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0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Fringe_theories plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-fringe-theories" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/60px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/120px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may present <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FRINGE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FRINGE">fringe theories</a>, without giving <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:UNDUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:UNDUE">appropriate weight</a> to the mainstream view</b> and explaining the responses to the fringe theories.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulaqs&action=edit">help improve it</a> or discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Bulaqs" title="Talk:Bulaqs">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Bulaqs</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> tribe known mainly from <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> sources, originating from the <a href="/wiki/Lop_Nur" title="Lop Nur">Lop Nor</a> region. They were a core part of the <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluk confederacy</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a>. Many of them migrated to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ural" title="Southern Ural">Southern Ural</a>, into the neighbourhood of the <a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgars" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga Bulgars">Volga Bulgars</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Magna_Hungaria" title="Magna Hungaria">Magna Hungaria</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>. Eventually, they were conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> in the late 16th century, whom their last record is from. </p><p>According to some Hungarian scholars, many of them settled in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Basin">Carpathian Basin</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a>, another Turkic nation. Certain medieval writers, most notably <a href="/wiki/Anonymus_(notary_of_B%C3%A9la_III)" title="Anonymus (notary of Béla III)">Anonymus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_of_K%C3%A9za" title="Simon of Kéza">Simon of Kéza</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_of_Rubruck" title="William of Rubruck">William of Rubruck</a> wrote about a people of this name. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulaqs&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the dictionary of <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Kashgari" title="Mahmud al-Kashgari">Mahmud al-Kashgari</a>, their name, Bulaq, means "broad-backed horse"<sup id="cite_ref-Rasonyi1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rasonyi1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%A1roly_Czegl%C3%A9dy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Károly Czeglédy (page does not exist)">Károly Czeglédy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lajos_Ligeti" title="Lajos Ligeti">Lajos Ligeti</a> deciphered the ethnonym from the Chinese sources (<a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> <i>miə̯u-lâk</i> <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> <i>bu-lâk</i>><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <i>bulaq</i>) as <i>mou-lo</i> 謀落 or <i>mou-la</i> 謀剌. <a href="/wiki/Omeljan_Pritsak" title="Omeljan Pritsak">Omeljan Pritsak</a> came to the same conclusion without referring to the previous scholar's works.<sup id="cite_ref-Ildiko_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ildiko-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As already <a href="/wiki/Gyula_N%C3%A9meth_(linguist)" title="Gyula Németh (linguist)">Gyula Németh</a> noted, the <i>mi̯əu-lôk</i><sup id="cite_ref-Golden1992_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golden1992-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>miə̯u-lâk</i> ~ <i>bulaq</i> is etymologically related to the colour of horses which was a usual tribal designation on the steppe.<sup id="cite_ref-Ildiko_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ildiko-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dezs%C5%91_Pais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dezső Pais (page does not exist)">Dezső Pais</a> states that the name originates from the Turkic <i>balxu</i>, (<i>bal</i> ("slice")+<i>-ku</i> or <i>-xu</i> suffix) meaning "branch" or "part". This was adopted by the Slavs as <i>blach</i> (singular) and <i>blasi</i> (plural).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_R%C3%A1sonyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="László Rásonyi (page does not exist)">László Rásonyi</a> dismisses this claim and notes that Bulaq meant "white-piebald" horse in some <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>, while in <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a>, "white-legged horse".<sup id="cite_ref-Rasonyi1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rasonyi1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulaqs&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Lop_Nor_region_by_Folke_Bergman_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Map_of_the_Lop_Nor_region_by_Folke_Bergman_1935.jpg/330px-Map_of_the_Lop_Nor_region_by_Folke_Bergman_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="323" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Map_of_the_Lop_Nor_region_by_Folke_Bergman_1935.jpg/500px-Map_of_the_Lop_Nor_region_by_Folke_Bergman_1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Map_of_the_Lop_Nor_region_by_Folke_Bergman_1935.jpg/960px-Map_of_the_Lop_Nor_region_by_Folke_Bergman_1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Lop Nor region by Folke Bergman</figcaption></figure> <p>The people formed in the <a href="/wiki/Lop_Nur" title="Lop Nur">Lop Nor region</a>, from where they migrated away around <a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">year zero</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese and Arab manuscripts mentioned the tribal names of the <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a>. According to the Chinese sources, the Bulaqs were one of the three core tribes of the Karluk confederation who lived in the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a> and were among the <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic</a> troops who were defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks" title="Tang campaigns against the Western Turks">Tang campaigns against the Western Turks</a> in 650.<sup id="cite_ref-Ildiko_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ildiko-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Golden1992_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golden1992-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Skaff2012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skaff2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 657 CE, the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> set up a <i>Yinshan dudufu</i> (district/prefecture; <i>Yinshan</i> mean "the dark mountain", Ildikó Ecsedy considers northern slopes of <a href="/wiki/Tarbagatai_Mountains" title="Tarbagatai Mountains">Tarbagatai Mountains</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ildiko_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ildiko-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) for the Bulaqs. The other two tribes also received separate prefectures with their chiefs appointed as governors.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 690s and 718 the three tribes allied themselves with the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a>) or Tang dynasty, while in 718 were conquered by <a href="/wiki/Bilge_Khagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilge Khagan">Bilge Khagan</a> and the Tang-aligned chiefs were replaced. Between mid-6th and mid-7th century the Karluk tribes migrated between Mongolian plateau, Altai, and regions south and west, depending on the political-diplomatic orientations of the Karluk <i><a href="/wiki/Yabgu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yabgu">yabgu</a></i>. By 766 they were in possession of the cities of <a href="/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab">Suyab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taraz" title="Taraz">Talas</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> record: <i>T. w. l. s.</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <i>To-lo-se<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i>) around which formed <a href="/wiki/Karluk_yabghu" class="mw-redirect" title="Karluk yabghu">Karluk yabghu</a> (756–940) and <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a> (840–1212).