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Modeling provides precise and exact ways of expression, which allow us to go beyond the insights that intuitive or commonsense... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7593164" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This is one of the first books to study neural development using computational and mathematical modeling. Modeling provides precise and exact ways of expression, which allow us to go beyond the insights that intuitive or commonsense reasoning alone can yield. Most neural modeling focuses on information processing in the adult nervous system; Modeling Neural Development shows how models can be used to study the development of the nervous system at different levels of organization and at different phases of development, from molecule to system and from neurulation to cognition. The book's fourteen chapters follow loosely the chronology of neural development. Chapters 1 and 2 study the very early development of the nervous system, discussing gene networks, cell differentiation, and neural tube development. Chapters 3-5 examine neuronal morphogenesis and neurite outgrowth. Chapters 6-8 study different aspects of the self-organization of neurons into networks. Chapters 9-12 cover refinement of connectivity and the development of specific connectivity patterns. Chapters 13 and 14 focus on some of the functional implications of morphology and development. Each chapter contains an overview of the biology of the topic in question, a review of the modeling efforts in the field, a discussion in more detail of some of the models, and some perspectives on future theoretical and experimental work. 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class="summarized">The importance of interrelationships cannot be overemphasized. “Human connections create the neural connections from which the mind emerges”.1( p.72) Dan Siegel described the two basic processes that shape the developing mind, some of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39787936" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The importance of interrelationships cannot be overemphasized. “Human connections create the neural connections from which the mind emerges”.1( p.72) Dan Siegel described the two basic processes that shape the developing mind, some of which are experience-expectant and others that are experience-dependent. In the former, development depends on minimal stimulation of the circuits to maintain the neurons and their connections. In the experiencedependent conditions, the laying down of new neural circuits is dependent upon experience. This leads to the understanding that our brain structure is altered through both the maintenance and strengthening of existing synapses, or by the experience-driven creation of new synaptic connections.1,2</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39787936" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4e16478f0c299433904ac425745c9312" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59973377,"asset_id":39787936,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59973377/download_file?st=MTczMjM3MjgzNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="79152799" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PCSOJ">Psychology and Cognitive Sciences – Open Journal</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="79152799" type="text/json">{"id":79152799,"first_name":"Psychology and Cognitive Sciences","last_name":"– Open Journal","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PCSOJ","display_name":"Psychology and Cognitive Sciences – Open Journal","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PCSOJ?f_ri=1084","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/79152799/19352862/103749135/s65_pcs.oj.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39787936 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39787936"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39787936, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39787936", }); 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In the former, development depends on minimal stimulation of the circuits to maintain the neurons and their connections. In the experiencedependent conditions, the laying down of new neural circuits is dependent upon experience. This leads to the understanding that our brain structure is altered through both the maintenance and strengthening of existing synapses, or by the experience-driven creation of new synaptic connections.1,2","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59973377,"asset_id":39787936,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":79152799,"first_name":"Psychology and Cognitive Sciences","last_name":"– Open Journal","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PCSOJ","display_name":"Psychology and Cognitive Sciences – Open Journal","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PCSOJ?f_ri=1084","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/79152799/19352862/103749135/s65_pcs.oj.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1084,"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":25804,"name":"Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurobiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":41025,"name":"Attachment Style","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Attachment_Style?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":119657,"name":"Interpersonal Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interpersonal_Neurobiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":1292689,"name":"Interpersonal Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interpersonal_Development?f_ri=1084"},{"id":3312039,"name":"Mindsight","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mindsight?f_ri=1084"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33747823" data-work_id="33747823" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33747823/The_Rewiring_Brain_A_Computational_Approach_to_Structural_Plasticity_in_the_Adult_Brain">The Rewiring Brain: A Computational Approach to Structural Plasticity in the Adult Brain</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The adult brain is not as hard-wired as traditionally thought. By modifying their small- or large-scale morphology, neurons can make new synaptic connections or break existing ones (structural plasticity). Structural changes accompany... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33747823" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The adult brain is not as hard-wired as traditionally thought. By modifying their small- or large-scale morphology, neurons can make new synaptic connections or break existing ones (structural plasticity). Structural changes accompany memory formation and learning, and are induced by neurogenesis, neurodegeneration and brain injury such as stroke. Exploring the role of structural plasticity in the brain can be greatly assisted by mathematical and computational models, as they enable us to bridge the gap between system-level dynamics and lower level cellular and molecular processes. However, most traditional neural network models have fixed neuronal morphologies and a static connectivity pattern, with plasticity merely arising from changes in the strength of existing synapses (synaptic plasticity). In The Rewiring Brain, the editors bring together, for the first time, contemporary modeling studies that investigate the implications of structural plasticity for brain function and pathology. Starting with an experimental background on structural plasticity in the adult brain, the book covers computational studies on homeostatic structural plasticity, the impact of structural plasticity on cognition and cortical connectivity, the interaction between synaptic and structural plasticity, neurogenesis-related structural plasticity, and structural plasticity in neurological disorders. Structural plasticity adds a whole new dimension to brain plasticity, and The Rewiring Brain shows how computational approaches may help to gain a better understanding of the full adaptive potential of the adult brain. The book is written for both computational and experimental neuroscientists. Key features: • Reviews the current state of knowledge of structural plasticity in the adult brain. • Gives a comprehensive overview of computational studies on structural plasticity. • Provides insights into the potential driving forces of structural plasticity and the functional implications of structural plasticity for learning and memory. • Serves as inspiration for developing novel treatment strategies for stimulating functional repair after brain damage. For a preview and to order the book, go to: <a href="https://www.elsevier.com/books/the-rewiring-brain/van-ooyen/978-0-12-803784-3" rel="nofollow">https://www.elsevier.com/books/the-rewiring-brain/van-ooyen/978-0-12-803784-3</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33747823" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fa41edadc4702513c8274cf7ec1b02ab" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53969613,"asset_id":33747823,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53969613/download_file?st=MTczMjM3MjgzNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13197303" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArjenvanOoyen">Arjen van Ooyen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13197303" type="text/json">{"id":13197303,"first_name":"Arjen","last_name":"van Ooyen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ArjenvanOoyen","display_name":"Arjen van Ooyen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ArjenvanOoyen?f_ri=1084","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13197303/3721252/4360030/s65_arjen.van_ooyen.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33747823 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33747823"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33747823, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33747823", }); 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By modifying their small- or large-scale morphology, neurons can make new synaptic connections or break existing ones (structural plasticity). Structural changes accompany memory formation and learning, and are induced by neurogenesis, neurodegeneration and brain injury such as stroke. Exploring the role of structural plasticity in the brain can be greatly assisted by mathematical and computational models, as they enable us to bridge the gap between system-level dynamics and lower level cellular and molecular processes. However, most traditional neural network models have fixed neuronal morphologies and a static connectivity pattern, with plasticity merely arising from changes in the strength of existing synapses (synaptic plasticity). In The Rewiring Brain, the editors bring together, for the first time, contemporary modeling studies that investigate the implications of structural plasticity for brain function and pathology. Starting with an experimental background on structural plasticity in the adult brain, the book covers computational studies on homeostatic structural plasticity, the impact of structural plasticity on cognition and cortical connectivity, the interaction between synaptic and structural plasticity, neurogenesis-related structural plasticity, and structural plasticity in neurological disorders. Structural plasticity adds a whole new dimension to brain plasticity, and The Rewiring Brain shows how computational approaches may help to gain a better understanding of the full adaptive potential of the adult brain. The book is written for both computational and experimental neuroscientists. Key features: • Reviews the current state of knowledge of structural plasticity in the adult brain. • Gives a comprehensive overview of computational studies on structural plasticity. •\tProvides insights into the potential driving forces of structural plasticity and the functional implications of structural plasticity for learning and memory. • Serves as inspiration for developing novel treatment strategies for stimulating functional repair after brain damage. For a preview and to order the book, go to: https://www.elsevier.com/books/the-rewiring-brain/van-ooyen/978-0-12-803784-3\r\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53969613,"asset_id":33747823,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false},{"id":53969562,"asset_id":33747823,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13197303,"first_name":"Arjen","last_name":"van Ooyen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ArjenvanOoyen","display_name":"Arjen van Ooyen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ArjenvanOoyen?f_ri=1084","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13197303/3721252/4360030/s65_arjen.van_ooyen.