is the 18th most abundant element in the crust.<ref name="argonne" /> It is not found in nature as a [[native metal]], reflecting its intrinsic instability with respect to water. The principal commercial source of zirconium is [[zircon]] (ZrSiO4), a [[silicate mineral]],<ref name="nbb" /> which is found primarily in Australia, Brazil, India, Russia, South Africa and the United States, as well as in smaller deposits around the world.<ref name="madehow" /> As of 2013, two-thirds of zircon mining occurs in Australia and South Africa.<ref name="nbb13">{{cite web|title=Zirconium and Hafnium – Mineral resources|date=2014|url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/zirconium/mcs-2014-zirco.pdf}}</ref> Zircon resources exceed 60 million [[tonne]]s worldwide<ref name="usgs2008">{{cite journal |title= Zirconium and Hafnium |journal= Mineral Commodity Summaries |pages= 192–193 |date=January 2008 |url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/zirconium/mcs-2008-zirco.pdf |access-date= 2008-02-24}}</ref> and annual worldwide zirconium production is approximately 900,000 tonnes.<ref name="argonne">{{cite book|first1=John|last1=Peterson|first2=Margaret|last2=MacDonell|contribution=Zirconium|title=Radiological and Chemical Fact Sheets to Support Health Risk Analyses for Contaminated Areas|date=2007|pages=64–65|publisher=Argonne National Laboratory|url=http://www.evs.anl.gov/pub/doc/ANL_ContaminantFactSheets_All_070418.pdf|access-date=2008-02-26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528130257/http://www.evs.anl.gov/pub/doc/ANL_ContaminantFactSheets_All_070418.pdf|archive-date=2008-05-28}}</ref> Zirconium also occurs in more than 140 other minerals, including the commercially useful ores [[baddeleyite]] and [[eudialyte]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ralph, Jolyon|author2=Ralph, Ida|name-list-style=amp |title=Minerals that include Zr|publisher=Mindat.org |date=2008|url=http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Zr%2C&exc=&sub=Search+for+Minerals|access-date=2008-02-23}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Zirconium is relatively abundant in [[stellar classification #Class S|S-type stars]], and has been detected in the sun and in meteorites. Lunar rock samples brought back from several [[Apollo program|Apollo]] missions to the moon have a high zirconium oxide content relative to terrestrial rocks.<ref>{{Cite journal |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last</del>=Peckett |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first</del>=A. |last2=Phillips |first2=R. |last3=Brown |first3=G. M. |date=March 1972 |title=New Zirconium-rich Minerals from Apollo 14 and 15 Lunar Rocks |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/236215a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=236 |issue=5344 |pages=215–217 |doi=10.1038/236215a0 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Zirconium is relatively abundant in [[stellar classification #Class S|S-type stars]], and has been detected in the sun and in meteorites. Lunar rock samples brought back from several [[Apollo program|Apollo]] missions to the moon have a high zirconium oxide content relative to terrestrial rocks.<ref>{{Cite journal |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last1</ins>=Peckett |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first1</ins>=A. |last2=Phillips |first2=R. |last3=Brown |first3=G. M. |date=March 1972 |title=New Zirconium-rich Minerals from Apollo 14 and 15 Lunar Rocks |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/236215a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=236 |issue=5344 |pages=215–217 |doi=10.1038/236215a0<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |bibcode=1972Natur.236..215P</ins> |issn=0028-0836}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[EPR spectroscopy]] has been used in investigations of the unusual 3+ valence state of zirconium. The EPR spectrum of Zr3+, which has been initially observed as a parasitic signal in Fe‐doped single crystals of ScPO4, was definitively identified by preparing single crystals of ScPO4 doped with isotopically enriched (94.6%)91Zr. Single crystals of LuPO4 and YPO4 doped with both naturally abundant and isotopically enriched Zr have also been grown and investigated.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Abraham|first1=M. M.|last2=Boatner|first2=L. A.|last3=Ramey|first3=J. O.|last4=Rappaz|first4=M.|date=1984-12-20|title=The occurrence and stability of trivalent zirconium in orthophosphate single crystals|url=https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.447678|journal=The Journal of Chemical Physics|volume=81|issue=12|pages=5362–5366|doi=10.1063/1.447678|bibcode=1984JChPh..81.5362A|issn=0021-9606}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[EPR spectroscopy]] has been used in investigations of the unusual 3+ valence state of zirconium. The EPR spectrum of Zr3+, which has been initially observed as a parasitic signal in Fe‐doped single crystals of ScPO4, was definitively identified by preparing single crystals of ScPO4 doped with isotopically enriched (94.6%)91Zr. Single crystals of LuPO4 and YPO4 doped with both naturally abundant and isotopically enriched Zr have also been grown and investigated.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Abraham|first1=M. M.|last2=Boatner|first2=L. A.|last3=Ramey|first3=J. O.|last4=Rappaz|first4=M.|date=1984-12-20|title=The occurrence and stability of trivalent zirconium in orthophosphate single crystals|url=https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.447678|journal=The Journal of Chemical Physics|volume=81|issue=12|pages=5362–5366|doi=10.1063/1.447678|bibcode=1984JChPh..81.5362A|issn=0021-9606}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 41:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 41:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Zirconium is a by-product formed after mining and processing of the [[titanium]] minerals [[ilmenite]] and [[rutile]], as well as [[tin]] mining.<ref>{{cite web|last=Callaghan|first=R.|title=Zirconium and Hafnium Statistics and Information|publisher=US Geological Survey|date=2008-02-21|url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/zirconium/|access-date=2008-02-24}}</ref> From 2003 to 2007, while prices for the mineral zircon steadily increased from $360 to $840 per tonne, the price for unwrought zirconium metal decreased from $39,900 to $22,700 per ton. Zirconium metal is much more expensive than [[zircon]] because the reduction processes are costly.<ref name="usgs2008" /></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Zirconium is a by-product formed after mining and processing of the [[titanium]] minerals [[ilmenite]] and [[rutile]], as well as [[tin]] mining.<ref>{{cite web|last=Callaghan|first=R.|title=Zirconium and Hafnium Statistics and Information|publisher=US Geological Survey|date=2008-02-21|url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/zirconium/|access-date=2008-02-24}}</ref> From 2003 to 2007, while prices for the mineral zircon steadily increased from $360 to $840 per tonne, the price for unwrought zirconium metal decreased from $39,900 to $22,700 per ton. Zirconium metal is much more expensive than [[zircon]] because the reduction processes are costly.<ref name="usgs2008" /></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Collected from coastal waters, zircon-bearing sand is purified by [[spiral separator#Wet Spiral Separators|spiral concentrators]] to separate lighter materials, which are then returned to the water because they are natural components of beach sand. Using [[magnetic separation]], the titanium ores [[ilmenite]] and [[rutile]] are removed.<ref>{{Cite journal |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last</del>=Siddiqui |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first</del>=A. S. |last2=Mohapatra |first2=A. K. |last3=Rao |first3=J. V. |date=2000 |title=Separation of beach sand minerals |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/297712279.pdf |journal=Processing of Fines |location=India |volume=2 |pages=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">114-126</del> |isbn=81-87053-53-4}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Collected from coastal waters, zircon-bearing sand is purified by [[spiral separator#Wet Spiral Separators|spiral concentrators]] to separate lighter materials, which are then returned to the water because they are natural components of beach sand. Using [[magnetic separation]], the titanium ores [[ilmenite]] and [[rutile]] are removed.<ref>{{Cite journal |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last1</ins>=Siddiqui |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first1</ins>=A. S. |last2=Mohapatra |first2=A. K. |last3=Rao |first3=J. V. |date=2000 |title=Separation of beach sand minerals |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/297712279.pdf |journal=Processing of Fines |location=India |volume=2 |pages=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">114–126</ins> |isbn=81-87053-53-4}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Most zircon is used directly in commercial applications, but a small percentage is converted to the metal. Most Zr metal is produced by the reduction of the [[zirconium(IV) chloride]] with [[magnesium]] metal in the [[Kroll process]].<ref name="CRC2008" /> The resulting metal is [[sintering|sintered]] until sufficiently ductile for metalworking.<ref name="madehow" /></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Most zircon is used directly in commercial applications, but a small percentage is converted to the metal. Most Zr metal is produced by the reduction of the [[zirconium(IV) chloride]] with [[magnesium]] metal in the [[Kroll process]].<ref name="CRC2008" /> The resulting metal is [[sintering|sintered]] until sufficiently ductile for metalworking.<ref name="madehow" /></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Separation of zirconium and hafnium===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Separation of zirconium and hafnium===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Commercial zirconium metal typically contains 1–3% of [[hafnium]],<ref name="Ullmann" /> which is usually not problematic because the chemical properties of hafnium and zirconium are very similar. Their neutron-absorbing properties differ strongly, however, necessitating the separation of hafnium from zirconium for nuclear reactors.<ref name="Stwertka" /> Several separation schemes are in use.<ref name="Ullmann">Nielsen, Ralph (2005) "Zirconium and Zirconium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{doi|10.1002/14356007.a28_543}}</ref> The [[liquid-liquid extraction]] of the [[thiocyanate]]-oxide derivatives exploits the fact that the hafnium derivative is slightly more soluble in [[methyl isobutyl ketone]] than in water. This method accounts for roughly two-thirds of pure zirconium production,<ref>{{Cite journal |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last</del>=Wu |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first</del>=Ming |last2=Xu |first2=Fei |last3=Dong |first3=Panfei |last4=Wu |first4=Hongzhen |last5=Zhao |first5=Zhiying |last6=Wu |first6=Chenjie |last7=Chi |first7=Ruan |last8=Xu |first8=Zhigao |date=January 2022 |title=Process for synergistic extraction of Hf(IV) over Zr(IV) from thiocyanic acid solution with TOPO and N1923 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0255270121003615 |journal=Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification |language=en |volume=170 |pages=108673 |doi=10.1016/j.cep.2021.108673}}</ref> though other methods are being researched;<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last</del>=Xiong |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first</del>=Jing |last2=Li |first2=Yang |last3=Zhang |first3=Xiaomeng |last4=Wang |first4=Yong |last5=Zhang |first5=Yanlin |last6=Qi |first6=Tao |date=2024-03-25 |title=The Extraction Mechanism of Zirconium and Hafnium in the MIBK-HSCN System<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/4/93</del> |journal=Separations |language=en |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=93 |doi=10.3390/separations11040093 |issn=2297-8739 |doi-access=free}}</ref> for instance, in India, a TBP-nitrate solvent extraction process is used for the separation of zirconium from other metals.<ref>{{Cite journal |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last</del>=Pandey |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first</del>=Garima |last2=Darekar |first2=Mayur |last3=Singh |first3=K.K. |last4=Mukhopadhyay |first4=S. |date=2023-11-02 |title=Selective extraction of zirconium from zirconium nitrate solution in a pulsed stirred column |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01496395.2023.2232102 |journal=Separation Science and Technology |language=en |volume=58 |issue=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">15-16</del> |pages=2710–2717 |doi=10.1080/01496395.2023.2232102 |issn=0149-6395}}</ref> Zr and Hf can also be separated by [[fractional crystallization (chemistry)|fractional crystallization]] of potassium hexafluorozirconate (K2ZrF6), which is less soluble in water than the analogous hafnium derivative. [[Fractional distillation]] of the tetrachlorides, also called [[extractive distillation]], is also used.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">journal</del> |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last</del>=Xu |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first</del>=L. |last2=Xiao |first2=Y. |last3=van Sandwijk |first3=A. |last4=Xu |first4=Q. |last5=Yang |first5=Y. |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">date=2016 |title</del>=Separation of Zirconium and Hafnium: A Review |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-48765-6_53<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |journal=Energy Materials 2014</del> |language=en |location=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |pages=451–457 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-48765-6_53 |isbn=978-3-319-48765-6}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Commercial zirconium metal typically contains 1–3% of [[hafnium]],<ref name="Ullmann" /> which is usually not problematic because the chemical properties of hafnium and zirconium are very similar. Their neutron-absorbing properties differ strongly, however, necessitating the separation of hafnium from zirconium for nuclear reactors.<ref name="Stwertka" /> Several separation schemes are in use.<ref name="Ullmann">Nielsen, Ralph (2005) "Zirconium and Zirconium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{doi|10.1002/14356007.a28_543}}</ref> The [[liquid-liquid extraction]] of the [[thiocyanate]]-oxide derivatives exploits the fact that the hafnium derivative is slightly more soluble in [[methyl isobutyl ketone]] than in water. This method accounts for roughly two-thirds of pure zirconium production,<ref>{{Cite journal |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last1</ins>=Wu |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first1</ins>=Ming |last2=Xu |first2=Fei |last3=Dong |first3=Panfei |last4=Wu |first4=Hongzhen |last5=Zhao |first5=Zhiying |last6=Wu |first6=Chenjie |last7=Chi |first7=Ruan |last8=Xu |first8=Zhigao |date=January 2022 |title=Process for synergistic extraction of Hf(IV) over Zr(IV) from thiocyanic acid solution with TOPO and N1923 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0255270121003615 |journal=Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification |language=en |volume=170 |pages=108673 |doi=10.1016/j.cep.2021.108673<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|bibcode=2022CEPPI.17008673W </ins>}}</ref> though other methods are being researched;<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last1</ins>=Xiong |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first1</ins>=Jing |last2=Li |first2=Yang |last3=Zhang |first3=Xiaomeng |last4=Wang |first4=Yong |last5=Zhang |first5=Yanlin |last6=Qi |first6=Tao |date=2024-03-25 |title=The Extraction Mechanism of Zirconium and Hafnium in the MIBK-HSCN System |journal=Separations |language=en |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=93 |doi=10.3390/separations11040093 |issn=2297-8739 |doi-access=free}}</ref> for instance, in India, a TBP-nitrate solvent extraction process is used for the separation of zirconium from other metals.<ref>{{Cite journal |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last1</ins>=Pandey |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first1</ins>=Garima |last2=Darekar |first2=Mayur |last3=Singh |first3=K.K. |last4=Mukhopadhyay |first4=S. |date=2023-11-02 |title=Selective extraction of zirconium from zirconium nitrate solution in a pulsed stirred column |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01496395.2023.2232102 |journal=Separation Science and Technology |language=en |volume=58 |issue=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">15–16</ins> |pages=2710–2717 |doi=10.1080/01496395.2023.2232102 |issn=0149-6395}}</ref> Zr and Hf can also be separated by [[fractional crystallization (chemistry)|fractional crystallization]] of potassium hexafluorozirconate (K2ZrF6), which is less soluble in water than the analogous hafnium derivative. [[Fractional distillation]] of the tetrachlorides, also called [[extractive distillation]], is also used.