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<span>Operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Promotions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Promotions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Promotions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Promotions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Promotions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Promotions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Horn_and_Hardart_Children's_Hour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Horn_and_Hardart_Children's_Hour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span><i>The Horn and Hardart Children's Hour</i></span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 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The small, {{convert|11 × 17|ft|adj=on}} lunchroom at 39 South Thirteenth Street had no tables, only a counter with 15 stools. The location had housed the print shop of Dunlap & Claypoole, printers to the American Congress and George Washington.<ref name="washingtonpost-automat-covid">{{cite news |title=Futuristic 'automat' dining thrived a century ago. Can covid revive it? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2022/04/08/automat-covid-horn-hardart/ |access-date=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4 </del>June 2022 |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Philadelphia's Joseph Horn (1861–1941) and German-born, [[New Orleans]]-raised [[Frank Hardart]] (1850–1918) opened their first restaurant together in Philadelphia, on December 22, 1888. The small, {{convert|11 × 17|ft|adj=on}} lunchroom at 39 South Thirteenth Street had no tables, only a counter with 15 stools. The location had housed the print shop of Dunlap & Claypoole, printers to the American Congress and George Washington.<ref name="washingtonpost-automat-covid">{{cite news |title=Futuristic 'automat' dining thrived a century ago. Can covid revive it? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2022/04/08/automat-covid-horn-hardart/ |access-date=June<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> 4,</ins> 2022 |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>By introducing Philadelphia to [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/chicory-coffee-mix-new-orleans-made-own-comes-180949950/ New Orleans-style coffee], which Hardart promoted as their "gilt-edge" brew, they made their tiny luncheonette a local attraction. News of the coffee spread, and the business flourished. They incorporated as the Horn & Hardart Baking Company in 1898.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>By introducing Philadelphia to [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/chicory-coffee-mix-new-orleans-made-own-comes-180949950/ New Orleans-style coffee], which Hardart promoted as their "gilt-edge" brew, they made their tiny luncheonette a local attraction. News of the coffee spread, and the business flourished. They incorporated as the Horn & Hardart Baking Company in 1898.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 34:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 35:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Horn and Hardard halibut ad.png|thumb|Newspaper ad from 1922 for the 25 Philadelphia locations of Horn and Hardart automats, restaurants, and cafeterias, claiming that the equivalent of one out of every sixteen people in the city ate in one of their establishments daily]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Horn and Hardard halibut ad.png|thumb|Newspaper ad from 1922 for the 25 Philadelphia locations of Horn and Hardart automats, restaurants, and cafeterias, claiming that the equivalent of one out of every sixteen people in the city ate in one of their establishments daily]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Joseph Horn had traveled in Europe and experienced the revolutionary new form of restaurant known as the ''Automat'', pioneered by {{ill|Max Sielaff|de}} in [[Berlin]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Joseph Horn had traveled in Europe and experienced the revolutionary new form of restaurant known as the ''Automat'', pioneered by {{ill|Max Sielaff|de}} in [[Berlin]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Inspired by the success and decor of this new form of food service that eliminated wait staffs but still served high quality fresh food, Horn persuaded his partner Frank Hardart to open the first automat<ref name="philadelphiaencyclopedia">{{cite web |title=Automats |url=https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/essays/automats-2/ |website=Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia |access-date=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4 </del>June 2022}}</ref> in the U.S., which made its debut on June 12, 1902,<ref name="Automat-Restaurants" /> at 818 Chestnut Street in [[Philadelphia]].<ref>"[http://www.14to42.net/36street2.html Horn & Hardart Automat, 968 6th Ave. between 35th & 36th Sts. (1986)]", 36th Street, [http://www.14to42.net/ New York City Signs – 14th to 42nd Street].</ref> It was the first non-European restaurant to receive patented [[vending machine]]s from Sielaff's Automat [[Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung|GmbH]] factory in Berlin, the creators also of the first [[chocolate bar]] vending machine for {{ill|Ludwig Stollwerck|de}}.<ref name="Automat-Restaurants">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130503102143/http://cdm16038.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p268001coll12/id/6426/rec/58 Automat-Restaurants – Automat GmbH, 23 Spenerstrasse, Berlin, N.W. :: Trade Catalogs and Pamphlets] – [[OCLC]]</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Inspired by the success and decor of this new form of food service that eliminated wait staffs but still served high quality fresh food, Horn persuaded his partner Frank Hardart to open the first automat<ref name="philadelphiaencyclopedia">{{cite web |title=Automats |url=https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/essays/automats-2/ |website=Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia |access-date=June<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> 4,</ins> 2022}}</ref> in the U.S., which made its debut on June 12, 1902,<ref name="Automat-Restaurants" /> at 818 Chestnut Street in [[Philadelphia]].<ref>"[http://www.14to42.net/36street2.html Horn & Hardart Automat, 968 6th Ave. between 35th & 36th Sts. (1986)]", 36th Street, [http://www.14to42.net/ New York City Signs – 14th to 42nd Street].</ref> It was the first non-European restaurant to receive patented [[vending machine]]s from Sielaff's Automat [[Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung|GmbH]] factory in Berlin, the creators also of the first [[chocolate bar]] vending machine for {{ill|Ludwig Stollwerck|de}}.<ref name="Automat-Restaurants">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130503102143/http://cdm16038.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p268001coll12/id/6426/rec/58 Automat-Restaurants – Automat GmbH, 23 Spenerstrasse, Berlin, N.W. :: Trade Catalogs and Pamphlets] – [[OCLC]]</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Ten years later the first New York Automat opened in [[Times Square]], on July 2, 1912, and later that week third opened at [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] and E 14th St, near [[Union Square, Manhattan|Union Square]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Ten years later the first New York Automat opened in [[Times Square]], on July 2, 1912, and later that week third opened at [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] and E 14th St, near [[Union Square, Manhattan|Union Square]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>In 1924, Horn & Hardart opened retail stores to sell prepackaged automat favorites. Using the advertising slogan, "Less Work for Mother," the company popularized the notion of easily served "take-out" food as an equivalent to "home-cooked" meals.<ref name=hardart><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[http</del>://www.theautomat.net/reviews.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">htm</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Hardart, Marianne</del> and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Lorraine</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B.</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Daily</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</del>The Automat<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The</del> History, Recipes, and Allure of Horn & Hardart's Masterpiece<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Clarkson Potter, 2002</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]</del></ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>In 1924, Horn & Hardart opened retail stores to sell prepackaged automat favorites. Using the advertising slogan, "Less Work for Mother," the company popularized the notion of easily served "take-out" food as an equivalent to "home-cooked" meals.<ref name=hardart><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{Cite web|url=https</ins>://www.theautomat.net/reviews.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">html|title=Book</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Reviews</ins> and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Press</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">about</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</ins> The Automat <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">- the</ins> History, Recipes, and Allure of Horn & Hardart's Masterpiece<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|website=www</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">theautomat</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">net}}</ins></ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>The Horn & Hardart Automats were particularly popular during the [[Great Depression|Depression era]], when their [[macaroni and cheese]], [[baked beans]], and creamed spinach were staple offerings.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} In the 1930s, union conflicts resulted in vandalism, as noted by Christopher Gray in ''The New York Times'':</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>The Horn & Hardart Automats were particularly popular during the [[Great Depression|Depression era]], when their [[macaroni and cheese]], [[baked beans]], and creamed spinach were staple offerings.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} In the 1930s, union conflicts resulted in vandalism, as noted by Christopher Gray in ''The New York Times'':</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 71:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 72:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==Decline==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==Decline==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>For a long period of time the price of coffee was 5 cents, or one nickel. On November 29, 1950 the price raised to 10 cents, using two nickels.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1950/11/30/archives/automats-coffee-now-requires-2-nickels-two-other-city-chains-ponder.html|title=Automat's Coffee Now Requires 2 Nickels; Two Other City Chains Ponder Dime for Cup|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1950-11-</del>30|accessdate=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2022-12-</del>26}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>For a long period of time the price of coffee was 5 cents, or one nickel. On November 29, 1950 the price raised to 10 cents, using two nickels.