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":623,"name":"Neurology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":1084,"name":"Developmental 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Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurobiology_of_Learning_and_Memory?f_ri=1084"},{"id":11598,"name":"Neural Networks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neural_Networks?f_ri=1084"},{"id":14004,"name":"Stroke rehabilitation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stroke_rehabilitation?f_ri=1084"},{"id":22764,"name":"Neurodegeneration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurodegeneration?f_ri=1084"},{"id":25804,"name":"Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurobiology?f_ri=1084"},{"id":32003,"name":"Synaptic Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Plasticity?f_ri=1084"},{"id":40540,"name":"Neural Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neural_Development?f_ri=1084"},{"id":54123,"name":"Artificial Neural 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plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homeostatic_plasticity?f_ri=1084"},{"id":772119,"name":"Neuronal Networks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuronal_Networks?f_ri=1084"},{"id":911045,"name":"Dendritic Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dendritic_Morphology?f_ri=1084"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=1084"},{"id":1653209,"name":"Axonal Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Axonal_Growth?f_ri=1084"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36703555" data-work_id="36703555" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36703555/Otak_Emosi_dan_Otak_Sosial_Fondasi_Perspektif_Neurosains_dalam_Perkembangan_Sosial_dan_Emosi">Otak Emosi dan Otak Sosial: Fondasi Perspektif Neurosains dalam Perkembangan Sosial dan Emosi</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Tulisan ini bertujuan menelaah perkembangan emosi dan sosial manusia dari perspektif neurosains. Selama ini, tinjauan mengenai psikologi perkembangan sosial dan emosi, didominasi oleh analisis dinamika keperilakuan. Kajian mengenai dasar... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36703555" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Tulisan ini bertujuan menelaah perkembangan emosi dan sosial manusia dari perspektif neurosains. Selama ini, tinjauan mengenai psikologi perkembangan sosial dan emosi, didominasi oleh analisis dinamika keperilakuan. Kajian mengenai dasar neurobiologis dan neurodevelopmental dari perilaku sosial dan emosi, belum terlalu banyak dibahas. Padahal, pemahaman mendasar mengenai fungsi otak yang relevan dengan pemrosesan emosi dan sosial sangat penting diketahui untuk memahami secara empirik dinamika psikologis perilaku emosi dan sosial. Fungsi otak yang memproses emosi melibatkan serangkaian sirkuit fungsi otak mulai dari sistem limbik seperti amygdala, hippocampus dan korteks cingulate. Pemrosesan emosi juga erat kaitannya dengan area korteks prefrontal terutama di area orbitofrontal yang berkaitan dengan struktur inhibitory dan persepsi mengenai reward. Pada kajian ini juga mengungkapkan keterkaitan fungsi-fungsi otak yang memproses emosi dengan otak yang memproses perilaku sosial. Pemrosesan Otak Sosial berkaitan dengan perkembangan area Prefrontal dan korteks Temporal. Proses berkembangnya kognisi sosial dan Theory of Mind, merupakan bagian penting dalam menjelaskan dasar dari perkembangan sosial manusia. <br />Kata Kunci:  Amygdala, Fondasi Neurosains, Perkembangan Sosial Emosi, Prefrontal Korteks, Sistem Limbik.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36703555" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ce36b4f4be2e925f61bac1d07181a6ad" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56643289,"asset_id":36703555,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56643289/download_file?st=MTczMjM3MjgzNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6918629" href="https://ugm.academia.edu/IsmanRahmani">Isman Rahmani</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6918629" type="text/json">{"id":6918629,"first_name":"Isman","last_name":"Rahmani","domain_name":"ugm","page_name":"IsmanRahmani","display_name":"Isman Rahmani","profile_url":"https://ugm.academia.edu/IsmanRahmani?f_ri=1084","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36703555 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36703555"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36703555, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36703555", }); 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Selama ini, tinjauan mengenai psikologi perkembangan sosial dan emosi, didominasi oleh analisis dinamika keperilakuan. Kajian mengenai dasar neurobiologis dan neurodevelopmental dari perilaku sosial dan emosi, belum terlalu banyak dibahas. Padahal, pemahaman mendasar mengenai fungsi otak yang relevan dengan pemrosesan emosi dan sosial sangat penting diketahui untuk memahami secara empirik dinamika psikologis perilaku emosi dan sosial. Fungsi otak yang memproses emosi melibatkan serangkaian sirkuit fungsi otak mulai dari sistem limbik seperti amygdala, hippocampus dan korteks cingulate. Pemrosesan emosi juga erat kaitannya dengan area korteks prefrontal terutama di area orbitofrontal yang berkaitan dengan struktur inhibitory dan persepsi mengenai reward. Pada kajian ini juga mengungkapkan keterkaitan fungsi-fungsi otak yang memproses emosi dengan otak yang memproses perilaku sosial. Pemrosesan Otak Sosial berkaitan dengan perkembangan area Prefrontal dan korteks Temporal. Proses berkembangnya kognisi sosial dan Theory of Mind, merupakan bagian penting dalam menjelaskan dasar dari perkembangan sosial manusia. \nKata Kunci: Amygdala, Fondasi Neurosains, Perkembangan Sosial Emosi, Prefrontal Korteks, Sistem Limbik.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56643289,"asset_id":36703555,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6918629,"first_name":"Isman","last_name":"Rahmani","domain_name":"ugm","page_name":"IsmanRahmani","display_name":"Isman Rahmani","profile_url":"https://ugm.academia.edu/IsmanRahmani?f_ri=1084","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":248,"name":"Social Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Psychology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":252,"name":"Developmental Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Psychology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":1084,"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology?f_ri=1084"},{"id":9456,"name":"Emotions (Social Psychology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emotions_Social_Psychology_?f_ri=1084"},{"id":21548,"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Neuroscience?f_ri=1084"},{"id":98899,"name":"Psikologi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psikologi?f_ri=1084"},{"id":346151,"name":"Psikologi Perkembangan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psikologi_Perkembangan?f_ri=1084"},{"id":499139,"name":"Psikologi Pendidikan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psikologi_Pendidikan?f_ri=1084"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35998742 coauthored" data-work_id="35998742" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35998742/THE_NEUROBIOLOGICAL_ASPECTS_OF_EXPOSURE_TO_CHILDHOOD_MALTREATMENT">THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF EXPOSURE TO CHILDHOOD MALTREATMENT</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Childhood maltreatment is the most frequent form of trauma during early childhood, which may cause numerous difficulties, both in childhood and in adulthood. This chapter gives an overview of research so far into the effect of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35998742" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Childhood maltreatment is the most frequent form of trauma during early childhood, which may cause numerous difficulties, both in childhood and in adulthood. This chapter gives an overview of research so far into the effect of maltreatment in childhood on structural and functional changes to various parts of the nervous system. In people exposed to maltreatment in childhood numerous neurobiological changes have been found, primarily in the neuroendocrine systems activated by stress, which include the function of the autonomous nervous system, and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. The consequences of The exclusive license for this PDF is limited to personal website use only. 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This chapter gives an overview of research so far into the effect of maltreatment in childhood on structural and functional changes to various parts of the nervous system. In people exposed to maltreatment in childhood numerous neurobiological changes have been found, primarily in the neuroendocrine systems activated by stress, which include the function of the autonomous nervous system, and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. The consequences of The exclusive license for this PDF is limited to personal website use only. No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted commercially in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/9530466/_Special_Section_paper_3_Unseen_wounds_The_contribution_of_psychological_maltreatment_to_child_and_adolescent_mental_health_and_risk_outcomes_in_a_national_sample">(Special Section paper #3): Unseen wounds: The contribution of psychological maltreatment to child and adolescent mental health and risk outcomes in a national sample.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Full citation: Spinazzola, J., Hodgdon, H., Liang, L.J., Ford, J.D., Layne, C.M., Pynoos, R.S., Stolbach, B., & Kisiel, C. (2014). Unseen wounds: The contribution of psychological maltreatment to child and adolescent mental health and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9530466" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Full citation: <br /> <br />Spinazzola, J., Hodgdon, H., Liang, L.J., Ford, J.D., Layne, C.M., Pynoos, R.S., Stolbach, B., & Kisiel, C. (2014). Unseen wounds: The contribution of psychological maltreatment to child and adolescent mental health and risk outcomes in a national sample. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6(Suppl 1), 2014, S18-S28. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0037766" rel="nofollow">http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0037766</a> <br /> <br />Abstract: <br /> <br />For this study, we evaluated the independent and additive predictive effects of psychological maltreatment on an array of behavioral problems, symptoms, and disorders in a large national sample of clinic-referred children and adolescents drawn from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network Core Data Set (CDS; see Layne, Briggs-King, & Courtois, 2014). We analyzed a subsample of 5,616 youth with lifetime histories of 1 or more of 3 forms of maltreatment: psychological maltreatment (emotional abuse or emotional neglect), physical abuse, and sexual abuse. Measures included the University of California, Los Angeles Posttraumatic Stress Disorder–Reaction Index (Steinberg et al., 2004), Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2004), and 27 diagnostic and CDS-specific clinical severity indicators. Psychologically maltreated youth exhibited equivalent or greater baseline levels of behavioral problems, symptoms, and disorders compared with physically or sexually abused youth on most indicators. The co-occurrence of psychological maltreatment with physical or sexual abuse was linked to the exacerbation of most outcomes. We found that the clinical profiles of psychologically maltreated youth overlapped with, yet were distinct from, those of physically and/or sexually abused youth. Despite its high prevalence in the CDS, psychological maltreatment was rarely the focus of intervention for youth in this large national sample. We discuss implications for child mental health policy; educational outreach to providers, youth, and families; and the development or adaptation of evidence-based interventions that target the effects of this widespread, harmful, yet often overlooked form of maltreatment. <br /> <br />Keywords: psychological maltreatment, emotional abuse and emotional neglect, physical and sexual abuse, clinical profiles of maltreated youth, complex trauma</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9530466" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="128e20da1b8b0b838713ecca405b1e16" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35753748,"asset_id":9530466,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35753748/download_file?st=MTczMjM3MjgzNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="92453" href="https://nova.academia.edu/ChristopherMLayne">Christopher M. 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Layne","profile_url":"https://nova.academia.edu/ChristopherMLayne?f_ri=1084","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/92453/8342060/9329317/s65_christopher_m..layne.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9530466 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9530466"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9530466, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9530466", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_9530466 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9530466; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_9530466"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_9530466 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9530466"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9530466; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9530466]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9530466").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9530466").