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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indefinite_article" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indefinite_article"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Indefinite article</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indefinite_article-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definite_article" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definite_article"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Definite article</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definite_article-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Varieties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Varieties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dominican_Creole_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominican_Creole_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Dominican Creole French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominican_Creole_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saint_Lucian_Creole_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saint_Lucian_Creole_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Saint Lucian Creole French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saint_Lucian_Creole_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grenadian_Creole_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grenadian_Creole_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Grenadian Creole French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grenadian_Creole_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trinidadian_French_Creole" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trinidadian_French_Creole"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Trinidadian French Creole</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trinidadian_French_Creole-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Example vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sample texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criollu_antillanu" title="Criollu antillanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Criollu antillanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antilsk%C3%A1_kreol%C5%A1tina" title="Antilská kreolština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antilská kreolština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antillen-Kreolisch" title="Antillen-Kreolisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antillen-Kreolisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criollo_antillano" title="Criollo antillano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Criollo antillano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9ole_antillais" title="Créole antillais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Créole antillais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crioulo_antillano" title="Crioulo antillano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Crioulo antillano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%86%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD-%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Անթիլյան ֆրանս-կրեոլական լեզու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անթիլյան ֆրանս-կրեոլական լեզու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreol_Antilles" title="Kreol Antilles – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kreol Antilles" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_creola_delle_Antille" title="Lingua creola delle Antille – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua creola delle Antille" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_antylski" title="Język antylski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język antylski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_crioula_antilhana" title="Língua crioula antilhana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua crioula antilhana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Антильский франко-креольский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антильский франко-креольский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antilski_kreolski_jezik" title="Antilski kreolski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antilski kreolski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Антильська франко-креольська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антильська франко-креольська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E7%9A%84%E5%88%97%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="安的列斯克里奥尔语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="安的列斯克里奥尔语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35022#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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color: black; background-color: tan;">Antillean Creole</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: tan;"><span title="French-based creoles and pidgins-language text"><i lang="cpf-029">kreyòl, kréyòl, kréyol, kwéyòl, patwa</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/French_Antilles" class="mw-redirect" title="French Antilles">French Antilles</a> (esp. <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">(13 million cited 1998–2001)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">French Creole</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Antillean Creole</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: tan;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Variously:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/gcf" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:gcf">gcf</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupean_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadeloupean Creole">Guadeloupean Creole</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/acf" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:acf">acf</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Creole_French" title="Dominican Creole French">Dominican Creole</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinican_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinican Creole">Martinican</a> / <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_Creole_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lucian Creole French">Saint Lucian</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/scf" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:scf">scf</a></code> – San Miguel Creole French (Panama)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/less1242">less1242</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">51-AAC-cc (varieties: 51-AAC-cca to -cck)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>cpf-029</code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signs_in_creole_in_Martinique_-_Dlo_Koko,_Soley,_Lanm%C3%A8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Signs_in_creole_in_Martinique_-_Dlo_Koko%2C_Soley%2C_Lanm%C3%A8.jpg/220px-Signs_in_creole_in_Martinique_-_Dlo_Koko%2C_Soley%2C_Lanm%C3%A8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Signs_in_creole_in_Martinique_-_Dlo_Koko%2C_Soley%2C_Lanm%C3%A8.jpg/330px-Signs_in_creole_in_Martinique_-_Dlo_Koko%2C_Soley%2C_Lanm%C3%A8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Signs_in_creole_in_Martinique_-_Dlo_Koko%2C_Soley%2C_Lanm%C3%A8.jpg/440px-Signs_in_creole_in_Martinique_-_Dlo_Koko%2C_Soley%2C_Lanm%C3%A8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="4128" /></a><figcaption>Sign in Martinican Creole:<br /><span title="Guadeloupean Creole French-language text"><i lang="gcf">Dlo Koko</i></span> ("<a href="/wiki/Coconut_water" title="Coconut water">coconut water</a>", from French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">de l'eau de coco</i></span>)<br /><span title="Guadeloupean Creole French-language text"><i lang="gcf">Soley</i></span> ("Sun", from <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">soleil</i></span>)<br /><span title="Guadeloupean Creole French-language text"><i lang="gcf">Lanmè</i></span> ("the sea", from <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">la mer</i></span>)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Antillean Creole</b> (also known as <b>Lesser Antillean Creole</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">French-based creole</a> that is primarily spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a>. Its grammar and vocabulary include elements of <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carib_language" title="Carib language">Carib</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, and <a