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Ethnoarchéologie et histoire du peuplement au temps des empires précoloniaux — Anne Mayor – Les Chroniques de Préhméd</title> <meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://pm.hypotheses.org/wp-content/cleo-commons/images/favicon.png" /><link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//pm.hypotheses.org' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Les Chroniques de Préhméd » Flux" href="https://pm.hypotheses.org/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Les Chroniques de Préhméd » Flux des commentaires" href="https://pm.hypotheses.org/comments/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Les Chroniques de Préhméd » Traditions céramiques dans la boucle du Niger. 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</div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="site-content-contain"> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <div class="wrap"> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <main id="main" class="site-main"> <article id="post-620" class="post-620 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-recensions"> <header class="entry-header"> <div class="entry-meta"><span class="posted-on"><span class="screen-reader-text">Publié le</span> <a href="https://pm.hypotheses.org/620" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2018-10-09T23:15:53+02:00">9 octobre 2018</time><time class="updated" datetime="2018-10-12T09:24:58+02:00">12 octobre 2018</time></a></span><span class="byline"> par <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://pm.hypotheses.org/author/renault">renault</a></span></span></div><h1 class="entry-title">Traditions céramiques dans la boucle du Niger. Ethnoarchéologie et histoire du peuplement au temps des empires précoloniaux — Anne Mayor</h1> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="alignleft"><img decoding="async" width="110" height="156" src="http://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2018/10/6-CR_Mayor_image_Petite.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-626" /></figure></div> <p>2011, Africa Magna Verlag <em>(Journal of African Archaeology Monographs Series, vol. 7).</em> 292 pages, annexes et planches, 65,36€ – 978 3 937248 25 7</p> <p>L’ouvrage d’Anne Mayor est issu d’une thèse de doctorat de l’université de Genève soutenue en 2005. Il est le fruit d’un long travail qui s’insère dans le vaste programme d’ethnoarchéologie de la céramique du delta intérieur du Niger initié et dirigé par A. Gallay (Gallay <em>et al.</em> 1998, Gallay 2012). C’est un ouvrage de grand format de 292 pages, d’annexes et d’une dizaine de planches en couleurs. Il est précédé d’une préface de E. Huysecom et d’un avant-propos rédigé par A. Gallay.<br />Il s’agit d’un ouvrage d’ethnoarchéologie. Il est nécessaire de le souligner car l’étude des productions céramiques actuelles en Afrique n’est pas un sujet vierge. De nombreuses publications de qualité ont été publiées depuis longtemps. On citera le travail pionnier d’A. Gallay (1970) sur la céramique sarakolé ou le magnifique ouvrage de C. Virot, artiste céramiste, sur les productions contemporaines du Mali (Virot 2005) sans omettre le volumineux catalogue « Vallées du Niger » publié en 1993. Ce n’est pas le propos du livre d’A. Mayor qui est de contribuer par l’ethnographie de la culture matérielle à une problématique archéologique et historique clairement explicitée : l’histoire du peuplement précolonial de la Boucle du Niger. Cette perspective qui vise à décrire la réalité ethnographique pour documenter la variabilité des pratiques, puis dégager des régularités et construire des scénarios qui seront ensuite validés ou rejetés est en fait l’application des travaux logicistes développés par A. Gallay à la suite des écrits de J.-C. Gardin. Cet aspect fondamental structure le plan de l’ouvrage ; détaillons-le.