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9530466"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">25</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="252" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Psychology">Developmental Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="252" type="text/json">{"id":252,"name":"Developmental Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Psychology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1084" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology">Developmental Neurobiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1084" type="text/json">{"id":1084,"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1438" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Psychopathology">Developmental Psychopathology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1438" type="text/json">{"id":1438,"name":"Developmental Psychopathology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Psychopathology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2566" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_abuse_and_neglect">Child abuse and neglect</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2566" type="text/json">{"id":2566,"name":"Child abuse and neglect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_abuse_and_neglect?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9530466]'), work: {"id":9530466,"title":"(Special Section paper #3): Unseen wounds: The contribution of psychological maltreatment to child and adolescent mental health and risk outcomes in a national sample.","created_at":"2014-11-27T14:14:10.669-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9530466/_Special_Section_paper_3_Unseen_wounds_The_contribution_of_psychological_maltreatment_to_child_and_adolescent_mental_health_and_risk_outcomes_in_a_national_sample?f_ri=1084","dom_id":"work_9530466","summary":"Full citation: \r\n\r\nSpinazzola, J., Hodgdon, H., Liang, L.J., Ford, J.D., Layne, C.M., Pynoos, R.S., Stolbach, B., \u0026 Kisiel, C. (2014). Unseen wounds: The contribution of psychological maltreatment to child and adolescent mental health and risk outcomes in a national sample. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6(Suppl 1), 2014, S18-S28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0037766\r\n\r\nAbstract: \r\n\r\nFor this study, we evaluated the independent and additive predictive effects of psychological maltreatment on an array of behavioral problems, symptoms, and disorders in a large national sample of clinic-referred children and adolescents drawn from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network Core Data Set (CDS; see Layne, Briggs-King, \u0026 Courtois, 2014). We analyzed a subsample of 5,616 youth with lifetime histories of 1 or more of 3 forms of maltreatment: psychological maltreatment (emotional abuse or emotional neglect), physical abuse, and sexual abuse. Measures included the University of California, Los Angeles Posttraumatic Stress Disorder–Reaction Index (Steinberg et al., 2004), Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach \u0026 Rescorla, 2004), and 27 diagnostic and CDS-specific clinical severity indicators. Psychologically maltreated youth exhibited equivalent or greater baseline levels of behavioral problems, symptoms, and disorders compared with physically or sexually abused youth on most indicators. The co-occurrence of psychological maltreatment with physical or sexual abuse was linked to the exacerbation of most outcomes. We found that the clinical profiles of psychologically maltreated youth overlapped with, yet were distinct from, those of physically and/or sexually abused youth. Despite its high prevalence in the CDS, psychological maltreatment was rarely the focus of intervention for youth in this large national sample. We discuss implications for child mental health policy; educational outreach to providers, youth, and families; and the development or adaptation of evidence-based interventions that target the effects of this widespread, harmful, yet often overlooked form of maltreatment.\r\n\r\nKeywords: psychological maltreatment, emotional abuse and emotional neglect, physical and sexual abuse, clinical profiles of maltreated youth, complex trauma","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35753748,"asset_id":9530466,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":92453,"first_name":"Christopher M.","last_name":"Layne","domain_name":"nova","page_name":"ChristopherMLayne","display_name":"Christopher M. 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u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8499566/Education_for_the_21st_Century_a_neuropsychological_perspective_Part_2_Piaget_s_Genetic_Epistemology_Revisited_and_Incorporating_Dual_Cognitive_Systems_Executive_Processes_and_Post_Formal_Thinking">Education for the 21st. Century - a neuropsychological perspective (Part 2): Piaget’s Genetic Epistemology Revisited, and Incorporating Dual Cognitive Systems, Executive Processes, and Post Formal Thinking.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Using a dual neurocognitive systems framework, Piaget’s ideas are elaborated to allow for executive processes and post formal thinking. Developing imagination, emotional expression, and creativity through the ‘arts’ should not be seen as... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8499566" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Using a dual neurocognitive systems framework, Piaget’s ideas are elaborated to allow for executive processes and post formal thinking. 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Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuronal_Plasticity?f_ri=1084"},{"id":186234,"name":"Medical Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Physiology?f_ri=1084"},{"id":193974,"name":"Neurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurons?f_ri=1084"},{"id":246560,"name":"High Pressure Liquid Chromatography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Pressure_Liquid_Chromatography?f_ri=1084"},{"id":546419,"name":"Age Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Age_Factors?f_ri=1084"},{"id":782251,"name":"Cell Proliferation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Proliferation?f_ri=1084"},{"id":1194096,"name":"Olfactory Pathways","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Olfactory_Pathways?f_ri=1084"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=1084"},{"id":1287048,"name":"Interneurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interneurons?f_ri=1084"},{"id":1877951,"name":"Cell Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Size?f_ri=1084"},{"id":2796077,"name":"Cell count","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_count?f_ri=1084"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34024692" data-work_id="34024692" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34024692/Expression_patterns_of_Ephs_and_ephrins_throughout_retinotectal_development_in_Xenopus_laevis">Expression patterns of Ephs and ephrins throughout retinotectal development in Xenopus laevis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34024692" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ec1e9bfbf452a62278329d5ecad2b7ed" rel="nofollow" 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window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34024692"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34024692 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34024692"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34024692; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34024692]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34024692").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34024692").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34024692"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1084" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology">Developmental Neurobiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1084" type="text/json">{"id":1084,"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3777" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurogenesis">Neurogenesis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3777" type="text/json">{"id":3777,"name":"Neurogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurogenesis?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27567" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/LiDAR_for_topographic_mapping">LiDAR for topographic mapping</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="27567" type="text/json">{"id":27567,"name":"LiDAR for topographic mapping","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/LiDAR_for_topographic_mapping?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34024692]'), work: {"id":34024692,"title":"Expression patterns of Ephs and ephrins throughout retinotectal development in Xenopus laevis","created_at":"2017-07-24T19:04:36.984-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34024692/Expression_patterns_of_Ephs_and_ephrins_throughout_retinotectal_development_in_Xenopus_laevis?f_ri=1084","dom_id":"work_34024692","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53967007,"asset_id":34024692,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38842861,"first_name":"Edward","last_name":"Ruthazer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ERuthazer","display_name":"Edward Ruthazer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ERuthazer?f_ri=1084","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":1084,"name":"Developmental 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laevis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Xenopus_laevis?f_ri=1084"},{"id":602569,"name":"Ephrins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ephrins?f_ri=1084"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=1084"},{"id":1810445,"name":"Gene expression profiling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression_profiling?f_ri=1084"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_21974143" data-work_id="21974143" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21974143/Making_a_Neural_Tube_Neural_Induction_and_Neurulation">Making a Neural Tube: Neural Induction and Neurulation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/21974143" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="360776a8a2a3cf321cbcf6540d0bf458" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42688148,"asset_id":21974143,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42688148/download_file?st=MTczMjM3MjgzNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology">Developmental Neurobiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1084" type="text/json">{"id":1084,"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="35637" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Mechanics">Molecular Mechanics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="35637" type="text/json">{"id":35637,"name":"Molecular Mechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Mechanics?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="147195" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_Nervous_System">Central Nervous System</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="147195" type="text/json">{"id":147195,"name":"Central Nervous System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_Nervous_System?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1027717" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Embryos">Embryos</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1027717" type="text/json">{"id":1027717,"name":"Embryos","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Embryos?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=21974143]'), work: {"id":21974143,"title":"Making a Neural Tube: Neural Induction and Neurulation","created_at":"2016-02-14T21:22:34.353-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/21974143/Making_a_Neural_Tube_Neural_Induction_and_Neurulation?f_ri=1084","dom_id":"work_21974143","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42688148,"asset_id":21974143,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":43232443,"first_name":"Raj","last_name":"Ladher","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RajLadher","display_name":"Raj Ladher","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RajLadher?f_ri=1084","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1084,"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":35637,"name":"Molecular Mechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Mechanics?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":147195,"name":"Central Nervous System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_Nervous_System?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":1027717,"name":"Embryos","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Embryos?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_75107561" data-work_id="75107561" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/75107561/Disruption_of_behavior_and_brain_metabolism_in_artificially_reared_rats">Disruption of behavior and brain metabolism in artificially reared rats</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Early adverse life-stress has been associated to behavioral disorders that can manifest as inappropriate or aggressive responses to social challenges. In this study, we analyzed the effects of artificial rearing on the open field and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_75107561" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Early adverse life-stress has been associated to behavioral disorders that can manifest as inappropriate or aggressive responses to social challenges. In this study, we analyzed the effects of artificial rearing on the open field and burial behavioral tests and on GFAP, c-Fos immunoreactivity and glucose metabolism measured in anxiety related brain areas. Artificial rearing of male rats was performed by supplying artificial milk through a cheek cannula and tactile stimulation, mimicking the mother&#39;s licking to rat pups from the 4(th) postnatal day until weaning. Tactile stimulation was applied twice a day, at morning and at night, by means of a camel brush on the rat anogenital area. As compared to mother reared rats, greater aggressiveness and boldness, stereotyped behavior (burial conduct) was observed in artificially reared rats which occurred in parallel to a reduction of GFAP immunoreactivity in somatosensory cortex, c-Fos immunoreactivity at the amygdala and primary somato...