href="/wiki/African_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="African languages">African languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_situation">Geographical situation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antillean_Creole&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geographical situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two main geographical and linguistic groups in the <a href="/wiki/Antilles" title="Antilles">Antilles</a> or <a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Islands</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles" title="Greater Antilles">Greater Antilles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a>. Intercomprehension between these two groups is possible, but despite a large proportion of shared vocabulary and largely similar grammatical functioning, it is limited by varying key vocabulary and different words for basic grammar. Nevertheless, it is easy to begin to understand each other completely, as long as one of the two has a basic knowledge of the other's language. </p><p>Antillean Creole is spoken natively, to varying degrees, in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haïti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Eles_des_Saintes" title="Îles des Saintes">Îles des Saintes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Barthélemy">Saint-Barthélemy</a> (St. Barts), <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> (mainly in <a href="/wiki/Macuro" title="Macuro">Macuro</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCiria" title="Güiria">Güiria</a> and <a href="/wiki/El_Callao_Municipality" title="El Callao Municipality">El Callao Municipality</a>). It is also spoken in various Creole-speaking immigrant communities in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">Collectivity of Saint Martin</a>. Antillean Creole has approximately thirteen million speakers and is a means of communication for migrant populations traveling between neighboring English- and French-speaking territories. Since French is a Romance language, French Antillean Creole is considered to be one of Latin America’s languages by some linguists. </p><p>In a number of countries (including Dominica, Grenada, St. Lucia, Trinidad, Brazil (<a href="/wiki/Lanc-Patu%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanc-Patuá">Lanc-Patuá</a>) and Venezuela) the language is referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Patois" title="Patois">patois</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has historically been spoken in nearly all of the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a>, but its number of speakers has declined in <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>. Conversely, it is widely used on the islands of <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a>; though they are officially English-speaking, there are efforts to preserve the use of Antillean Creole, as there are in Trinidad and Tobago and its neighbour, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. In recent decades, Creole has gone from being seen as a sign of lower socio-economic status, banned in school playgrounds,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to a mark of national pride. </p><p>Since the 1970s, there has been a literary revival of Creole in the French-speaking islands of the Lesser Antilles, with writers such as <a href="/wiki/Rapha%C3%ABl_Confiant" title="Raphaël Confiant">Raphaël Confiant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monchoachi" title="Monchoachi">Monchoachi</a> employing the language. <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Glissant" title="Édouard Glissant">Édouard Glissant</a> has written theoretically and poetically about its significance and its history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antillean_Creole&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Belain_d%27Esnambuc" title="Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc">Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc</a> was a French trader and adventurer in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> who established the first permanent French colony, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre,_Martinique" title="Saint-Pierre, Martinique">Saint-Pierre</a>, on the island of <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> in 1635. Belain sailed to the Caribbean in 1625, hoping to establish a French settlement on the island of <a href="/wiki/Basseterre" title="Basseterre">St. Christopher</a> (St. Kitts). In 1626, he returned to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, where he won the support of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a> to establish French colonies in the region. Richelieu became a shareholder in the <a href="/wiki/Compagnie_de_Saint-Christophe" title="Compagnie de Saint-Christophe">Compagnie de Saint-Christophe</a>, created to accomplish that with d'Esnambuc at its head. The company was not particularly successful, and Richelieu had it reorganised as the Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique. In 1635, d'Esnambuc sailed to Martinique with 100 French settlers to clear land for <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> <a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_the_Caribbean" title="Sugar plantations in the Caribbean">plantations</a>. </p><p>After six months on Martinique, d'Esnambuc returned to <a href="/wiki/St._Kitts" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Kitts">St. Christopher</a>, where he soon died prematurely in 1636, leaving the company and Martinique in the hands of his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dyel_du_Parquet" title="Jacques Dyel du Parquet">Jacques Dyel du Parquet</a>, who inherited d'Esnambuc's authority over the French settlements in the Caribbean. Dyel du Parquet became governor of the island. He remained in Martinique and did not concern himself with the other islands. </p><p>The French permanently settled on Martinique and Guadeloupe after being driven off <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Saint-Christophe</i>) by the British. <a href="/wiki/Fort_Royal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Royal">Fort Royal</a> (now Fort-de-France) on Martinique was a major port for French battle ships in the region from which the French were able to explore the region. In 1638, Dyel du Parquet decided to have <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint_Louis_(Martinique)" title="Fort Saint Louis (Martinique)">Fort Saint Louis</a> built to protect the city against enemy attacks. From Fort Royal, Martinique, Du Parquet proceeded south in search for new territories, established the first settlement in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> in 1643 and headed an expedition that established a French settlement in <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> in 1649. </p><p>Despite the long history of British rule, Grenada's French heritage is still evident by the number of French <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a> in <a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Creole_French" title="Grenadian Creole French">Grenadian Creole</a> and the French-style buildings, cuisine and placenames (<a href="/wiki/Petit_Martinique" class="mw-redirect" title="Petit Martinique">Petit Martinique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinique_Channel" title="Martinique Channel">Martinique Channel</a>, etc.) </p><p>In 1642, the <a href="/wiki/Compagnie_des_%C3%8Eles_de_l%27Am%C3%A9rique" class="mw-redirect" title="Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique">Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique</a> received a 20-year extension of its charter. The king would name the governor general of the company, and the company would name the governors of the various islands. However, by the late 1640s, <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin" title="Cardinal Mazarin">Cardinal Mazarin</a> had little interest in colonial affairs, and the company languished. In 1651, it dissolved itself, selling its exploitation rights to various parties. The Du Paquet family bought Martinique, Grenada and Saint Lucia for 60,000 <a href="/wiki/Livre_tournois" title="Livre tournois">livres</a>. The sieur d'<a href="/wiki/Charles_Hou%C3%ABl_du_Petit_Pr%C3%A9" title="Charles Houël du Petit Pré">Houël</a> bought <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marie-Galante" title="Marie-Galante">Marie-Galante</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Desirade" class="mw-redirect" title="La Desirade">La Desirade</a> and the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Eles_des_Saintes" title="Îles des Saintes">Saintes</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights of Malta</a> bought <a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a> and then sold them in 1665 to the <a href="/wiki/French_West_India_Company" title="French West India Company">Compagnie des Indes occidentales</a>, formed one year earlier. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a> is a former French and British colony in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Caribbean">Eastern Caribbean</a>, about halfway between the French islands of Guadeloupe (to the north) and Martinique (to the south). <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> named the island after the day of the week on which he spotted it, a Sunday (Latin: <i lang="la">dies Dominica</i>), on 3 November 1493. In the 100 years after Columbus's landing, Dominica remained isolated. At the time, it was inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Island_Caribs" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Caribs">Island Caribs</a>, or Kalinago people. Over time, more settled there after they had been driven from surrounding islands, as European powers entered the region. </p><p>In 1690, French woodcutters from Martinique and Guadeloupe begin to set up timber camps to supply the French islands with wood and gradually become permanent settlers. France had a colony for several years and imported slaves from <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, Martinique and Guadeloupe to work on its plantations. The Antillean Creole language developed. </p><p>France formally ceded possession of Dominica to Great Britain in 1763. The latter established a small colony on the island in 1805. As a result, Dominica uses <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> as an official language, but Antillean Creole is still spoken as a secondary language because of Dominica's location between the French-speaking departments of Guadeloupe and Martinique. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>, the Spanish possessed the island but contributed little towards advancements, with <a href="/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado">El Dorado</a> being their focus. Trinidad was perfect for its geographical location. Because Trinidad was considered underpopulated, Roume de St. Laurent, a Frenchman living in Grenada, was able to obtain a Cédula de Población from <a href="/wiki/King_Charles_III_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles III of Spain">King Charles III of Spain</a> on 4 November 1783. </p><p>Trinidad's population jumped to over 15,000 by the end of 1789, from just under 1,400 in 1777. In 1797, Trinidad became a British crown colony, despite its French-speaking population. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_creole">Origin of creole</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antillean_Creole&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin of creole"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antillean Creole began as the pidgin "baragouin" in 1635.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was spoken by French settlers, the Africans they enslaved, and Aboriginal peoples that resided on the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It originated in the Guadeloupe and Martinique areas of the Lesser Antilles.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until 1700, when there was an increase in African influences, that this pidgin transitioned into the creole that it is today.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formation of this creole was influenced by many different dialects and languages. These include dialects of French, other European languages, Carib (both Karina and Arawakan), and African languages.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the influences from its origins, this creole has some distinctive linguistic features. Features of French included in Lesser Antillean Creole include infinitive forms of verbs, the use of only the masculine noun forms, oblique pronouns, and its subject to verb word order.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Features from African languages include their verbal marking system as well as providing a West-African substrate.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other features of this creole also include doubling to emphasize a sentence, the word "point" to inflect the negative, and the non-distinguished adverbs and adjectives.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The language emerged in a context of plantation slavery in the <a href="/wiki/French_Antilles" class="mw-redirect" title="French Antilles">French Antilles</a>. Due to differing native tongues, it was difficult for French settlers to communicate with the enslaved Africans and vice versa, as well as for slaves of different ethnic origins to communicate between each other. As a result, they were forced to develop a new form of communication by relying on what they heard from their colonial enslavers and other slaves. According to Jesuit missionary Pierre Pelleprat, French settlers would change their way of speaking to a simpler form to be more accommodating to the enslaved people.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, to say "I have not eaten" settlers would say "moi point manger" even though the proper French translation is "Je n'ai pas mangé".<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This simpler form of French, along with linguistic influences from other languages, eventually evolved into Antillean Creole. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antillean_Creole&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antillean_Creole&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th scope="col">Labial </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post</a>-<br /><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">alveolar</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a> </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td scope="row" rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td scope="row" rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a></span>)<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_ida"><a href="#endnote_ida">[a]</a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_ida"><b><a href="#ref_ida">^a</a></b></span> This sound occurs on islands where the official language is English in certain loanwords e.g <span title="Saint Lucian Creole French-language text"><i lang="acf">radio</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɹadjo/</span>.</dd> <dd>The uvular r <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>/</span> only occurs on islands wherein French is an official language. Otherwise, where the uvular r would occur where other dialects use <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</span>. Furthermore, this sound is usually pronounced as a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">velar fricative</a> and is much softer than the European French <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Needs a description of "European French <span class="nowrap">&#x27E8;r&#x27E9;</span>" that does not rely on knowledge of french phonology (e.g. IPA). (April 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antillean_Creole&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Oral </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Nasal </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ẽ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">õ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ã</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antillean_Creole&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonants</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Antillean Creole orthography </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Examples </th> <th>English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <td>b </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><b>b</b>agay </td> <td><b>b</b>ow </td></tr> <tr> <td>ch </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><b>ch</b>o </td> <td><b>sh</b>oe </td></tr> <tr> <td>d </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><b>d</b>ous </td> <td><b>d</b>o </td></tr> <tr> <td>dj* </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span> </td> <td><b>dj</b>é </td> <td>job </td></tr> <tr> <td>f </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><b>f</b>ig </td> <td><b>f</b>estival </td></tr> <tr> <td>g </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td><b>g</b>òch </td> <td><b>g</b>ain </td></tr> <tr> <td>gy* </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span> </td> <td><b>gy</b>é </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>h </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td> <td><b>h</b>èn </td> <td><b>h</b>otel </td></tr> <tr> <td>j </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><b>j</b>edi </td> <td>mea<b>s</b>ure </td></tr> <tr> <td>k </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><b>k</b>le </td> <td>s<b>k</b>y </td></tr> <tr> <td>ky* </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span> </td> <td><b>ky</b>è </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>l </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><b>l</b>iv </td> <td>c<b>l</b>ean </td></tr> <tr> <td>m </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><b>m</b>achin </td> <td><b>m</b>other </td></tr> <tr> <td>n </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td><b>n</b>òt </td> <td><b>n</b>ote </td></tr> <tr> <td>ng </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td>bildi<b>ng</b> </td> <td>feeli<b>ng</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>p </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><b>p</b>ase </td> <td>s<b>p</b>y </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">r* </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td><b>r</b>ezon </td> <td>between <b>g</b>o and lo<b>ch</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a></span> </td> <td><b>r</b>adyo </td> <td><b>r</b>adio </td></tr> <tr> <td>s </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><b>s</b>is </td> <td><b>s</b>ix </td></tr> <tr> <td>t </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><b>t</b>out </td> <td><b>t</b>o </td></tr> <tr> <td>tj* </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> </td> <td><b>tj</b>è </td> <td>church </td></tr> <tr> <td>v </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><b>v</b>yann </td> <td><b>v</b>ent </td></tr> <tr> <td>z </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><b>z</b>ero </td> <td><b>z</b>ero </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Semivowels</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>w </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td><b>w</b>i </td> <td><b>w</b>e </td></tr> <tr> <td>y </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td>p<b>y</b>e </td> <td><b>y</b>es </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Antillean Creole orthography </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Examples </th> <th>English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <td>a <p>(or à before an n) </p> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td><b>a</b>b<b>a</b>ko <p>p<b>à</b>n </p> </td> <td>br<b>a</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>é </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td>al<b>é</b> </td> <td>h<b>ey</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>è </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> </td> <td>f<b>è</b>t </td> <td>f<b>e</b>stival </td></tr> <tr> <td>i </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td>l<b>i</b>de </td> <td>mach<b>i</b>ne </td></tr> <tr> <td>o </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td> <td>zwaz<b>o</b> </td> <td>roughly like l<b>ow</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ò </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> </td> <td>dey<b>ò</b> </td> <td>s<b>o</b>rt </td></tr> <tr> <td>ou </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td> <td>n<b>ou</b> </td> <td>y<b>ou</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">Nasal vowels</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>an <p>(when not followed by a vowel) </p> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ã</a></span> </td> <td><b>an</b>pil </td> <td>No English equivalent; <p>nasalized <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>]</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>en <p>(when not followed by a vowel) </p> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɛ̃</a></span> </td> <td>mw<b>en</b> </td> <td>No English equivalent; <p>nasalized <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>]</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>on <p>(when not followed by a vowel) </p> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">õ</a></span> </td> <td>t<b>on</b>t<b>on</b> </td> <td>No English equivalent; <p>nasalized <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>There is some variation in orthography between the islands. In St. Lucia, Dominica and Martinique 'dj' and 'tj' are used whereas in Guadeloupe 'gy' and 'ky' are used. These represent differences in pronunciations. Several words may be pronounced in various ways depending on the region: </p> <dl><dd>'heart'</dd> <dd>kè <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span>/</span></dd> <dd>kyè <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span>/</span></dd> <dd>tjè <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span>/</span></dd></dl> <p>The letter 'r' in St. Lucia and Dominica represents the English <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a>/</span> whereas in Guadeloupe and Martinique it represents the more French-like sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antillean_Creole&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sign_Kontan_w%C3%A9_zot_(welcome_in_Martinique_creole).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sign_Kontan_w%C3%A9_zot_%28welcome_in_Martinique_creole%29.jpg/220px-Sign_Kontan_w%C3%A9_zot_%28welcome_in_Martinique_creole%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sign_Kontan_w%C3%A9_zot_%28welcome_in_Martinique_creole%29.jpg/330px-Sign_Kontan_w%C3%A9_zot_%28welcome_in_Martinique_creole%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sign_Kontan_w%C3%A9_zot_%28welcome_in_Martinique_creole%29.jpg/440px-Sign_Kontan_w%C3%A9_zot_%28welcome_in_Martinique_creole%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Welcome sign in Martinican Creole: <i>Kontan wè zot</i>, "Happy to see you" (from the French words <i>content, voir, vous-autres</i>).</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Personal Pronouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Person </th> <th>Pronoun </th> <th>Alternate </th> <th>Weak <p>Form </p> </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>1sg </td> <td>mwen </td> <td>an, man, mon<sup>1</sup> </td> <td>m, ng, n<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>I, me </td></tr> <tr> <td>2sg </td> <td>ou </td> <td>- </td> <td>w<sup>3</sup> </td> <td>you </td></tr> <tr> <td>3sg </td> <td>i </td> <td>li<sup>4</sup> </td> <td>y<sup>3</sup> </td> <td>he, she, it </td></tr> <tr> <td>1pl </td> <td>nou </td> <td>- </td> <td>n<sup>3</sup> </td> <td>we, us </td></tr> <tr> <td>2pl </td> <td>zòt </td> <td>zò, hòt, hò </td> <td>z<sup>3</sup>,h<sup>3</sup> </td> <td>you </td></tr> <tr> <td>3pl </td> <td>yo </td> <td>yé </td> <td>y<sup>3</sup> </td> <td>they, them </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li>Mon is used in Dominica and in Grenada #man is used in Martinique. An is used in Guadeloupe, but less so in the latter.</li> <li>m, ng, and n are contracted forms of mwen which occur before certain verb particles: Mwen pa → m'a, mwen ka → ng'a or n'a mwen kay → ng'ay or n'ay</li> <li>w and y occur after a vowel: Nonm-lan wè i → Nonm-lan wè'y, Koumonon ou? → Koumonon'w?</li> <li>li occurs after consonants: Ou konnèt i? → Ou konnèt li?</li></ol> <p>Personal pronouns in Antillean Creole are invariable so they do not inflect for case as in European languages such as French or English. This means that mwen, for example, can mean I, me or my; yo can mean they, them, their etc. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Possessive Adjectives </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>General </th> <th>Guadeloupe </th> <th>Iles des Saintes </th></tr> <tr> <td>my </td> <td>mwen </td> <td>an-mwen </td> <td>an-mwen </td></tr> <tr> <td>your </td> <td>ou/ w </td> <td>a-w </td> <td>òw </td></tr> <tr> <td>his, her, its </td> <td>li/ y </td> <td>a-y </td> <td>èy </td></tr> <tr> <td>our </td> <td>nou </td> <td>an-nou </td> <td>an-nou </td></tr> <tr> <td>your </td> <td>zot </td> <td>a-zòt </td> <td>a-zòt </td></tr> <tr> <td>their </td> <td>yo </td> <td>a-yo </td> <td>a-yo </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Possessive adjectives are placed after the noun; kay mwen 'my house', manman'w 'your mother' </p><p>'ou' and 'li' are used after nouns ending in a consonant and 'w' and 'y' after nouns ending in a vowel. All other possessive adjectives are invariable. </p><p>Kaz ou - Your house, Kouto'w - Your knife </p><p>Madanm li - His wife, Sésé'y - Her sister </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indefinite_article">Indefinite article</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antillean_Creole&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Indefinite article"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The indefinite article is placed before the noun and can be pronounced as <i>on, an, yon, yan</i>. The word <i>yonn</i> means "one". </p><p>On chapo, Yon wavèt </p><p>An moun, Yan tòti </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definite_article">Definite article</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antillean_Creole&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Definite article"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Creole_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Creole_inscription.jpg/220px-Creole_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Creole_inscription.jpg/330px-Creole_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Creole_inscription.jpg/440px-Creole_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption>Creole sign in <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> reading <i>Ti boutik-la ouvè kòté Lari Bryon</i> ("Entrance to the little shop at rue Brion"). Postposition of the definite article (<i>boutik-la</i> instead of <i>la boutique</i>) is evident.</figcaption></figure> <p>This exemples doesn't work for <a href="/wiki/Guadeloup_creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadeloup creole">Guadeloupe Creole</a> where article are always "la", and for <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">haitian creole</a> whose article are more similar but have "nan" in addition. </p><p>In Creole, there are five definite articles (la, lan, a, an, nan) which are placed <i>after</i> the nouns they modify, in contrast to French. The final syllable of the preceding word determines which is used with which nouns. </p><p>If the last sound is an <a href="/wiki/Oral_consonant" title="Oral consonant">oral consonant</a> and is preceded by an <a href="/wiki/Oral_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral vowel">oral vowel</a>, it becomes <i>la</i>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Antillean Creole </th> <th>French </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>kravat-<b>la</b></i> </td> <td><i>la cravate</i> </td> <td>the tie </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>liv-<b>la</b></i> </td> <td><i>le livre</i> </td> <td>the book </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kay-<b>la</b></i> </td> <td><i>la maison</i> </td> <td>the house </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>If the last sound is an <a href="/wiki/Oral_consonant" title="Oral consonant">oral consonant</a> and is preceded by a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowel</a>, it becomes <i>lan</i>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Antillean Creole </th> <th>French </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>lamp-<b>lan</b></i> </td> <td><i>la lampe</i> </td> <td>the lamp </td></tr> <tr> <td>nonm-<b>lan</b> </td> <td><i>l'homme</i> </td> <td>the man </td></tr> <tr> <td>silans-<b>lan</b> </td> <td><i>le silence</i> </td> <td>the silence </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>If the last sound is an <a href="/wiki/Oral_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral vowel">oral vowel</a> and is preceded by an <a href="/wiki/Oral_consonant" title="Oral consonant">oral consonant</a>, it becomes <i>a</i>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Antillean Creole </th> <th>French </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>kouto-<b>a</b></i> </td> <td><i>le couteau</i> </td> <td>the knife </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>péyi-<b>a</b></i> </td> <td><i>le pays</i> </td> <td>the country </td></tr> <tr> <td>mi-<b>a</b> </td> <td><i>le maïs</i> </td> <td>the corn </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>If a word ends in a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowel</a>, it becomes <i>an</i>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Antillean Creole </th> <th>French </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>van-<b>an</b></i> </td> <td><i>le vent</i> </td> <td>the wind </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>chyen-<b>an</b></i> </td> <td><i>le chien</i> </td> <td>the dog </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>pon-<b>an</b></i> </td> <td><i>le pont</i> </td> <td>the bridge </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>If the last sound is a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">nasal consonant</a>, it becomes <i>nan</i>, but this form is rare and is usually replaced by <i>lan</i>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Antillean Creole </th> <th>French </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>machin-<b>nan</b></i> </td> <td rowspan="2"><i>la voiture</i> </td> <td rowspan="2">the car </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>machin-<b>lan</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>moun-<b>nan</b> </td> <td rowspan="2"><i>les gens</i> </td> <td rowspan="2">the people </td></tr> <tr> <td>moun-l<b>an</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>fanm-<b>nan</b></i> </td> <td rowspan="2"><i>la femme</i> </td> <td rowspan="2">the woman </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>fanm-<b>lan</b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note that in Guadeloupean Creole there is no agreement of sounds between the noun and definite article and <i>la</i> is used for all nouns </p><p>Demonstrative article </p><p>Like the definite article this is placed after the noun. It varies widely by region. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Region </th> <th>Demonstrative </th> <th>Example </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>St.Lucia </td> <td>sala <p>sa'a </p> </td> <td>motoka <b>sala</b> </td> <td>that/this car </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guadeloupe </td> <td>lasa </td> <td>boug <b>lasa</b> </td> <td>that/this guy </td></tr> <tr> <td>Martinique </td> <td>tala/taa </td> <td>tab <b>tala/taa</b> </td> <td>that/this table </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Verb Tenses </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Creole </th> <th>Negative </th> <th>Tense </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>ø </td> <td>pa<br /> </td> <td>Preterite/ Present Perfect </td> <td>I vini </td> <td>He came <p>He has come </p> </td> <td>I pa vini </td> <td>He didn't come <p>He hasn't come </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ka </td> <td>pa ka <p>pa'a </p> </td> <td>Present Progressive </td> <td>Mwen ka palé <p>Ng'a palé </p> </td> <td>I am speaking </td> <td>Mwen pa ka palé <p>Mwen pa'a palé </p><p>M'a ka palé </p> </td> <td>I wasn't speaking </td></tr> <tr> <td>ké </td> <td>pé ké </td> <td>Future </td> <td>Ou ké ay/alé </td> <td>You will go </td> <td>Ou pé ké ay/alé </td> <td>I won't go </td></tr> <tr> <td>kay </td> <td>pa kay </td> <td>Immediate Future </td> <td>Mwen kay alé <p>Ng'ay alé </p> </td> <td>I'm going to go </td> <td>Mwen pa kay alé <p>M'a kay alé </p> </td> <td>I am not going </td></tr> <tr> <td>té </td> <td>pa té </td> <td>Past/ Past Perfect </td> <td>Nou té di </td> <td>We said <p>We had said </p> </td> <td>Nou pa té di<br /> </td> <td>We didn't say <p>We hadn't said </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>té ka </td> <td>pa té ka </td> <td>Progressive Past </td> <td>Zòt té ka manjé </td> <td>Y'all were eating </td> <td>Zòt pa té ka manjé </td> <td>Y'all were not eating </td></tr> <tr> <td>té ké <p>té'é </p> </td> <td>pa té ké </td> <td>Conditional </td> <td>Yo té ké enmen <p>Yo té'é enmen </p> </td> <td>They would like </td> <td>Yo pa té ké enmen <p>Yo pa té'é enmen </p> </td> <td>They would not like </td></tr> <tr> <td>té kay/ké </td> <td>pa té kay/ké </td> <td>Conditional </td> <td>An té kay/ké pran </td> <td>I would take </td> <td>An pa té kay/ké </td> <td>I would not go </td></tr> <tr> <td>soti </td> <td> </td> <td>'have just' </td> <td>Man sòti rivé </td> <td>I've just arrived </td> <td>Man pa sòti rive </td> <td>I have not just gone out </td></tr> <tr> <td>té soti </td> <td> </td> <td>'had just' </td> <td>Albè té sòti sòti </td> <td>Albert had just gone out </td> <td>Albè té sòti sòti </td> <td>Albert had not just gone gone out </td></tr> <tr> <td>ja </td> <td>p'oko <p>po'o </p> </td> <td>'already' </td> <td>Sé timanmay-la ja fè </td> <td>The children already did </td> <td>Sé timanmay-la p'òkò fè <p>Sé timanmay-la pò'ò fè </p> </td> <td>The children have not already done <p>The children had not yet done </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>té ja </td> <td>potoko/pokote </td> <td> </td> <td>Hò/zot té ja koumansé </td> <td>Y'all had already started </td> <td>Hò/zot potoko/pokote koumansé </td> <td>Y'all had not already started <p>Y'all had not started yet </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Verbs in Creole are invariable and unlike French or English have no inflection to distinguish tenses. A series of particles placed before the verb indicate tense and aspect. There is no Subjunctive mood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antillean_Creole&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vocabulary of Antillean Creole is based mostly on French, with many contributions from West African languages, Spanish, English and Amerindian languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antillean_Creole&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dominican_Creole_French">Dominican Creole French</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antillean_Creole&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dominican Creole French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Creole_French" title="Dominican Creole French">Dominican Creole French</a> is the generally-spoken language in <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its mutual intelligibility rate with other varieties of Antillean Creole is almost 100%. Its syntactic, grammatical and lexical features are virtually identical to that of Martinican Creole, but like its Saint Lucian counterpart, it has more English loanwords than the Martinican variety. People who speak <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a> can also understand Dominican Creole French. Even though there are a number of distinctive features, they are mutually intelligible. </p><p>Like the other <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> Creoles, Dominican French Creole combines a syntax of African and Carib origin with a vocabulary primarily derived from French. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saint_Lucian_Creole_French">Saint Lucian Creole French</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antillean_Creole&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Saint Lucian Creole French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_Creole_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lucian Creole French">Saint Lucian Creole French</a> is commonly spoken in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a>. Its syntactic, grammatical and lexical features are virtually identical to that of Martinican Creole. </p><p>Like the other <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> creoles, Saint Lucian French Creole combines a syntax of African and Carib origin with a vocabulary primarily derived from French. The language can be considered to be mutually intelligible with French creoles of the Lesser Antilles and is related to <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a>, which has nonetheless a number of distinctive features. </p><p>It is still widely spoken in Saint Lucia. In the mid-19th century, migrants took the language with them to Panama, where it is now moribund. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grenadian_Creole_French">Grenadian Creole French</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antillean_Creole&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Grenadian Creole French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, French, or French Creole, was the language of the large majority of the inhabitants, enslaved Africans and estate owners. Though the new British administrators spoke English, French was still predominant. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Creole_French" title="Grenadian Creole French">Grenadian Creole French</a> is a variety of Antillean Creole French.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Grenada and among Grenadians, it is referred to as <i>Patois</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Patois" title="Patois">Patois</a></i>. It was once the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> in Grenada and was commonly heard as recently as 1930 when children in some rural areas could speak it. In the 21st century, it can be heard only among elderly speakers in a few small pockets of the country. They are becoming fewer and fewer because unlike <a href="/wiki/St._Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>, which lie close to the French islands of <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, Grenada does not have Kwéyòl-speaking neighbours to keep the language alive. </p><p>Additionally, the language is not taught in schools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trinidadian_French_Creole">Trinidadian French Creole</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antillean_Creole&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Trinidadian French Creole"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinidadian creole">Trinidadian French Creole</a> is a French Creole (<a href="/wiki/Patois" title="Patois">Patois</a>) of Trinidad spoken by descendants of the French Creole migrants from the <a href="/wiki/French_Antilles" class="mw-redirect" title="French Antilles">French Antilles</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cedula_of_Population" title="Cedula of Population">Cedula of Population</a> of 1783 laid the foundation and growth of the population of <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>. French planters and the Africans they enslaved, free coloureds and mulattos, from the French Antilles of Martinique, Grenada, Guadeloupe and Dominica, migrated to Trinidad during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. The immigrants establishing local communities of <a href="/wiki/Blanchisseuse" title="Blanchisseuse">Blanchisseuse</a>, Champs Fleurs, <a href="/wiki/Paramin" title="Paramin">Paramin</a>, Cascade, <a href="/wiki/Carenage" title="Carenage">Carenage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laventille" title="Laventille">Laventille</a>, etc. Trinidad's population, which numbered less than 1,400 in 1777, soared to over 15,000 by the end of 1789. </p><p>In 1797, Trinidad became a British crown colony, with a French-speaking and Patois-speaking population. Today, Trinidadian French Creole can be found spoken in regional pockets among the elders, particularly in the villages of <a href="/wiki/Paramin" title="Paramin">Paramin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lopinot" title="Lopinot">Lopinot</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example_vocabulary">Example vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antillean_Creole&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Example vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guadeloupe_creole_2010-03-30.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Guadeloupe_creole_2010-03-30.JPG/220px-Guadeloupe_creole_2010-03-30.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Guadeloupe_creole_2010-03-30.JPG/330px-Guadeloupe_creole_2010-03-30.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Guadeloupe_creole_2010-03-30.JPG/440px-Guadeloupe_creole_2010-03-30.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Road sign in residential area in Guadeloupe. <i>Slow down. Children are playing here.</i></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Hello</b> – Bonjou <i>(from "bonjour")</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[bonʒu]</a></span>.</li> <li><b>Hello</b> – Sa i di-a <i>(more casual)</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[sa<span class="wrap"> </span>i<span class="wrap"> </span>di<span class="wrap"> </span>a]</a></span>.</li> <li><b>Please</b> – Souplé <i>(shortened version of "Si ou plé / Si'w plé")</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[suple]</a></span>.</li> <li><b>Thank you</b> – Mèsi <i>(from "merci")</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[mɛsi]</a></span>.</li> <li><b>Thank you very much</b> – Mèsi an pil <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[mɛsi<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>pil]</a></span>, Mèsi an lo <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[mɛsi<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>lo]</a></span>, or Mèsi an chay' <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[mɛsi<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃaj]</a></span>.