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1950/11/30/archives/automats-coffee-now-requires-2-nickels-two-other-city-chains-ponder.html|title=Automat's Coffee Now Requires 2 Nickels; Two Other City Chains Ponder Dime for Cup|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">November </ins>30<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 1950</ins>|accessdate=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">December </ins>26<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 2022</ins>}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>The restaurant chain remained popular into the 1960s, operating sit-down waitress service restaurants, cafeterias, retail stores, {{clarify|text=and bakery shops|reason=Were these separate bakery shops or part of the retail store operation that sold a wide selection of all of the chain's products?|date=November 2022}} in addition to its automats. In the late 1960s, efforts were made to update decor, and redecorate some restaurants relevant to surrounding neighborhoods; thus, the Automat on 14th Street was decorated with psychedelic posters. The chain rapidly lost ground to the explosive rise of [[fast food|fast-food]] chains, which offered cheap fare, a limited menu, and easy to carry take-out.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>The restaurant chain remained popular into the 1960s, operating sit-down waitress service restaurants, cafeterias, retail stores, {{clarify|text=and bakery shops|reason=Were these separate bakery shops or part of the retail store operation that sold a wide selection of all of the chain's products?|date=November 2022}} in addition to its automats. In the late 1960s, efforts were made to update decor, and redecorate some restaurants relevant to surrounding neighborhoods; thus, the Automat on 14th Street was decorated with psychedelic posters. The chain rapidly lost ground to the explosive rise of [[fast food|fast-food]] chains, which offered cheap fare, a limited menu, and easy to carry take-out.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 77:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 78:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>By the mid-1970s the company began to replace some of its restaurants with its own [[Burger King]] franchises.<ref>"Closing the Automat Door," by Peter Mikelbank, ''The Washington Post'', September 7, 1975, p. 135.</ref> Horn & Hardart further expanded its fast food operations in 1981, acquiring the [[Bojangles' Famous Chicken n' Biscuits]] restaurants, which it sold to a California investment company in 1990 for $20 million.<ref>Acquisitions, ''The Washington Post'', August 30, 1990, pg. C2.</ref> More similar restaurant franchises and associations were to follow.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>By the mid-1970s the company began to replace some of its restaurants with its own [[Burger King]] franchises.<ref>"Closing the Automat Door," by Peter Mikelbank, ''The Washington Post'', September 7, 1975, p. 135.</ref> Horn & Hardart further expanded its fast food operations in 1981, acquiring the [[Bojangles' Famous Chicken n' Biscuits]] restaurants, which it sold to a California investment company in 1990 for $20 million.<ref>Acquisitions, ''The Washington Post'', August 30, 1990, pg. C2.</ref> More similar restaurant franchises and associations were to follow.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>In 1979, Horn & Hardart agreed to buy the [[Clarion Hotel and Casino|Royal Inn]] in Las Vegas for $7.4 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=Horn & Hardart to buy Royal Inn in Las Vegas for about $7.4 million|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=June 20, 1979|id={{ProQuest|134453315}}}} {{subscription required}}</ref> By late 1980, the sale had been completed, and the property was rebranded as the Royal Americana Hotel, with a New York theme.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hotel's name change nearly complete (Advertising supplement)|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=October 12, 1980|id={{ProQuest|162939339}}}} {{subscription required}}</ref> A $3.5 million renovation<ref name=nyt030282>{{cite news|title=Horn & Hardart to close hotel|newspaper=New York Times|date=March 2, 1982|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/03/02/business/horn-hardart-to-close-hotel.html|accessdate=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2012-05-</del>16}}</ref> increased the room count to 300.<ref>{{cite news|title=Royal Americana Hotel and Casino renovated (Advertising supplement)|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=March 1, 1981|id={{ProQuest|152714896}}}} {{subscription required}}</ref> By 1982 though, the hotel was experiencing substantial losses, and Horn & Hardart decided to close it.<ref name=nyt030282 /> They reportedly agreed that December to sell the property to an investment group for $15.4 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=Las Vegas also feeling sting of recession|newspaper=Lawrence Journal-World|agency=New York Times News Service|date=December 16, 1982|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&dat=19821216&id=EJoyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=degFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6674,3535417|accessdate=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2012-05-</del>16}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>In 1979, Horn & Hardart agreed to buy the [[Clarion Hotel and Casino|Royal Inn]] in Las Vegas for $7.4 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=Horn & Hardart to buy Royal Inn in Las Vegas for about $7.4 million|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=June 20, 1979|id={{ProQuest|134453315}}}} {{subscription required}}</ref> By late 1980, the sale had been completed, and the property was rebranded as the Royal Americana Hotel, with a New York theme.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hotel's name change nearly complete (Advertising supplement)|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=October 12, 1980|id={{ProQuest|162939339}}}} {{subscription required}}</ref> A $3.5 million renovation<ref name=nyt030282>{{cite news|title=Horn & Hardart to close hotel|newspaper=New York Times|date=March 2, 1982|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/03/02/business/horn-hardart-to-close-hotel.html|accessdate=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">May </ins>16<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 2012</ins>}}</ref> increased the room count to 300.<ref>{{cite news|title=Royal Americana Hotel and Casino renovated (Advertising supplement)|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=March 1, 1981|id={{ProQuest|152714896}}}} {{subscription required}}</ref> By 1982 though, the hotel was experiencing substantial losses, and Horn & Hardart decided to close it.<ref name=nyt030282 /> They reportedly agreed that December to sell the property to an investment group for $15.4 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=Las Vegas also feeling sting of recession|newspaper=Lawrence Journal-World|agency=New York Times News Service|date=December 16, 1982|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&dat=19821216&id=EJoyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=degFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6674,3535417|accessdate=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">May </ins>16<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 2012</ins>}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The last New York Horn & Hardart Automat (on the southeast corner of [[42nd Street (Manhattan)|42nd Street]] and [[Third Avenue]]) closed on April 9, 1991.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Barron |first1=James |title=Last Automat Closes, Its Era Long Gone |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/11/nyregion/last-automat-closes-its-era-long-gone.html |access-date=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4 </del>June 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">11 </del>April 1991}}</ref><ref>"Slices of History: At New York's Last Automat only the Ambiance is the Same," by David Streitfeld, ''The Washington Post'', April 24, 1988, p. 66.</ref> Horn & Hardart continued to own a catalog division; it renamed itself '''Hanover Direct''' in 1993. That year the company bought [[Gump's]]; it sold it to an investment group in 2005. Hanover Direct purchased [[International Male]] in 1987 when founder Gene Burkard retired.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The last New York Horn & Hardart Automat (on the southeast corner of [[42nd Street (Manhattan)|42nd Street]] and [[Third Avenue]]) closed on April 9, 1991.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Barron |first1=James |title=Last Automat Closes, Its Era Long Gone |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/11/nyregion/last-automat-closes-its-era-long-gone.html |access-date=June<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> 4,</ins> 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=April<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> 11,</ins> 1991}}</ref><ref>"Slices of History: At New York's Last Automat only the Ambiance is the Same," by David Streitfeld, ''The Washington Post'', April 24, 1988, p. 66.</ref> Horn & Hardart continued to own a catalog division; it renamed itself '''Hanover Direct''' in 1993. That year the company bought [[Gump's]]; it sold it to an investment group in 2005. Hanover Direct purchased [[International Male]] in 1987 when founder Gene Burkard retired.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==Revivals==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==Revivals==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>In 1987, Horn & Hardart opened two 1950s themed Dine-O-Mat restaurants in New York. They closed less than two years later.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>In 1987, Horn & Hardart opened two 1950s themed Dine-O-Mat restaurants in New York. They closed less than two years later.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>In 1986 its only remaining Philadelphia area restaurant was in [[Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Rubin|first=Daniel|title=The renaissance of Horn & Hardart|newspaper=[[Philadelphia Inquirer]]|date=1988<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-12-02</del>|page=10-D}} - [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/115217181/ Clipping at] [[Newspapers.com]].</ref> In summer 1987 the company opened another restaurant in [[Bensalem, Pennsylvania]], a second in the Philadelphia area.<ref>{{cite news|last=Marter|first=Marilynn|title=Horn & Hardart reborn|newspaper=[[Philadelphia Inquirer]]|date=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1987-08-</del>12|pages=1-F, 12-F}} - [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/115217400/ Clipping of first] and [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/115217430/ of second page] at [[Newspapers.com]].</ref> Its planned square footage was {{convert|15000|sqft|sqm}}. The space was a former Duff's Cafeteria.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bivens|first=Terry|url=http://articles.philly.com/1987-07-06/business/26201682_1_new-restaurant-tapioca-second-restaurant|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311215919/http://articles.philly.com/1987-07-06/business/26201682_1_new-restaurant-tapioca-second-restaurant|title=Gustatory Memory Is Revived Horn & Hardart Plans To Expand|newspaper=[[Philadelphia Inquirer]]|date=1987<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-07-06</del>|archive-date=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2015-03-</del>11|accessdate=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2022-12-</del>26}}</ref> In December 1988 it was to open another location in [[Jenkintown, Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Rubin|first=Daniel|url=http://articles.philly.com/1988-12-04/news/26226690_1_horn-hardart-restaurant-rice-pudding|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125222022/http://articles.philly.com/1988-12-04/news/26226690_1_horn-hardart-restaurant-rice-pudding|title=Automat Is On The Rebound|newspaper=[[Philadelphia Inquirer]]|date=1988<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-12-04</del>|archive-date=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2014-01-</del>25|accessdate=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2022-12-</del>26}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>In 1986 its only remaining Philadelphia area restaurant was in [[Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Rubin|first=Daniel|title=The renaissance of Horn & Hardart|newspaper=[[Philadelphia Inquirer]]|date=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">December 2, </ins>1988|page=10-D}} - [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/115217181/ Clipping at] [[Newspapers.com]].