<sup id="cite_ref-Golden1992_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golden1992-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Skaff2012_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skaff2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The later Arabic sources, like <a href="/wiki/Sharaf_al-Zaman_al-Marwazi" title="Sharaf al-Zaman al-Marwazi">Sharaf al-Zaman al-Marwazi</a> depicted a union of nine tribes, including the Bulaq (<i>bdw</i>, <i>bwâwî</i>), <a href="/wiki/Hudud_al-%27Alam" title="Hudud al-'Alam">Hudud al-'Alam</a> noted that the <i>blâq</i> were one of the <a href="/wiki/Yagma" title="Yagma">Yagma</a> constituent components, "mixed with the <a href="/wiki/Toquz_Oghuz" title="Toquz Oghuz">Toquz Oghuz</a>", while <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Kashgari" title="Mahmud al-Kashgari">Al-Kashgari</a> in his 11th century work <i><a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABw%C4%81n_Lugh%C4%81t_al-Turk" title="Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk">Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk</a></i> among the listed Turkic tribes mentioned <i>Bulaq</i> and <i>Elke</i>/<i>Älkä Bulaq</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Golden1992_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golden1992-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sinor1990_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinor1990-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to him, the Bulaqs became captives of the <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a>, but later regained their independence and thus came to be called with the former name.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Rásonyi the name should be spelled as <i>Ärkä Bulaq</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rasonyi1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rasonyi1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Lajos Tardy the name <i>Ivlach</i> and <i>Ivlat</i>, mentioned by Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Galonifontibus" title="Johannes de Galonifontibus">Johannes de Galonifontibus</a> in 1404, refers to William of Rubruck's account,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which István Ferenczi related to the Bulaqs.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferenczi_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferenczi-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferenczi argued that the records of slave sales from <a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Kaffa</a> also suggest that the word "Ivlach" denotes the Bulaqs, as well the <i>Aulâq</i> people, mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Ghazi_Bahadur" title="Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur">Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferenczi_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferenczi-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cartographers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartographers">cartographers</a> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Sch%C3%B6ner" title="Johannes Schöner">Johannes Schöner</a> (1523) and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Desceliers" title="Pierre Desceliers">Pierre Desceliers</a> (1553) located the <i>Blaci</i> people north of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferenczi_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferenczi-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rásonyi located Magna Blacia, <a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria" title="Old Great Bulgaria">Magna Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magna_Hungaria" title="Magna Hungaria">Magna Hungaria</a> as neighboring <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkiria</a>, based on missionaries' works from the Middle Ages. The Bulaqs are mentioned for the last time shortly after their conquest by the Russians in 1592. They lived in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Tomsk_Oblast" title="Tomsk Oblast">Tomsk Oblast</a>, east of the <a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Urals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rasonyi1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rasonyi1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Confusion_with_Vlachs">Confusion with Vlachs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulaqs&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Confusion with Vlachs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orontius-Finaeus-Map-fragment-1531.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Orontius-Finaeus-Map-fragment-1531.jpg/220px-Orontius-Finaeus-Map-fragment-1531.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Orontius-Finaeus-Map-fragment-1531.jpg/330px-Orontius-Finaeus-Map-fragment-1531.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Orontius-Finaeus-Map-fragment-1531.jpg/440px-Orontius-Finaeus-Map-fragment-1531.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The "<i>Blaci </i>" people next to <a href="/wiki/Magna_Hungaria" title="Magna Hungaria">Magna Hungaria</a> depicted on <a href="/wiki/Oronce_Fin%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Oronce Finé">Oroncé Finé</a>'s world map <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nova_Universi_Orbis_Descriptio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nova Universi Orbis Descriptio (page does not exist)">Nova Universi Orbis Descriptio</a></i> (1531)</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the accounts of <a href="/wiki/William_of_Rubruck" title="William of Rubruck">William of Rubruck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> migration to Europe "also came the Blacs, the <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>. For from that <a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria" title="Old Great Bulgaria">Greater Bulgaria</a> come the Bulgars, who are beyond the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> near <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. And near the land of Pascatir (<a href="/wiki/Magna_Hungaria" title="Magna Hungaria">Magna Hungaria</a> i.e. somewhere around the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a> from where came the Huns) are the Iliac (Blachi from greater Blachia, from which came the Blachi in the land <a href="/wiki/Asen_dynasty" title="Asen dynasty">Assani</a> between Constantinople and Bulgaria and lesser Hungary<sup id="cite_ref-Bacon2016_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bacon2016-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), which is the same word as Blac but the <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> do not know how to pronounce (the letter) B, and from them come those who are in the land of <a href="/wiki/Asen_dynasty" title="Asen dynasty">Assan</a>. They call both of them Iliac, the former and the latter".<sup id="cite_ref-Bacon2016_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bacon2016-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rubruk_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubruk-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blaci.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Blaci.png/250px-Blaci.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Blaci.png/500px-Blaci.png 1.5x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>The "<i>Blaci"</i> people next to <a href="/wiki/Magna_Hungaria" title="Magna Hungaria">Magna Hungaria</a> depicted on the <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Sch%C3%B6ner_globe" title="Johannes Schöner globe">Johannes Schöner's terrestrial globe</a> (1523/24)</figcaption></figure> <p>The remark by <a href="/wiki/Simon_of_K%C3%A9za" title="Simon of Kéza">Simon of Kéza</a> from his work <i><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hunnorum_et_Hungarorum" title="Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum">Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum</a></i> about the <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a> living in the mountains which they shared with the Vlachs, where mingled with them, and adopted their alphabet,<sup id="cite_ref-Kézai1999_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kézai1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sparked a controversy about the <a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian script</a> (<i>Rovás</i>), while other scholars noticed that Simon did distinguish between <i>Ulahis</i><sup id="cite_ref-Makkay1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Makkay1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Vlachs) and <i>Blackis</i> and identified the <i>Blacki</i> people with the Bulaqs.<sup id="cite_ref-Rasonyi1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rasonyi1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Makkay_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Makkay-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian script</a> is deemed as related to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic script</a> by linguists.<sup id="cite_ref-Lacz_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacz-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Thurocz" title="Johannes de Thurocz">Johannes de Thurocz</a>, in his work <i><a href="/wiki/Chronica_Hungarorum" title="Chronica Hungarorum">Chronica Hungarorum</a></i> called the alphabet of the Székelys "Scythian letters".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent Hungarian linguist, <a href="/wiki/Gyula_N%C3%A9meth_(linguist)" title="Gyula Németh (linguist)">Gyula Németh</a> notes in his work <i>A magyar rovásírás</i> that the writings found in the <a href="/wiki/Talas_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Talas (river)">Talas</a> river valley show close similarity.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G_134,_Sjonhem.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/G_134%2C_Sjonhem.JPG/250px-G_134%2C_Sjonhem.