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">book</ins> |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last1</ins>=Xu |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first1</ins>=L. |last2=Xiao |first2=Y. |last3=van Sandwijk |first3=A. |last4=Xu |first4=Q. |last5=Yang |first5=Y. |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">chapter</ins>=Separation of Zirconium and Hafnium: A Review |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">date=2016 |title=Energy Materials 2014 |chapter-</ins>url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-48765-6_53 |language=en |location=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |pages=451–457 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-48765-6_53 |isbn=978-3-319-48765-6}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Vacuum [[Electric arc furnace|arc melting]], combined with the use of hot extruding techniques and [[Supercooling|supercooled]] copper hearths, is capable of producing zirconium that has been purified of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shamsuddin |first=Mohammad |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-58069-8 |title=Physical Chemistry of Metallurgical Processes |date=22 June 2021 |publisher=Springer Cham |isbn=978-3-030-58069-8 |edition=2nd |pages=1-5, 390-391 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-58069-8}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Vacuum [[Electric arc furnace|arc melting]], combined with the use of hot extruding techniques and [[Supercooling|supercooled]] copper hearths, is capable of producing zirconium that has been purified of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shamsuddin |first=Mohammad |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-58069-8 |title=Physical Chemistry of Metallurgical Processes<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |series=The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series</ins> |date=22 June 2021 |publisher=Springer Cham |isbn=978-3-030-58069-8 |edition=2nd |pages=1-5, 390-391 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-58069-8}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Hafnium must be removed from zirconium for nuclear applications because hafnium has a neutron absorption cross-section 600 times greater than zirconium.<ref name="b1">{{cite book|author=Brady, George Stuart|author2=Clauser, Henry R.|author3=Vaccari, John A.|name-list-style=amp |title=Materials handbook: an encyclopedia for managers, technical professionals, purchasing and production managers, technicians, and supervisors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vIhvSQLhhMEC&pg=PA1063|access-date=2011-03-18 |year=2002|publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional|isbn=978-0-07-136076-0|pages=1063–}}</ref> The separated hafnium can be used for reactor [[control rods]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Zardiackas, Lyle D.|author2=Kraay, Matthew J.|author3=Freese, Howard L.|name-list-style=amp |title=Titanium, niobium, zirconium and tantalum for medical and surgical applications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iAlt_F5K9KkC&pg=PA21|access-date=2011-03-18 |year= 2006|publisher=ASTM International|isbn=978-0-8031-3497-3|pages=21–}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Hafnium must be removed from zirconium for nuclear applications because hafnium has a neutron absorption cross-section 600 times greater than zirconium.<ref name="b1">{{cite book|author=Brady, George Stuart|author2=Clauser, Henry R.|author3=Vaccari, John A.|name-list-style=amp |title=Materials handbook: an encyclopedia for managers, technical professionals, purchasing and production managers, technicians, and supervisors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vIhvSQLhhMEC&pg=PA1063|access-date=2011-03-18 |year=2002|publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional|isbn=978-0-07-136076-0|pages=1063–}}</ref> The separated hafnium can be used for reactor [[control rods]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Zardiackas, Lyle D.|author2=Kraay, Matthew J.|author3=Freese, Howard L.|name-list-style=amp |title=Titanium, niobium, zirconium and tantalum for medical and surgical applications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iAlt_F5K9KkC&pg=PA21|access-date=2011-03-18 |year= 2006|publisher=ASTM International|isbn=978-0-8031-3497-3|pages=21–}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 54:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 54:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==Compounds==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==Compounds==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Category see also|Zirconium compounds|Zirconium minerals}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Category see also|Zirconium compounds|Zirconium minerals}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Like other [[transition metal]]s, zirconium forms a wide range of [[inorganic chemistry|inorganic compounds]] and [[coordination complex]]es.<ref>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd}}</ref> In general, these compounds are colourless diamagnetic solids wherein zirconium has the [[oxidation state]] +4. Some organometallic compounds are considered to have Zr(II) oxidation state.<ref<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">>{{Cite</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">journal |last</del>=Calderazzo<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |first=Fausto |last2=Pampaloni |first2=Guido |date=January 1992 |title=Organometallics of groups 4 and 5: Oxidation states II and lower |url=https:</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">/linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022328X92831263 |journal=Journal of Organometallic Chemistry |language=en |volume=423 |issue=3 |pages=307–328 |doi=10.1016/0022-328X(92)83126-3}}</ref</del>> Non-equilibrium oxidation states between 0 and 4 have been detected during zirconium oxidation.<ref<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">>{{Cite</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">journal |last</del>=Ma<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |first=Wen |last2=Herbert |first2=F. William |last3=Senanayake |first3=Sanjaya D. |last4=Yildiz |first4=Bilge |date=2015-03-09 |title=Non-equilibrium oxidation states of zirconium during early stages of metal oxidation |url=https:</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">/pubs.aip.org/apl/article/106/10/101603/236409/Non-equilibrium-oxidation-states-of-zirconium |journal=Applied Physics Letters |language=en |volume=106 |issue=10 |doi=10.1063/1.4914180 |issn=0003-6951}}</ref</del>></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Like other [[transition metal]]s, zirconium forms a wide range of [[inorganic chemistry|inorganic compounds]] and [[coordination complex]]es.<ref<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> name="Greenwd"</ins>>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd}}</ref> In general, these compounds are colourless diamagnetic solids wherein zirconium has the [[oxidation state]] +4. Some organometallic compounds are considered to have Zr(II) oxidation state.<ref <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">name</ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</ins>Calderazzo<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</ins>/> Non-equilibrium oxidation states between 0 and 4 have been detected during zirconium oxidation.<ref <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">name</ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</ins>Ma<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</ins>/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Oxides, nitrides, and carbides===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Oxides, nitrides, and carbides===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 62:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 62:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>The most common oxide is [[zirconium dioxide]], ZrO2, also known as ''zirconia''. This clear to white-coloured solid has exceptional [[fracture toughness]] (for a ceramic) and chemical resistance, especially in its [[cubic zirconia|cubic]] form.<ref name="azomzirc">{{cite web |title=Zirconia |publisher=AZoM.com |date=2008 |url=http://www.azom.com/details.asp?ArticleID=133#_Key_Properties |access-date=2008-03-17 |archive-date=2009-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126182009/http://www.azom.com/details.asp?ArticleID=133#_Key_Properties |url-status=dead }}</ref> These properties make zirconia useful as a [[thermal barrier]] coating,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gauthier |first1=V. |last2=Dettenwanger|first2=F.|last3=Schütze|first3=M.|title=Oxidation behavior of γ-TiAl coated with zirconia thermal barriers |journal=Intermetallics |volume=10 |issue=7|pages=667–674|date=2002-04-10 |doi=10.1016/S0966-9795(02)00036-5}}</ref> although it is also a common [[diamond]] substitute.<ref name="azomzirc" /> Zirconium monoxide, ZrO, is also known and [[S-type star]]s are recognised by detection of its emission lines.<ref>{{cite journal|title= Classification of the S-Type Stars|last= Keenan|first= P. C.|year= 1954|journal= [[Astrophysical Journal]]|volume= 120|pages= 484–505|doi= 10.1086/145937|bibcode= 1954ApJ...120..484K}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>The most common oxide is [[zirconium dioxide]], ZrO2, also known as ''zirconia''. This clear to white-coloured solid has exceptional [[fracture toughness]] (for a ceramic) and chemical resistance, especially in its [[cubic zirconia|cubic]] form.<ref name="azomzirc">{{cite web |title=Zirconia |publisher=AZoM.com |date=2008 |url=http://www.azom.com/details.asp?ArticleID=133#_Key_Properties |access-date=2008-03-17 |archive-date=2009-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126182009/http://www.azom.com/details.asp?ArticleID=133#_Key_Properties |url-status=dead }}</ref> These properties make zirconia useful as a [[thermal barrier]] coating,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gauthier |first1=V. |last2=Dettenwanger|first2=F.|last3=Schütze|first3=M.|title=Oxidation behavior of γ-TiAl coated with zirconia thermal barriers |journal=Intermetallics |volume=10 |issue=7|pages=667–674|date=2002-04-10 |doi=10.1016/S0966-9795(02)00036-5}}</ref> although it is also a common [[diamond]] substitute.<ref name="azomzirc" /> Zirconium monoxide, ZrO, is also known and [[S-type star]]s are recognised by detection of its emission lines.<ref>{{cite journal|title= Classification of the S-Type Stars|last= Keenan|first= P. C.|year= 1954|journal= [[Astrophysical Journal]]|volume= 120|pages= 484–505|doi= 10.1086/145937|bibcode= 1954ApJ...120..484K}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Zirconium tungstate]] has the unusual property of shrinking in all dimensions when heated, whereas most other substances expand when heated.<ref name="CRC2008" /> [[Zirconyl chloride]] is one of the few water-soluble zirconium complexes, with the formula [Zr4(OH)12(H2O)16]Cl8.<ref name="Greenwd"<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd}}<</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ref</del>></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[Zirconium tungstate]] has the unusual property of shrinking in all dimensions when heated, whereas most other substances expand when heated.<ref name="CRC2008" /> [[Zirconyl chloride]] is one of the few water-soluble zirconium complexes, with the formula [Zr4(OH)12(H2O)16]Cl8.<ref name="Greenwd"/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Zirconium carbide]] and [[zirconium nitride]] are refractory solids. Both are highly [[corrosion]]-resistant and find uses in high-temperature resistant coatings and cutting tools.<ref>{{Cite journal |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last</del>=Opeka |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first</del>=Mark M. |last2=Talmy |first2=Inna G. |last3=Wuchina |first3=Eric J. |last4=Zaykoski |first4=James A. |last5=Causey |first5=Samuel J. |date=October 1999 |title=Mechanical, Thermal, and Oxidation Properties of Refractory Hafnium and zirconium Compounds |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955221999001296 |journal=Journal of the European Ceramic Society |language=en |volume=19 |issue=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">13-14</del> |pages=2405–2414 |doi=10.1016/S0955-2219(99)00129-6}}</ref> Zirconium hydride phases are known to form when zirconium alloys are exposed to large quantities of [[hydrogen]] over time; due to the brittleness of zirconium hydrides relative to zirconium alloys, the mitigation of zirconium hydride formation was highly studied during the development of the first commercial [[Nuclear reactor|nuclear reactors]], in which zirconium carbide was a frequently used material.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Puls |first=Manfred P. |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4471-4195-2 |title=The Effect of Hydrogen and Hydrides on the Integrity of Zirconium Alloy Components |publisher=Springer London |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4471-4195-2}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[Zirconium carbide]] and [[zirconium nitride]] are refractory solids. Both are highly [[corrosion]]-resistant and find uses in high-temperature resistant coatings and cutting tools.<ref>{{Cite journal |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last1</ins>=Opeka |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first1</ins>=Mark M. |last2=Talmy |first2=Inna G. |last3=Wuchina |first3=Eric J. |last4=Zaykoski |first4=James A. |last5=Causey |first5=Samuel J. |date=October 1999 |title=Mechanical, Thermal, and Oxidation Properties of Refractory Hafnium and zirconium Compounds |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955221999001296 |journal=Journal of the European Ceramic Society |language=en |volume=19 |issue=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">13–14</ins> |pages=2405–2414 |doi=10.1016/S0955-2219(99)00129-6}}</ref> Zirconium hydride phases are known to form when zirconium alloys are exposed to large quantities of [[hydrogen]] over time; due to the brittleness of zirconium hydrides relative to zirconium alloys, the mitigation of zirconium hydride formation was highly studied during the development of the first commercial [[Nuclear reactor|nuclear reactors]], in which zirconium carbide was a frequently used material.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Puls |first=Manfred P. |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4471-4195-2 |title=The Effect of Hydrogen and Hydrides on the Integrity of Zirconium Alloy Components<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |series=Engineering Materials |date=2012</ins> |publisher=Springer London |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4471-4195-2<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|isbn=978-1-4471-4194-5 </ins>}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Lead zirconate titanate]] (PZT) is the most commonly used [[Piezoelectricity|piezoelectric]] material, being used as [[Transducer|transducers]] and [[Actuator|actuators]] in medical and [[MEMS|microelectromechanical systems]] applications.<ref>{{Cite journal |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last</del>=Rouquette |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first</del>=J. |last2=Haines |first2=J. |last3=Bornand |first3=V. |last4=Pintard |first4=M. |last5=Papet |first5=Ph. |last6=Bousquet |first6=C. |last7=Konczewicz |first7=L. |last8=Gorelli |first8=F. A. |last9=Hull |first9=S. |date=2004-07-23 |title=Pressure tuning of the morphotropic phase boundary in piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.70.014108 |journal=Physical Review B |language=en |volume=70 |issue=1 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.70.014108 |issn=1098-0121}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[Lead zirconate titanate]] (PZT) is the most commonly used [[Piezoelectricity|piezoelectric]] material, being used as [[Transducer|transducers]] and [[Actuator|actuators]] in medical and [[MEMS|microelectromechanical systems]] applications.<ref>{{Cite journal |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last1</ins>=Rouquette |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first1</ins>=J. |last2=Haines |first2=J. |last3=Bornand |first3=V. |last4=Pintard |first4=M. |last5=Papet |first5=Ph. |last6=Bousquet |first6=C. |last7=Konczewicz |first7=L. |last8=Gorelli |first8=F. A. |last9=Hull |first9=S. |date=2004-07-23 |title=Pressure tuning of the morphotropic phase boundary in piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.70.014108 |journal=Physical Review B |language=en |volume=70 |issue=1<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |page=014108</ins> |doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.70.014108<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |bibcode=2004PhRvB..70a4108R</ins> |issn=1098-0121}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Halides and pseudohalides===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Halides and pseudohalides===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>All four common halides are known, [[zirconium(IV) fluoride|ZrF4]], [[zirconium(IV) chloride|ZrCl4]], [[zirconium(IV) bromide|ZrBr4]], and [[zirconium(IV) iodide|ZrI4]]. All have polymeric structures and are far less volatile than the corresponding titanium tetrahalides; they find applications in the formation of organic complexes such as [[zirconocene dichloride]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last</del>=South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation |last2=Sharutin |first2=V. |last3=Tarasova |first3=N. |date=2023 |title=Zirconium halide complexes. Synthesis, structure, practical application potential |url=https://vestnik.susu.ru/chemistry/article/view/12998 |journal=Bulletin of the South Ural State University <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">series</del> "Chemistry" |language=ru |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=17–30 |doi=10.14529/chem230102}}</ref> All tend to [[hydrolyse]] to give the so-called oxyhalides and dioxides.