<br />Après une introduction qui précise la problématique et la spécificité de l’approche (théorie et méthode), un chapitre (p. 11 à 95) présente les données ethnoarchéologiques. Suit une synthèse sur les données ethnohistoriques (p. 97 à 122). Les données strictement archéologiques sont ensuite présentées (p. 125-195). L’ensemble aboutit à une synthèse sous la forme d’une « histoire culturelle des traditions céramiques » (p. 197-214), puis à une application centrée sur un abri-sous-roche situé dans l’aire d’étude. Une courte conclusion générale clôt le texte. Un appareil critique assez vaste achève l’ensemble. Précisons que chaque chapitre est doté d’un résumé en anglais.<br />La partie ethnoarchéologie porte sur la description quantitative et qualitative de traditions céramiques (les définitions sont données p. 11 et 12). Ces traditions sont caractérisées d’un point de vue technologique et rapprochées d’une population existante « tradition bwa » ou « tradition peul » par exemple, mais sans exclusive puisqu’une technique peut-être présente dans plusieurs traditions, le martelage sur forme concave du fond du vase par exemple. Une description et une cartographie sont proposées. Les aspects morphologiques et les décors sont présentés de la même manière. Chaque trait est caractérisé par une fréquence dans la zone d’étude (p. 19-80). Des régularités, au sens logiciste, sont présentées (p. 81-95). L’auteur souligne le rôle principal des pratiques matrimoniales dans la diffusion des traditions (sphères d’endogamie).<br />Nous insisterons peu sur la partie ethnohistorique dans laquelle les historiens de l’Afrique en général et des cultures peules ou mandés en particulier trouveront leur compte. On notera seulement la complexité et l’intrication des processus socio-démographiques présents dans la boucle du Niger. Cette complexité est liée à l’ancienneté des réseaux transsahariens, à l’existence de castes et de populations « serviles », à la présence extensive de pasteurs nomades de langue Peul (Fulfulde), mais aussi à la présence depuis au moins le I er millénaire de notre ère d’états centralisés (Songhay). Le tout évoluant dans un contexte écologie sahélien marqué par l’aridité et des aléas climatiques aussi drastiques qu’imprévisibles.<br />Dans le chapitre 4, les données de l’archéologie constituent une vaste synthèse présentée par région. Elle couvre un espace géographique considérable, bien que souvent clairsemé en sites archéologiques, qui s’étend de la Mauritanie au Burkina Faso et au Niger. Contextes et culture matérielle sont présentés de manière synthétique et systématique. L’analyse technologique et morphologique des productions céramiques archéologiques permet à l’auteur d’élaborer une cartographie des techniques de façonnage et de décoration (p. 181-195) dans l’espace géographique de son enquête ethnoarchéologique.<br />Cette série de chapitres aboutit à la rédaction d’une synthèse qui dresse une « histoire culturelle des traditions céramiques », en détaillant ici encore, les techniques de façonnage et les techniques de décoration. À partir de la page 211, un bilan tente d’articuler les traditions identifiées et l’espace des aires linguistiques connues « avant le xv e s. ». La carte p. 212 oppose les groupes linguistiques Mandé, Songhay et Gur en les corrélant avec des traditions techniques de façonnage et de décor des vases. Un scénario est proposé.<br />Le dernier chapitre est un exemple d’application centré sur la fouille d’un site archéologique, l’abri sous-roche de Dangandouloun, situé à une dizaine de kilomètres au Nord-Est de Bandiagara. Il est en fait localisé dans la zone où les trois entités identifiées (Mandé-Songhay-Gur) se recouvrent (carte p. 260). Le mobilier céramique mis au jour pendant la fouille est examiné selon les mêmes critères techniques et morphologiques (p. 223-254). Il est ensuite considéré d’un point de vue fonctionnel (p. 254-257) et culturel (p. 258-260) pour aboutir à une hypothèse relative au peuplement (p. 260-262).