</ref> In summer 1987 the company opened another restaurant in [[Bensalem, Pennsylvania]], a second in the Philadelphia area.<ref>{{cite news|last=Marter|first=Marilynn|title=Horn & Hardart reborn|newspaper=[[Philadelphia Inquirer]]|date=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">August </ins>12<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 1987</ins>|pages=1-F, 12-F}} - [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/115217400/ Clipping of first] and [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/115217430/ of second page] at [[Newspapers.com]].</ref> Its planned square footage was {{convert|15000|sqft|sqm}}. The space was a former Duff's Cafeteria.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bivens|first=Terry|url=http://articles.philly.com/1987-07-06/business/26201682_1_new-restaurant-tapioca-second-restaurant|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311215919/http://articles.philly.com/1987-07-06/business/26201682_1_new-restaurant-tapioca-second-restaurant|title=Gustatory Memory Is Revived Horn & Hardart Plans To Expand|newspaper=[[Philadelphia Inquirer]]|date=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">July 6, </ins>1987|archive-date=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">March </ins>11<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 2015</ins>|accessdate=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">December </ins>26<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 2022</ins>}}</ref> In December 1988 it was to open another location in [[Jenkintown, Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Rubin|first=Daniel|url=http://articles.philly.com/1988-12-04/news/26226690_1_horn-hardart-restaurant-rice-pudding|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125222022/http://articles.philly.com/1988-12-04/news/26226690_1_horn-hardart-restaurant-rice-pudding|title=Automat Is On The Rebound|newspaper=[[Philadelphia Inquirer]]|date=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">December 4, </ins>1988|archive-date=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">January </ins>25<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 2014</ins>|accessdate=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">December </ins>26<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 2022</ins>}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>In the early 1990s, two entrepreneurs bought the Philadelphia company (Horn & Hardart Baking Co.) out of [[bankruptcy]]. While they did not open any restaurants, they reproduced a dozen of the most famous food items, including macaroni and cheese, Harvard beets, tapioca pudding, and cucumber salad.<ref>{{cite news|title=Horn & Hardart Foods Are Back|url=http://articles.philly.com/1994-08-08/business/25843448_1_horn-hardart-automat-rice-pudding|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630142901/http://articles.philly.com/1994-08-08/business/25843448_1_horn-hardart-automat-rice-pudding|archive-date=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2012-06-</del>30|accessdate=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">3 </del>January 2013|newspaper=Philadelphia Inquirer|date=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">8 </del>August 1994|author=Michael Klein}}</ref> The food was packed fresh, refrigerated, and sold in supermarkets throughout Philadelphia and New Jersey. The food was still available up until 2002.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>In the early 1990s, two entrepreneurs bought the Philadelphia company (Horn & Hardart Baking Co.) out of [[bankruptcy]]. While they did not open any restaurants, they reproduced a dozen of the most famous food items, including macaroni and cheese, Harvard beets, tapioca pudding, and cucumber salad.<ref>{{cite news|title=Horn & Hardart Foods Are Back|url=http://articles.philly.com/1994-08-08/business/25843448_1_horn-hardart-automat-rice-pudding|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630142901/http://articles.philly.com/1994-08-08/business/25843448_1_horn-hardart-automat-rice-pudding|archive-date=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">June </ins>30<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 2012</ins>|accessdate=January<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> 3,</ins> 2013|newspaper=Philadelphia Inquirer|date=August<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> 8,</ins> 1994|author=Michael Klein}}</ref> The food was packed fresh, refrigerated, and sold in supermarkets throughout Philadelphia and New Jersey. The food was still available up until 2002.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>The Horn & Hardart name was used for a now-dormant chain of coffee shops in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The Horn & Hardart Coffee Co. closed its last coffee shop in 2005.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>The Horn & Hardart name was used for a now-dormant chain of coffee shops in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The Horn & Hardart Coffee Co. closed its last coffee shop in 2005.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 96:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 97:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>A company called Horn & Hardart Brands had as of 2018 a website, with a 2014 copyright, offering coffee online and at food stores in the Philadelphia area.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>A company called Horn & Hardart Brands had as of 2018 a website, with a 2014 copyright, offering coffee online and at food stores in the Philadelphia area.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>As of November 2022, the official Horn & Hardart website announces that the brand has returned with an original Automat Blend of coffee, offered as a subscription. The website also says the company is in the process of modernizing the Automat and restoring the brand online and in retail. <ref>{{cite web |title=A legendary brand, REBORN. |url=https://www.hornandhardartcoffee.com/ |website=Horn & Hardart |access-date=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">20 </del>November 2022}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>As of November 2022, the official Horn & Hardart website announces that the brand has returned with an original Automat Blend of coffee, offered as a subscription. The website also says the company is in the process of modernizing the Automat and restoring the brand online and in retail. <ref>{{cite web |title=A legendary brand, REBORN. |url=https://www.hornandhardartcoffee.com/ |website=Horn & Hardart |access-date=November<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> 20,</ins> 2022}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==Gallery==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==Gallery==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 112:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 113:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>=== Museum exhibits ===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>=== Museum exhibits ===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* On June 22, 2012, the [[New York Public Library]] opened an exhibition on June 22, 2012, titled "Lunch Hour NYC". The exhibition "looks back at more than a century of New York lunches, when the city's early power brokers invented the 'power lunch' ..... and visitors with guidebooks thronged Times Square to eat lunch at the Automat." Among many educational and entertaining items is a fully restored wall of Automat windows. The exhibit was scheduled to run until February 17, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lunch Hour NYC|url=http://exhibitions.nypl.org/lunchhour/exhibits/show/lunchhour|publisher=The New York Public Library|accessdate=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">3 </del>January 2013}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* On June 22, 2012, the [[New York Public Library]] opened an exhibition on June 22, 2012, titled "Lunch Hour NYC". The exhibition "looks back at more than a century of New York lunches, when the city's early power brokers invented the 'power lunch' ..... and visitors with guidebooks thronged Times Square to eat lunch at the Automat." Among many educational and entertaining items is a fully restored wall of Automat windows. The exhibit was scheduled to run until February 17, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lunch Hour NYC|url=http://exhibitions.nypl.org/lunchhour/exhibits/show/lunchhour|publisher=The New York Public Library|accessdate=January<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> 3,</ins> 2013}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* The [[Smithsonian]]'s [[National Museum of American History]] previously had displayed in its cafe an ornate 35-foot Automat section, complete with mirrors, marble and marquetry, from Philadelphia's 1902 Horn & Hardart<ref>{{cite news|title=Meet Me at the Automat: Horn & Hardart gave big city Americans a taste of good fast food in its chrome-and-glass restaurants|author=Crowley, Carolyn Hughes|work=Smithsonian Magazine | date=August 1, 2001|url= http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/meet-me-at-the-automat-47804151/#4xGAmchHkXlVGZ2r.99}}</ref> although this exhibit has since been removed. In 2006 Paul and Tom Hardart donated the business records for the Horn and Hardart chain of restaurants and retail stores to the Smithsonian Archives; the records include annual reports, business correspondence, operating manuals, photographs, sales materials, and printed materials such as employee newsletters and clippings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://siris-archives.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=1274A93V88034.190525&limitbox_1=LO01+=+acah&menu=search&aspect=power&npp=50&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=all&ri=68&source=~!siarchives&index=.TW&term=Horn+and+Hardart&x=0&y=0&aspect=power|title=Horn and Hardart Records, 1921–2001|website=SIRIS (Smithsonian Institution Research Information System) Archives|author1=Hardart, Paul|author2=Hardart, Tom (donors)}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* The [[Smithsonian]]'s [[National Museum of American History]] previously had displayed in its cafe an ornate 35-foot Automat section, complete with mirrors, marble and marquetry, from Philadelphia's 1902 Horn & Hardart<ref>{{cite news|title=Meet Me at the Automat: Horn & Hardart gave big city Americans a taste of good fast food in its chrome-and-glass restaurants|author=Crowley, Carolyn Hughes|work=Smithsonian Magazine | date=August 1, 2001|url= http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/meet-me-at-the-automat-47804151/#4xGAmchHkXlVGZ2r.99}}</ref> although this exhibit has since been removed. In 2006 Paul and Tom Hardart donated the business records for the Horn and Hardart chain of restaurants and retail stores to the Smithsonian Archives; the records include annual reports, business correspondence, operating manuals, photographs, sales materials, and printed materials such as employee newsletters and clippings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://siris-archives.