<ref name="Ullmann" /></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>All four common halides are known, [[zirconium(IV) fluoride|ZrF4]], [[zirconium(IV) chloride|ZrCl4]], [[zirconium(IV) bromide|ZrBr4]], and [[zirconium(IV) iodide|ZrI4]]. All have polymeric structures and are far less volatile than the corresponding titanium tetrahalides; they find applications in the formation of organic complexes such as [[zirconocene dichloride]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last1</ins>=South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation |last2=Sharutin |first2=V. |last3=Tarasova |first3=N. |date=2023 |title=Zirconium halide complexes. Synthesis, structure, practical application potential |url=https://vestnik.susu.ru/chemistry/article/view/12998 |journal=Bulletin of the South Ural State University <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Series</ins> "Chemistry" |language=ru |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=17–30 |doi=10.14529/chem230102<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|doi-access=free </ins>}}</ref> All tend to [[hydrolyse]] to give the so-called oxyhalides and dioxides.<ref name="Ullmann" /></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Fusion of the tetrahalides with additional metal gives lower zirconium halides (e.g. [[Zirconium(III) chloride|ZrCl3]]). These adopt a layered structure, conducting within the layers but not perpendicular thereto.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Inorganic Chemistry | last1 = Housecroft | first1 = C. E. | last2 = Sharpe | first2 = A. G. | year = 2018 | publisher = [[Prentice-Hall]] | edition = 5th | isbn = 978-0273742753 | page = 812 }}</ref> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>The corresponding tetra[[alkoxide]]s are also known. Unlike the halides, the alkoxides dissolve in nonpolar solvents. Dihydrogen hexafluorozirconate is used in the metal finishing industry as an etching agent to promote paint adhesion.<ref>MSDS sheet for Duratec 400, DuBois Chemicals, Inc.</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>The corresponding tetra[[alkoxide]]s are also known. Unlike the halides, the alkoxides dissolve in nonpolar solvents. Dihydrogen hexafluorozirconate is used in the metal finishing industry as an etching agent to promote paint adhesion.<ref>MSDS sheet for Duratec 400, DuBois Chemicals, Inc.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 82:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 84:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==History==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==History==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The zirconium-containing mineral zircon and related minerals ([[jargoon]], [[jacinth]], or hyacinth, [[Priestly breastplate#Third row|ligure]]) were mentioned in biblical writings.<ref name="CRC2008" /><ref name="Stwertka" /> The mineral was not known to contain a new element until 1789,<ref name="greenwood">{{cite book|title=The History and Use of our Earth's Chemical Elements|last=Krebs|first=Robert E.|date=1998|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-30123-0|location=Westport, Connecticut|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyuseofoure00kreb/page/98 98–100]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/historyuseofoure00kreb/page/98}}</ref> when [[Martin Heinrich Klaproth|Klaproth]] analyzed a jargoon from the island of Ceylon (now [[Sri Lanka]]). He named the new element Zirkonerde (zirconia),<ref name="CRC2008" /> related to the [[Persian Language|Persian]] ''[[Jargoon|zargun]]'' (zircon; ''zar-gun'', "gold-like" or "as gold").<ref name=":2" /> [[Humphry Davy]] attempted to isolate this new element in 1808 through [[electrolysis]], but failed.<ref name="nbb" /> Zirconium metal was first obtained in an impure form in 1824 by [[Jöns Jakob Berzelius|Berzelius]] by heating a mixture of potassium and potassium zirconium fluoride in an iron tube.<ref name="CRC2008" /><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> The of the element is</del> </div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The zirconium-containing mineral zircon and related minerals ([[jargoon]], [[jacinth]], or hyacinth, [[Priestly breastplate#Third row|ligure]]) were mentioned in biblical writings.<ref name="CRC2008" /><ref name="Stwertka" /> The mineral was not known to contain a new element until 1789,<ref name="greenwood">{{cite book|title=The History and Use of our Earth's Chemical Elements|last=Krebs|first=Robert E.|date=1998|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-30123-0|location=Westport, Connecticut|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyuseofoure00kreb/page/98 98–100]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/historyuseofoure00kreb/page/98}}</ref> when [[Martin Heinrich Klaproth|Klaproth]] analyzed a jargoon from the island of Ceylon (now [[Sri Lanka]]). He named the new element Zirkonerde (zirconia),<ref name="CRC2008" /> related to the [[Persian Language|Persian]] ''[[Jargoon|zargun]]'' (zircon; ''zar-gun'', "gold-like" or "as gold").<ref name=":2" /> [[Humphry Davy]] attempted to isolate this new element in 1808 through [[electrolysis]], but failed.<ref name="nbb" /> Zirconium metal was first obtained in an impure form in 1824 by [[Jöns Jakob Berzelius|Berzelius]] by heating a mixture of potassium and potassium zirconium fluoride in an iron tube.<ref name="CRC2008" /> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>The ''[[crystal bar process]]'' (also known as the ''Iodide Process''), discovered by [[Anton Eduard van Arkel]] and [[Jan Hendrik de Boer]] in 1925, was the first industrial process for the commercial production of metallic zirconium. It involves the formation and subsequent [[thermal decomposition]] of [[zirconium tetraiodide]] ({{chem2|ZrI4}}), and was superseded in 1945 by the much cheaper [[Kroll process]] developed by [[William Justin Kroll]], in which zirconium tetrachloride ({{chem2|ZrCl4}}) is reduced by magnesium:<ref name="madehow" /><ref name="metal1998">{{cite book|first=James B.|last=Hedrick|contribution=Zirconium|title=Metal Prices in the United States through 1998|date=1998|pages=175–178|publisher=US Geological Survey|url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/metal_prices/metal_prices1998.pdf|access-date=2008-02-26}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>The ''[[crystal bar process]]'' (also known as the ''Iodide Process''), discovered by [[Anton Eduard van Arkel]] and [[Jan Hendrik de Boer]] in 1925, was the first industrial process for the commercial production of metallic zirconium. It involves the formation and subsequent [[thermal decomposition]] of [[zirconium tetraiodide]] ({{chem2|ZrI4}}), and was superseded in 1945 by the much cheaper [[Kroll process]] developed by [[William Justin Kroll]], in which zirconium tetrachloride ({{chem2|ZrCl4}}) is reduced by magnesium:<ref name="madehow" /><ref name="metal1998">{{cite book|first=James B.|last=Hedrick|contribution=Zirconium|title=Metal Prices in the United States through 1998|date=1998|pages=175–178|publisher=US Geological Survey|url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/metal_prices/metal_prices1998.pdf|access-date=2008-02-26}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 97:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 99:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Further information|Zirconium alloys}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Further information|Zirconium alloys}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>A small fraction of the zircon is converted to the metal, which finds various niche applications. Because of zirconium's excellent resistance to corrosion, it is often used as an alloying agent in materials that are exposed to aggressive environments, such as surgical appliances, light filaments, and watch cases. The high reactivity of zirconium with oxygen at high temperatures is exploited in some specialised applications such as explosive primers and as [[getter]]s in [[vacuum tube]]s. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">same</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">property</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(probably)</del> the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">purpose</del> of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">including</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Zr</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[nanoparticle]]s</del> as [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pyrophoric</del>]] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">material</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">explosive</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">weapons</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">such</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[BLU</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">97</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Combined</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Effects</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Bomb]]</del>. Burning zirconium was used as a light source in some [[flash (photography)#Flashbulbs|photographic flashbulbs]]. Zirconium powder with a [[Mesh (scale)|mesh size]] from 10 to 80 is occasionally used in pyrotechnic compositions to generate [[Spark (fire)|sparks]]. The high reactivity of zirconium leads to bright white sparks.<ref name="stars">{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e4GOAIA8HaEC&pg=PA49 |title=Pyrotechnic Spark Generation |author1=Kosanke, Kenneth L. |author2=Kosanke, Bonnie J. |pages=49–62 |journal=Journal of Pyrotechnics |isbn=978-1-889526-12-6 |year=1999 }}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>A small fraction of the zircon is converted to the metal, which finds various niche applications. Because of zirconium's excellent resistance to corrosion, it is often used as an alloying agent in materials that are exposed to aggressive environments, such as surgical appliances, light filaments, and watch cases. The high reactivity of zirconium with oxygen at high temperatures is exploited in some specialised applications such as explosive primers and as [[getter]]s in [[vacuum tube]]s.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref>{{cite</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">journal</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|last=Rogers</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|first=Alfred</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|year=1946</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|title=Use of Zirconium in</ins> the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Vacuum Tube |journal=Transactions</ins> of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Electrochemical</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Society |volume=88 |page=207 |doi=10.1149/1.3071684}}</ref> Zirconium powder is used</ins> as<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> a degassing agent in electron tubes, while zirconium wire and sheets are utilized for grid and</ins> [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">anode</ins>]] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">supports.<ref>{{cite</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">web</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|url=https://www.refractorymetal.org/the-magic-industrial-vitamin-zirconium-metal/</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|title=Zirconium</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Metal:</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Magic</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Industrial Vitamin |website=Advanced Refractory Metals |access</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">date=Oct 21, 2024}}<</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ref><ref>{{cite</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">journal</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|last=Ferrando</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|first=W</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A. |year=1988 |title=Processing and use of zirconium based materials |journal=Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Processes |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=195–231 |doi=10.1080/10426918808953203}}</ref></ins> Burning zirconium was used as a light source in some [[flash (photography)#Flashbulbs|photographic flashbulbs]]. Zirconium powder with a [[Mesh (scale)|mesh size]] from 10 to 80 is occasionally used in pyrotechnic compositions to generate [[Spark (fire)|sparks]]. The high reactivity of zirconium leads to bright white sparks.<ref name="stars">{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e4GOAIA8HaEC&pg=PA49 |title=Pyrotechnic Spark Generation |author1=Kosanke, Kenneth L. |author2=Kosanke, Bonnie J. |pages=49–62 |journal=Journal of Pyrotechnics |isbn=978-1-889526-12-6 |year=1999 }}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>=== Nuclear applications ===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>=== Nuclear applications ===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 103:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 105:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Cladding for nuclear reactor fuels consumes about 1% of the zirconium supply,<ref name="Ullmann" /> mainly in the form of [[zircaloy]]s. The desired properties of these alloys are a low neutron-capture [[neutron cross-section|cross-section]] and resistance to corrosion under normal service conditions.<ref name="madehow">{{cite web |title= Zirconium |work= How Products Are Made |publisher= Advameg Inc. |date= 2007 |url=http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Zirconium.html |access-date= 2008-03-26}}</ref><ref name="CRC2008" /> Efficient methods for removing the hafnium impurities were developed to serve this purpose.<ref name="Stwertka" /></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Cladding for nuclear reactor fuels consumes about 1% of the zirconium supply,<ref name="Ullmann" /> mainly in the form of [[zircaloy]]s. The desired properties of these alloys are a low neutron-capture [[neutron cross-section|cross-section]] and resistance to corrosion under normal service conditions.<ref name="madehow">{{cite web |title= Zirconium |work= How Products Are Made |publisher= Advameg Inc. |date= 2007 |url=http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Zirconium.html |access-date= 2008-03-26}}</ref><ref name="CRC2008" /> Efficient methods for removing the hafnium impurities were developed to serve this purpose.<ref name="Stwertka" /></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>One disadvantage of zirconium alloys is the reactivity with water, producing [[hydrogen]], leading to degradation of the [[nuclear fuel#Common physical forms of nuclear fuel|fuel rod cladding]]:<ref>{{Cite journal |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last</del>=Motta |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first</del>=Arthur T. |last2=Capolungo |first2=Laurent |last3=Chen |first3=Long-Qing |last4=Cinbiz |first4=Mahmut Nedim |last5=Daymond |first5=Mark R. |last6=Koss |first6=Donald A. |last7=Lacroix |first7=Evrard |last8=Pastore |first8=Giovanni |last9=Simon |first9=Pierre-Clément A. |last10=Tonks |first10=Michael R. |last11=Wirth |first11=Brian D. |last12=Zikry |first12=Mohammed A. |date=May 2019 |title=Hydrogen in zirconium alloys: A review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022311518316763 |journal=Journal of Nuclear Materials |language=en |volume=518 |pages=440–460 |doi=10.1016/j.jnucmat.2019.02.042}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>One disadvantage of zirconium alloys is the reactivity with water, producing [[hydrogen]], leading to degradation of the [[nuclear fuel#Common physical forms of nuclear fuel|fuel rod cladding]]:<ref>{{Cite journal |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last1</ins>=Motta |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first1</ins>=Arthur T. |last2=Capolungo |first2=Laurent |last3=Chen |first3=Long-Qing |last4=Cinbiz |first4=Mahmut Nedim |last5=Daymond |first5=Mark R. |last6=Koss |first6=Donald A. |last7=Lacroix |first7=Evrard |last8=Pastore |first8=Giovanni |last9=Simon |first9=Pierre-Clément A. |last10=Tonks |first10=Michael R. |last11=Wirth |first11=Brian D. |last12=Zikry |first12=Mohammed A. |date=May 2019 |title=Hydrogen in zirconium alloys: A review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022311518316763 |journal=Journal of Nuclear Materials |language=en |volume=518 |pages=440–460 |doi=10.1016/j.jnucmat.2019.02.042<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|bibcode=2019JNuM..518..440M </ins>}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div><chem display="block">Zr + 2H2O -> ZrO2 + 2H2</chem></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div><chem display="block">Zr + 2H2O -> ZrO2 + 2H2</chem></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 109:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 111:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Hydrolysis is very slow below 100&nbsp;°C, but rapid at temperature above 900&nbsp;°C. Most metals undergo similar reactions. The redox reaction is relevant to the instability of [[nuclear fuel|fuel assemblies]] at high temperatures.