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/75107561" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="141834604" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CesarGabrielToriz">Cesar Gabriel Toriz</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="141834604" type="text/json">{"id":141834604,"first_name":"Cesar Gabriel","last_name":"Toriz","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CesarGabrielToriz","display_name":"Cesar Gabriel Toriz","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CesarGabrielToriz?f_ri=1084","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/141834604/79561010/68127976/s65_cesar_gabriel.toriz.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_75107561 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="75107561"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 75107561, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_75107561", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=75107561]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_75107561").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_75107561").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="75107561"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1084" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology">Developmental Neurobiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1084" type="text/json">{"id":1084,"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=75107561]'), work: {"id":75107561,"title":"Disruption of behavior and brain metabolism in artificially reared rats","created_at":"2022-03-31T17:00:51.798-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/75107561/Disruption_of_behavior_and_brain_metabolism_in_artificially_reared_rats?f_ri=1084","dom_id":"work_75107561","summary":"Early adverse life-stress has been associated to behavioral disorders that can manifest as inappropriate or aggressive responses to social challenges. In this study, we analyzed the effects of artificial rearing on the open field and burial behavioral tests and on GFAP, c-Fos immunoreactivity and glucose metabolism measured in anxiety related brain areas. Artificial rearing of male rats was performed by supplying artificial milk through a cheek cannula and tactile stimulation, mimicking the mother\u0026#39;s licking to rat pups from the 4(th) postnatal day until weaning. Tactile stimulation was applied twice a day, at morning and at night, by means of a camel brush on the rat anogenital area. As compared to mother reared rats, greater aggressiveness and boldness, stereotyped behavior (burial conduct) was observed in artificially reared rats which occurred in parallel to a reduction of GFAP immunoreactivity in somatosensory cortex, c-Fos immunoreactivity at the amygdala and primary somato...","downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":141834604,"first_name":"Cesar Gabriel","last_name":"Toriz","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CesarGabrielToriz","display_name":"Cesar Gabriel Toriz","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CesarGabrielToriz?f_ri=1084","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/141834604/79561010/68127976/s65_cesar_gabriel.toriz.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":1084,"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=1084"},{"id":86150,"name":"Touch","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Touch?f_ri=1084"},{"id":98925,"name":"Female","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Female?f_ri=1084"},{"id":99234,"name":"Animals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animals?f_ri=1084"},{"id":111545,"name":"Male","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Male?f_ri=1084"},{"id":137551,"name":"Social Isolation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Isolation?f_ri=1084"},{"id":171144,"name":"Mental Disorders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Disorders?f_ri=1084"},{"id":186234,"name":"Medical Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Physiology?f_ri=1084"},{"id":193974,"name":"Neurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurons?f_ri=1084"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=1084"},{"id":485569,"name":"Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glial_Fibrillary_Acidic_Protein?f_ri=1084"},{"id":546419,"name":"Age Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Age_Factors?f_ri=1084"},{"id":564879,"name":"Wistar Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wistar_Rats?f_ri=1084"},{"id":768867,"name":"Exploratory Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exploratory_Behavior?f_ri=1084"},{"id":1201074,"name":"Psychological Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychological_Stress?f_ri=1084"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=1084"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_62164539" data-work_id="62164539" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62164539/Comparison_between_supervised_and_unsupervised_classifications_of_neuronal_cell_types_a_case_study">Comparison between supervised and unsupervised classifications of neuronal cell types: a case study</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a 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data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="428" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithms">Algorithms</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="428" type="text/json">{"id":428,"name":"Algorithms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithms?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1084" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology">Developmental Neurobiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1084" type="text/json">{"id":1084,"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="78467" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cerebral_Cortex">Cerebral Cortex</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="78467" type="text/json">{"id":78467,"name":"Cerebral Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cerebral_Cortex?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=62164539]'), work: {"id":62164539,"title":"Comparison between supervised and unsupervised classifications of neuronal cell types: a case study","created_at":"2021-11-22T02:28:03.621-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/62164539/Comparison_between_supervised_and_unsupervised_classifications_of_neuronal_cell_types_a_case_study?f_ri=1084","dom_id":"work_62164539","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":75001228,"asset_id":62164539,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33605072,"first_name":"Concha","last_name":"Bielza","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ConchaBielza","display_name":"Concha Bielza","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ConchaBielza?f_ri=1084","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":428,"name":"Algorithms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithms?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":1084,"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":78467,"name":"Cerebral Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cerebral_Cortex?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=1084"},{"id":84990,"name":"Clustering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clustering?f_ri=1084"},{"id":99234,"name":"Animals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animals?f_ri=1084"},{"id":106145,"name":"Classification","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Classification?f_ri=1084"},{"id":186234,"name":"Medical Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Physiology?f_ri=1084"},{"id":317179,"name":"Image Cytometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Image_Cytometry?f_ri=1084"},{"id":499747,"name":"Cell Shape","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Shape?f_ri=1084"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=1084"},{"id":1287048,"name":"Interneurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interneurons?f_ri=1084"},{"id":2623902,"name":"pyramidal cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/pyramidal_cells?f_ri=1084"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6297785" data-work_id="6297785" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6297785/Anatomy_and_development_of_the_nervous_system_of_Nematostella_vectensis_an_anthozoan_cnidarian">Anatomy and development of the nervous system of Nematostella vectensis , an anthozoan cnidarian</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6297785" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f3e8452a46c638c4f187b53468f06eab" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33140392,"asset_id":6297785,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" 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type="text/json">{"id":3642,"name":"Stem Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stem_Cells?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12071" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunohistochemistry">Immunohistochemistry</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12071" type="text/json">{"id":12071,"name":"Immunohistochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunohistochemistry?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6297785]'), work: {"id":6297785,"title":"Anatomy and development of the nervous system of Nematostella vectensis , an anthozoan 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Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6791" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging">Aging</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6791" type="text/json">{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24731" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="24731" type="text/json">{"id":24731,"name":"Apoptosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apoptosis?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=669634]'), work: {"id":669634,"title":"Development of otolith receptors in Japanese 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Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1084" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology">Developmental Neurobiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1084" type="text/json">{"id":1084,"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2007" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrophysiology">Electrophysiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2007" type="text/json">{"id":2007,"name":"Electrophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrophysiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3777" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurogenesis">Neurogenesis</a><script 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Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":2007,"name":"Electrophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrophysiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":3777,"name":"Neurogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurogenesis?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":9658,"name":"Locomotion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Locomotion?f_ri=1084"},{"id":82660,"name":"Sensation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sensation?f_ri=1084"},{"id":99234,"name":"Animals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animals?f_ri=1084"},{"id":99421,"name":"Spinal Cord","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spinal_Cord?f_ri=1084"},{"id":132020,"name":"Neuronal Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuronal_Plasticity?f_ri=1084"},{"id":186234,"name":"Medical Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Physiology?f_ri=1084"},{"id":264241,"name":"VESTIBULAR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/VESTIBULAR?f_ri=1084"},{"id":477264,"name":"Xenopus laevis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Xenopus_laevis?f_ri=1084"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=1084"},{"id":2426000,"name":"Brain stem","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_stem?f_ri=1084"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1529606" data-work_id="1529606" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1529606/Ultrastructural_analysis_of_chemical_synapses_and_gap_junctions_betweenDrosophila_brain_neurons_in_culture">Ultrastructural analysis of chemical synapses and gap junctions betweenDrosophila brain neurons in culture</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Dissociated cultures from many species have been important tools for exploring factors that regulate structure and function of central neuronal synapses. We have previously shown that cells harvested from brains of late stage Drosophila... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1529606" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Dissociated cultures from many species have been important tools for exploring factors that regulate structure and function of central neuronal synapses. We have previously shown that cells harvested from brains of late stage Drosophila pupae can regenerate their processes in vitro. Electrophysiological recordings demonstrate the formation of functional synaptic connections as early as 3 days in vitro (DIV), but no information about synapse structure is available. Here, we report that antibodies against pre-synaptic proteins Synapsin and Bruchpilot result in punctate staining of regenerating neurites. Puncta density increases as neuritic plexuses develop over the first 4 DIV. Electron microscopy reveals that closely apposed neurites can form chemical synapses with both pre- and postsynaptic specializations characteristic of many inter-neuronal synapses in the adult brain. Chemical synapses in culture are restricted to neuritic processes and some neurite pairs form reciprocal synapses. GABAergic synapses have a significantly higher percentage of clear core versus granular vesicles than non-GABA synapses. Gap junction profiles, some adjacent to chemical synapses, suggest that neurons in culture can form purely electrical as well as mixed synapses, as they do in the brain. However, unlike adult brain, gap junctions in culture form between neuronal somata as well as neurites, suggesting soma ensheathing glia, largely absent in culture, regulate gap junction location in vivo. Thus pupal brain cultures, which support formation of interneuronal synapses with structural features similar to synapses in adult brain, are a useful model system for identifying intrinsic and extrinsic regulators of central synapse structure as well as function. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2008</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1529606" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2139f57b2a7a1e8fe582fa891892a732" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":12623583,"asset_id":1529606,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/12623583/download_file?st=MTczMjM3MjgzNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1640467" href="https://uc-cl.academia.edu/JorgeCampusano">Jorge Campusano</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1640467" type="text/json">{"id":1640467,"first_name":"Jorge","last_name":"Campusano","domain_name":"uc-cl","page_name":"JorgeCampusano","display_name":"Jorge Campusano","profile_url":"https://uc-cl.academia.edu/JorgeCampusano?f_ri=1084","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1640467/4200909/36917596/s65_jorge.campusano.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1529606 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1529606"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1529606, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1529606", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1529606]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1529606").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1529606").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1529606"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">27</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1084" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology">Developmental Neurobiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1084" type="text/json">{"id":1084,"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2184" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electron_Microscopy">Electron Microscopy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2184" type="text/json">{"id":2184,"name":"Electron Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electron_Microscopy?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3091" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microscopy">Microscopy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3091" type="text/json">{"id":3091,"name":"Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microscopy?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1529606]'), work: {"id":1529606,"title":"Ultrastructural analysis of chemical synapses and gap junctions betweenDrosophila brain neurons in culture","created_at":"2012-04-30T02:57:39.162-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1529606/Ultrastructural_analysis_of_chemical_synapses_and_gap_junctions_betweenDrosophila_brain_neurons_in_culture?f_ri=1084","dom_id":"work_1529606","summary":"Dissociated cultures from many species have been important tools for exploring factors that regulate structure and function of central neuronal synapses. We have previously shown that cells harvested from brains of late stage Drosophila pupae can regenerate their processes in vitro. Electrophysiological recordings demonstrate the formation of functional synaptic connections as early as 3 days in vitro (DIV), but no information about synapse structure is available. Here, we report that antibodies against pre-synaptic proteins Synapsin and Bruchpilot result in punctate staining of regenerating neurites. Puncta density increases as neuritic plexuses develop over the first 4 DIV. Electron microscopy reveals that closely apposed neurites can form chemical synapses with both pre- and postsynaptic specializations characteristic of many inter-neuronal synapses in the adult brain. Chemical synapses in culture are restricted to neuritic processes and some neurite pairs form reciprocal synapses. GABAergic synapses have a significantly higher percentage of clear core versus granular vesicles than non-GABA synapses. Gap junction profiles, some adjacent to chemical synapses, suggest that neurons in culture can form purely electrical as well as mixed synapses, as they do in the brain. However, unlike adult brain, gap junctions in culture form between neuronal somata as well as neurites, suggesting soma ensheathing glia, largely absent in culture, regulate gap junction location in vivo. Thus pupal brain cultures, which support formation of interneuronal synapses with structural features similar to synapses in adult brain, are a useful model system for identifying intrinsic and extrinsic regulators of central synapse structure as well as function. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2008","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":12623583,"asset_id":1529606,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1640467,"first_name":"Jorge","last_name":"Campusano","domain_name":"uc-cl","page_name":"JorgeCampusano","display_name":"Jorge Campusano","profile_url":"https://uc-cl.academia.edu/JorgeCampusano?f_ri=1084","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1640467/4200909/36917596/s65_jorge.campusano.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":1084,"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":2184,"name":"Electron Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electron_Microscopy?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":3091,"name":"Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microscopy?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":3770,"name":"Metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolism?f_ri=1084"},{"id":5462,"name":"Gap Junctions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gap_Junctions?f_ri=1084"},{"id":12071,"name":"Immunohistochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunohistochemistry?f_ri=1084"},{"id":22272,"name":"Neurophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurophysiology?f_ri=1084"},{"id":51670,"name":"Drosophila","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drosophila?f_ri=1084"},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=1084"},{"id":62693,"name":"Synapse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synapse?f_ri=1084"},{"id":99234,"name":"Animals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animals?f_ri=1084"},{"id":118104,"name":"Electron","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electron?f_ri=1084"},{"id":186234,"name":"Medical Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Physiology?f_ri=1084"},{"id":193974,"name":"Neurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurons?f_ri=1084"},{"id":207168,"name":"Synapsin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synapsin?f_ri=1084"},{"id":212476,"name":"Ultrastructure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ultrastructure?f_ri=1084"},{"id":229238,"name":"Developmental","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental?f_ri=1084"},{"id":243672,"name":"Nerve Regeneration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nerve_Regeneration?f_ri=1084"},{"id":290569,"name":"Cultured meat","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultured_meat?f_ri=1084"},{"id":323164,"name":"Genetically Modified","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetically_Modified?f_ri=1084"},{"id":357811,"name":"Antibody","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antibody?f_ri=1084"},{"id":391203,"name":"Neurite","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurite?f_ri=1084"},{"id":418263,"name":"SYNAPSES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SYNAPSES?f_ri=1084"},{"id":628485,"name":"Cholinergic Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cholinergic_Systems?f_ri=1084"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=1084"},{"id":1770566,"name":"Cell ultrastructure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_ultrastructure?f_ri=1084"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29421264" data-work_id="29421264" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29421264/Stratton_2016_Fetal_Stress_and_Neurogenesis_pdf">Stratton 2016 Fetal Stress and Neurogenesis.pdf</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Abstract: Fetal Stress and Fitness in Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis Kalera Stratton Portland State University Little is currently known about normal brain development and the growth of new... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_29421264" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Abstract: <br />Fetal Stress and Fitness in Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis<br />Kalera Stratton<br />Portland State University<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />        Little is currently known about normal brain development and the growth of new nerve cells, known as neurogenesis, in most species, let alone how exposure to prenatal stress affects these processes. Using red-sided garter snakes as our animal model, we have a unique opportunity to study the impact of exposure to elevated maternal glucocorticoids, commonly known as “stress hormones”, on brain development.  This species is viviparous, with a proto-placental structure through which developing fetuses receive nutrients from the dam. Adult snakes also exhibit high rates of seasonal changes in neurogenesis. We captured mated female snakes and treated one-third of them with subcutaneous glucocorticoid hormone implants, one-third with subcutaneous metyrapone, a glucocorticoid synthesis inhibitor, and one-third with a subcutaneous blank control capsule. At ~14 weeks following birth, we injected the neonates with BrdU, a thymidine analog that is incorporated into the DNA of newly-formed cells. We euthanized the neonates at ~15 weeks of age. Immunohistochemistry for BrdU was followed by manually counting the number of stained neurons and statistical analyses to determine differences in neurogenesis between groups. The metyrapone-treated group had significantly reduced brain cell proliferation compared to the control group (P=0.024). While the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.098), the corticosterone group also had reduced brain cell proliferation compared to the control group. These findings suggest that animals whose glucocorticoid levels are disrupted by environmental factors (i.e. heavy predation threat or compromised habitat) produce offspring with compromised brain development.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29421264" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d1af839b111b69a35402c1a02c9fe854" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49864649,"asset_id":29421264,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49864649/download_file?st=MTczMjM3MjgzNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="45547119" href="https://ohsu.academia.edu/KaleraStratton">Kalera Stratton</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="45547119" type="text/json">{"id":45547119,"first_name":"Kalera","last_name":"Stratton","domain_name":"ohsu","page_name":"KaleraStratton","display_name":"Kalera Stratton","profile_url":"https://ohsu.academia.edu/KaleraStratton?f_ri=1084","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/45547119/12077255/21488927/s65_kalera.stratton.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29421264 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29421264"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29421264, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29421264", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29421264]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_29421264").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_29421264").