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=1274A93V88034.190525&limitbox_1=LO01+=+acah&menu=search&aspect=power&npp=50&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=all&ri=68&source=~!siarchives&index=.TW&term=Horn+and+Hardart&x=0&y=0&aspect=power|title=Horn and Hardart Records, 1921–2001|website=SIRIS (Smithsonian Institution Research Information System) Archives|author1=Hardart, Paul|author2=Hardart, Tom (donors)}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 121:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 122:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Stage productions===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Stage productions===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* In the song "Colored Spade" from the musical ''[[Hair (musical)|Hair]]'' (1967), the character Hud (a militant African-American) satirically assigns to himself various racial stereotypes including "Table cleaner at Horn & Hardart".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allthelyrics.com/lyrics/hair_200000/colored_spade-lyrics-483023.html |title=Hair – Colored Spade |author= |date= |work=allthelyrics.com |accessdate=October 27, 2011}}</ref><ref name="colored_spade_01">{{cite web | url = http://www.stlyrics.com/lyrics/hair/coloredspade.htm | title = Hair Cast Lyrics, Colored Spade lyrics | accessdate = <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Oct</del> 26, 2011 }}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* In the song "Colored Spade" from the musical ''[[Hair (musical)|Hair]]'' (1967), the character Hud (a militant African-American) satirically assigns to himself various racial stereotypes including "Table cleaner at Horn & Hardart".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allthelyrics.com/lyrics/hair_200000/colored_spade-lyrics-483023.html |title=Hair – Colored Spade |author= |date= |work=allthelyrics.com |accessdate=October 27, 2011}}</ref><ref name="colored_spade_01">{{cite web | url = http://www.stlyrics.com/lyrics/hair/coloredspade.htm | title = Hair Cast Lyrics, Colored Spade lyrics | accessdate = <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">October</ins> 26, 2011 }}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* The original Broadway set for the musical ''[[The Producers (musical)|The Producers]]'' (2001) incorporated some of the Automat.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Wired|date=June 9, 2010|title=Put a Nickel In, Take Your Food Out|url=https://www.wired.com/2010/06/0609first-automat-opens-philadelphia/}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* The original Broadway set for the musical ''[[The Producers (musical)|The Producers]]'' (2001) incorporated some of the Automat.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Wired|date=June 9, 2010|title=Put a Nickel In, Take Your Food Out|url=https://www.wired.com/2010/06/0609first-automat-opens-philadelphia/}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Television===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Television===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* Jack Benny held a promotional, black-tie party to launch his television show ''The Jack Benny Program'' on October 29, 1950 at the New York City Automat.<ref>[https://www.vendingtimes.com/blogs/the-automat-a-great-read-for-those-interested-in-convenience-services-past-present-and-future/ 'The Automat' – a great read for those interested in convenience services, past, present and future] Vending Times. Retrieved March 29, 2021.</ref> Playing on his reputation as a cheapskate, Benny greeted his guests at the door and handed each one a roll of nickels so they could get what they wanted to eat.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* Jack Benny held a promotional, black-tie party to launch his television show ''The Jack Benny Program'' on October 29, 1950<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> at the New York City Automat.<ref>[https://www.vendingtimes.com/blogs/the-automat-a-great-read-for-those-interested-in-convenience-services-past-present-and-future/ 'The Automat' – a great read for those interested in convenience services, past, present and future] Vending Times. Retrieved March 29, 2021.</ref> Playing on his reputation as a cheapskate, Benny greeted his guests at the door and handed each one a roll of nickels so they could get what they wanted to eat.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Film===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Film===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 132:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 133:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==Further reading==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==Further reading==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* {{cite book |last1=Diehl |first1=Lorraine B. |last2=Hardart |first2=Marianne |title=The Automat: The History, Recipes, and Allure of Horn & Hardart's Masterpiece |date=November 19, 2002 |publisher=[[Clarkson Potter (publisher)|Clarkson_Potter]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-609-61074-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RpnbAAAAMAAJ |language=en |oclc=1298810185}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Diehl |first1=Lorraine B. |last2=Hardart |first2=Marianne |title=The Automat: The History, Recipes, and Allure of Horn & Hardart's Masterpiece |url=http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/random042/2001057805.html |website=Catalog |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |access-date=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4 </del>June 2022 |quote=Sample text for Library of Congress control number 2001057805}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Trufelman |first1=Avery |author1-link=Avery Trufelman |title=The Automat |url=https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/the-automat/ |website=[[99% Invisible]] |access-date=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4 </del>June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nonfiction Book Review: The Automat: The History, Recipes, and Allure of Horn & Hardart's Masterpiece by Marianne Hardart, Lorraine B. Diehl |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780609610749 |access-date=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4 </del>June 2022 |work=[[Publishers Weekly]] |date=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1 </del>November 2002}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* {{cite book |last1=Diehl |first1=Lorraine B. |last2=Hardart |first2=Marianne |title=The Automat: The History, Recipes, and Allure of Horn & Hardart's Masterpiece |date=November 19, 2002 |publisher=[[Clarkson Potter (publisher)|Clarkson_Potter]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-609-61074-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RpnbAAAAMAAJ |language=en |oclc=1298810185}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Diehl |first1=Lorraine B. |last2=Hardart |first2=Marianne |title=The Automat: The History, Recipes, and Allure of Horn & Hardart's Masterpiece |url=http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/random042/2001057805.html |website=Catalog |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |access-date=June<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> 4,</ins> 2022 |quote=Sample text for Library of Congress control number 2001057805}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Trufelman |first1=Avery |author1-link=Avery Trufelman |title=The Automat |url=https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/the-automat/ |website=[[99% Invisible]] |access-date=June<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> 4,</ins> 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nonfiction Book Review: The Automat: The History, Recipes, and Allure of Horn & Hardart's Masterpiece by Marianne Hardart, Lorraine B. Diehl |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780609610749 |access-date=June<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> 4,</ins> 2022 |work=[[Publishers Weekly]] |date=November<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> 1,</ins> 2002}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111230004650/http://www.life.com/gallery/60231/in-praise-of-the-automat In Praise of the Automat] – slideshow by ''[[Life magazine]]''</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111230004650/http://www.life.com/gallery/60231/in-praise-of-the-automat In Praise of the Automat] – slideshow by ''[[Life magazine]]''</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [https://books.google.com/books?id=utYCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA44&dq=Automat "The Last Automat,"] by [[James T. Farrell]] ([[New York (magazine)|''New York'' (magazine)]], May 14, 1979)</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [https://books.google.com/books?id=utYCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA44&dq=Automat "The Last Automat,"] by [[James T. Farrell]] ([[New York (magazine)|''New York'' (magazine)]], May 14, 1979)</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 03:57, 9 April 2023</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American food services company known for automats</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Horn_%26_Hardart" title="Special:EditPage/Horn & Hardart">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Horn+%26+Hardart%22">"Horn & Hardart"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Horn+%26+Hardart%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Horn+%26+Hardart%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Horn+%26+Hardart%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Horn+%26+Hardart%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Horn+%26+Hardart%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Horn & Hardart</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Automat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Automat.jpg/220px-Automat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Automat.jpg/330px-Automat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Automat.jpg/440px-Automat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="912" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">First <i>Automat</i>, 818-820 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia (1904 postcard)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">Privately held company</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category">Restaurants</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1888<span class="noprint">; 136 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1888</span>)</span> (partnership) <br />1902<span class="noprint">; 122 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1902</span>)</span> (first automat)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">1991</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent">Joseph Horn, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hardart" title="Frank Hardart">Frank Hardart</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">USD</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">USD</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Horn & Hardart</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Food_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Food services">food services</a> company in the United States noted for operating the first food service <a href="/wiki/Automat" title="Automat">automats</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philadelphia's Joseph Horn (1861–1941) and German-born, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>-raised <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hardart" title="Frank Hardart">Frank Hardart</a> (1850–1918) opened their first restaurant together in Philadelphia, on December 22, 1888. The small, 11-by-17-foot (3.4 m × 5.2 m) lunchroom at 39 South Thirteenth Street had no tables, only a counter with 15 stools. The location had housed the print shop of Dunlap & Claypoole, printers to the American Congress and George Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost-automat-covid_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost-automat-covid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By introducing Philadelphia to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/chicory-coffee-mix-new-orleans-made-own-comes-180949950/">New Orleans-style coffee</a>, which Hardart promoted as their "gilt-edge" brew, they made their tiny luncheonette a local attraction. News of the coffee spread, and the business flourished. They incorporated as the Horn & Hardart Baking Company in 1898. </p><p>At its peak the company operated in excess of 100 restaurants, as well as a popular chain of retail outlets. The lack of a succession plan, changing demographics, the rapid rise of fast food chains, and poor strategic decisions from the early 1960s on were too much to overcome and the last restaurant was closed in 1991. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20200729_0818-0820_CHESTNUT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/20200729_0818-0820_CHESTNUT.jpg/220px-20200729_0818-0820_CHESTNUT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/20200729_0818-0820_CHESTNUT.jpg/330px-20200729_0818-0820_CHESTNUT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/20200729_0818-0820_CHESTNUT.jpg/440px-20200729_0818-0820_CHESTNUT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2988" data-file-height="3984" /></a><figcaption>818 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, site of first U.S. Automat, with original Horn & Hardart sign still up in July 2020</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horn_and_Hardard_halibut_ad.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Horn_and_Hardard_halibut_ad.png/220px-Horn_and_Hardard_halibut_ad.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Horn_and_Hardard_halibut_ad.png/330px-Horn_and_Hardard_halibut_ad.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Horn_and_Hardard_halibut_ad.png/440px-Horn_and_Hardard_halibut_ad.png 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Newspaper ad from 1922 for the 25 Philadelphia locations of Horn and Hardart automats, restaurants, and cafeterias, claiming that the equivalent of one out of every sixteen people in the city ate in one of their establishments daily</figcaption></figure> <p>Joseph Horn had traveled in Europe and experienced the revolutionary new form of restaurant known as the <i>Automat</i>, pioneered by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Sielaff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Sielaff (page does not exist)">Max Sielaff</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Sielaff" class="extiw" title="de:Max Sielaff">de</a>]</span> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. Inspired by the success and decor of this new form of food service that eliminated wait staffs but still served high quality fresh food, Horn persuaded his partner Frank Hardart to open the first automat<sup id="cite_ref-philadelphiaencyclopedia_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philadelphiaencyclopedia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the U.S., which made its debut on June 12, 1902,<sup id="cite_ref-Automat-Restaurants_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automat-Restaurants-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at 818 Chestnut Street in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first non-European restaurant to receive patented <a href="/wiki/Vending_machine" title="Vending machine">vending machines</a> from Sielaff's Automat <a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_mit_beschr%C3%A4nkter_Haftung" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung">GmbH</a> factory in Berlin, the creators also of the first <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_bar" title="Chocolate bar">chocolate bar</a> vending machine for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Stollwerck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Stollwerck (page does not exist)">Ludwig Stollwerck</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Stollwerck" class="extiw" title="de:Ludwig Stollwerck">de</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Automat-Restaurants_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automat-Restaurants-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ten years later the first New York Automat opened in <a href="/wiki/Times_Square" title="Times Square">Times Square</a>, on July 2, 1912, and later that week third opened at <a href="/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)" title="Broadway (Manhattan)">Broadway</a> and E 14th St, near <a href="/wiki/Union_Square,_Manhattan" title="Union Square, Manhattan">Union Square</a>. </p><p>In 1924, Horn & Hardart opened retail stores to sell prepackaged automat favorites. Using the advertising slogan, "Less Work for Mother," the company popularized the notion of easily served "take-out" food as an equivalent to "home-cooked" meals.<sup id="cite_ref-hardart_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardart-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Horn & Hardart Automats were particularly popular during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Depression era</a>, when their <a href="/wiki/Macaroni_and_cheese" title="Macaroni and cheese">macaroni and cheese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baked_beans" title="Baked beans">baked beans</a>, and creamed spinach were staple offerings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the 1930s, union conflicts resulted in vandalism, as noted by Christopher Gray in <i>The New York Times</i>: </p> <blockquote><p>In 1932 the police blamed members of the glaziers union for vandalism against 24 Horn & Hardart and Bickford's restaurants in Manhattan, including the one at 488 <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Avenue_(Manhattan)" title="Eighth Avenue (Manhattan)">Eighth Avenue</a>. Witnesses said that a passenger in a car driving by used a slingshot to damage and even break the plate glass show windows. Glaziers union representatives had complained about nonunion employees installing glass at the restaurants.<sup id="cite_ref-gray_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gray-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>By the time of Horn's death in 1941, the business had 157 retail shops and restaurants in the Philadelphia, New York, and Baltimore, areas, serving some 500,000 patrons a day.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1940s and the 1950s, more than 50 New York Horn & Hardart restaurants served 350,000 customers a day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1953, the company split into two independent public corporations: the New York entity was named the Horn & Hardart Company, the Philadelphia the Horn & Hardart Baking Company. Shares of the first were traded on the <a href="/wiki/American_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="American Stock Exchange">American Stock Exchange</a>, and the second the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Stock_Exchange" title="Philadelphia Stock Exchange">Philadelphia Stock Exchange</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The self-service restaurants operated for nearly a century, with the business' last storefront closing in New York City in 1991. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horn_%26_Hardart_automat.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Horn_%26_Hardart_automat.JPG/350px-Horn_%26_Hardart_automat.JPG" decoding="async" width="350" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Horn_%26_Hardart_automat.JPG/525px-Horn_%26_Hardart_automat.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Horn_%26_Hardart_automat.JPG/700px-Horn_%26_Hardart_automat.JPG 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>Horn & Hardart postcard, circa 1930s</figcaption></figure> <p>In their heyday, Horn & Hardart automats were popular, busy eateries. They featured prepared foods displayed behind small coin- and token-operated glass-doored windows, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Bun" title="Bun">buns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Beans">beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish_cake" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish cake">fish cakes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As late as the 1950s one could enjoy a large, if somewhat plain, meal for under $1.00. Each stack of dispensers had a metal drum that could be rotated by staff on the other side of the vending wall to refill its windows. Every dispenser had a slot for coins or tokens purchased from a cashier worth up to 75¢ for more expensive items. A knob was rotated to capture the fee and unlock the door. Dispensers were room temperature, heated, or cooled as appropriate. </p><p>With success the chain began lunch and dinner entrees, such as fish, beef stew, and <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_steak" title="Salisbury steak">Salisbury steak</a> with mashed potatoes. </p><p>Carolyn Hughes Crowley described the appeal of the Automats: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In huge rectangular halls filled with shiny, lacquered tables, women with rubber tips on their fingers — "nickel throwers," as they became known — in glass booths gave customers the five-cent pieces required to operate the dispensers. After depositing the appropriate amount the compartment opened to present the desired food to the customer through a small glass. Diners picked up hot foods at buffet-style steam tables. The word "automat" comes from the Greek automatos, meaning "self-acting." Still, the Automats were heavily staffed. As a customer removed a compartment's contents, a worker quickly slipped another sandwich, salad, side dish, or desert into the vacated chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Promotions">Promotions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Horn_and_Hardart_Children's_Hour"><span id="The_Horn_and_Hardart_Children.27s_Hour"></span><i>The Horn and Hardart Children's Hour</i></h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radio_program">Radio program</h4></div> <p>Beginning in 1927, Horn & Hardart sponsored a radio program, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Horn_and_Hardart_Children%27s_Hour" title="The Horn and Hardart Children's Hour">The Horn and Hardart Children's Hour</a></i>, a variety show with a cast of children, including some who as adults became well-known performers (such as <a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Peters" title="Bernadette Peters">Bernadette Peters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Avalon" title="Frankie Avalon">Frankie Avalon</a>). The program was broadcast first on <a href="/wiki/WCAU_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="WCAU Radio">WCAU Radio</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, hosted by Stan Lee Broza. It was broadcast on <a href="/wiki/NBC_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="NBC Radio">NBC Radio</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> during the 1940s and 1950s. The original New York host was <a href="/wiki/Paul_Douglas_(actor)" title="Paul Douglas (actor)">Paul Douglas</a>, succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Edwards" title="Ralph Edwards">Ralph Edwards</a> and finally <a href="/wiki/Ed_Herlihy" title="Ed Herlihy">Ed Herlihy</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Television_program">Television program</h4></div> <p>The television premiere of <i>The Horn & Hardart Children's Hour</i> appeared on <a href="/wiki/WCAU-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="WCAU-TV">WCAU-TV</a> in Philadelphia in 1948, succeeded by <a href="/wiki/WNBC" title="WNBC">WNBT</a> in New York in 1949, telecast on Sunday mornings. Stan Lee Broza hosted in Philadelphia, and <a href="/wiki/Ed_Herlihy" title="Ed Herlihy">Ed Herlihy</a> in New York.