<ref>Gillon, Luc (1979). ''Le nucléaire en question'', Gembloux Duculot, French edition.</ref> This reaction occurred in the reactors 1, 2 and 3 of the [[Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant]] (Japan) after the reactor cooling was interrupted by the [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami|earthquake and tsunami]] disaster of March 11, 2011, leading to the [[Fukushima I nuclear accidents]]. After venting the hydrogen in the maintenance hall of those three reactors, the mixture of hydrogen with atmospheric [[oxygen]] exploded, severely damaging the installations and at least one of the containment buildings.<ref name="IAEA2015">{{cite book |url=https://www.iaea.org/publications/10962/the-fukushima-daiichi-accident |title=The Fukushima Daiichi accident |date=2015 |publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency |isbn=978-92-0-107015-9 |series=STI/PUB |location=Vienna, Austria |pages=37–42}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Hydrolysis is very slow below 100&nbsp;°C, but rapid at temperature above 900&nbsp;°C. Most metals undergo similar reactions. The redox reaction is relevant to the instability of [[nuclear fuel|fuel assemblies]] at high temperatures.<ref>Gillon, Luc (1979). ''Le nucléaire en question'', Gembloux Duculot, French edition.</ref> This reaction occurred in the reactors 1, 2 and 3 of the [[Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant]] (Japan) after the reactor cooling was interrupted by the [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami|earthquake and tsunami]] disaster of March 11, 2011, leading to the [[Fukushima I nuclear accidents]]. After venting the hydrogen in the maintenance hall of those three reactors, the mixture of hydrogen with atmospheric [[oxygen]] exploded, severely damaging the installations and at least one of the containment buildings.<ref name="IAEA2015">{{cite book |url=https://www.iaea.org/publications/10962/the-fukushima-daiichi-accident |title=The Fukushima Daiichi accident |date=2015 |publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency |isbn=978-92-0-107015-9 |series=STI/PUB |location=Vienna, Austria |pages=37–42}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Zirconium is a constituent of [[uranium zirconium hydride]]s, nuclear fuels used in [[research reactor]]s.<ref>{{multiref2|{{Cite journal |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last</del>=Tsuchiya |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first</del>=B. |last2=Huang |first2=J. |last3=Konashi |first3=K. |last4=Teshigawara |first4=M. |last5=Yamawaki |first5=M. |date=March 2001 |title=Thermophysical properties of zirconium hydride and uranium–zirconium hydride |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022311501004202 |journal=Journal of Nuclear Materials |language=en |volume=289 |issue=3 |pages=329–333 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3115(01)00420-2}}|{{Cite journal |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last</del>=Olander |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first</del>=D. |last2=Greenspan |first2=Ehud |last3=Garkisch |first3=Hans D. |last4=Petrovic |first4=Bojan |date=August 2009 |title=Uranium–zirconium hydride fuel properties |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0029549309001745 |journal=Nuclear Engineering and Design |language=en |volume=239 |issue=8 |pages=1406–1424 |doi=10.1016/j.nucengdes.2009.04.001}}}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Zirconium is a constituent of [[uranium zirconium hydride]]s, nuclear fuels used in [[research reactor]]s.<ref>{{multiref2|{{Cite journal |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last1</ins>=Tsuchiya |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first1</ins>=B. |last2=Huang |first2=J. |last3=Konashi |first3=K. |last4=Teshigawara |first4=M. |last5=Yamawaki |first5=M. |date=March 2001 |title=Thermophysical properties of zirconium hydride and uranium–zirconium hydride |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022311501004202 |journal=Journal of Nuclear Materials |language=en |volume=289 |issue=3 |pages=329–333 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3115(01)00420-2<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|bibcode=2001JNuM..289..329T </ins>}}|{{Cite journal |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last1</ins>=Olander |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first1</ins>=D. |last2=Greenspan |first2=Ehud |last3=Garkisch |first3=Hans D. |last4=Petrovic |first4=Bojan |date=August 2009 |title=Uranium–zirconium hydride fuel properties |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0029549309001745 |journal=Nuclear Engineering and Design |language=en |volume=239 |issue=8 |pages=1406–1424 |doi=10.1016/j.nucengdes.2009.04.001<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|bibcode=2009NuEnD.239.1406O </ins>}}}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>=== Space and aeronautic industries ===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>=== Space and aeronautic industries ===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 123:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 125:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Zirconium-bearing compounds are used in many biomedical applications, including dental implants and [[crown (dentistry)|crowns]], knee and hip replacements, middle-ear [[ossicles|ossicular]] chain reconstruction, and other restorative and [[prosthesis|prosthetic]] devices.<ref name="Lee" /></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Zirconium-bearing compounds are used in many biomedical applications, including dental implants and [[crown (dentistry)|crowns]], knee and hip replacements, middle-ear [[ossicles|ossicular]] chain reconstruction, and other restorative and [[prosthesis|prosthetic]] devices.<ref name="Lee" /></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Zirconium binds [[urea]], a property that has been utilized extensively to the benefit of patients with [[chronic kidney disease]].<ref name="Lee" /> For example, zirconium is a primary component of the [[sorbent]] column dependent dialysate regeneration and recirculation system known as the REDY system, which was first introduced in 1973. More than 2,000,000 [[Kidney dialysis|dialysis]] treatments have been performed using the sorbent column in the REDY system.<ref>Ash SR. Sorbents in treatment of uremia: A short history and a great future. 2009 Semin Dial 22: 615–622</ref> Although the REDY system was superseded in the 1990s by less expensive alternatives, new sorbent-based dialysis systems are being evaluated and approved by the U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA). Renal Solutions developed the DIALISORB technology, a portable, low water dialysis system. Also, developmental versions of a Wearable Artificial Kidney have incorporated sorbent-based technologies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kooman |first=Jeroen Peter |date=2024-03-20 |title=The Revival of Sorbents in Chronic Dialysis Treatment<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/sdi.13203</del> |journal=Seminars in Dialysis |language=en |doi=10.1111/sdi.13203 |issn=0894-0959|doi-access=free }}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Zirconium binds [[urea]], a property that has been utilized extensively to the benefit of patients with [[chronic kidney disease]].<ref name="Lee" /> For example, zirconium is a primary component of the [[sorbent]] column dependent dialysate regeneration and recirculation system known as the REDY system, which was first introduced in 1973. More than 2,000,000 [[Kidney dialysis|dialysis]] treatments have been performed using the sorbent column in the REDY system.<ref>Ash SR. Sorbents in treatment of uremia: A short history and a great future. 2009 Semin Dial 22: 615–622</ref> Although the REDY system was superseded in the 1990s by less expensive alternatives, new sorbent-based dialysis systems are being evaluated and approved by the U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA). Renal Solutions developed the DIALISORB technology, a portable, low water dialysis system. Also, developmental versions of a Wearable Artificial Kidney have incorporated sorbent-based technologies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kooman |first=Jeroen Peter |date=2024-03-20 |title=The Revival of Sorbents in Chronic Dialysis Treatment |journal=Seminars in Dialysis |language=en |doi=10.1111/sdi.13203 |issn=0894-0959|doi-access=free<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |pmid=38506130</ins> }}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate]] is used by mouth in the treatment of [[hyperkalemia]]. It is a selective sorbent designed to trap [[potassium]] ions in preference to other [[ions]] throughout the gastrointestinal tract.<ref>{{cite journal |doi= 10.1056/NEJMe1414112 |pmid= 25415806 |title= A New Era for the Treatment of Hyperkalemia? |journal= New England Journal of Medicine |volume= 372 |issue= 3 |pages= 275–7 |year= 2015 |last1= Ingelfinger |first1= Julie R.}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate]] is used by mouth in the treatment of [[hyperkalemia]]. It is a selective sorbent designed to trap [[potassium]] ions in preference to other [[ions]] throughout the gastrointestinal tract.<ref>{{cite journal |doi= 10.1056/NEJMe1414112 |pmid= 25415806 |title= A New Era for the Treatment of Hyperkalemia? |journal= New England Journal of Medicine |volume= 372 |issue= 3 |pages= 275–7 |year= 2015 |last1= Ingelfinger |first1= Julie R.}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Mixtures of monomeric and polymeric Zr4+ and Al3+ complexes with [[hydroxide]], [[chloride]] and [[glycine]], called [[Aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly|aluminium zirconium glycine]] salts, are used in a preparation as an [[antiperspirant]] in many [[deodorant]] products. It has been used since the early 1960s, as it was determined more efficacious as an antiperspirant than contemporary active ingredients such as [[aluminium chlorohydrate]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Laden |first=Karl |url=https://<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">www</del>.google.com/books<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">/edition/Antiperspirants_and_Deodorants/n0FZDwAAQBAJ</del>?<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hl</del>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">en&gbpv=1</del> |title=Antiperspirants and Deodorants |date=January 4, 1999 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4822-2405-4 |pages=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">137-144</del> |language=en}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Mixtures of monomeric and polymeric Zr4+ and Al3+ complexes with [[hydroxide]], [[chloride]] and [[glycine]], called [[Aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly|aluminium zirconium glycine]] salts, are used in a preparation as an [[antiperspirant]] in many [[deodorant]] products. It has been used since the early 1960s, as it was determined more efficacious as an antiperspirant than contemporary active ingredients such as [[aluminium chlorohydrate]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Laden |first=Karl |url=https://<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">books</ins>.google.com/books?<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">id</ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">n0FZDwAAQBAJ</ins> |title=Antiperspirants and Deodorants |date=January 4, 1999 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4822-2405-4 |pages=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">137–144</ins> |language=en}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>=== Defunct applications ===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>=== Defunct applications ===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 165:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 167:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>}}</ref> Zirconium is widely distributed in nature and is found in all biological systems, for example: 2.86 μg/g in whole wheat, 3.09 μg/g in brown rice, 0.55 μg/g in [[spinach]], 1.23 μg/g in eggs, and 0.86 μg/g in ground beef.{{r|Schroeder-and-Balassa-1966}} Further, zirconium is commonly used in commercial products (e.g. [[deodorant]] sticks, aerosol [[antiperspirants]]) and also in water purification (e.g. control of [[phosphorus]] pollution, bacteria- and pyrogen-contaminated water).<ref name="Lee">Lee DBN, Roberts M, Bluchel CG, Odell RA. (2010) Zirconium: Biomedical and nephrological applications. ASAIO J 56(6):550–556.</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>}}</ref> Zirconium is widely distributed in nature and is found in all biological systems, for example: 2.86 μg/g in whole wheat, 3.09 μg/g in brown rice, 0.55 μg/g in [[spinach]], 1.23 μg/g in eggs, and 0.86 μg/g in ground beef.{{r|Schroeder-and-Balassa-1966}} Further, zirconium is commonly used in commercial products (e.g. [[deodorant]] sticks, aerosol [[antiperspirants]]) and also in water purification (e.g. control of [[phosphorus]] pollution, bacteria- and pyrogen-contaminated water).<ref name="Lee">Lee DBN, Roberts M, Bluchel CG, Odell RA. (2010) Zirconium: Biomedical and nephrological applications. ASAIO J 56(6):550–556.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Short-term exposure to zirconium powder can cause irritation, but only contact with the eyes requires medical attention.<ref>{{cite book<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>|contribution=Zirconium|title=International Chemical Safety Cards|date=October 2004|publisher=International Labour Organization|url=http://www.oit.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc14/icsc1405.htm|access-date=2008-03-30}}</ref> Persistent exposure to [[zirconium tetrachloride]] results in increased mortality in rats and guinea pigs and a decrease of blood [[hemoglobin]] and [[red blood cell]]s in dogs. However, in a study of 20 rats given a standard diet containing ~4% zirconium oxide, there were no adverse effects on growth rate, blood and urine parameters, or mortality.<ref>Zirconium and its compounds 1999. The MAK Collection for Occupational Health and Safety. 224–236</ref> The U.S. [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]] (OSHA) legal limit ([[permissible exposure limit]]) for zirconium exposure is 5&nbsp;mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. The [[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] (NIOSH) [[recommended exposure limit]] (REL) is 5&nbsp;mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday and a short term limit of 10&nbsp;mg/m3. At levels of 25&nbsp;mg/m3, zirconium is [[IDLH|immediately dangerous to life and health]].<ref>{{cite web|title=NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Zirconium compounds (as Zr)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0677.html|website=CDC|access-date= 2015-11-27}}</ref> However, zirconium is not considered an industrial health hazard.<ref name="Lee" /> Furthermore, reports of zirconium-related adverse reactions are rare and, in general, rigorous cause-and-effect relationships have not been established.<ref name="Lee" /> No evidence has been validated that zirconium is carcinogenic<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> or genotoxic.</del><ref><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">toxnet</del>.nlm.nih.gov/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cgi</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">bin</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sis</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">search</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">f?</del>./<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">temp</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">~EHRbeW</del>:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2</del></ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Short-term exposure to zirconium powder can cause irritation, but only contact with the eyes requires medical attention.<ref>{{cite book|contribution=Zirconium|title=International Chemical Safety Cards|date=October 2004|publisher=International Labour Organization|url=http://www.oit.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc14/icsc1405.htm|access-date=2008-03-30<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|archive-date=2008-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201143952/http://www.oit.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc14/icsc1405.htm|url-status=dead</ins>}}</ref> Persistent exposure to [[zirconium tetrachloride]] results in increased mortality in rats and guinea pigs and a decrease of blood [[hemoglobin]] and [[red blood cell]]s in dogs. However, in a study of 20 rats given a standard diet containing ~4% zirconium oxide, there were no adverse effects on growth rate, blood and urine parameters, or mortality.