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="29421264"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="154" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endocrinology">Endocrinology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="154" type="text/json">{"id":154,"name":"Endocrinology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endocrinology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="161" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="161" type="text/json">{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1083" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Biology">Developmental Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1083" type="text/json">{"id":1083,"name":"Developmental Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Biology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1084" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology">Developmental Neurobiology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1084" type="text/json">{"id":1084,"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=29421264]'), work: {"id":29421264,"title":"Stratton 2016 Fetal Stress and Neurogenesis.pdf","created_at":"2016-10-25T13:30:57.833-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/29421264/Stratton_2016_Fetal_Stress_and_Neurogenesis_pdf?f_ri=1084","dom_id":"work_29421264","summary":"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAbstract: \nFetal Stress and Fitness in Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis\nKalera Stratton\nPortland State University\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \tLittle is currently known about normal brain development and the growth of new nerve cells, known as neurogenesis, in most species, let alone how exposure to prenatal stress affects these processes. Using red-sided garter snakes as our animal model, we have a unique opportunity to study the impact of exposure to elevated maternal glucocorticoids, commonly known as “stress hormones”, on brain development. This species is viviparous, with a proto-placental structure through which developing fetuses receive nutrients from the dam. Adult snakes also exhibit high rates of seasonal changes in neurogenesis. We captured mated female snakes and treated one-third of them with subcutaneous glucocorticoid hormone implants, one-third with subcutaneous metyrapone, a glucocorticoid synthesis inhibitor, and one-third with a subcutaneous blank control capsule. At ~14 weeks following birth, we injected the neonates with BrdU, a thymidine analog that is incorporated into the DNA of newly-formed cells. We euthanized the neonates at ~15 weeks of age. Immunohistochemistry for BrdU was followed by manually counting the number of stained neurons and statistical analyses to determine differences in neurogenesis between groups. The metyrapone-treated group had significantly reduced brain cell proliferation compared to the control group (P=0.024). While the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.098), the corticosterone group also had reduced brain cell proliferation compared to the control group. These findings suggest that animals whose glucocorticoid levels are disrupted by environmental factors (i.e. heavy predation threat or compromised habitat) produce offspring with compromised brain development. \n\n\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49864649,"asset_id":29421264,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":45547119,"first_name":"Kalera","last_name":"Stratton","domain_name":"ohsu","page_name":"KaleraStratton","display_name":"Kalera Stratton","profile_url":"https://ohsu.academia.edu/KaleraStratton?f_ri=1084","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/45547119/12077255/21488927/s65_kalera.stratton.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":154,"name":"Endocrinology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endocrinology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":1083,"name":"Developmental Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Biology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":1084,"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":7000,"name":"Neuroendocrinology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroendocrinology?f_ri=1084"},{"id":14277,"name":"Brain and Cognitive Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_and_Cognitive_Development?f_ri=1084"},{"id":1293308,"name":"Glucocorticoids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glucocorticoids?f_ri=1084"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7580063" data-work_id="7580063" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7580063/Hox_genes_and_the_regulation_of_movement_in_Drosophila">Hox genes and the regulation of movement in Drosophila</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Many animals show regionally specialized patterns of movement along the body axis. In vertebrates, spinal networks regulate locomotion, while the brainstem controls movements of respiration and feeding. Similarly, amongst invertebrates... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7580063" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Many animals show regionally specialized patterns of movement along the body axis. In vertebrates, spinal networks regulate locomotion, while the brainstem controls movements of respiration and feeding. Similarly, amongst invertebrates diversification of appendages along the body axis is tied to the performance of characteristically different movements such as those required for feeding, locomotion, and respiration. Such movements require locally specialized networks of nerves and muscles. Here we use the regionally differentiated movements of larval crawling in Drosophila to investigate how the formation of a locally specialized locomotor network is genetically determined. By loss and gain of function experiments we show that particular Hox gene functions are necessary and sufficient to dictate the formation of a neuromuscular network that orchestrates the movements of peristaltic locomotion. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2008</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7580063" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c64d9b81fb21727436a152f2d6738ac3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48414220,"asset_id":7580063,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48414220/download_file?st=MTczMjM3MjgzNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1010421" href="https://ncbs.academia.edu/KVijayRaghavan">K VijayRaghavan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1010421" type="text/json">{"id":1010421,"first_name":"K","last_name":"VijayRaghavan","domain_name":"ncbs","page_name":"KVijayRaghavan","display_name":"K VijayRaghavan","profile_url":"https://ncbs.academia.edu/KVijayRaghavan?f_ri=1084","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7580063 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7580063"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7580063, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7580063", }); 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In vertebrates, spinal networks regulate locomotion, while the brainstem controls movements of respiration and feeding. Similarly, amongst invertebrates diversification of appendages along the body axis is tied to the performance of characteristically different movements such as those required for feeding, locomotion, and respiration. Such movements require locally specialized networks of nerves and muscles. Here we use the regionally differentiated movements of larval crawling in Drosophila to investigate how the formation of a locally specialized locomotor network is genetically determined. By loss and gain of function experiments we show that particular Hox gene functions are necessary and sufficient to dictate the formation of a neuromuscular network that orchestrates the movements of peristaltic locomotion. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2008","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48414220,"asset_id":7580063,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1010421,"first_name":"K","last_name":"VijayRaghavan","domain_name":"ncbs","page_name":"KVijayRaghavan","display_name":"K VijayRaghavan","profile_url":"https://ncbs.academia.edu/KVijayRaghavan?f_ri=1084","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":1084,"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":2749,"name":"Animal 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})();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_27868165" data-work_id="27868165" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27868165/A_possible_relation_between_new_neuronal_recruitment_and_migratory_behavior_in_Acrocephalus_warblers">A possible relation between new neuronal recruitment and migratory behavior in Acrocephalus warblers</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Evidence suggests a possible correlation between learning abilities of adults and new neuronal recruitment into their brains. The hypothesis is that this brain plasticity enables animals to adapt to environmental changes. We examined... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_27868165" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Evidence suggests a possible correlation between learning abilities of adults and new neuronal recruitment into their brains. The hypothesis is that this brain plasticity enables animals to adapt to environmental changes. We examined whether there are differences in neuronal recruitment between resident and migrant birds. We predicted that migrants, which are more exposed to spatial changes than residents, will recruit more new neurons. To test this, we compared neuronal recruitment in two closely related bird species - the migrant reed warbler (Acrocephalus scirpaceus), and the resident Clamorous warbler (A. Stentoreus) - during spring, summer, and autumn. Wild birds were caught, treated with BrdU and sacrificed five weeks later. New neurons were recorded in the Hippocampus and Nidopallium caudolateral. The results support our hypothesis, as more new neurons were found in the migrant species, in both brain regions and all seasons. 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The hypothesis is that this brain plasticity enables animals to adapt to environmental changes. We examined whether there are differences in neuronal recruitment between resident and migrant birds. We predicted that migrants, which are more exposed to spatial changes than residents, will recruit more new neurons. To test this, we compared neuronal recruitment in two closely related bird species - the migrant reed warbler (Acrocephalus scirpaceus), and the resident Clamorous warbler (A. Stentoreus) - during spring, summer, and autumn. Wild birds were caught, treated with BrdU and sacrificed five weeks later. New neurons were recorded in the Hippocampus and Nidopallium caudolateral. The results support our hypothesis, as more new neurons were found in the migrant species, in both brain regions and all seasons. We suggest that this phenomenon enables enhanced na...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48152099,"asset_id":27868165,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":52170215,"first_name":"Yoram","last_name":"Yom-Tov","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"YoramYomTov","display_name":"Yoram Yom-Tov","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/YoramYomTov?f_ri=1084","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":1084,"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":3777,"name":"Neurogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurogenesis?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":12071,"name":"Immunohistochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunohistochemistry?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":57556,"name":"Hippocampus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hippocampus?f_ri=1084"},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=1084"},{"id":98925,"name":"Female","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Female?f_ri=1084"},{"id":99234,"name":"Animals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animals?f_ri=1084"},{"id":111545,"name":"Male","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Male?f_ri=1084"},{"id":117886,"name":"Animal migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_migration?f_ri=1084"},{"id":151693,"name":"Songbirds","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Songbirds?f_ri=1084"},{"id":186234,"name":"Medical Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Physiology?f_ri=1084"},{"id":193974,"name":"Neurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurons?f_ri=1084"},{"id":649451,"name":"Seasons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seasons?f_ri=1084"},{"id":784076,"name":"Species Specificity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Species_Specificity?f_ri=1084"},{"id":956026,"name":"Somatic Cell Count","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Somatic_Cell_Count?f_ri=1084"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=1084"},{"id":1877951,"name":"Cell Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Size?f_ri=1084"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9591532" data-work_id="9591532" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9591532/Schore_A_N_and_Sieff_D_F_2015_On_the_same_wave_length_How_our_emotional_brain_is_shaped_by_human_relationships">Schore, A.N. & Sieff, D.F. (2015) On the same wave-length: How our emotional brain is shaped by human relationships</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Summary of Daniela Sieff's interview with psychotherapist and researcher, Allan Schore.  