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline">Decline</h2></div> <p>For a long period of time the price of coffee was 5 cents, or one nickel. On November 29, 1950 the price raised to 10 cents, using two nickels.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The restaurant chain remained popular into the 1960s, operating sit-down waitress service restaurants, cafeterias, retail stores, <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">and bakery shops</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Were these separate bakery shops or part of the retail store operation that sold a wide selection of all of the chain's products? (November 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in addition to its automats. In the late 1960s, efforts were made to update decor, and redecorate some restaurants relevant to surrounding neighborhoods; thus, the Automat on 14th Street was decorated with psychedelic posters. The chain rapidly lost ground to the explosive rise of <a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">fast-food</a> chains, which offered cheap fare, a limited menu, and easy to carry take-out. </p><p>By the mid-1970s the company began to replace some of its restaurants with its own <a href="/wiki/Burger_King" title="Burger King">Burger King</a> franchises.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horn & Hardart further expanded its fast food operations in 1981, acquiring the <a href="/wiki/Bojangles%27_Famous_Chicken_n%27_Biscuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Bojangles' Famous Chicken n' Biscuits">Bojangles' Famous Chicken n' Biscuits</a> restaurants, which it sold to a California investment company in 1990 for $20 million.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More similar restaurant franchises and associations were to follow. </p><p>In 1979, Horn & Hardart agreed to buy the <a href="/wiki/Clarion_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Clarion Hotel and Casino">Royal Inn</a> in Las Vegas for $7.4 million.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By late 1980, the sale had been completed, and the property was rebranded as the Royal Americana Hotel, with a New York theme.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A $3.5 million renovation<sup id="cite_ref-nyt030282_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt030282-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> increased the room count to 300.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1982 though, the hotel was experiencing substantial losses, and Horn & Hardart decided to close it.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt030282_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt030282-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They reportedly agreed that December to sell the property to an investment group for $15.4 million.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last New York Horn & Hardart Automat (on the southeast corner of <a href="/wiki/42nd_Street_(Manhattan)" title="42nd Street (Manhattan)">42nd Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Avenue" title="Third Avenue">Third Avenue</a>) closed on April 9, 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horn & Hardart continued to own a catalog division; it renamed itself <b>Hanover Direct</b> in 1993. That year the company bought <a href="/wiki/Gump%27s" title="Gump's">Gump's</a>; it sold it to an investment group in 2005. Hanover Direct purchased <a href="/wiki/International_Male" title="International Male">International Male</a> in 1987 when founder Gene Burkard retired.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revivals">Revivals</h2></div> <p>In 1987, Horn & Hardart opened two 1950s themed Dine-O-Mat restaurants in New York. They closed less than two years later.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1986 its only remaining Philadelphia area restaurant was in <a href="/wiki/Bala_Cynwyd,_Pennsylvania" title="Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania">Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In summer 1987 the company opened another restaurant in <a href="/wiki/Bensalem,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Bensalem, Pennsylvania">Bensalem, Pennsylvania</a>, a second in the Philadelphia area.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its planned square footage was 15,000 square feet (1,400 m<sup>2</sup>). The space was a former Duff's Cafeteria.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1988 it was to open another location in <a href="/wiki/Jenkintown,_Pennsylvania" title="Jenkintown, Pennsylvania">Jenkintown, Pennsylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1990s, two entrepreneurs bought the Philadelphia company (Horn & Hardart Baking Co.) out of <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a>. While they did not open any restaurants, they reproduced a dozen of the most famous food items, including macaroni and cheese, Harvard beets, tapioca pudding, and cucumber salad.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The food was packed fresh, refrigerated, and sold in supermarkets throughout Philadelphia and New Jersey. The food was still available up until 2002.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Horn & Hardart name was used for a now-dormant chain of coffee shops in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The Horn & Hardart Coffee Co. closed its last coffee shop in 2005.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As of 2016, the Horn & Hardart – Bakery Cafe is the name of a coffee shop in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The assets of the company were purchased in 2015 as Horn & Hardart Coffee. They recreated the original East Coast City Roast and branded coffee was offered as of 2016 on their website. They also offered a subscription service called The Automat Club.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A company called Horn & Hardart Brands had as of 2018 a website, with a 2014 copyright, offering coffee online and at food stores in the Philadelphia area. </p><p>As of November 2022, the official Horn & Hardart website announces that the brand has returned with an original Automat Blend of coffee, offered as a subscription. The website also says the company is in the process of modernizing the Automat and restoring the brand online and in retail. <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Horn_%26_Hardart_Times_Square_New_York_circa_1939.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Automat in Times Square, circa 1939"><img alt="Automat in Times Square, circa 1939" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Horn_%26_Hardart_Times_Square_New_York_circa_1939.JPG/120px-Horn_%26_Hardart_Times_Square_New_York_circa_1939.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Horn_%26_Hardart_Times_Square_New_York_circa_1939.JPG/180px-Horn_%26_Hardart_Times_Square_New_York_circa_1939.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Horn_%26_Hardart_Times_Square_New_York_circa_1939.JPG/240px-Horn_%26_Hardart_Times_Square_New_York_circa_1939.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="877" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Automat in Times Square, circa 1939</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Horn_%26_Hardart_Automat_Brass_%22F%22_Token.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A brass H&H token"><img alt="A brass H&H token" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Horn_%26_Hardart_Automat_Brass_%22F%22_Token.jpg/120px-Horn_%26_Hardart_Automat_Brass_%22F%22_Token.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Horn_%26_Hardart_Automat_Brass_%22F%22_Token.jpg/180px-Horn_%26_Hardart_Automat_Brass_%22F%22_Token.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Horn_%26_Hardart_Automat_Brass_%22F%22_Token.jpg/240px-Horn_%26_Hardart_Automat_Brass_%22F%22_Token.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A brass H&H token</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Horn_%26_Hardart_Automat_New_York_City_57th_Street.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="1930s-era Automat at 104 West 57th Street near Sixth Avenue showing areas for beverages and pies at right of dining area"><img alt="1930s-era Automat at 104 West 57th Street near Sixth Avenue showing areas for beverages and pies at right of dining area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Horn_%26_Hardart_Automat_New_York_City_57th_Street.JPG/120px-Horn_%26_Hardart_Automat_New_York_City_57th_Street.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Horn_%26_Hardart_Automat_New_York_City_57th_Street.JPG/180px-Horn_%26_Hardart_Automat_New_York_City_57th_Street.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Horn_%26_Hardart_Automat_New_York_City_57th_Street.JPG/240px-Horn_%26_Hardart_Automat_New_York_City_57th_Street.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1930s-era Automat at 104 West 57th Street near <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Avenue_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Avenue (Manhattan)">Sixth Avenue</a> showing areas for beverages and pies at right of dining area</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Paul_Auster" title="Paul Auster">Paul Auster</a>'s 2017 novel <i><a href="/wiki/4_3_2_1_(novel)" title="4 3 2 1 (novel)">4 3 2 1</a></i>, Ferguson visits the restaurant, which is described as a place of "twentieth-century American efficiency in its craziest, most delightful incarnation".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>In the 1967 novel, "The Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler" by <a href="/wiki/E._L._Konigsburg" title="E. L. Konigsburg">E. L. Konigsburg</a> where the two main characters, runaway kids Claudia and Jamie, eat at the Automat using coins from the fountain of the Metropolitan Museum of Art where they are hiding.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museum_exhibits">Museum exhibits</h3></div> <ul><li>On June 22, 2012, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a> opened an exhibition on June 22, 2012, titled "Lunch Hour NYC". The exhibition "looks back at more than a century of New York lunches, when the city's early power brokers invented the 'power lunch' ..... and visitors with guidebooks thronged Times Square to eat lunch at the Automat." Among many educational and entertaining items is a fully restored wall of Automat windows. The exhibit was scheduled to run until February 17, 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian">Smithsonian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">National Museum of American History</a> previously had displayed in its cafe an ornate 35-foot Automat section, complete with mirrors, marble and marquetry, from Philadelphia's 1902 Horn & Hardart<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this exhibit has since been removed. In 2006 Paul and Tom Hardart donated the business records for the Horn and Hardart chain of restaurants and retail stores to the Smithsonian Archives; the records include annual reports, business correspondence, operating manuals, photographs, sales materials, and printed materials such as employee newsletters and clippings.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Concerto_for_Horn_and_Hardart" title="Concerto for Horn and Hardart">Concerto for Horn and Hardart</a></i> is a classical music parody written by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Schickele" title="Peter Schickele">Peter Schickele</a>, one of many which he attributes to the fictional composer <a href="/wiki/P.D.Q._Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="P.D.Q. Bach">P.D.Q. Bach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pdq_bach_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdq_bach-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>The song <i><a href="/wiki/Diamonds_Are_a_Girl%27s_Best_Friend" title="Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend">Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Leo_Robin" title="Leo Robin">Leo Robin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jule_Styne" title="Jule Styne">Jule Styne</a> mentions the Automat in its lyrics.