<ref>Zirconium and its compounds 1999. The MAK Collection for Occupational Health and Safety. 224–236</ref> The U.S. [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]] (OSHA) legal limit ([[permissible exposure limit]]) for zirconium exposure is 5&nbsp;mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. The [[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] (NIOSH) [[recommended exposure limit]] (REL) is 5&nbsp;mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday and a short term limit of 10&nbsp;mg/m3. At levels of 25&nbsp;mg/m3, zirconium is [[IDLH|immediately dangerous to life and health]].<ref>{{cite web|title=NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Zirconium compounds (as Zr)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0677.html|website=CDC|access-date= 2015-11-27}}</ref> However, zirconium is not considered an industrial health hazard.<ref name="Lee" /> Furthermore, reports of zirconium-related adverse reactions are rare and, in general, rigorous cause-and-effect relationships have not been established.<ref name="Lee" /> No evidence has been validated that zirconium is carcinogenic<ref><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{Cite web |last=PubChem |title=Zirconium, Elemental |url=https://pubchem.ncbi</ins>.nlm.nih.gov/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">source/hsdb/2528 |access</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">date=2024-10-25 |website=Hazardous Substances Data Bank |language=en}}<</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ref> or genotoxic.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https:</ins>//<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">onlinelibrary</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">wiley.com</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">doi</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">book/10.1002/3527600418 |title=The MAK-Collection for Occupational Health and Safety</ins>:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Annual Thresholds and Classifications for the Workplace |date=November 2002 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-3-527-60041-0 |editor-last=Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft |edition=1 |language=de |doi=10.1002/3527600418.mb744067vere0012 |editor-last2=Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area}}</ins></ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Among the numerous radioactive isotopes of zirconium, 93Zr is among the most common. It is released as a [[Fission products (by element)#Zirconium-90 to 96|product of nuclear fission]] of 235U and 239Pu, mainly in nuclear power plants and during nuclear weapons tests in the 1950s and 1960s. It has a very long half-life (1.53 million years), its decay emits only low energy radiations, and it is not considered particularly hazardous.<ref>{{cite web |title=ANL Human Health Fact Sheet: Zirconium (October 2001) |url=http://hpschapters.org/northcarolina/NSDS/zirconium.pdf |publisher=Argonne National Laboratory |access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Among the numerous radioactive isotopes of zirconium, 93Zr is among the most common. It is released as a [[Fission products (by element)#Zirconium-90 to 96|product of nuclear fission]] of 235U and 239Pu, mainly in nuclear power plants and during nuclear weapons tests in the 1950s and 1960s. It has a very long half-life (1.53 million years), its decay emits only low energy radiations, and it is not considered particularly hazardous.<ref>{{cite web |title=ANL Human Health Fact Sheet: Zirconium (October 2001) |url=http://hpschapters.org/northcarolina/NSDS/zirconium.pdf |publisher=Argonne National Laboratory |access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref></div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Latest revision as of 02:33, 30 October 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 40</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_dioxide" title="Zirconium dioxide">zirconia</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cubic_zirconia" title="Cubic zirconia">cubic zirconia</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 40 (Zr)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Zirconium, 40Zr</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Zirconium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Zirconium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/220px-Zirconium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Zirconium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/330px-Zirconium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Zirconium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/440px-Zirconium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4758" data-file-height="3498" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Zirconium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/zɜːrˈkoʊniəm/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">zur-KOH-nee-əm</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">silvery white</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(Zr)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>91.222±0.003<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li>91.222±0.003 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Zirconium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> ↑ Zr ↓ <a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">yttrium</a> ← zirconium → <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">40</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">group 4</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">period 5</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#d-block" title="Block (periodic table)">d-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a>] 4d2 5s2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 10, 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2125 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (1852 °C, 3365 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4650 K (4377 °C, 7911 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">6.505 g/cm3<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">5.8 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">591 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25.36 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>2639 </td> <td>2891 </td> <td>3197 </td> <td>3575 </td> <td>4053 </td> <td>4678 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +4 −2,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> 0,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> +1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-6">[6]</a> +2,<a href="#cite_note-Calderazzo-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ma-8">[8]</a> +3<a href="#cite_note-GE28-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 1.33 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 640.1 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1270 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 2218 kJ/mol </li><li> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 160 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">175±7 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Zirconium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Zirconium_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Zirconium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Zirconium_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Zirconium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Zirconium_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Zirconium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of zirconium</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Close-packing_of_equal_spheres" title="Close-packing of equal spheres">hexagonal close-packed</a> (hcp) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">hP2</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constants</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexagonal_close_packed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hexagonal close-packed crystal structure for zirconium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/50px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/75px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/100px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="307" /></a></div>a = 323.22 pm c = 514.79 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5.69×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22.6 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">421 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paramagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramagnetic">paramagnetic</a><a href="#cite_note-magnet-10">[9]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">88 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">33 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">91.1 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">3800 m/s (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.34 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5.0 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vickers_hardness_test" title="Vickers hardness test">Vickers hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">820–1800 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">638–1880 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-67-7 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Naming</th><td class="infobox-data">after zircon, zargun زرگون meaning "gold-colored".</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth" title="Martin Heinrich Klaproth">Martin Heinrich Klaproth</a> (1789)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First isolation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">Jöns Jakob Berzelius</a> (1824)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_zirconium" title="Isotopes of zirconium">Isotopes of zirconium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_zirconium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox zirconium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_zirconium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox zirconium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-11">[10]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">88Zr </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">83.4 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium-88" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium-88">88Y</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Gamma_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma decay">γ</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" style="vertical-align: top;">89Zr </th> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">78.4 h </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">ε </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium-89" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium-89">89Y</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_plus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta plus decay">β+</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">89Y </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">γ </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">90Zr </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">51.5% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">91Zr </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">11.2% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">92Zr </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">17.1% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">93Zr </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">trace</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">1.53×106 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium-93" class="mw-redirect" title="Niobium-93">93Nb</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">94Zr </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">17.4% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">96Zr </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">2.80% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">2.34×1019 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Double_beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Double beta minus decay">β−β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum-96" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum-96">96Mo</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Zirconium" title="Category:Zirconium">Category: Zirconium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_zirconium" title="Template:Infobox zirconium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_zirconium" title="Template talk:Infobox zirconium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_zirconium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox zirconium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Zirconium is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Symbol_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (chemistry)">symbol</a> Zr and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 40. First identified in 1789, isolated in impure form in 1824, and manufactured at scale by 1925, pure zirconium is a lustrous <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metal</a> with a greyish-white color that closely resembles <a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">hafnium</a> and, to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>. It is solid at room temperature, <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">ductile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malleable" class="mw-redirect" title="Malleable">malleable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a>-resistant. The name zirconium is derived from the name of the mineral <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircon</a>, the most important source of zirconium. The word is related to <a href="/wiki/Persian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Language">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Jargoon" title="Jargoon">zargun</a> (zircon; zar-gun, "gold-like" or "as gold").<a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[11]</a> Besides zircon, zirconium occurs in over 140 other minerals, including <a href="/wiki/Baddeleyite" title="Baddeleyite">baddeleyite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eudialyte" title="Eudialyte">eudialyte</a>; most zirconium is produced as a byproduct of minerals mined for titanium and <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>. Zirconium forms a variety of <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">inorganic</a> compounds, such as <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_dioxide" title="Zirconium dioxide">zirconium dioxide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Organometallic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Organometallic compounds">organometallic compounds</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Zirconocene_dichloride" title="Zirconocene dichloride">zirconocene dichloride</a>. Five <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_zirconium" title="Isotopes of zirconium">isotopes</a> occur naturally, four of which are stable. The metal and its alloys are mainly used as a <a href="/wiki/Refractory" title="Refractory">refractory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opacifier" title="Opacifier">opacifier</a>; pure zirconium plays a vital role in the construction of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactors" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear reactors">nuclear reactors</a> due to strong resistance to corrosion and low nuclear reaction cross section, and in space vehicles and turbine blades where high heat resistance is necessary. Zirconium also finds uses in <a href="/wiki/Flashbulb_(photography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flashbulb (photography)">flashbulbs</a>, biomedical applications such as <a href="/wiki/Dental_implant" title="Dental implant">dental implants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">prosthetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deodorant" title="Deodorant">deodorant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">water purification</a> systems. Zirconium compounds have no known biological role, though the element is widely distributed in nature and appears in small quantities in biological systems without adverse effects. There is no indication of zirconium as a carcinogen. The main hazards posed by zirconium are flammability in powder form and irritation of the eyes. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> Zirconium is a <a href="/wiki/Luster_(mineralogy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luster (mineralogy)">lustrous</a>, greyish-white, soft, ductile, malleable metal that is solid at room temperature, though it is hard and <a href="/wiki/Brittle" class="mw-redirect" title="Brittle">brittle</a> at lesser purities.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-13">[12]</a> In powder form, zirconium is highly flammable, but the solid form is much less prone to ignition. Zirconium is highly resistant to corrosion by alkalis, acids, salt water and other agents.