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/G_134%2C_Sjonhem.JPG/330px-G_134%2C_Sjonhem.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/G_134%2C_Sjonhem.JPG/500px-G_134%2C_Sjonhem.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1917" data-file-height="3011" /></a><figcaption>Verengian runestone mentioning the Bulaqs.</figcaption></figure> <p>A diploma of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_II_of_Hungary" title="Andrew II of Hungary">King Andrew II</a> and a letter of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a>, both written in 1222, mention the "land of the Blacs" (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Terra Blacorum</i></span>) between the <a href="/wiki/Olt_(river)" title="Olt (river)">Olt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathians</a>. In 1223, another diploma of the king "exempts from the Blacs" (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">exempta de Blaccis</i></span>) and gifts part of this land to the <a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Order of the Cictercians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lacz_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacz-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The document provides details of the territory, no toponyms mentioned originate from the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lacz_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacz-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a>, medieval <a href="/wiki/Icelanders" title="Icelanders">Icelandic</a> historian, writing about the campaign of <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a>, mentioned <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Blokumannaland</i></span> in 1122. <a href="/wiki/Omeljan_Pritsak" title="Omeljan Pritsak">Pritsak</a> identifies this people with the <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Ervin Láczay believes that Sturluson referred to the "forest of the Blacs and Pechenegs" (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">silvam Blacorum et Bissenorum</i></span>), to which the <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Transylvanian Saxons</a> were given access in 1224.<sup id="cite_ref-Lacz_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacz-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a Varangian runestone in <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a>, the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Blakumen</i></span> (people) is mentioned.<sup id="cite_ref-Lacz_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacz-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first historian to distinguish them was <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_R%C3%A9thy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="László Réthy (page does not exist)">László Réthy</a> (<i>Anonymus az erdélyi oláhokról</i>, 1880). After analyzing dozens of medieval records of Vlachs, (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Anna_Komnene" title="Anna Komnene">Anna Komnene</a> who wrote <i>nomadibus, quos Vlachos vulgari lingua vocare solen</i>, "nomads whom common people call Vlachs") he concludes that the Vlach ethonym was used to designate not just the <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a>, but all transhumance populations, including the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a> who he connects Anonymus' <i>blachii</i> and <a href="/wiki/Nestor_the_Chronicler" title="Nestor the Chronicler">Nestor</a>'s <i>Влахом</i> to.<sup id="cite_ref-reth_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reth-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9za_Nagy_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Géza Nagy (historian) (page does not exist)">Géza Nagy</a> continues his theory, saying that the possible early name of the Bulgarians, <i>alogo</i> ("great", see <a href="/wiki/Alogobotur" title="Alogobotur">Alogobotur</a>), was confused by documenters.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French <a href="/wiki/Sinology" title="Sinology">sinologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Pelliot" title="Paul Pelliot">Paul Pelliot</a> also tried to prove that the <i>Illac</i> and <i>Lac</i> recorded by <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_of_Rubruck" title="William of Rubruck">William of Rubruck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a> aren't identical with the <i>Ulac</i> (Vlach).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anonymus_(notary_of_B%C3%A9la_III)" title="Anonymus (notary of Béla III)">Anonymus</a> writes about the Blacs "the inhabitants of the land, seeing the death of their lord, giving the right hand of their own free will chose to themselves as lord Tuhutum, father of Horca, and in that place which is called Esculeu, they confirmed their pledge with an oath...".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This conforms the Turkic custom, but would've been impossible for the Vlachs.<sup id="cite_ref-Rasonyi1_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rasonyi1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The archaeological finds confirm the analysis of Transylvanian river names, the Hungarians who settled in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> during the 10th century encountered with a small Turkic group in the southeast, near <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rnava" title="Târnava">Küküllő</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olt_(river)" title="Olt (river)">Olt</a> rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> László Rásonyi, after protractedly analyzing Transylvanian toponyms and personal names, found the linguistic evidence to prove Bulaq presence there sufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-Rasonyi1_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rasonyi1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahdufour1zoomed.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ahdufour1zoomed.png/330px-Ahdufour1zoomed.png" decoding="async" width="306" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ahdufour1zoomed.png/500px-Ahdufour1zoomed.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ahdufour1zoomed.png/960px-Ahdufour1zoomed.png 2x" data-file-width="1351" data-file-height="909" /></a><figcaption>Map made by Auguste Dufour of the late 5th century. The <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Wolochi</i></span> people are in the yellow-bordered territory.</figcaption></figure> <p>Anonymus mentions the Blacs and Bulgars with a conjunction (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Bulgarii et Blachii</i></span>), indicating that they are relatives. The Bulaqs and Bulgars are both Turkic peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gy%C3%B6rgy_Bodor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="György Bodor (page does not exist)">György Bodor</a> says that diplomas verify that in 1225 the Transylvanian Bulaqs, along with many other border guarding peoples were annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_Land" title="Székely Land">Székely seats</a> and assimilated.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Gy%C3%B6rffy" title="György Györffy">György Györffy</a> wrote in his work <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Az Árpád-kori Magyarország Történeti Földrajza</i>. Vol. II.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Az+%C3%81rp%C3%A1d-kori+Magyarorsz%C3%A1g+T%C3%B6rt%C3%A9neti+F%C3%B6ldrajza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span> that "regarding the <i>Blak</i> ethnicity, Mongol sources can be brought up to testify that they talk about the Turkic <i>Blak</i>, <i>Ulaq</i> element".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulaqs&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Romanian historian <a href="/wiki/Victor_Spinei" title="Victor Spinei">Victor Spinei</a>, beside the etymological and historical differences between the terms <i>Blaci</i> and Bulaqs, there is not a single historical or archaeological indication for a possible Bulaqs migration towards the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Carpathian-Balkan</a> area. Also, it is impossible to explain how such insignificant population was unassimilated for several centuries far from the place of origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Spinei2009_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spinei2009-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> László Makkai wrote that although "there has been some speculation that Anonymus' Blaks were the Turkic people who are mentioned in medieval sources as bearing the same name and living east of the Carpathians, but this hypothesis does not bear the test of scholarly scrutiny".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> István Vásáry noted that Rásonyi tried to prove the <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Blaci</i></span></i> of Transylvania were not the Vlachs, but Turkic people <i>Bulaqs</i> who were confused with the Vlachs. He said that "in the case of the term <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Blaci</i></span>, we cannot but conclude that it was used to designate the Vlakhs".