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stage_productions">Stage productions</h3></div> <ul><li>In the song "Colored Spade" from the musical <i><a href="/wiki/Hair_(musical)" title="Hair (musical)">Hair</a></i> (1967), the character Hud (a militant African-American) satirically assigns to himself various racial stereotypes including "Table cleaner at Horn & Hardart".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-colored_spade_01_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colored_spade_01-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The original Broadway set for the musical <i><a href="/wiki/The_Producers_(musical)" title="The Producers (musical)">The Producers</a></i> (2001) incorporated some of the Automat.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3></div> <ul><li>Jack Benny held a promotional, black-tie party to launch his television show <i>The Jack Benny Program</i> on October 29, 1950, at the New York City Automat.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Playing on his reputation as a cheapskate, Benny greeted his guests at the door and handed each one a roll of nickels so they could get what they wanted to eat.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/That_Touch_of_Mink" title="That Touch of Mink">That Touch of Mink</a></i> (1962), comedy with Cary Grant, Doris Day, and Gig Young who visit the Automat in New York City</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Automat" title="The Automat">The Automat</a> (2021)</i>, documentary by Lisa Hurwitz about the chain featuring Mel Brooks, Carl Reiner, Colin Powell, Ruth Bader Ginsberg</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDiehlHardart2002" class="citation book cs1">Diehl, Lorraine B.; Hardart, Marianne (November 19, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RpnbAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Automat: The History, Recipes, and Allure of Horn & Hardart's Masterpiece</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Clarkson_Potter_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarkson Potter (publisher)">Clarkson_Potter</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-609-61074-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-609-61074-9"><bdi>978-0-609-61074-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1298810185">1298810185</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Automat%3A+The+History%2C+Recipes%2C+and+Allure+of+Horn+%26+Hardart%27s+Masterpiece&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Clarkson_Potter&rft.date=2002-11-19&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1298810185&rft.isbn=978-0-609-61074-9&rft.aulast=Diehl&rft.aufirst=Lorraine+B.&rft.au=Hardart%2C+Marianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRpnbAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorn+%26+Hardart" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111230004650/http://www.life.com/gallery/60231/in-praise-of-the-automat">In Praise of the Automat</a> – slideshow by <i><a href="/wiki/Life_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Life magazine">Life magazine</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=utYCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA44&dq=Automat">"The Last Automat,"</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_T._Farrell" title="James T. Farrell">James T. Farrell</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)"><i>New York</i> (magazine)</a>, May 14, 1979)</li> <li>Freeland, David. "How I Love the Automat/The Place Where All the Food Is At." <i>Life,</i> March 22, 1928, p. 6. (Source: David Freeland, <i>Automats, Taxi Dances and Vaudeville</i>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soundportraits.org/on-air/last_day_at_the_automat/">NPR Sound Portrait: "Last Day at the Automat": Audio documentary with David Isay at the Automat on April 9. 1991</a></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFFritsche1916"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1199066A/en">US Expired 1199066</a>, Fritsche, John, "Vending-machine.", published 1916-09-26,  assigned to Joseph V. Horn and Frank Hardart</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=1199066&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Vending-machine.&rft.inventor=Fritsche&rft.assignee=Joseph+V.+Horn&rft.appldate=1916-01-06&rft.pubdate=1916-09-26&rft.prioritydate=1916-01-06"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein" class="citation web cs1">Klein, Christopher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/the-automat-birth-of-a-fast-food-nation">"The Automat: Birth of a Fast Food Nation"</a>. <i>HISTORY</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=The+Automat%3A+Birth+of+a+Fast+Food+Nation&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-automat-birth-of-a-fast-food-nation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorn+%26+Hardart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-washingtonpost-automat-covid-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-washingtonpost-automat-covid_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2022/04/08/automat-covid-horn-hardart/">"Futuristic 'automat' dining thrived a century ago. Can covid revive it?"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Futuristic+%27automat%27+dining+thrived+a+century+ago.+Can+covid+revive+it%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fhistory%2F2022%2F04%2F08%2Fautomat-covid-horn-hardart%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorn+%26+Hardart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-philadelphiaencyclopedia-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-philadelphiaencyclopedia_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/essays/automats-2/">"Automats"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Greater+Philadelphia&rft.atitle=Automats&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphiladelphiaencyclopedia.org%2Fessays%2Fautomats-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorn+%26+Hardart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Automat-Restaurants-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Automat-Restaurants_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automat-Restaurants_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130503102143/http://cdm16038.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p268001coll12/id/6426/rec/58">Automat-Restaurants – Automat GmbH, 23 Spenerstrasse, Berlin, N.W. :: Trade Catalogs and Pamphlets</a> – <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.14to42.net/36street2.html">Horn & Hardart Automat, 968 6th Ave. between 35th & 36th Sts. (1986)</a>", 36th Street, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.14to42.net/">New York City Signs – 14th to 42nd Street</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hardart-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hardart_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theautomat.net/reviews.html">"Book Reviews and Press about - The Automat - the History, Recipes, and Allure of Horn & Hardart's Masterpiece"</a>. <i>www.theautomat.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.theautomat.net&rft.atitle=Book+Reviews+and+Press+about+-+The+Automat+-+the+History%2C+Recipes%2C+and+Allure+of+Horn+%26+Hardart%27s+Masterpiece&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theautomat.net%2Freviews.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorn+%26+Hardart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gray-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gray_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2001" class="citation news cs1">Gray, Christopher (June 3, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/03/realestate/streetscapes-readers-questions-village-site-eugene-o-neill-s-iceman-saloon.html">"Streetscapes/Readers' Questions; The Village Site of Eugene O'Neill's 'Iceman' Saloon"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Streetscapes%2FReaders%27+Questions%3B+The+Village+Site+of+Eugene+O%27Neill%27s+%27Iceman%27+Saloon&rft.date=2001-06-03&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F06%2F03%2Frealestate%2Fstreetscapes-readers-questions-village-site-eugene-o-neill-s-iceman-saloon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorn+%26+Hardart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Joseph V. Horn, Automat Chain Co-Founder Dies," <i>The Washington Post</i>, October 15, 1941, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080319073408/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/object_aug01.html">"Smithsonian Magazine | History & Archaeology | Meet Me at the Automat"</a>. March 19, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/object_aug01.html">the original</a> on March 19, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smithsonian+Magazine+%26%23124%3B+History+%26+Archaeology+%26%23124%3B+Meet+Me+at+the+Automat&rft.date=2008-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory-archaeology%2Fobject_aug01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorn+%26+Hardart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1950/11/30/archives/automats-coffee-now-requires-2-nickels-two-other-city-chains-ponder.html">"Automat's Coffee Now Requires 2 Nickels; Two Other City Chains Ponder Dime for Cup"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. November 30, 1950<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Automat%27s+Coffee+Now+Requires+2+Nickels%3B+Two+Other+City+Chains+Ponder+Dime+for+Cup&rft.date=1950-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1950%2F11%2F30%2Farchives%2Fautomats-coffee-now-requires-2-nickels-two-other-city-chains-ponder.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorn+%26+Hardart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Closing the Automat Door," by Peter Mikelbank, <i>The Washington Post</i>, September 7, 1975, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Acquisitions, <i>The Washington Post</i>, August 30, 1990, pg. C2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Horn & Hardart to buy Royal Inn in Las Vegas for about $7.4 million". <i>Wall Street Journal</i>. June 20, 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/134453315">134453315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Horn+%26+Hardart+to+buy+Royal+Inn+in+Las+Vegas+for+about+%247.4+million&rft.date=1979-06-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorn+%26+Hardart" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Hotel's name change nearly complete (Advertising supplement)". <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. October 12, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/162939339">162939339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Hotel%27s+name+change+nearly+complete+%28Advertising+supplement%29&rft.date=1980-10-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorn+%26+Hardart" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt030282-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt030282_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt030282_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/03/02/business/horn-hardart-to-close-hotel.html">"Horn & Hardart to close hotel"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. March 2, 1982<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Horn+%26+Hardart+to+close+hotel&rft.date=1982-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1982%2F03%2F02%2Fbusiness%2Fhorn-hardart-to-close-hotel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorn+%26+Hardart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Royal Americana Hotel and Casino renovated (Advertising supplement)". <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. March 1, 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/152714896">152714896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Royal+Americana+Hotel+and+Casino+renovated+%28Advertising+supplement%29&rft.date=1981-03-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorn+%26+Hardart" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&dat=19821216&id=EJoyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=degFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6674,3535417">"Las Vegas also feeling sting of recession"</a>. <i>Lawrence Journal-World</i>. New York Times News Service. December 16, 1982<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lawrence+Journal-World&rft.atitle=Las+Vegas+also+feeling+sting+of+recession&rft.date=1982-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D2199%26dat%3D19821216%26id%3DEJoyAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DdegFAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6674%2C3535417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorn+%26+Hardart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarron1991" class="citation news cs1">Barron, James (April 11, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/11/nyregion/last-automat-closes-its-era-long-gone.html">"Last Automat Closes, Its Era Long Gone"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Last+Automat+Closes%2C+Its+Era+Long+Gone&rft.date=1991-04-11&rft.aulast=Barron&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F04%2F11%2Fnyregion%2Flast-automat-closes-its-era-long-gone.