<a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-14">[13]</a> However, it will dissolve in <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>, especially when <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a> is present.<a href="#cite_note-Nostrand-15">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">Alloys</a> with <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> are <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetic</a> at less than 35 K.<a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-14">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> of zirconium is 1855 °C (3371 °F), and the <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a> is 4409 °C (7968 °F).<a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-14">[13]</a> Zirconium has an <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electronegativity</a> of 1.33 on the Pauling scale. Of the elements within the <a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> with known electronegativities, zirconium has the fourth lowest electronegativity after <a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">hafnium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">yttrium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">lutetium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> At room temperature zirconium exhibits a hexagonally close-packed crystal structure, α-Zr, which changes to β-Zr, a body-centered cubic crystal structure, at 863 °C. Zirconium exists in the β-phase until the melting point.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_zirconium" title="Isotopes of zirconium">Isotopes of zirconium</a></div> Naturally occurring zirconium is composed of five isotopes. 90Zr, 91Zr, 92Zr and 94Zr are stable, although 94Zr is predicted to undergo <a href="/wiki/Double_beta_decay" title="Double beta decay">double beta decay</a> (not observed experimentally) with a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of more than 1.10×1017 years. 96Zr has a half-life of 2.34×1019 years, and is the longest-lived radioisotope of zirconium. Of these natural isotopes, 90Zr is the most common, making up 51.45% of all zirconium. 96Zr is the least common, comprising only 2.80% of zirconium.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-11">[10]</a> Thirty-three artificial isotopes of zirconium have been synthesized, ranging in atomic mass from 77 to 114.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zirconium-93" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium-93">93Zr</a> is the longest-lived artificial isotope, with a half-life of 1.61×106 years. Radioactive isotopes at or above mass number 93 decay by <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">electron emission</a>, whereas those at or below 89 decay by <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">positron emission</a>. The only exception is 88Zr, which decays by <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-11">[10]</a> Thirteen isotopes of zirconium also exist as <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" title="Nuclear isomer">metastable isomers</a>: 83m1Zr, 83m2Zr, 85mZr, 87mZr, 88mZr, 89mZr, 90m1Zr, 90m2Zr, 91mZr, 97mZr, 98mZr, 99mZr, and 108mZr. Of these, 97mZr has the shortest half-life at 104.8 nanoseconds. 89mZr is the longest lived with a half-life of 4.161 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-11">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Zirconium_minerals" title="Category:Zirconium minerals">Category:Zirconium minerals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zirconium_mineral_concentrates_-_world_production_trend.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Zirconium_mineral_concentrates_-_world_production_trend.svg/240px-Zirconium_mineral_concentrates_-_world_production_trend.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Zirconium_mineral_concentrates_-_world_production_trend.svg/360px-Zirconium_mineral_concentrates_-_world_production_trend.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Zirconium_mineral_concentrates_-_world_production_trend.svg/480px-Zirconium_mineral_concentrates_-_world_production_trend.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>World production trend of zirconium mineral concentrates</figcaption></figure> Zirconium has a concentration of about 130 mg/kg within the <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a> and about 0.026 μg/L in <a href="/wiki/Sea_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea water">sea water</a>. It is the 18th most abundant element in the crust.<a href="#cite_note-argonne-19">[18]</a> It is not found in nature as a <a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">native metal</a>, reflecting its intrinsic instability with respect to water. The principal commercial source of zirconium is <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircon</a> (ZrSiO4), a <a href="/wiki/Silicate_mineral" title="Silicate mineral">silicate mineral</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nbb-13">[12]</a> which is found primarily in Australia, Brazil, India, Russia, South Africa and the United States, as well as in smaller deposits around the world.<a href="#cite_note-madehow-20">[19]</a> As of 2013, two-thirds of zircon mining occurs in Australia and South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-nbb13-21">[20]</a> Zircon resources exceed 60 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> worldwide<a href="#cite_note-usgs2008-22">[21]</a> and annual worldwide zirconium production is approximately 900,000 tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-argonne-19">[18]</a> Zirconium also occurs in more than 140 other minerals, including the commercially useful ores <a href="/wiki/Baddeleyite" title="Baddeleyite">baddeleyite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eudialyte" title="Eudialyte">eudialyte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> Zirconium is relatively abundant in <a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification#Class_S" title="Stellar classification">S-type stars</a>, and has been detected in the sun and in meteorites. Lunar rock samples brought back from several <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> missions to the moon have a high zirconium oxide content relative to terrestrial rocks.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/EPR_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="EPR spectroscopy">EPR spectroscopy</a> has been used in investigations of the unusual 3+ valence state of zirconium. The EPR spectrum of Zr3+, which has been initially observed as a parasitic signal in Fe‐doped single crystals of ScPO4, was definitively identified by preparing single crystals of ScPO4 doped with isotopically enriched (94.6%)91Zr. Single crystals of LuPO4 and YPO4 doped with both naturally abundant and isotopically enriched Zr have also been grown and investigated.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occurrence_2">Occurrence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2005zirconium.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/2005zirconium.PNG/220px-2005zirconium.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/2005zirconium.PNG/330px-2005zirconium.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/2005zirconium.PNG/440px-2005zirconium.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Zirconium output in 2005</figcaption></figure> Zirconium is a by-product formed after mining and processing of the <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> minerals <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">rutile</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> mining.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> From 2003 to 2007, while prices for the mineral zircon steadily increased from $360 to $840 per tonne, the price for unwrought zirconium metal decreased from $39,900 to $22,700 per ton. Zirconium metal is much more expensive than <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircon</a> because the reduction processes are costly.<a href="#cite_note-usgs2008-22">[21]</a> Collected from coastal waters, zircon-bearing sand is purified by <a href="/wiki/Spiral_separator#Wet_Spiral_Separators" title="Spiral separator">spiral concentrators</a> to separate lighter materials, which are then returned to the water because they are natural components of beach sand. Using <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_separation" title="Magnetic separation">magnetic separation</a>, the titanium ores <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">rutile</a> are removed.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> Most zircon is used directly in commercial applications, but a small percentage is converted to the metal. Most Zr metal is produced by the reduction of the <a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_chloride" title="Zirconium(IV) chloride">zirconium(IV) chloride</a> with <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> metal in the <a href="/wiki/Kroll_process" title="Kroll process">Kroll process</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-14">[13]</a> The resulting metal is <a href="/wiki/Sintering" title="Sintering">sintered</a> until sufficiently ductile for metalworking.<a href="#cite_note-madehow-20">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separation_of_zirconium_and_hafnium">Separation of zirconium and hafnium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Separation of zirconium and hafnium">edit</a>]</div> Commercial zirconium metal typically contains 1–3% of <a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">hafnium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-28">[27]</a> which is usually not problematic because the chemical properties of hafnium and zirconium are very similar. Their neutron-absorbing properties differ strongly, however, necessitating the separation of hafnium from zirconium for nuclear reactors.<a href="#cite_note-Stwertka-29">[28]</a> Several separation schemes are in use.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-28">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Liquid-liquid_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid-liquid extraction">liquid-liquid extraction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Thiocyanate" title="Thiocyanate">thiocyanate</a>-oxide derivatives exploits the fact that the hafnium derivative is slightly more soluble in <a href="/wiki/Methyl_isobutyl_ketone" title="Methyl isobutyl ketone">methyl isobutyl ketone</a> than in water. This method accounts for roughly two-thirds of pure zirconium production,<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> though other methods are being researched;<a href="#cite_note-:0-31">[30]</a> for instance, in India, a TBP-nitrate solvent extraction process is used for the separation of zirconium from other metals.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Zr and Hf can also be separated by <a href="/wiki/Fractional_crystallization_(chemistry)" title="Fractional crystallization (chemistry)">fractional crystallization</a> of potassium hexafluorozirconate (K2ZrF6), which is less soluble in water than the analogous hafnium derivative. <a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">Fractional distillation</a> of the tetrachlorides, also called <a href="/wiki/Extractive_distillation" title="Extractive distillation">extractive distillation</a>, is also used.<a href="#cite_note-:0-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Vacuum <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc_furnace" title="Electric arc furnace">arc melting</a>, combined with the use of hot extruding techniques and <a href="/wiki/Supercooling" title="Supercooling">supercooled</a> copper hearths, is capable of producing zirconium that has been purified of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Hafnium must be removed from zirconium for nuclear applications because hafnium has a neutron absorption cross-section 600 times greater than zirconium.<a href="#cite_note-b1-35">[34]</a> The separated hafnium can be used for reactor <a href="/wiki/Control_rods" class="mw-redirect" title="Control rods">control rods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compounds">Compounds</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Compounds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also the categories <a href="/wiki/Category:Zirconium_compounds" title="Category:Zirconium compounds">Zirconium compounds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Zirconium_minerals" title="Category:Zirconium minerals">Zirconium minerals</a></div> Like other <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metals</a>, zirconium forms a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">inorganic compounds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">coordination complexes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwd-37">[36]</a> In general, these compounds are colourless diamagnetic solids wherein zirconium has the <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> +4. Some organometallic compounds are considered to have Zr(II) oxidation state.<a href="#cite_note-Calderazzo-7">[7]</a> Non-equilibrium oxidation states between 0 and 4 have been detected during zirconium oxidation.<a href="#cite_note-Ma-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxides,_nitrides,_and_carbides">Oxides, nitrides, and carbides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Oxides, nitrides, and carbides">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"ZrO" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/ZRO_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="ZRO (disambiguation)">ZRO</a>.</div> The most common oxide is <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_dioxide" title="Zirconium dioxide">zirconium dioxide</a>, ZrO2, also known as zirconia. This clear to white-coloured solid has exceptional <a href="/wiki/Fracture_toughness" title="Fracture toughness">fracture toughness</a> (for a ceramic) and chemical resistance, especially in its <a href="/wiki/Cubic_zirconia" title="Cubic zirconia">cubic</a> form.<a href="#cite_note-azomzirc-38">[37]</a> These properties make zirconia useful as a <a href="/wiki/Thermal_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal barrier">thermal barrier</a> coating,<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> although it is also a common <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a> substitute.<a href="#cite_note-azomzirc-38">[37]</a> Zirconium monoxide, ZrO, is also known and <a href="/wiki/S-type_star" title="S-type star">S-type stars</a> are recognised by detection of its emission lines.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_tungstate" title="Zirconium tungstate">Zirconium tungstate</a> has the unusual property of shrinking in all dimensions when heated, whereas most other substances expand when heated.<a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-14">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zirconyl_chloride" title="Zirconyl chloride">Zirconyl chloride</a> is one of the few water-soluble zirconium complexes, with the formula [Zr4(OH)12(H2O)16]Cl8.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwd-37">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_carbide" title="Zirconium carbide">Zirconium carbide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_nitride" title="Zirconium nitride">zirconium nitride</a> are refractory solids. Both are highly <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a>-resistant and find uses in high-temperature resistant coatings and cutting tools.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> Zirconium hydride phases are known to form when zirconium alloys are exposed to large quantities of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> over time; due to the brittleness of zirconium hydrides relative to zirconium alloys, the mitigation of zirconium hydride formation was highly studied during the development of the first commercial <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a>, in which zirconium carbide was a frequently used material.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lead_zirconate_titanate" title="Lead zirconate titanate">Lead zirconate titanate</a> (PZT) is the most commonly used <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectricity" title="Piezoelectricity">piezoelectric</a> material, being used as <a href="/wiki/Transducer" title="Transducer">transducers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Actuator" title="Actuator">actuators</a> in medical and <a href="/wiki/MEMS" title="MEMS">microelectromechanical systems</a> applications.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halides_and_pseudohalides">Halides and pseudohalides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Halides and pseudohalides">edit</a>]</div> All four common halides are known, <a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_fluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium(IV) fluoride">ZrF4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_chloride" title="Zirconium(IV) chloride">ZrCl4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_bromide" title="Zirconium(IV) bromide">ZrBr4</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_iodide" title="Zirconium(IV) iodide">ZrI4</a>. All have polymeric structures and are far less volatile than the corresponding titanium tetrahalides; they find applications in the formation of organic complexes such as <a href="/wiki/Zirconocene_dichloride" title="Zirconocene dichloride">zirconocene dichloride</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-44">[43]</a> All tend to <a href="/wiki/Hydrolyse" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrolyse">hydrolyse</a> to give the so-called oxyhalides and dioxides.