From 'Understanding and Healing Emotional Trauma: Conversations with Pioneering Clinicians and Researchers'</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9591532" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5e2082184616a86162c4953e9e1efe31" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35802156,"asset_id":9591532,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35802156/download_file?st=MTczMjM3MjgzNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1081924" href="https://independentscholar.academia.edu/DanielaSieff">Daniela Sieff</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1081924" type="text/json">{"id":1081924,"first_name":"Daniela","last_name":"Sieff","domain_name":"independentscholar","page_name":"DanielaSieff","display_name":"Daniela Sieff","profile_url":"https://independentscholar.academia.edu/DanielaSieff?f_ri=1084","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1081924/376169/4850530/s65_daniela.sieff.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9591532 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9591532"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9591532, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9591532", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_9591532 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9591532; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_9591532"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_9591532 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9591532"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9591532; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9591532]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9591532").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9591532").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9591532"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">26</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1084" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology">Developmental Neurobiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1084" type="text/json">{"id":1084,"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3279" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychotherapy_and_Counseling">Psychotherapy and Counseling</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3279" type="text/json">{"id":3279,"name":"Psychotherapy and Counseling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychotherapy_and_Counseling?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4583" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_Development">Child Development</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4583" type="text/json">{"id":4583,"name":"Child Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_Development?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7952" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emotional_Development">Emotional Development</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7952" type="text/json">{"id":7952,"name":"Emotional Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emotional_Development?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9591532]'), work: {"id":9591532,"title":"Schore, A.N. \u0026 Sieff, D.F. (2015) On the same wave-length: How our emotional brain is shaped by human relationships","created_at":"2014-12-02T04:52:13.068-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9591532/Schore_A_N_and_Sieff_D_F_2015_On_the_same_wave_length_How_our_emotional_brain_is_shaped_by_human_relationships?f_ri=1084","dom_id":"work_9591532","summary":"Summary of Daniela Sieff's interview with psychotherapist and researcher, Allan Schore. From 'Understanding and Healing Emotional Trauma: Conversations with Pioneering Clinicians and Researchers'","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35802156,"asset_id":9591532,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1081924,"first_name":"Daniela","last_name":"Sieff","domain_name":"independentscholar","page_name":"DanielaSieff","display_name":"Daniela Sieff","profile_url":"https://independentscholar.academia.edu/DanielaSieff?f_ri=1084","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1081924/376169/4850530/s65_daniela.sieff.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1084,"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":3279,"name":"Psychotherapy and Counseling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychotherapy_and_Counseling?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":4583,"name":"Child Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_Development?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":7952,"name":"Emotional Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emotional_Development?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":16834,"name":"Attachment Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Attachment_Theory?f_ri=1084"},{"id":19301,"name":"Psychodynamic Psychotherapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychodynamic_Psychotherapy?f_ri=1084"},{"id":29470,"name":"Infancy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infancy?f_ri=1084"},{"id":35959,"name":"Adult attachment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adult_attachment?f_ri=1084"},{"id":41737,"name":"Complex Ptsd","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Complex_Ptsd?f_ri=1084"},{"id":51757,"name":"Dissociation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dissociation?f_ri=1084"},{"id":64573,"name":"Facial expressions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Facial_expressions?f_ri=1084"},{"id":86150,"name":"Touch","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Touch?f_ri=1084"},{"id":119657,"name":"Interpersonal Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interpersonal_Neurobiology?f_ri=1084"},{"id":154383,"name":"Dissociation and trauma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dissociation_and_trauma?f_ri=1084"},{"id":169050,"name":"Developmental neuropsychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_neuropsychology?f_ri=1084"},{"id":174732,"name":"Residential Child Care, Therapeutic Communities, Child Mental Health, Education of Looked After Children, Trauma, Attachment and Resilience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Residential_Child_Care_Therapeutic_Communities_Child_Mental_Health_Education_of_Looked_After_Chil?f_ri=1084"},{"id":206203,"name":"Right Hemisphere Brain Damage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Right_Hemisphere_Brain_Damage?f_ri=1084"},{"id":216818,"name":"Early Childhood Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Childhood_Development?f_ri=1084"},{"id":221147,"name":"Mother-Child Attachment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mother-Child_Attachment?f_ri=1084"},{"id":232495,"name":"Marion Woodman","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marion_Woodman?f_ri=1084"},{"id":317899,"name":"Childhood trauma and adult psychopathology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Childhood_trauma_and_adult_psychopathology?f_ri=1084"},{"id":364840,"name":"Child psychotherapy, Early Childhood trauma, Child development Child Abuse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_psychotherapy_Early_Childhood_trauma_Child_development_Child_Abuse?f_ri=1084"},{"id":397638,"name":"Donald Kalsched","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Donald_Kalsched?f_ri=1084"},{"id":466449,"name":"Allan Schore","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Allan_Schore?f_ri=1084"},{"id":537426,"name":"Interpersonal Neurobiology, Neural Integration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interpersonal_Neurobiology_Neural_Integration?f_ri=1084"},{"id":2254230,"name":"Nonverbal Expressions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nonverbal_Expressions?f_ri=1084"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6643208" data-work_id="6643208" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6643208/A_fate_map_of_the_epiblast_of_the_early_chick_embryo">A fate map of the epiblast of the early chick embryo</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We have used carbocyanine dyes (DiI and DiO) to generate fate maps for the epiblast layer of the chick embryo between stage X and the early primitive streak stage (stages 2–3). The overall distribution of presumptive cell types in these... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6643208" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We have used carbocyanine dyes (DiI and DiO) to generate fate maps for the epiblast layer of the chick embryo between stage X and the early primitive streak stage (stages 2–3). The overall distribution of presumptive cell types in these maps is similar to that described for other laboratory species (zebrafish, frog, mouse). Our maps also reveal certain patterns of movement for these presumptive areas. Most areas converge towards the midline and then move anteriorly along it. Interestingly, however, some presumptive tissue types do not take part in these predominant movements, but behave in a different way, even if enclosed within an area that does undergo medial convergence and anterior movement. The apparently independent behaviour of certain cell populations suggests that at least some presumptive cell types within the epiblast are already specified at preprimitive streak stages.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6643208" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a35fd40c993af8f3feb7a54d3dced5f1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33378918,"asset_id":6643208,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33378918/download_file?st=MTczMjM3MjgzNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2305112" href="https://bham.academia.edu/YohkoHatada">Yohko Hatada</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2305112" type="text/json">{"id":2305112,"first_name":"Yohko","last_name":"Hatada","domain_name":"bham","page_name":"YohkoHatada","display_name":"Yohko Hatada","profile_url":"https://bham.academia.edu/YohkoHatada?f_ri=1084","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2305112/730323/906779/s65_yohko.hatada.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6643208 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6643208"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6643208, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6643208", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6643208]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6643208").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6643208").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6643208"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="155" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology">Evolutionary Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="155" type="text/json">{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1083" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Biology">Developmental Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1083" type="text/json">{"id":1083,"name":"Developmental Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Biology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1084" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology">Developmental Neurobiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1084" type="text/json">{"id":1084,"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3699" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stem_cell_and_Regenerative_medicine">Stem cell and Regenerative medicine</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3699" type="text/json">{"id":3699,"name":"Stem cell and Regenerative medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stem_cell_and_Regenerative_medicine?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6643208]'), work: {"id":6643208,"title":"A fate map of the epiblast of the early chick embryo","created_at":"2014-04-03T04:30:08.380-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6643208/A_fate_map_of_the_epiblast_of_the_early_chick_embryo?f_ri=1084","dom_id":"work_6643208","summary":"We have used carbocyanine dyes (DiI and DiO) to generate fate maps for the epiblast layer of the chick embryo between stage X and the early primitive streak stage (stages 2–3). The overall distribution of presumptive cell types in these maps is similar to that described for other laboratory species (zebrafish, frog, mouse). Our maps also reveal certain patterns of movement for these presumptive areas. Most areas converge towards the midline and then move anteriorly along it. Interestingly, however, some presumptive tissue types do not take part in these predominant movements, but behave in a different way, even if enclosed within an area that does undergo medial convergence and anterior movement. The apparently independent behaviour of certain cell populations suggests that at least some presumptive cell types within the epiblast are already specified at preprimitive streak stages.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33378918,"asset_id":6643208,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2305112,"first_name":"Yohko","last_name":"Hatada","domain_name":"bham","page_name":"YohkoHatada","display_name":"Yohko Hatada","profile_url":"https://bham.academia.edu/YohkoHatada?f_ri=1084","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2305112/730323/906779/s65_yohko.hatada.