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorn+%26+Hardart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Slices of History: At New York's Last Automat only the Ambiance is the Same," by David Streitfeld, <i>The Washington Post</i>, April 24, 1988, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin1988" class="citation news cs1">Rubin, Daniel (December 2, 1988). "The renaissance of Horn & Hardart". <i><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Inquirer" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Inquirer">Philadelphia Inquirer</a></i>. p. 10-D.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=The+renaissance+of+Horn+%26+Hardart&rft.pages=10-D&rft.date=1988-12-02&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorn+%26+Hardart" class="Z3988"></span> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/115217181/">Clipping at</a> <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarter1987" class="citation news cs1">Marter, Marilynn (August 12, 1987). "Horn & Hardart reborn". <i><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Inquirer" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Inquirer">Philadelphia Inquirer</a></i>. pp. 1-F, 12-F.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Horn+%26+Hardart+reborn&rft.pages=1-F%2C+12-F&rft.date=1987-08-12&rft.aulast=Marter&rft.aufirst=Marilynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorn+%26+Hardart" class="Z3988"></span> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/115217400/">Clipping of first</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/115217430/">of second page</a> at <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBivens1987" class="citation web cs1">Bivens, Terry (July 6, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150311215919/http://articles.philly.com/1987-07-06/business/26201682_1_new-restaurant-tapioca-second-restaurant">"Gustatory Memory Is Revived Horn & Hardart Plans To Expand"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Inquirer" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Inquirer">Philadelphia Inquirer</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.philly.com/1987-07-06/business/26201682_1_new-restaurant-tapioca-second-restaurant">the original</a> on March 11, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Gustatory+Memory+Is+Revived+Horn+%26+Hardart+Plans+To+Expand&rft.date=1987-07-06&rft.aulast=Bivens&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.philly.com%2F1987-07-06%2Fbusiness%2F26201682_1_new-restaurant-tapioca-second-restaurant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorn+%26+Hardart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin1988" class="citation web cs1">Rubin, Daniel (December 4, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140125222022/http://articles.philly.com/1988-12-04/news/26226690_1_horn-hardart-restaurant-rice-pudding">"Automat Is On The Rebound"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Inquirer" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Inquirer">Philadelphia Inquirer</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.philly.com/1988-12-04/news/26226690_1_horn-hardart-restaurant-rice-pudding">the original</a> on January 25, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved March 29, 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiehlHardart" class="citation web cs1">Diehl, Lorraine B.; Hardart, Marianne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/random042/2001057805.html">"The Automat: The History, Recipes, and Allure of Horn & Hardart's Masterpiece"</a>. <i>Catalog</i>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=99%25+Invisible&rft.atitle=The+Automat&rft.aulast=Trufelman&rft.aufirst=Avery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F99percentinvisible.org%2Fepisode%2Fthe-automat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorn+%26+Hardart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780609610749">"Nonfiction Book Review: The Automat: The History, Recipes, and Allure of Horn & Hardart's Masterpiece by Marianne Hardart, Lorraine B. Diehl"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Publishers_Weekly" title="Publishers Weekly">Publishers Weekly</a></i>. November 1, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publishers+Weekly&rft.atitle=Nonfiction+Book+Review%3A+The+Automat%3A+The+History%2C+Recipes%2C+and+Allure+of+Horn+%26+Hardart%27s+Masterpiece+by+Marianne+Hardart%2C+Lorraine+B.+Diehl&rft.date=2002-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publishersweekly.com%2F9780609610749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorn+%26+Hardart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hornandhardartcoffee.com/">Horn and Hardart coffee.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.automatmovie.com/">THE AUTOMAT</a>, 2021 documentary film by Lisa Hurwitz</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.14to42.net/36street2.html">Horn & Hardart Automat sign</a> at 968 6th Avenue, Manhattan, 1986</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111121123737/http://www.theautomat.com/">Used and new Automats in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Restaurants_in_Philadelphia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Restaurants_in_Philadelphia" title="Template:Restaurants in Philadelphia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Restaurants_in_Philadelphia" title="Template talk:Restaurants in Philadelphia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Restaurants_in_Philadelphia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Restaurants in Philadelphia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Restaurants_in_Philadelphia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_restaurants_in_Philadelphia" title="List of restaurants in Philadelphia">Restaurants</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barclay_Prime" title="Barclay Prime">Barclay Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddakan" title="Buddakan">Buddakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campo%27s" title="Campo's">Campo's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_Street_Tavern" title="Cherry Street Tavern">Cherry Street Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickie%27s_%26_Pete%27s" title="Chickie's & Pete's">Chickie's & Pete's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Chingon" title="El Chingon">El Chingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Tavern" title="City Tavern">City Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalessandro%27s_Steaks" title="Dalessandro's Steaks">Dalessandro's Steaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Donuts" title="Federal Donuts">Federal Donuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friday_Saturday_Sunday" title="Friday Saturday Sunday">Friday Saturday Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geno%27s_Steaks" title="Geno's Steaks">Geno's Steaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim%27s_South_Street" title="Jim's South Street">Jim's South Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim%27s_Steaks" title="Jim's Steaks">Jim's Steaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe%27s_Steaks_%2B_Soda_Shop" title="Joe's Steaks + Soda Shop">Joe's Steaks + Soda Shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John%27s_Roast_Pork" title="John's Roast Pork">John's Roast Pork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaya_(restaurant)" title="Kalaya (restaurant)">Kalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Love_(Philadelphia_restaurant)" title="The Love (Philadelphia restaurant)">The Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max%27s_Steaks" title="Max's Steaks">Max's Steaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGillin%27s_Olde_Ale_House" title="McGillin's Olde Ale House">McGillin's Olde Ale House</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moshulu" title="Moshulu">Moshulu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Loup" title="My Loup">My Loup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat%27s_King_of_Steaks" title="Pat's King of Steaks">Pat's King of Steaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primo_Hoagies" title="Primo Hoagies">Primo Hoagies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxbys_Coffee" title="Saxbys Coffee">Saxbys Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonny%27s_Famous_Steaks" title="Sonny's Famous Steaks">Sonny's Famous Steaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Philly_Barbacoa" title="South Philly Barbacoa">South Philly Barbacoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve%27s_Prince_of_Steaks" title="Steve's Prince of Steaks">Steve's Prince of Steaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Luke%27s" title="Tony Luke's">Tony Luke's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Farmer" title="Urban Farmer">Urban Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedge" title="Vedge">Vedge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Dog_Cafe" title="White Dog Cafe">White Dog Cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahav" title="Zahav">Zahav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Le_Bec-Fin" title="Le Bec-Fin">Le Bec-Fin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_George_(restaurant_chain)" title="Chicken George (restaurant chain)">Chicken George</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Horn & Hardart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Baby%27s_Ice_Cream" title="Little Baby's Ice Cream">Little Baby's Ice Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Original_Bookbinder%27s" title="Old Original Bookbinder's">Old Original Bookbinder's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palumbo%27s" title="Palumbo's">Palumbo's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizza_Brain" title="Pizza Brain">Pizza Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Res_Ipsa_(restaurant)" title="Res Ipsa (restaurant)">Res Ipsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tun_Tavern" title="Tun Tavern">Tun Tavern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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