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-28">[27]</a> Fusion of the tetrahalides with additional metal gives lower zirconium halides (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Zirconium(III)_chloride" title="Zirconium(III) chloride">ZrCl3</a>). These adopt a layered structure, conducting within the layers but not perpendicular thereto.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> The corresponding tetra<a href="/wiki/Alkoxide" title="Alkoxide">alkoxides</a> are also known. Unlike the halides, the alkoxides dissolve in nonpolar solvents. Dihydrogen hexafluorozirconate is used in the metal finishing industry as an etching agent to promote paint adhesion.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organic_derivatives">Organic derivatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Organic derivatives">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organozirconium_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Organozirconium chemistry">Organozirconium chemistry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zirconocene-dichloride-from-xtal-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Zirconocene-dichloride-from-xtal-3D-balls.png/190px-Zirconocene-dichloride-from-xtal-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Zirconocene-dichloride-from-xtal-3D-balls.png/285px-Zirconocene-dichloride-from-xtal-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Zirconocene-dichloride-from-xtal-3D-balls.png/380px-Zirconocene-dichloride-from-xtal-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zirconocene_dichloride" title="Zirconocene dichloride">Zirconocene dichloride</a>, a representative <a href="/wiki/Organozirconium_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organozirconium compound">organozirconium compound</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Organozirconium_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Organozirconium chemistry">Organozirconium chemistry</a> is key to <a href="/wiki/Ziegler%E2%80%93Natta_catalyst" title="Ziegler–Natta catalyst">Ziegler–Natta catalysts</a>, used to produce <a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a>. This application exploits the ability of zirconium to reversibly form bonds to carbon. Zirconocene dibromide ((C5H5)2ZrBr2), reported in 1952 by Birmingham and <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Wilkinson" title="Geoffrey Wilkinson">Wilkinson</a>, was the first organozirconium compound.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Schwartz%27s_reagent" title="Schwartz's reagent">Schwartz's reagent</a>, prepared in 1970 by P. C. Wailes and H. Weigold,<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Metallocene" title="Metallocene">metallocene</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">organic synthesis</a> for transformations of <a href="/wiki/Alkenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkenes">alkenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkyne" title="Alkyne">alkynes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hart-49">[48]</a> Many complexes of Zr(II) are derivatives of zirconocene,<a href="#cite_note-:1-44">[43]</a> one example being (C5Me5)2Zr(CO)2. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The zirconium-containing mineral zircon and related minerals (<a href="/wiki/Jargoon" title="Jargoon">jargoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacinth" title="Jacinth">jacinth</a>, or hyacinth, <a href="/wiki/Priestly_breastplate#Third_row" title="Priestly breastplate">ligure</a>) were mentioned in biblical writings.<a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stwertka-29">[28]</a> The mineral was not known to contain a new element until 1789,<a href="#cite_note-greenwood-50">[49]</a> when <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth" title="Martin Heinrich Klaproth">Klaproth</a> analyzed a jargoon from the island of Ceylon (now <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>). He named the new element Zirkonerde (zirconia),<a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-14">[13]</a> related to the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Language">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Jargoon" title="Jargoon">zargun</a> (zircon; zar-gun, "gold-like" or "as gold").<a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> attempted to isolate this new element in 1808 through <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a>, but failed.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-13">[12]</a> Zirconium metal was first obtained in an impure form in 1824 by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">Berzelius</a> by heating a mixture of potassium and potassium zirconium fluoride in an iron tube.<a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-14">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Crystal_bar_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal bar process">crystal bar process</a> (also known as the Iodide Process), discovered by <a href="/wiki/Anton_Eduard_van_Arkel" title="Anton Eduard van Arkel">Anton Eduard van Arkel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hendrik_de_Boer" title="Jan Hendrik de Boer">Jan Hendrik de Boer</a> in 1925, was the first industrial process for the commercial production of metallic zirconium. It involves the formation and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Thermal_decomposition" title="Thermal decomposition">thermal decomposition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_tetraiodide" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium tetraiodide">zirconium tetraiodide</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>ZrI4), and was superseded in 1945 by the much cheaper <a href="/wiki/Kroll_process" title="Kroll process">Kroll process</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/William_Justin_Kroll" title="William Justin Kroll">William Justin Kroll</a>, in which zirconium tetrachloride (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">ZrCl4) is reduced by magnesium:<a href="#cite_note-madehow-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-metal1998-51">[50]</a> <math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {ZrCl4 + 2Mg -> Zr + 2MgCl2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>ZrCl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>Mg</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext>Zr</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>MgCl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {ZrCl4 + 2Mg -> Zr + 2MgCl2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e9956852d3d0a48ca0c26f989fb649a2af59d6c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:31.885ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {ZrCl4 + 2Mg -> Zr + 2MgCl2}}}"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> Approximately 900,000 tonnes of zirconium ores were mined in 1995, mostly as zircon.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-28">[27]</a> Most zircon is used directly in high-temperature applications. Because it is refractory, hard, and resistant to chemical attack, zircon finds many applications. Its main use is as an opacifier, conferring a white, opaque appearance to ceramic materials. Because of its chemical resistance, zircon is also used in aggressive environments, such as moulds for molten metals.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-28">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_dioxide" title="Zirconium dioxide">Zirconium dioxide</a> (ZrO2) is used in laboratory crucibles, in metallurgical furnaces, and as a refractory material<a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-14">[13]</a> Because it is mechanically strong and flexible, it can be <a href="/wiki/Sintered" class="mw-redirect" title="Sintered">sintered</a> into <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_knife" title="Ceramic knife">ceramic knives</a> and other blades.<a href="#cite_note-kyo-52">[51]</a> Zircon (ZrSiO4) and <a href="/wiki/Cubic_zirconia" title="Cubic zirconia">cubic zirconia</a> (ZrO2) are cut into gemstones for use in jewelry. Zirconium dioxide is a component in some <a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">abrasives</a>, such as grinding wheels and <a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">sandpaper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-greenwood-50">[49]</a> Zircon is also used in <a href="/wiki/Detrital_zircon_geochronology" title="Detrital zircon geochronology">dating of rocks</a> from about the time of the Earth's formation through the measurement of its inherent <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">radioisotopes</a>, most often <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_alloys" title="Zirconium alloys">Zirconium alloys</a></div> A small fraction of the zircon is converted to the metal, which finds various niche applications. Because of zirconium's excellent resistance to corrosion, it is often used as an alloying agent in materials that are exposed to aggressive environments, such as surgical appliances, light filaments, and watch cases. The high reactivity of zirconium with oxygen at high temperatures is exploited in some specialised applications such as explosive primers and as <a href="/wiki/Getter" title="Getter">getters</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> Zirconium powder is used as a degassing agent in electron tubes, while zirconium wire and sheets are utilized for grid and <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a> supports.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> Burning zirconium was used as a light source in some <a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)#Flashbulbs" title="Flash (photography)">photographic flashbulbs</a>. Zirconium powder with a <a href="/wiki/Mesh_(scale)" title="Mesh (scale)">mesh size</a> from 10 to 80 is occasionally used in pyrotechnic compositions to generate <a href="/wiki/Spark_(fire)" title="Spark (fire)">sparks</a>. The high reactivity of zirconium leads to bright white sparks.<a href="#cite_note-stars-57">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_applications">Nuclear applications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nuclear applications">edit</a>]</div> Cladding for nuclear reactor fuels consumes about 1% of the zirconium supply,<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-28">[27]</a> mainly in the form of <a href="/wiki/Zircaloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Zircaloy">zircaloys</a>. The desired properties of these alloys are a low neutron-capture <a href="/wiki/Neutron_cross-section" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron cross-section">cross-section</a> and resistance to corrosion under normal service conditions.<a href="#cite_note-madehow-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-14">[13]</a> Efficient methods for removing the hafnium impurities were developed to serve this purpose.<a href="#cite_note-Stwertka-29">[28]</a> One disadvantage of zirconium alloys is the reactivity with water, producing <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, leading to degradation of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel#Common_physical_forms_of_nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">fuel rod cladding</a>:<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Zr + 2H2O -> ZrO2 + 2H2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Zr</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>ZrO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Zr + 2H2O -> ZrO2 + 2H2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0b3e7fdc0ade5cdcf96a84a4ebda20f9d8b2184b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:28.805ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Zr + 2H2O -> ZrO2 + 2H2}}}"> Hydrolysis is very slow below 100 °C, but rapid at temperature above 900 °C. Most metals undergo similar reactions. The redox reaction is relevant to the instability of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">fuel assemblies</a> at high temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> This reaction occurred in the reactors 1, 2 and 3 of the <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_I_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant">Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant</a> (Japan) after the reactor cooling was interrupted by the <a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">earthquake and tsunami</a> disaster of March 11, 2011, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_I_nuclear_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima I nuclear accidents">Fukushima I nuclear accidents</a>. After venting the hydrogen in the maintenance hall of those three reactors, the mixture of hydrogen with atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> exploded, severely damaging the installations and at least one of the containment buildings.<a href="#cite_note-IAEA2015-60">[59]</a> Zirconium is a constituent of <a href="/wiki/Uranium_zirconium_hydride" title="Uranium zirconium hydride">uranium zirconium hydrides</a>, nuclear fuels used in <a href="/wiki/Research_reactor" title="Research reactor">research reactors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_and_aeronautic_industries">Space and aeronautic industries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Space and aeronautic industries">edit</a>]</div> Materials fabricated from zirconium metal and ZrO2 are used in space vehicles where resistance to heat is needed.<a href="#cite_note-Stwertka-29">[28]</a> High temperature parts such as combustors, blades, and vanes in <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet engines</a> and stationary <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbines</a> are increasingly being protected by thin <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a> layers and/or paintable coatings, usually composed of a mixture of zirconia and <a href="/wiki/Yttria" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttria">yttria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Zirconium is also used as a material of first choice for <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2O2) tanks, propellant lines, valves, and thrusters, in <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">propulsion space systems</a> such as these equipping the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Space" title="Sierra Space">Sierra Space</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dream_Chaser" title="Dream Chaser">Dream Chaser</a> <a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">spaceplane</a><a href="#cite_note-Clark2023-63">[62]</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">thrust</a> is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> and hydrogen peroxide, a powerful, but unstable, <a href="/wiki/Oxidizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidizer">oxidizer</a>. The reason is that zirconium has an excellent <a href="/wiki/Corrosion#Resistance_to_corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion resistance</a> to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2O2 and, above all, do not <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalyse</a> its spontaneous self-decomposition as the <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a> of many <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metals</a> do.<a href="#cite_note-Clark2023-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zircadyne-64">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Medical uses">edit</a>]</div> Zirconium-bearing compounds are used in many biomedical applications, including dental implants and <a href="/wiki/Crown_(dentistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown (dentistry)">crowns</a>, knee and hip replacements, middle-ear <a href="/wiki/Ossicles" title="Ossicles">ossicular</a> chain reconstruction, and other restorative and <a href="/wiki/Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">prosthetic</a> devices.<a href="#cite_note-Lee-65">[64]</a> Zirconium binds <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>, a property that has been utilized extensively to the benefit of patients with <a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease" title="Chronic kidney disease">chronic kidney disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lee-65">[64]</a> For example, zirconium is a primary component of the <a href="/wiki/Sorbent" title="Sorbent">sorbent</a> column dependent dialysate regeneration and recirculation system known as the REDY system, which was first introduced in 1973. More than 2,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Kidney_dialysis" title="Kidney dialysis">dialysis</a> treatments have been performed using the sorbent column in the REDY system.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Although the REDY system was superseded in the 1990s by less expensive alternatives, new sorbent-based dialysis systems are being evaluated and approved by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA). Renal Solutions developed the DIALISORB technology, a portable, low water dialysis system. Also, developmental versions of a Wearable Artificial Kidney have incorporated sorbent-based technologies.