<br />On le devine, il s’agit d’un travail riche, dont il est difficile de rendre compte entièrement. Le corpus de données examinées est exceptionnellement vaste et complexe. N’étant pas africaniste, je ne suis pas le mieux placé pour le critiquer. Aussi, je me limiterai à quelques remarques et à un rapprochement avec quelques contextes archéologiques européens.<br />On notera en premier lieu que l’approche technologique retenue n’inclut pas la préparation des pâtes céramiques. On peut aisément penser que cet aspect aurait entraîné la nécessité d’un travail encore plus considérable. On gardera néanmoins en tête que les chaînes opératoires de la production céramique comprennent aussi l’élaboration des pâtes. Il y a dans cet ensemble de pratique un aspect éminemment culturel (voir les travaux de D. E. Arnold au Mexique). Pensons, par exemple, à la diversité des dégraissants ajoutés à la terre (végétal, minéral). Pour avoir observé le travail des potières dans la région de Ségou (Mali) il y a quelques années, je sais que l’emploi de la chamotte est un trait technique particulier aux implications socio-économiques fortes.<br />L’approche d’Anne Mayor est fondée sur la taxinomie des productions et sur l’analyse des processus techniques selon ce que l’on pourrait appeler un nominalisme. Elle est finalement peu sociologique. Les itinéraires/biographies des potières ainsi que leurs stratégies sociales ou économiques sont peu abordés, au contraire d’autres travaux menés au Cameroun (Gosselain 2000) ou au Niger par exemple. Les données primaires proviennent bien de « constructions compilatoires » au sens de Gardin et non d’enquêtes compréhensives.<br />Dans cette perspective, les relations entre poterie, potière et ethnie sont peu discutées. Qu’est-ce que la tradition bambara lorsqu’on sait l’histoire de cette catégorie ethnographique directement forgée par l’administration coloniale française ? (Bazin 1985). Quelle en est la signification ? Comment se décline le rapport entre pratiques techniques, répertoires formels et l’identité ethnique, relative ou « situationnelle », telle que la décrit F. Barth ? Dans le même ordre d’idée, comment se maintiennent les aires linguistiques dans le cadre des pratiques matrimoniales majoritairement exogames ? Quels sont les scénarios vécus par les potières ?<br />La région examinée se révèle extrêmement complexe, dans son passé comme dans sa sociologie actuelle. Le travail réalisé dans cette thèse apporte sans aucun doute une somme de données, de réflexions et de piste de recherche peu commune. Mais qu’est-ce que peut en extraire un archéologue extérieur à ce domaine de l’archéologie et de l’histoire africaine ? Quel bénéfice en tirer ?<br />Pour l’archéologue de l’Europe néolithique, de nombreuses observations intéressantes jalonnent la lecture. Je n’en mentionnerai que quelques-unes. En premier lieu je soulignerai l’histoire longue du peuplement que traduisent les traditions céramiques. Je noterai aussi le rôle assez secondaire des données fonctionnelles, car l’alimentation et le mode de vie des populations sont assez similaires…<br />Un des points les plus importants, autour des pages 78-81, est la description d’habitats où plusieurs traditions céramiques coexistent (et ne correspondent pas à des occupations successives). Ces traditions ainsi mêlées sont l’image de cette complexité du peuplement et de la multiplicité des identités revendiquées ou assumées par les membres d’une même population villageoise. Il y a là un très sérieux contraste et matière à réflexion pour les archéologues de la préhistoire récente de l’Europe occidentale où chaque tradition céramique est considérée comme exclusive sur une zone géographique et où de telles coexistences sont systématiquement interprétées comme des perturbations post-dépositionnelles. Un analogue évident à cette situation de multiplicité des traditions céramiques synchrones dans un espace partagé se trouve en Europe centrale au IV e et III e millénaires av. n. ère, avec la culture de Baden (Furholt <em>et al.