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":1083,"name":"Developmental Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Biology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":1084,"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":3699,"name":"Stem cell and Regenerative medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stem_cell_and_Regenerative_medicine?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":3940,"name":"Evolutionary Developmental Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Developmental_Biology?f_ri=1084"},{"id":4481,"name":"Evolutionary genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_genetics?f_ri=1084"},{"id":60436,"name":"Cell Differentiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Differentiation?f_ri=1084"},{"id":118047,"name":"Gastrulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gastrulation?f_ri=1084"},{"id":302902,"name":"Embryonic Development of Vertebrates","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Embryonic_Development_of_Vertebrates?f_ri=1084"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_49922939" data-work_id="49922939" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49922939/Nerves_and_Proliferation_of_Progenitor_Cells_in_Limb_Regeneration">Nerves and Proliferation of Progenitor Cells in Limb Regeneration</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49922939" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology">Developmental Neurobiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1084" type="text/json">{"id":1084,"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="186234" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Physiology">Medical Physiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="186234" type="text/json">{"id":186234,"name":"Medical Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Physiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1239755" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences">Neurosciences</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1239755" 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Stocum","profile_url":"https://iu-indianapolis.academia.edu/DavidStocum?f_ri=1084","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":1084,"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":186234,"name":"Medical Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Physiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15250880 coauthored" data-work_id="15250880" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif 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type="text/json">{"id":11298,"name":"Membrane Proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Membrane_Proteins?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23868" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_Disability">Intellectual Disability</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="23868" type="text/json">{"id":23868,"name":"Intellectual Disability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_Disability?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=15250880]'), work: {"id":15250880,"title":"Role of the maguk protein family in synapse formation and 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class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="39333585" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RossVanderwert">Ross Vanderwert</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39333585" type="text/json">{"id":39333585,"first_name":"Ross","last_name":"Vanderwert","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RossVanderwert","display_name":"Ross Vanderwert","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RossVanderwert?f_ri=1084","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-19139308">+3</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-19139308"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/AlissaWesterlund">Alissa Westerlund</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/LinaMontoya6">Lina Montoya</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/HelgaMiguel">Helga Miguel</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-19139308'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-19139308').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19139308 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19139308"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19139308, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19139308", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_19139308 InlineList-item 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data-has-card-for-ri="1084" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology">Developmental Neurobiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1084" type="text/json">{"id":1084,"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="186234" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Physiology">Medical Physiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="186234" type="text/json">{"id":186234,"name":"Medical Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Physiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1239755" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences">Neurosciences</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1239755" type="text/json">{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19139308]'), work: {"id":19139308,"title":"Looking to the eyes influences the processing of emotion on face-sensitive event-related potentials in 7-month-old infants","created_at":"2015-11-28T07:19:38.736-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/19139308/Looking_to_the_eyes_influences_the_processing_of_emotion_on_face_sensitive_event_related_potentials_in_7_month_old_infants?f_ri=1084","dom_id":"work_19139308","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40453089,"asset_id":19139308,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":39333585,"first_name":"Ross","last_name":"Vanderwert","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RossVanderwert","display_name":"Ross 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href="https://www.academia.edu/8080231/A_decrease_in_the_addition_of_new_cells_in_the_nucleus_accumbens_and_prefrontal_cortex_between_puberty_and_adulthood_in_male_rats">A decrease in the addition of new cells in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex between puberty and adulthood in male rats</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Adolescence involves shifts in social behaviors, behavioral flexibility, and adaptive risk-taking that coincide with structural remodeling of the brain. We previously showed that new cells are added to brain regions associated with sexual... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8080231" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Adolescence involves shifts in social behaviors, behavioral flexibility, and adaptive risk-taking that coincide with structural remodeling of the brain. We previously showed that new cells are added to brain regions associated with sexual behaviors, suggesting that cytogenesis may be a mechanism for acquiring adult-typical behaviors during adolescence. Whether pubertal cell addition occurs in brain regions associated with behavioral flexibility or motivation and whether these patterns differ between pubertal and adult animals had not been determined. Therefore, we assessed patterns of cell proliferation or survival in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Pubertal and adult male rats were given injections of bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdU). To assess cell proliferation, half of the animals from each group were sacrificed 24 h following the last injection. The remaining animals were sacrificed at Day 30 following the last injection to evaluate cell survival. Adult animals had significantly lower densities of BrdU-immunoreactive (ir) cells in the prefrontal cortex, irrespective of post-BrdU survival time, whereas in the nucleus accumbens, adult animals had a lower density of BrdU-ir cells at the short survival time; however, the density of BrdU-ir cells was equivalent in pubertal and adult animals at the longer survival time. These data provide evidence that cell addition during puberty may contribute to the remodeling of brain regions associated with behavioral flexibility and motivation, and this cell addition continues into adulthood, albeit at lower levels. Higher levels of cell proliferation or survival in younger animals may reflect a higher level of plasticity, possibly contributing to the dynamic remodeling of the pubertal brain. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 633–642, 2014</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8080231" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4495b5777201fb32ad739eeecc1e98a1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37694168,"asset_id":8080231,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37694168/download_file?st=MTczMjM3MjgzOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="803691" href="https://ucla.academia.edu/MaggieMohr">Maggie Mohr</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="803691" type="text/json">{"id":803691,"first_name":"Maggie","last_name":"Mohr","domain_name":"ucla","page_name":"MaggieMohr","display_name":"Maggie Mohr","profile_url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/MaggieMohr?f_ri=1084","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/803691/9242631/51700527/s65_margaret.mohr.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8080231 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8080231"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8080231, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8080231", }); 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We previously showed that new cells are added to brain regions associated with sexual behaviors, suggesting that cytogenesis may be a mechanism for acquiring adult-typical behaviors during adolescence. Whether pubertal cell addition occurs in brain regions associated with behavioral flexibility or motivation and whether these patterns differ between pubertal and adult animals had not been determined. Therefore, we assessed patterns of cell proliferation or survival in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Pubertal and adult male rats were given injections of bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdU). To assess cell proliferation, half of the animals from each group were sacrificed 24 h following the last injection. The remaining animals were sacrificed at Day 30 following the last injection to evaluate cell survival. Adult animals had significantly lower densities of BrdU-immunoreactive (ir) cells in the prefrontal cortex, irrespective of post-BrdU survival time, whereas in the nucleus accumbens, adult animals had a lower density of BrdU-ir cells at the short survival time; however, the density of BrdU-ir cells was equivalent in pubertal and adult animals at the longer survival time. These data provide evidence that cell addition during puberty may contribute to the remodeling of brain regions associated with behavioral flexibility and motivation, and this cell addition continues into adulthood, albeit at lower levels. Higher levels of cell proliferation or survival in younger animals may reflect a higher level of plasticity, possibly contributing to the dynamic remodeling of the pubertal brain. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 633–642, 2014","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37694168,"asset_id":8080231,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":803691,"first_name":"Maggie","last_name":"Mohr","domain_name":"ucla","page_name":"MaggieMohr","display_name":"Maggie Mohr","profile_url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/MaggieMohr?f_ri=1084","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/803691/9242631/51700527/s65_margaret.mohr.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false},{"id":1084,"name":"Developmental 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type="text/json">{"id":1084,"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4247" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Term_Potentiation">Long Term Potentiation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4247" type="text/json">{"id":4247,"name":"Long Term Potentiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Term_Potentiation?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9534" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calcium">Calcium</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9534" type="text/json">{"id":9534,"name":"Calcium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calcium?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14701748]'), work: 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type="text/json">{"id":1084,"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4228" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Skeletal_muscle_biology">Skeletal muscle biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4228" type="text/json">{"id":4228,"name":"Skeletal muscle biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Skeletal_muscle_biology?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12071" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunohistochemistry">Immunohistochemistry</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12071" type="text/json">{"id":12071,"name":"Immunohistochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunohistochemistry?f_ri=1084","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: 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