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sodium_zirconium_cyclosilicate" title="Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate">Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate</a> is used by mouth in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Hyperkalemia" title="Hyperkalemia">hyperkalemia</a>. It is a selective sorbent designed to trap <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> ions in preference to other <a href="/wiki/Ions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ions">ions</a> throughout the gastrointestinal tract.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Mixtures of monomeric and polymeric Zr4+ and Al3+ complexes with <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">glycine</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_zirconium_tetrachlorohydrex_gly" title="Aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly">aluminium zirconium glycine</a> salts, are used in a preparation as an <a href="/wiki/Antiperspirant" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiperspirant">antiperspirant</a> in many <a href="/wiki/Deodorant" title="Deodorant">deodorant</a> products. It has been used since the early 1960s, as it was determined more efficacious as an antiperspirant than contemporary active ingredients such as <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_chlorohydrate" title="Aluminium chlorohydrate">aluminium chlorohydrate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defunct_applications">Defunct applications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Defunct applications">edit</a>]</div> Zirconium carbonate (3ZrO2·CO2·H2O) was used in lotions to treat <a href="/wiki/Poison_ivy" title="Poison ivy">poison ivy</a> but was discontinued because it occasionally caused skin reactions.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-13">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Safety">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Zirconium </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_3d8171e88c0df7b6" /><map name="ImageMap_3d8171e88c0df7b6"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" title="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oil" title="Flammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oil" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704">1</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> Although zirconium has no known biological role, the human body contains, on average, 250 milligrams of zirconium, and daily intake is approximately 4.15 milligrams (3.5 milligrams from food and 0.65 milligrams from water), depending on dietary habits.<a href="#cite_note-Schroeder-and-Balassa-1966-70">[69]</a> Zirconium is widely distributed in nature and is found in all biological systems, for example: 2.86 μg/g in whole wheat, 3.09 μg/g in brown rice, 0.55 μg/g in <a href="/wiki/Spinach" title="Spinach">spinach</a>, 1.23 μg/g in eggs, and 0.86 μg/g in ground beef.<a href="#cite_note-Schroeder-and-Balassa-1966-70">[69]</a> Further, zirconium is commonly used in commercial products (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Deodorant" title="Deodorant">deodorant</a> sticks, aerosol <a href="/wiki/Antiperspirants" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiperspirants">antiperspirants</a>) and also in water purification (e.g. control of <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> pollution, bacteria- and pyrogen-contaminated water).<a href="#cite_note-Lee-65">[64]</a> Short-term exposure to zirconium powder can cause irritation, but only contact with the eyes requires medical attention.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Persistent exposure to <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_tetrachloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium tetrachloride">zirconium tetrachloride</a> results in increased mortality in rats and guinea pigs and a decrease of blood <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a> in dogs. However, in a study of 20 rats given a standard diet containing ~4% zirconium oxide, there were no adverse effects on growth rate, blood and urine parameters, or mortality.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) legal limit (<a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">permissible exposure limit</a>) for zirconium exposure is 5 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) <a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">recommended exposure limit</a> (REL) is 5 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday and a short term limit of 10 mg/m3. At levels of 25 mg/m3, zirconium is <a href="/wiki/IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">immediately dangerous to life and health</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> However, zirconium is not considered an industrial health hazard.<a href="#cite_note-Lee-65">[64]</a> Furthermore, reports of zirconium-related adverse reactions are rare and, in general, rigorous cause-and-effect relationships have not been established.<a href="#cite_note-Lee-65">[64]</a> No evidence has been validated that zirconium is carcinogenic<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> or genotoxic.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Among the numerous radioactive isotopes of zirconium, 93Zr is among the most common. It is released as a <a href="/wiki/Fission_products_(by_element)#Zirconium-90_to_96" title="Fission products (by element)">product of nuclear fission</a> of 235U and 239Pu, mainly in nuclear power plants and during nuclear weapons tests in the 1950s and 1960s. It has a very long half-life (1.53 million years), its decay emits only low energy radiations, and it is not considered particularly hazardous.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/28px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/42px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/56px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium alloy">Zirconium alloys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconia_light" title="Zirconia light">Zirconia light</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> The thermal expansion of a zirconium crystal is <a href="/wiki/Anisotropy" title="Anisotropy">anisotropic</a>: the parameters (at 20 °C) for each crystal axis are αa = 4.91×10−6/K, αc = 7.26×10−6/K, and αaverage = αV/3 = 5.69×10−6/K.<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/zirconium.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Zirconium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Zirconium&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fzirconium.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9"><bdi>978-1-62708-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-155-9&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Zr(–2) is known in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Zr(CO)2−6; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Zr(0) occur in (η6-(1,3,5-tBu)3C6H3)2Zr and [(η5-C5R5Zr(CO)4]−, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChirikBradley,_C._A.2007" class="citation book cs1">Chirik, P. J.; Bradley, C. A. (2007). "4.06 - Complexes of Zirconium and Hafnium in Oxidation States 0 to ii". Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry III. From Fundamentals to Applications. Vol. 4. Elsevier Ltd. pp. 697–739. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB0-08-045047-4%2F00062-5">10.1016/B0-08-045047-4/00062-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080450476" title="Special:BookSources/9780080450476"><bdi>9780080450476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4.06+-+Complexes+of+Zirconium+and+Hafnium+in+Oxidation+States+0+to+ii&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+Organometallic+Chemistry+III.+From+Fundamentals+to+Applications&rft.pages=697-739&rft.pub=Elsevier+Ltd.&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB0-08-045047-4%2F00062-5&rft.isbn=9780080450476&rft.aulast=Chirik&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft.au=Bradley%2C+C.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE28-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calderazzo-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Calderazzo_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calderazzo_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalderazzoPampaloni1992" class="citation journal cs1">Calderazzo, Fausto; Pampaloni, Guido (January 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022328X92831263">"Organometallics of groups 4 and 5: Oxidation states II and lower"</a>. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 423 (3): 307–328. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-328X%2892%2983126-3">10.1016/0022-328X(92)83126-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Organometallic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Organometallics+of+groups+4+and+5%3A+Oxidation+states+II+and+lower&rft.volume=423&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=307-328&rft.date=1992-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-328X%2892%2983126-3&rft.aulast=Calderazzo&rft.aufirst=Fausto&rft.au=Pampaloni%2C+Guido&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2F0022328X92831263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ma-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ma_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ma_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaHerbertSenanayakeYildiz2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ma, Wen; Herbert, F. William; Senanayake, Sanjaya D.; Yildiz, Bilge (2015-03-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.aip.org/apl/article/106/10/101603/236409/Non-equilibrium-oxidation-states-of-zirconium">"Non-equilibrium oxidation states of zirconium during early stages of metal oxidation"</a>. 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Wiley. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F3527600418.mb744067vere0012">10.1002/3527600418.mb744067vere0012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-60041-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-60041-0"><bdi>978-3-527-60041-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+MAK-Collection+for+Occupational+Health+and+Safety%3A+Annual+Thresholds+and+Classifications+for+the+Workplace&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2002-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F3527600418.mb744067vere0012&rft.isbn=978-3-527-60041-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1002%2F3527600418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hpschapters.org/northcarolina/NSDS/zirconium.pdf">"ANL Human Health Fact Sheet: Zirconium (October 2001)"</a> (PDF). Argonne National Laboratory. Retrieved 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ANL+Human+Health+Fact+Sheet%3A+Zirconium+%28October+2001%29&rft.pub=Argonne+National+Laboratory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhpschapters.org%2Fnorthcarolina%2FNSDS%2Fzirconium.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZirconium" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconium&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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.sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Zirconium at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Zirconium" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Zirconium">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Zirconium" class="extiw" title="c:Zirconium">Media</a> from Commons</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/podcast/element.asp">Chemistry in its element podcast</a> (MP3) from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chemistry_World" title="Chemistry World">Chemistry World</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/images/CIIE_zirconium_remix2_48k_tcm18-117340.mp3">Zirconium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/040.htm">Zirconium</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zirconium_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zirconium_compounds" title="Template:Zirconium compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zirconium_compounds" title="Template talk:Zirconium compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zirconium_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zirconium compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zirconium_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium compounds">Zirconium compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zr(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_diboride" title="Zirconium diboride">ZrB2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_dibromide" title="Zirconium dibromide">ZrBr2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_dichloride" title="Zirconium dichloride">ZrCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_difluoride" title="Zirconium difluoride">ZrF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(II)_hydride" title="Zirconium(II) hydride">ZrH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_disilicide" title="Zirconium disilicide">ZrSi2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(II)_iodide" title="Zirconium(II) iodide">ZrI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(II)_iodide" title="Zirconium(II) iodide">ZrI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_monoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium monoxide">ZrO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zr(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_nitride" title="Zirconium nitride">ZrN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(III)_chloride" title="Zirconium(III) chloride">ZrCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(III)_bromide" title="Zirconium(III) bromide">ZrBr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_trifluoride" title="Zirconium trifluoride">ZrF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(III)_iodide" title="Zirconium(III) iodide">ZrI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_phosphide" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium phosphide">ZrP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zr(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_acetate" title="Zirconium(IV) acetate">Zr6O4(OH)4(O2CCH3)12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_bromide" title="Zirconium(IV) bromide">ZrBr4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_carbide" title="Zirconium carbide">ZrC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_chloride" title="Zirconium(IV) chloride">ZrCl4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_iodate" title="Zirconium iodate">Zr(IO3)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_iodide" title="Zirconium(IV) iodide">ZrI4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_nitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium(IV) nitrate">Zr(NO3)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconyl_chloride" title="Zirconyl chloride">ZrOCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_perchlorate" title="Zirconium perchlorate">Zr(ClO4)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_hydroxide" title="Zirconium(IV) hydroxide">Zr(OH)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_diphosphide" title="Zirconium diphosphide">ZrP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_phosphate" title="Zirconium phosphate">Zr(HPO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium(IV) sulfide">ZrS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_sulfate" title="Zirconium(IV) sulfate">Zr(SO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_selenate" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium(IV) selenate">Zr(SeO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_silicate" title="Zirconium(IV) silicate">ZrSiO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_tungstate" title="Zirconium tungstate">Zr(WO4)2</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acids and complexes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_fluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium(IV) fluoride">ZrF4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_hexafluorozirconate" title="Lithium hexafluorozirconate">Li2ZrF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hexafluorozirconate" title="Potassium hexafluorozirconate">K2ZrF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexafluorozirconate" title="Ammonium hexafluorozirconate">(NH4)2ZrF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_dioxide" title="Zirconium dioxide">ZrO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesium_zirconate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesium zirconate">Cs2ZrO3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organozirconium(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_acetylacetonate" title="Zirconium acetylacetonate">Zr(acac)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(Cyclopentadienyl)zirconium_trichloride" title="(Cyclopentadienyl)zirconium trichloride">(C5H5)ZrCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconocene_dichloride" title="Zirconocene dichloride">Cp2ZrCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_stearate" title="Zirconium stearate">C 72H 140ZrO 8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National 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