<sup id="cite_ref-Vásáry2005_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vásáry2005-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulaqs&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluk_yabghu" class="mw-redirect" title="Karluk yabghu">Karluk yabghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgu State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulaqs&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also called Bulaks, Blaks, Blaqs, Blacs, Blachs, and <i>Blaci</i>, <i>Blacki</i>, <i>Blachi</i>, <i>Balachi</i>, <i>Blasi</i>, <i>Iliac</i>, <i>Ivlach</i>, <i>Ivlat</i>, <i>Aulâq</i>, etc.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulaqs&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Rasonyi1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rasonyi1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rasonyi1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rasonyi1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rasonyi1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rasonyi1_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rasonyi1_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rasonyi1_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRásonyi1979" class="citation cs2">Rásonyi, László (1979), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://real-j.mtak.hu/3477/1/ActaOrientalia_33.pdf">"Bulaqs and Oguzs in Medieval Transylvania"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae</i>, <b>33</b>: <span class="nowrap">129–</span>151</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Orientalia+Academiae+Scientiarum+Hungaricae&rft.atitle=Bulaqs+and+Oguzs+in+Medieval+Transylvania&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E151&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=R%C3%A1sonyi&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freal-j.mtak.hu%2F3477%2F1%2FActaOrientalia_33.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ildiko-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ildiko_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ildiko_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ildiko_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ildiko_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIldikó1980" class="citation journal cs1">Ildikó, Ecsedy (1980). "A contribution to the history of Karluks in the T'ang period". <i>Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae</i>. <b>34</b> (1/3). Akadémiai Kiadó: <span class="nowrap">23–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23682119">23682119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Orientalia+Academiae+Scientiarum+Hungaricae&rft.atitle=A+contribution+to+the+history+of+Karluks+in+the+T%27ang+period&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1%2F3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23682119%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ildik%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Ecsedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPritsak1951" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Omeljan_Pritsak" title="Omeljan Pritsak">Pritsak, Omeljan</a> (1951). "Von den Karluk zu den Karachaniden". <i>Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft</i>. <b>101</b> (26). Harrassowitz Verlag: <span class="nowrap">270–</span>300. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43368801">43368801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+der+Deutschen+Morgenl%C3%A4ndischen+Gesellschaft&rft.atitle=Von+den+Karluk+zu+den+Karachaniden&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E270-%3C%2Fspan%3E300&rft.date=1951&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43368801%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pritsak&rft.aufirst=Omeljan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLigeti1949" class="citation journal cs1">Ligeti, Lajos (1949). Pais, Dezső (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://real-j.mtak.hu/15405/1/MagyarNyelv_1949.pdf">"Egy karluk törzs neve kínai átírásban"</a> [The name of a Karluk tribe in Chinese transcription] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Magyar Nyelv</i>. <b>XLV</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Magyar+Nyelv&rft.atitle=Egy+karluk+t%C3%B6rzs+neve+k%C3%ADnai+%C3%A1t%C3%ADr%C3%A1sban&rft.volume=XLV&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Ligeti&rft.aufirst=Lajos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freal-j.mtak.hu%2F15405%2F1%2FMagyarNyelv_1949.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golden1992-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Golden1992_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golden1992_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golden1992_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golden1992_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGolden1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Benjamin_Golden" title="Peter Benjamin Golden">Golden, Peter Benjamin</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12545004"><i>An introduction to the History of the Turkic peoples: ethnogenesis and state formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harrassowitz_Verlag" title="Harrassowitz Verlag">Otto Harrassowitz</a>. pp. 197, 201, 229, 419. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447032742" title="Special:BookSources/9783447032742"><bdi>9783447032742</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+History+of+the+Turkic+peoples%3A+ethnogenesis+and+state+formation+in+medieval+and+early+modern+Eurasia+and+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=197%2C+201%2C+229%2C+419&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9783447032742&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F12545004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCzeglédy1949" class="citation journal cs1">Czeglédy, Károly (1949). Pais, Dezső (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://real-j.mtak.hu/15405/1/MagyarNyelv_1949.pdf">"Karluk törzsek nevei"</a> [The names of Karluk tribes] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Magyar Nyelv</i>. <b>XLV</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Magyar+Nyelv&rft.atitle=Karluk+t%C3%B6rzsek+nevei&rft.volume=XLV&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Czegl%C3%A9dy&rft.aufirst=K%C3%A1roly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freal-j.mtak.hu%2F15405%2F1%2FMagyarNyelv_1949.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPais1935" class="citation journal cs1">Pais, Dezső (1935). Melich, János; Pais, Dezső (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://real-j.mtak.hu/15380/1/MagyarNyelv_1935.pdf">"Szó- és szólásmagyarázatok"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Magyar Nyelv</i>. <b>XXXI</b>. Magyar Nyelvtudományi Társaság: 268.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Magyar+Nyelv&rft.atitle=Sz%C3%B3-+%C3%A9s+sz%C3%B3l%C3%A1smagyar%C3%A1zatok&rft.volume=XXXI&rft.pages=268&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Pais&rft.aufirst=Dezs%C5%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freal-j.mtak.hu%2F15380%2F1%2FMagyarNyelv_1935.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinor1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sinor" title="Denis Sinor">Sinor, Denis</a> (1993). "Hullabaloo". In Brogyanyi Bela; Lipp Reiner (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kSmaBmG_yC8C"><i>Comparative-historical Linguistics: Indo-European and Finno-Ugric</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">553–</span>557. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-272-3598-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-272-3598-8"><bdi>90-272-3598-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hullabaloo&rft.btitle=Comparative-historical+Linguistics%3A+Indo-European+and+Finno-Ugric&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E553-%3C%2Fspan%3E557&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=90-272-3598-8&rft.aulast=Sinor&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkSmaBmG_yC8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFaragó2017" class="citation book cs1">Faragó, Imre (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inf.elte.hu/dstore/document/787/Farago_Imre_TF_romanok_moldovanok_2017.pdf"><i>Térképészeti földrajz</i></a> [<i>Cartographic geography</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. III. <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>: Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem Informatikai Kar. p. 137.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C3%A9rk%C3%A9p%C3%A9szeti+f%C3%B6ldrajz&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s+Lor%C3%A1nd+Tudom%C3%A1nyegyetem+Informatikai+Kar&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Farag%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Imre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inf.elte.hu%2Fdstore%2Fdocument%2F787%2FFarago_Imre_TF_romanok_moldovanok_2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skaff2012-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skaff2012_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skaff2012_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSkaff2012" class="citation cs2">Skaff, Jonathan Karam (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5OpoAgAAQBAJ"><i>Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580-800</i></a>, Oxford University Press, pp. 185, <span class="nowrap">281–</span>283, <span class="nowrap">296–</span>297, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-987590-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-987590-0"><bdi>978-0-19-987590-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sui-Tang+China+and+Its+Turko-Mongol+Neighbors%3A+Culture%2C+Power%2C+and+Connections%2C+580-800&rft.pages=185%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E281-%3C%2Fspan%3E283%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E296-%3C%2Fspan%3E297&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-987590-0&rft.aulast=Skaff&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Karam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5OpoAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKenzheakhmet2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kenzheakhmet, Nurlan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310139627">"Ethnonyms and Toponyms of the Old Turkic Inscriptions in Chinese Sources"</a>. <i>Studia et Documenta Turcologica</i>. <a href="/wiki/Babe%C8%99-Bolyai_University" title="Babeș-Bolyai University">Cluj University Press</a>: <span class="nowrap">305–</span>306. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2344-6560">2344-6560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+et+Documenta+Turcologica&rft.atitle=Ethnonyms+and+Toponyms+of+the+Old+Turkic+Inscriptions+in+Chinese+Sources&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E305-%3C%2Fspan%3E306&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=2344-6560&rft.aulast=Kenzheakhmet&rft.aufirst=Nurlan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F310139627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaşağıl2014" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Taşağıl, Ahmet (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022183420/http://www.journals.istanbul.edu.tr/iuturkiyat/article/view/5000037720/pdf_42">"Karlukların Coğrafi Dağılımı Üzerine"</a> [On the Geographical Distribution of Karluks], <i>Türkiyat Mecmuası</i> (in Turkish), <b>24</b> (1), <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_University" title="Istanbul University">İstanbul Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü</a>: <span class="nowrap">77–</span>78, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18345%2Ftm.09461">10.18345/tm.09461</a> (inactive 1 April 2025), <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0085-7432">0085-7432</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journals.istanbul.edu.tr/iuturkiyat/article/view/5000037720/pdf_42">the original</a> on 2014-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-29</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=T%C3%BCrkiyat+Mecmuas%C4%B1&rft.atitle=Karluklar%C4%B1n+Co%C4%9Frafi+Da%C4%9F%C4%B1l%C4%B1m%C4%B1+%C3%9Czerine&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18345%2Ftm.09461&rft.issn=0085-7432&rft.aulast=Ta%C5%9Fa%C4%9F%C4%B1l&rft.aufirst=Ahmet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.istanbul.edu.tr%2Fiuturkiyat%2Farticle%2Fview%2F5000037720%2Fpdf_42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2025 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_April_2025" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2025">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinor1990-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sinor1990_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGolden,_Peter_Benjamin1990" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Benjamin_Golden" title="Peter Benjamin Golden">Golden, Peter Benjamin</a> (1990), "The Karakhanids and early Islam", in <a href="/wiki/Denis_Sinor" title="Denis Sinor">Sinor Denis</a> (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC"><i>The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">355–</span>356, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24304-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24304-9"><bdi>978-0-521-24304-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Karakhanids+and+early+Islam&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Early+Inner+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E355-%3C%2Fspan%3E356&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24304-9&rft.au=Golden%2C+Peter+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DST6TRNuWmHsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchönig2004" class="citation cs2">Schönig, Claus (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geschkult.fu-berlin.de/e/turkologie/institut/mitarbeiter/professor/Textdateien/Kashgari.pdf">"On some unclear, doubtful and contradictory passages in 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/><cite id="CITEREFGolden2015" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Benjamin_Golden" title="Peter Benjamin Golden">Golden, Peter Benjamin</a> (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12226908">"The Turkic World in Maḥmûd al-Kâshgharî"</a>, in Jan Bemmann; Michael Schmauder (eds.), <i>Complexity of Interaction along the Eurasian Steppe Zone in the first Millennium CE</i>, Bonn Contributions to Asian Archaeology, vol. 7, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bonn" title="University of Bonn">University of Bonn</a>, p. 534, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-936490-14-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-936490-14-5"><bdi>978-3-936490-14-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Turkic+World+in+Ma%E1%B8%A5m%C3%BBd+al-K%C3%A2shghar%C3%AE&rft.btitle=Complexity+of+Interaction+along+the+Eurasian+Steppe+Zone+in+the+first+Millennium+CE&rft.series=Bonn+Contributions+to+Asian+Archaeology&rft.pages=534&rft.pub=University+of+Bonn&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-936490-14-5&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F12226908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTardy1978" class="citation cs2">Tardy, Lajos (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://real-j.mtak.hu/3466/1/ActaOrientalia_32.pdf">"The Caucasian Peoples and Their Neighbours in 1404"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae</i>, <b>32</b>: <span class="nowrap">83–</span>111</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Orientalia+Academiae+Scientiarum+Hungaricae&rft.atitle=The+Caucasian+Peoples+and+Their+Neighbours+in+1404&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E111&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Tardy&rft.aufirst=Lajos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freal-j.mtak.hu%2F3466%2F1%2FActaOrientalia_32.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferenczi-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ferenczi_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferenczi_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferenczi_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferenczi, István. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epa.oszk.hu/01300/01336/00017/pdf/00017.pdf#page=10">A Székelyek származásáról</a>, Székely Útkereső, 1994, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAboul-Ghazi_(Abu_al-Ghazi_Bahadur)" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aboul-Ghazi (Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur), Desmaisons (traducteur). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/AbulghaziHistoireDesMongolsEtDesTatars1665t.2Traduction"><i>Abulghazi Histoire Des Mongols Et Des Tatars 1665 (t. 2 Traduction)</i></a> (in French). p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abulghazi+Histoire+Des+Mongols+Et+Des+Tatars+1665+%28t.+2+Traduction%29&rft.pages=19&rft.aulast=Aboul-Ghazi+%28Abu+al-Ghazi+Bahadur%29&rft.aufirst=Desmaisons+%28traducteur%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAbulghaziHistoireDesMongolsEtDesTatars1665t.2Traduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bacon2016-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bacon2016_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bacon2016_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBacon2016" class="citation cs2">Bacon, Roger (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lpwVDQAAQBAJ"><i>Opus Majus, Volumes 1 and 2</i></a>, University of Pennsylvania Press, p. 383, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5128-1406-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5128-1406-4"><bdi>978-1-5128-1406-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opus+Majus%2C+Volumes+1+and+2&rft.pages=383&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-5128-1406-4&rft.aulast=Bacon&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlpwVDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubruk-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rubruk_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRockhill1900" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Woodville_Rockhill" title="William Woodville Rockhill">Rockhill, William Woodville</a>, ed. (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/journeywilliamr01ruysgoog#page/n8/mode/2up"><i>The journey of William of Rubruck to the eastern parts of the world, 1253-55</i></a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Woodville_Rockhill" title="William Woodville Rockhill">Rockhill, William Woodville</a>. London: Hayklut Society. pp. 47, 130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+journey+of+William+of+Rubruck+to+the+eastern+parts+of+the+world%2C+1253-55&rft.place=London&rft.pages=47%2C+130&rft.pub=Hayklut+Society&rft.date=1900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fjourneywilliamr01ruysgoog%23page%2Fn8%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kézai1999-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kézai1999_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKézai1999" class="citation