</li> <li><b>Excuse me</b> – Eskizé mwen <i>(from "excusez-moi")</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɛskize<span class="wrap"> </span>mwɛ̃]</a></span>.</li> <li><b>Rain is falling</b> – Lapli ka tonbé <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[lapli<span class="wrap"> </span>ka<span class="wrap"> </span>tɔ̃be]</a></span>, or Lapli ka bat' <i>(stronger)</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[lapli<span class="wrap"> </span>ka<span class="wrap"> </span>bat]</a></span>, Lapli ap tonbé <i>(<a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian</a>)</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[lapli<span class="wrap"> </span>ap<span class="wrap"> </span>tɔ̃be]</a></span>.</li> <li><b>Today is a nice day</b> – Jòdi-a bèl <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʒɔdi<span class="wrap"> </span>a<span class="wrap"> </span>bɛl]</a></span></li> <li><b>How are you ?</b> – Ka'w fè? <i>(<a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>)</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ka<span class="wrap"> </span>u<span class="wrap"> </span>fɛ]</a></span>, Sa'w fè? <i>(<a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>)</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[sa<span class="wrap"> </span>u<span class="wrap"> </span>fɛ]</a></span>, Sa kap fèt? <i>(<a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian</a>)</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[sa<span class="wrap"> </span>kap<span class="wrap"> </span>fɛt]</a></span> - <i>often shortened to</i> "Sakafèt'?" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[sakafɛt]</a></span>.</li> <li><b>Brother, Sister</b> - Frè <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[fwɛ]</a></span>, Sè <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[sɛ]</a></span></li> <li><b>Going to the beach</b> – Ay (o)bòdlanmè-a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[aj<span class="wrap"> </span>obɔdlɑ̃mɛa]</a></span></li> <li><b>My place</b> - Akaz (an) mwen <i>(<a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>)</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[akaz<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>mwɛ̃]</a></span>, Lakay mwen <i>(<a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>)</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[lakaj<span class="wrap"> </span>mwɛ̃]</a></span></li> <li><b>I don't care</b> - Mpa kyè <i>(<a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian</a>)</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[mpa<span class="wrap"> </span>kjɛ]</a></span>, Man san fouté <i>(<a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">FWI</a>)</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[mɑ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>sɑ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>fute]</a></span></li> <li><b>Girlfriend (or female relative)</b> - Manzèl <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[mɑ̃zɛl]</a></span></li> <li><b>Boyfriend (or male relative)</b> - Boug <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[buɡ]</a></span></li> <li><b>(To) engage in a fight</b> - Goumé épi moun <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɡume<span class="wrap"> </span>epi<span class="wrap"> </span>mun]</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_texts">Sample texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antillean_Creole&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sample texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below are samples of St. Lucian Creole French taken from a folktale.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p><span title="Saint Lucian Creole French-language text"><i lang="acf">Pwenmyé ki pasé sé Konpè Kochon. I di, "Konpè Lapen, sa ou ka fè la?"</i></span> </p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p><span title="Saint Lucian Creole French-language text"><i lang="acf">Konpè Lapen di'y, "Dé ti twou yanm ng'a (mwen ka) fouyé bay ich mwen pou mwen bay ich mwen manjé."</i></span> </p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p><span title="Saint Lucian Creole French-language text"><i lang="acf">Konpè Kochon di, "Mé, Konpè, ou kouyon, wi! Ou vlé di mwen sa kay fè yanm?"</i></span> </p> </blockquote> <p>An English translation from the same source: </p> <blockquote> <p>First to pass was Konpè Kochon (<i>Mister Pig</i>). He said, "Konpè Lapen (<i>Mister Rabbit</i>), what are you doing there?" </p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p>Konpè Lapen told him, "I am digging a few holes to plant yams to feed my children." </p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p>Konpè Kochon said, "But, Konpè, you're too foolish! You mean to tell me you can grow yams there?" </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antillean_Creole&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/32px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/48px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/64px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="561" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Caribbean" title="Portal:Caribbean">Caribbean portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ethnologue codes Guadeloupean Creole French (spoken in Guadeloupe and Martinique) and Saint Lucian Creole French (spoken in Dominica and Saint Lucia) distinctly, with the respective ISO 639-3 codes: <b>gcf</b> and <b>acf</b>. However, it notes that their rate of comprehension is 90%, which would qualify them as dialects of a single language.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e18-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/gcf/">Guadeloupean Creole</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/acf/">Dominican Creole / Martinican / Saint Lucian</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/scf/">San Miguel Creole French (Panama)</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFErland.1997" class="citation book cs1">Erland., Gadelii, Karl (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/470438107"><i>Lesser Antillean french creole and universal grammar</i></a>. Department of linguistics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-628-2793-6" title="Special:BookSources/91-628-2793-6"><bdi>91-628-2793-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/470438107">470438107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lesser+Antillean+french+creole+and+universal+grammar&rft.pub=Department+of+linguistics&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F470438107&rft.isbn=91-628-2793-6&rft.aulast=Erland.&rft.aufirst=Gadelii%2C+Karl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F470438107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntillean+Creole" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=DM">Languages of Dominica</a>. <i>Ethnologue: Languages of the World</i>, SIL International, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuilbault1993" class="citation book cs1">Guilbault, Jocelyne (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zoukworldmusicin00guil"><i>Zouk: world music in the West Indies</i></a></span>. University of Chicago Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zoukworldmusicin00guil/page/12">12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31041-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31041-1"><bdi>978-0-226-31041-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-22</span></span>. <q>Henri Guedon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zouk%3A+world+music+in+the+West+Indies&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-226-31041-1&rft.aulast=Guilbault&rft.aufirst=Jocelyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fzoukworldmusicin00guil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntillean+Creole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWylie1995" class="citation journal cs1">Wylie, Jonathan (1995-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.10.1.04wyl">"The Origins of Lesser Antillean French Creole"</a>. <i>Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 77–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fjpcl.10.1.04wyl">10.1075/jpcl.10.1.04wyl</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0920-9034">0920-9034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pidgin+and+Creole+Languages&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Lesser+Antillean+French+Creole&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-126&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fjpcl.10.1.04wyl&rft.issn=0920-9034&rft.aulast=Wylie&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1075%2Fjpcl.10.1.04wyl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntillean+Creole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGadelii,_Karl_Erland.1997" class="citation book cs1">Gadelii, Karl Erland. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/758345312"><i>Lesser Antillean French Creole and universal grammar</i></a>. Department of Linguistics, Göteborg University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-628-2793-6" title="Special:BookSources/91-628-2793-6"><bdi>91-628-2793-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/758345312">758345312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lesser+Antillean+French+Creole+and+universal+grammar&rft.pub=Department+of+Linguistics%2C+G%C3%B6teborg+University&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F758345312&rft.isbn=91-628-2793-6&rft.au=Gadelii%2C+Karl+Erland.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F758345312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntillean+Creole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avirtualdominica.com/creole.cfm">"The Creole Language of Dominica"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Creole+Language+of+Dominica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avirtualdominica.com%2Fcreole.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntillean+Creole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=acf">Ethnologue report for language code:acf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Konpè Lapen mandé on favè = Konpè Lapen asks a favor: a Saint Lucian folk tale.</i> 1985. Vieux-Fort, Saint Lucia: SIL. 10 p.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antillean_Creole&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Antillean_Creole_Swadesh_list">Antillean Creole Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words</a> (from Wiktionary's <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists">Swadesh list appendix</a>)</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/gcf" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/gcf">Guadeloupean Creole test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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title="Français Tirailleur">Petit nègre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antillean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Creole_French" title="Dominican Creole French">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Creole_French" title="Grenadian Creole French">Grenadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadeloupe Creole">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinican_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinican Creole">Martinican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_Creole" title="Saint Lucian Creole">Saint Lucian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianese_Creole" title="French Guianese Creole">Guianese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karip%C3%BAna_French_Creole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karipúna French Creole language">Karipúna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanc-Patu%C3%A1_creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanc-Patuá creole">Lanc-Patuá</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Inuit_Pidgin_French" title="Labrador Inuit Pidgin French">Belle Isle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_B%E1%BB%93i_Pidgin_French" title="Tây Bồi Pidgin French">Tây Bồi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_Creole" title="Bourbonnais Creole">Bourbonnais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agalega_creole" title="Agalega creole">Agalega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagossian_creole" title="Chagossian creole">Chagossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Creole" title="Mauritian Creole">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_Creole" title="Réunion Creole">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodriguan_creole" title="Rodriguan creole">Rodriguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_Creole" title="Seychellois Creole">Seychellois</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayo_Creole" title="Tayo Creole">Tayo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template talk:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance languages</a> and dialects</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areal groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antillean Creole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Creole_French" title="Dominican Creole French">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Creole_French" title="Grenadian Creole French">Grenadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_Creole" title="Saint Lucian Creole">Saint Lucian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_Creole" title="Bourbonnais Creole">Bourbonnais Creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agalega_creole" title="Agalega creole">Agalega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagossian_creole" title="Chagossian creole">Chagossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Creole" title="Mauritian Creole">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_Creole" title="Réunion Creole">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodriguan_creole" title="Rodriguan creole">Rodriguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_Creole" title="Seychellois Creole">Seychellois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">African</a>* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_French#Abidjan_French_vocabulary" title="African French">Abidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_French#Kinshasa_French_vocabulary" title="African French">Kinshasa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Québécois</a>* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Cambodia" title="French language in Cambodia">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francien_language" title="Francien language">Francien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_India#Indian_French" title="French people in India">Indian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Laos" title="French language in Laos">Laotian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_of_France" title="French of France">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontarian_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontarian French">Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy_French" title="Saint-Barthélemy French">Saint-Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_French" title="Standard French">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Vietnam" title="French language in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norman" title="Old Norman">Old Norman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolze" title="Bolze">Bolze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi_Pidgin_French" title="Burundi Pidgin French">Burundi Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camfranglais" title="Camfranglais">Camfranglais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianese_Creole" title="French Guianese Creole">Guianese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karip%C3%BAna_French_Creole" title="Karipúna French Creole">Karipúna Creole</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Inuit_Pidgin_French" title="Labrador Inuit Pidgin French">Labrador Inuit Pidgin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouchi">Nouchi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anais_dialect" title="Orléanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais_Tirailleur" title="Français Tirailleur">Petit nègre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin-Saintongeais" class="mw-redirect" title="Poitevin-Saintongeais">Poitevin-Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayo_Creole" title="Tayo Creole">Tayo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_B%E1%BB%93i_Pidgin_French" title="Tây Bồi Pidgin French">Tây Bồi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Francoprovencalic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a>/Faetar-Cigliàje</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> or dialects</li> <li>A star (*) indicates <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">varieties with more than 5 million speakers</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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