</em> 2008) et l’âge du Bronze ancien carpathique (Machnik 1991). Plus à l’ouest, on peut se demander si un tel analogue ne se produit pas à la fin du III e millénaire av. n. ère avec ce que l’on nomme le « phénomène campaniforme ».<br />La conclusion s’impose, le livre que nous propose A. Mayor est plus qu’un jalon important pour les africanistes. Il constitue une plate-forme de discussion générale pour de nombreuses années.</p> <p>Références citées :<br /><strong>Bazin 1985</strong>, BAZIN J., À chacun son Bambara, in: Au cœur de l’ethnie. Ethnie, tribalisme et État en Afrique, Amselle J.-L., M’Bokolo E. , Paris, La Découverte, p. 87-127.<br /><strong>Furholt <em>et al.</em> 2008</strong>, FURHOLT M., SZMYT M., ZASTAWNY A. (ed.), The Baden complex and the outside world, Bonn, Rudolf Habelt verlag.<br /><strong>Gallay 1970</strong>, GALLAY A., La poterie en pays Sarakolé (Mali, Afrique occidentale), Journal de la Société des Africanistes, 40, 1, p. 7-84.<br /><strong>Gallay 2012</strong>, GALLAY A., Potières du Sahel. À la découverte des traditions céramiques de la Boucle du Niger, Gollion, Infolio, 376 p.<br /><strong>Gallay <em>et al.</em> 1998</strong>, GALLAY A., HUYSECOM E., MAYOR A., Peuples et céramiques du Delta intérieur du Niger. Un bilan de cinq années de missions (1988-1993), Terra Archaeologica, monographies de la Fondation Suisse-Liechtenstein pour les recherches archéologiques à l’étranger; 3, P. von Zabern, Mainz.<br /><strong>Gosselin 2002</strong>, GOSSELAIN O., Poteries du Cameroun méridional. Styles techniques et rapports à l’identité, Paris, CNRS Éditions, 256 p. (CRA-Monographie ; 26).<br /><strong>Machnik 1991</strong>, MACHNIK J., The earliest Bronze age in the Carpathian basin, Bradford, University of Bradford – Archaeological sciences, 209 p.<br /><strong>Virot 2005</strong>, VIROT C., La poterie africaine. Les techniques céramiques en Afrique noire, Banon, Éditions Argile, 382 p.</p> <p><em>Maxence Bailly – UMR 7269 – <em>LaMPEA </em> Aix-en-Provence — <em> </em> maxence.bailly@univ-amu.fr</em></p> <div class="wp-about-author-containter-top" style="background-color:#FFEAA8;"><div class="wp-about-author-pic"><img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4d8f237084a4adf043d1ef9cc547eabe?s=100&d=mm&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4d8f237084a4adf043d1ef9cc547eabe?s=200&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-100 photo' height='100' width='100' /></div><div class="wp-about-author-text" style="margin-left:140px"><h3><a href='https://pm.hypotheses.org/author/renault' title='renault'>renault</a></h3><p></p><p><a href='https://pm.hypotheses.org/author/renault' title='More posts by renault'>More Posts</a> </p></div></div><hr/><div class="citation"><p><span class="citation-title">OpenEdition vous propose de citer ce billet de la manière suivante :</span><br/>renault (9 octobre 2018). Traditions céramiques dans la boucle du Niger. Ethnoarchéologie et histoire du peuplement au temps des empires précoloniaux — Anne Mayor. <em>Les Chroniques de Préhméd</em>. 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Les lecteurs y trouveront, références et recensions d’ouvrages récemment publiés, résumés de thèse, annonces diverses… et pourront également discuter sur les articles publiés par la revue. Ces Chroniques sont modérées par l’équipe de rédaction de Préhistoires méditerranéennes, qui assure la veille documentaire sur la thématique de la revue. </div> </section> <section id="recent-posts-3" class="widget widget_recent_entries"> <h2 class="widget-title">Articles récents</h2><nav aria-label="Articles récents"> <ul> <li> <a href="https://pm.hypotheses.org/620" aria-current="page">Traditions céramiques dans la boucle du Niger. Ethnoarchéologie et histoire du peuplement au temps des empires précoloniaux — Anne Mayor</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://pm.hypotheses.org/456">Atlas of Mammal Distribution through Africa from the LGM (~18 ka) to Modern times. 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