cs2">Kézai, Simon (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a72xT1YubqAC"><i>Deeds of the Hungarians</i></a>, translated by László Veszprémy; Frank Schaer, Central European University Press, pp. 54, 71, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9116-31-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9116-31-3"><bdi>978-963-9116-31-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deeds+of+the+Hungarians&rft.pages=54%2C+71&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-963-9116-31-3&rft.aulast=K%C3%A9zai&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da72xT1YubqAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Makkay1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Makkay1_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMakkay1994" class="citation cs2">Makkay, János (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/MEGY_JNSZ_Kozl_48_keltez/?pg=59&layout=s"><i>A magyarsag keltezese [The Dating of Hungarians], 2nd, revised and enlarged edition</i></a>, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Megyei Múzeumok közleményei, p. 58</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+magyarsag+keltezese+%5BThe+Dating+of+Hungarians%5D%2C+2nd%2C+revised+and+enlarged+edition&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=J%C3%A1sz-Nagykun-Szolnok+Megyei+M%C3%BAzeumok+k%C3%B6zlem%C3%A9nyei&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Makkay&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A1nos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.hungaricana.hu%2Fhu%2Fview%2FMEGY_JNSZ_Kozl_48_keltez%2F%3Fpg%3D59%26layout%3Ds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Makkay-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Makkay_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMakkay2008" class="citation cs2">Makkay, János (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sznm.ro/acta2008/209_240_makkay.pdf">"Siculica Hungarica De la Géza Nagy până la Gyula László"</a> [Siculica Hungarica From Géza Nagy to Gyula László] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Acta Siculica</i>: <span class="nowrap">209–</span>240</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Siculica&rft.atitle=Siculica+Hungarica+De+la+G%C3%A9za+Nagy+p%C3%A2n%C4%83+la+Gyula+L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E240&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Makkay&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A1nos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sznm.ro%2Facta2008%2F209_240_makkay.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lacz-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lacz_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lacz_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lacz_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lacz_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lacz_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLáczay2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Láczay, Ervin (2005). 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Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Hungarian Academy of Sciences">Hungarian Academy of Sciences</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">22–</span>29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+magyar+rov%C3%A1s&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.pub=Hungarian+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=N%C3%A9meth&rft.aufirst=Gyula&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freal-eod.mtak.hu%2F9476%2F1%2F276_184.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMakkai2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Makkai, László (2001). "Transylvania in the medieval Hungarian kingdom (896-1526)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Makkai, László; Mócsy, András; Szász, Zoltán (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/1.html"><i>History of Transylvania</i></a>. Vol. From the Beginnings to 1606. Translated by Kovrig, Bennett; Szaffkó, Péter. <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>: Atlantic Research and Publications, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88033-479-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88033-479-7"><bdi>0-88033-479-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transylvania+in+the+medieval+Hungarian+kingdom+%28896-1526%29&rft.btitle=History+of+Transylvania&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=Atlantic+Research+and+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-88033-479-7&rft.aulast=Makkai&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F03400%2F03407%2Fhtml%2F1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEndrey1986" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Endrey" title="Anthony Endrey">Endrey, Anthony</a> (1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MYFpAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Other Hungary: The History of Transylvania</i></a>, Hungarian Institute, pp. 19, 23, 52</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Hungary%3A+The+History+of+Transylvania&rft.pages=19%2C+23%2C+52&rft.pub=Hungarian+Institute&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Endrey&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMYFpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPritsak1981" class="citation book cs1">Pritsak, Omeljan (1981). <i>the Origin of Rus': Old Scandinavian sources other than the sagas</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674644654" title="Special:BookSources/0674644654"><bdi>0674644654</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=the+Origin+of+Rus%27%3A+Old+Scandinavian+sources+other+than+the+sagas&rft.pages=373&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0674644654&rft.aulast=Pritsak&rft.aufirst=Omeljan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reth-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reth_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRéthy1880" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Réthy, László (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://real-eod.mtak.hu/5519/1/000909122.pdf"><i>Anonymus az erdélyi oláhokról</i></a> [<i>Anonymus about the Transylvanian Vlachs</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Hungarian). <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>: Knoll Károly.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anonymus+az+erd%C3%A9lyi+ol%C3%A1hokr%C3%B3l&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Knoll+K%C3%A1roly&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=R%C3%A9thy&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freal-eod.mtak.hu%2F5519%2F1%2F000909122.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMakkay2008" class="citation journal cs1">Makkay, János (2008). "Siculica Hungarica Nagy Gézától László Gyuláig" [Siculica Hungarica from Géza Nagy to Gyula László]. <i>Acta Siculica</i>: 230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Siculica&rft.atitle=Siculica+Hungarica+Nagy+G%C3%A9z%C3%A1t%C3%B3l+L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3+Gyul%C3%A1ig&rft.pages=230&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Makkay&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A1nos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNagy1891" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nagy, Géza (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epa.oszk.hu/03700/03770/00002/pdf/EPA03770_sznm_ertesitoje_1891_075-275.pdf">"Adatok a székelyek eredetéhez s egykori lakhelyük"</a> [Data to the Székelys' origin and their once homeland] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>A Székely Nemzeti Múzeum Értesítője</i> (in Hungarian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+Sz%C3%A9kely+Nemzeti+M%C3%BAzeum+%C3%89rtes%C3%ADt%C5%91je&rft.atitle=Adatok+a+sz%C3%A9kelyek+eredet%C3%A9hez+s+egykori+lakhely%C3%BCk&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Nagy&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9za&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepa.oszk.hu%2F03700%2F03770%2F00002%2Fpdf%2FEPA03770_sznm_ertesitoje_1891_075-275.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul1949" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Pelliot (1949). <i>Notes sur l'histoire de la Horde d'or</i>. Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient. pp. <span class="nowrap">145–</span>149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+sur+l%27histoire+de+la+Horde+d%27or&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E149&rft.pub=Librairie+d%27Am%C3%A9rique+et+d%27Orient&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Pelliot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/18975/1/18975.pdf">The <i>Gesta Hungarorum</i> of Anonymus, the anonymous notary of King Béla</a>, a translation by <a href="/wiki/Martyn_Rady" title="Martyn Rady">Martyn Rady</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMakkai2001" class="citation book cs1">Makkai, László (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/61.html">"Toponymy and Chronology"</a>. <i>History of Transylvania Volume I. From the Beginnings to 1606 - III. Transylvania in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom (896–1526) - 1. Transylvania'a Indigenous Population at the Time of the Hungarian Conquest</i>. New York: Columbia University Press, (The Hungarian original by Institute of History Of The Hungarian Academy of Sciences). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88033-479-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88033-479-7"><bdi>0-88033-479-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Toponymy+and+Chronology&rft.btitle=History+of+Transylvania+Volume+I.+From+the+Beginnings+to+1606+-+III.+Transylvania+in+the+Medieval+Hungarian+Kingdom+%28896%E2%80%931526%29+-+1.+Transylvania%27a+Indigenous+Population+at+the+Time+of+the+Hungarian+Conquest&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press%2C+%28The+Hungarian+original+by+Institute+of+History+Of+The+Hungarian+Academy+of+Sciences%29&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-88033-479-7&rft.aulast=Makkai&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F03400%2F03407%2Fhtml%2F61.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBodor1988" class="citation book cs1">Bodor, György (1988). Szombathy, Viktor; László, Gyula (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mandadb.hu/dokumentum/511202/Magyarr_lett_keleti_npek0001.pdf"><i>Magyarrá lett keleti népek</i></a> [<i>Eastern peoples that became Hungarian</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Panoráma. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-243-353-X" title="Special:BookSources/963-243-353-X"><bdi>963-243-353-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0133-7327">0133-7327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magyarr%C3%A1+lett+keleti+n%C3%A9pek&rft.pub=Panor%C3%A1ma&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0133-7327&rft.isbn=963-243-353-X&rft.aulast=Bodor&rft.aufirst=Gy%C3%B6rgy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmandadb.hu%2Fdokumentum%2F511202%2FMagyarr_lett_keleti_npek0001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBodor1988" class="citation book cs1">Bodor, György (1988). Szombathy, Viktor; László, Gyula (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mandadb.hu/dokumentum/511202/Magyarr_lett_keleti_npek0001.pdf"><i>Magyarrá lett keleti népek</i></a> [<i>Eastern peoples that became Hungarian</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Panoráma. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-243-353-X" title="Special:BookSources/963-243-353-X"><bdi>963-243-353-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0133-7327">0133-7327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magyarr%C3%A1+lett+keleti+n%C3%A9pek&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Panor%C3%A1ma&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0133-7327&rft.isbn=963-243-353-X&rft.aulast=Bodor&rft.aufirst=Gy%C3%B6rgy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmandadb.hu%2Fdokumentum%2F511202%2FMagyarr_lett_keleti_npek0001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGyörffy1963" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Györffy, György (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9tpnAAAAMAAJ"><i>Az Árpád-kori Magyarország Történeti Földrajza</i></a> (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 448. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-05-3532-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-05-3532-8"><bdi>978-963-05-3532-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Az+%C3%81rp%C3%A1d-kori+Magyarorsz%C3%A1g+T%C3%B6rt%C3%A9neti+F%C3%B6ldrajza&rft.pages=448&rft.pub=Akad%C3%A9miai+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-963-05-3532-8&rft.aulast=Gy%C3%B6rffy&rft.aufirst=Gy%C3%B6rgy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9tpnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spinei2009-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spinei2009_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpinei2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Spinei" title="Victor Spinei">Spinei, Victor</a> (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9KwCQAAQBAJ"><i>The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, pp. <span class="nowrap">77–</span>80, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2880-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2880-0"><bdi>978-90-474-2880-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romanians+and+the+Turkic+Nomads+North+of+the+Danube+Delta+from+the+Tenth+to+the+Mid-Thirteenth+Century&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-474-2880-0&rft.aulast=Spinei&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ9KwCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLászló_Makkai2001" class="citation cs2">László Makkai (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/59.html">"Anonymus on the Hungarian Conquest of Transylvania"</a>, <i>History of Transylvania: From the Beginnings to 1606</i>, vol. 1, New York: Columbia University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88033-479-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88033-479-7"><bdi>0-88033-479-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anonymus+on+the+Hungarian+Conquest+of+Transylvania&rft.btitle=History+of+Transylvania%3A+From+the+Beginnings+to+1606&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-88033-479-7&rft.au=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3+Makkai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F03400%2F03407%2Fhtml%2F59.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vásáry2005-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vásáry2005_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVásáry2005" class="citation cs2">Vásáry, István (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DJWyg97IggC"><i>Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, p. 29, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44408-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44408-8"><bdi>978-1-139-44408-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cumans+and+Tatars%3A+Oriental+Military+in+the+Pre-Ottoman+Balkans%2C+1185%E2%80%931365&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-139-44408-8&rft.aulast=V%C3%A1s%C3%A1ry&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7DJWyg97IggC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulaqs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkic_peoples" title="Template:Turkic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkic_peoples" title="Template talk:Turkic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkic_peoples437" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Azerbaijani communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iranian Azerbaijanis</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Shahsevan" title="Shahsevan">Shahsevans</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCres%C3%BCnni" title="Küresünni">Küresünni</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Georgia" title="Azerbaijanis in Georgia">Georgian Azerbaijanis</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia" title="Azerbaijanis in Armenia">Armenian Azerbaijanis</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Karapapakhs" title="Karapapakhs">Karapapakhs</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Javanshir_Qizilbash" class="mw-redirect" title="Javanshir Qizilbash">Javanshir Qizilbash</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kazakh communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Chinese Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kazakhs" title="Iranian Kazakhs">Iranian Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Kazakhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Kazakhs">Mongolian Kazakhs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kyrgyz communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Chinese Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Afghanistan">Afghan Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Tajikistan">Tajik Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Kyrgyz" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Kyrgyz">Van Kyrgyz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkmen<sup>1</sup> communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan Turkmens</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ansarlu" title="Ansarlu">Ansarlu</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian Turkmens</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkish communities<sup>2</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Gajal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gajal">Gajal</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Muhacir" title="Muhacir">Muhacirs</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Tahtac%C4%B1" title="Tahtacı">Tahtacıs</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCks" title="Yörüks">Yörüks</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Abkhazia" title="Turks in Abkhazia">Abkhazian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Algeria" title="Turks in Algeria">Algerian Turks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Kouloughlis" title="Kouloughlis">Kouloughlis</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Bulgarian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Croatia" title="Turks in Croatia">Croatian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Muslims" title="Cretan Muslims">Cretan Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Cypriot Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Egypt" title="Turks in Egypt">Egyptian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Turkmen" title="Israeli Turkmen">Israeli Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo" title="Turks in Kosovo">Kosovan Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Turkmen" title="Lebanese Turkmen">Lebanese Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Libya" title="Turks in Libya">Libyan Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">Macedonian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian (Ahiska) Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Montenegro" title="Turks in Montenegro">Montenegrin Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Palestine" title="Turks in Palestine">Palestinian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Romania" title="Turks of Romania">Romanian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Serbia" title="Turks in Serbia">Serbian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisia" title="Turks in Tunisia">Tunisian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thracian Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic peoples <br /> in Uzbekistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities <br /> in China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_people" title="Äynu people">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Chinese Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Chinese Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Chinese Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_China" title="Uzbeks in China">Chinese Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_people" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz people">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turk_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ili Turk people">Ili Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Tor_Uyghurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor Uyghurs">Tor Uyghurs</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugurs" title="Yugurs">Yugurs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities <br /> in Crimea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities <br /> in Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iranian Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaharmahali_Turks" title="Chaharmahali Turks">Chaharmahali Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Khalajs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turks" title="Khorasani Turks">Khorasani Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarai_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarai Turks">Qarai Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_people" title="Qashqai people">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kazakhs" title="Iranian Kazakhs">Iranian Kazakhs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in <br /> Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Chelkans" title="Chelkans">Chelkans</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Telengits" title="Telengits">Telengits</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Tubalars" title="Tubalars">Tubalars</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besermyan" title="Besermyan">Besermyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulyms" title="Chulyms">Chulyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas" title="Khakas">Khakas</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Koibal_people" title="Koibal people">Koibal</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumandins" title="Kumandins">Kumandins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shors" title="Shors">Shors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyot" title="Soyot">Soyots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars" title="Astrakhan Tatars">Astrakhan Tatars</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Kryashens" title="Kryashens">Kryashens</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar Tatars</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Na%C4%9Fayb%C3%A4k" title="Nağaybäk">Nağaybäk</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatars" title="Siberian Tatars">Siberian Tatars</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Bukharans" title="Siberian Bukharans">Siberian Bukharans</a></small></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleuts" title="Teleuts">Teleuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofalar" title="Tofalar">Tofalars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Tozhu_Tuvans" title="Tozhu Tuvans">Tozhu Tuvans</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in <br /> Mongolia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khotons" title="Khotons">Khotons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Kazakhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Kazakhs">Mongolian Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukha_people" title="Dukha people">Dukha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_people_in_Afghanistan" title="Turkic people in Afghanistan">Turkic minorities in <br /> Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_people" title="Aimaq people">Aimaqs</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Timuri" title="Timuri">Timuri</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansarlu" title="Ansarlu">Ansarlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karategin_Uzbeks" title="Karategin Uzbeks">Karategin Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Afghanistan">Afghan Kyrgyz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in <br /> Europe <br /> <small>(exc. Russia)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Tatars in Bulgaria">Bulgarian Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Tatars" title="Finnish Tatars">Finnish Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars_of_Romania" title="Tatars of Romania">Tatars of Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extinct Turkic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alat_tribe" title="Alat tribe">Alat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az_people" title="Az people">Az</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmyl" title="Basmyl">Basmyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barsils" title="Barsils">Barsils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berendei" title="Berendei">Berendei</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bulaqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigils" title="Chigils">Chigils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Klobuks" title="Black Klobuks">Black Klobuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duolu" title="Duolu">Duolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dughlats" title="Dughlats">Dughlats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esegel" title="Esegel">Esegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangly" title="Kangly">Kangly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Keraites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Sir-K%C4%B1vchak" title="Sir-Kıvchak">Sir-Kıvchak</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurykans" title="Kurykans">Kurykans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutrigurs" title="Kutrigurs">Kutrigurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkit" title="Merkit">Merkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nushibi" title="Nushibi">Nushibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkomans</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onogurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saragurs" title="Saragurs">Saragurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuhsi" title="Tuhsi">Tuhsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tork_people" title="Tork people">Torks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toquz_Oghuz" title="Toquz Oghuz">Toquz Oghuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriankhai" title="Uriankhai">Uriankhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utigurs" title="Utigurs">Utigurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">Yenisei Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueban" title="Yueban">Yueban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagma" title="Yagma">Yagma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabaku" title="Yabaku">Yabaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdal_people_(West_Asia)" title="Abdal people (West Asia)">Abdals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diasporas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_diaspora" title="Azerbaijani diaspora">Azerbaijani diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_diaspora" title="Crimean Tatar diaspora">Crimean Tatar diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_diaspora" title="Turkish diaspora">Turkish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_diaspora" title="Turkish Cypriot diaspora">Turkish Cypriot diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_diaspora" title="Kazakh diaspora">Kazakh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div><sup>1</sup> Central Asian (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmeni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a>) <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a>, distinct from Levantine (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a>) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity. <sup>2</sup> In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> territories).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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