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id="toc-ICD-11_MMS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ICD-11_MMS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 ICD-11 MMS </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ICD-11_MMS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_informatics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_informatics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Health informatics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_informatics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Chapters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Changes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Changes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Changes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 General </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mental_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Mental disorders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Overview </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ICD-11_CDDR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ICD-11_CDDR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 ICD-11 CDDR </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ICD-11_CDDR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personality_disorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personality_disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Personality disorder </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personality_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaming_disorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaming_disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 Gaming disorder </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaming_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burn-out" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burn-out"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Burn-out </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burn-out-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Sexual health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sexual_dysfunctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_dysfunctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Sexual dysfunctions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_dysfunctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compulsive_sexual_behaviour_disorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compulsive_sexual_behaviour_disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Compulsive sexual behaviour disorder </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compulsive_sexual_behaviour_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paraphilic_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paraphilic_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.3 Paraphilic disorders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paraphilic_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_incongruence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_incongruence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.4 Gender incongruence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_incongruence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antimicrobial_resistance_and_GLASS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antimicrobial_resistance_and_GLASS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Antimicrobial resistance and GLASS </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antimicrobial_resistance_and_GLASS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Traditional medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Other changes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" > 22 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="ICD-11" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIM-11" title="CIM-11 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="CIM-11" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="ICD-11" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="ICD-11" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/RHK-11" title="RHK-11 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="RHK-11" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIE-11" title="CIE-11 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="CIE-11" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIM-11_(2018)" title="KIM-11 (2018) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="KIM-11 (2018)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C-%DB%B1%DB%B1" title="آی‌سی‌دی-۱۱ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آی‌سی‌دی-۱۱" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="ICD-11" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="ICD-11" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="ICD-11" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="ICD-11" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIM-11" title="CIM-11 – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="CIM-11" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="ICD-11" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzynarodowa_Klasyfikacja_Chor%C3%B3b_ICD-11" title="Międzynarodowa Klasyfikacja Chorób ICD-11 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Międzynarodowa Klasyfikacja Chorób ICD-11" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/CID-11" title="CID-11 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="CID-11" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%9A%D0%91-11" title="МКБ-11 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="МКБ-11" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="ICD-11" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="ICD-11" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="ICD-11" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%9A%D0%A5-11" title="МКХ-11 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="МКХ-11" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="ICD-11" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q55695727#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="View 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn">International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">International Classification of Diseases for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics Eleventh Revision</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:ICD-11_Front.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/ICD-11_Front.png/220px-ICD-11_Front.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/ICD-11_Front.png/330px-ICD-11_Front.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/ICD-11_Front.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="440" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">ICD-11, ICD-11 MMS</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Year started</th><td class="infobox-data">2007<a href="#cite_note-Agenda_item-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-SNOMED_ICD_interfacing-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First published</th><td class="infobox-data">18 June 2018 (2018-06-18) (stable version)<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Latest version</th><td class="infobox-data">2024-01 February 2024 (2024-02)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preview version</th><td class="infobox-data">May 2011 (2011-05) (alpha version) May 2012 (2012-05) (beta version)<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Series</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ICD" class="mw-redirect" title="ICD">ICD</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">ICD-10</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Domain</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_classification" title="Medical classification">Medical classification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_statistics" title="Medical statistics">Medical statistics</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">License</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">CC</a> BY-ND 3.0 IGO<a href="#cite_note-Terms_of_Use-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/2024-01/mms/en">icd.who.int/browse/2024-01/mms/en</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The ICD-11 is the eleventh revision of the <a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Diseases" title="International Classification of Diseases">International Classification of Diseases</a> (ICD). It replaces the <a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">ICD-10</a> as the global standard for recording health information and causes of death. The ICD is developed and annually updated by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO). Development of the ICD-11 started in 2007<a href="#cite_note-Agenda_item-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-SNOMED_ICD_interfacing-2">[2]</a> and spanned over a decade of work, involving over 300 specialists from 55 countries divided into 30 work groups,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> with an additional 10,000 proposals from people all over the world.<a href="#cite_note-ICD-11_released-8">[8]</a> Following an <a href="/wiki/Alpha_version" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha version">alpha version</a> in May 2011 and a <a href="/wiki/Beta_version" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta version">beta draft</a> in May 2012, a stable version of the ICD-11 was released on 18 June 2018,<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-3">[3]</a> and officially endorsed by all WHO members during the 72nd <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Assembly" title="World Health Assembly">World Health Assembly</a> on 25 May 2019.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The ICD-11 is a large ontology consisting of about 85,000 entities, also called classes or nodes. An entity can be anything that is relevant to health care. It usually represents a disease or a <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogen</a>, but it can also be an isolated symptom or (developmental) anomaly of the body. There are also classes for reasons for contact with health services, social circumstances of the patient, and external causes of injury or death. The ICD-11 is part of the <a href="/wiki/WHO-FIC" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO-FIC">WHO-FIC</a>, a family of <a href="/wiki/Medical_classification" title="Medical classification">medical classifications</a>. The WHO-FIC contains the Foundation Component, which comprises all entities of all classifications endorsed by the WHO. The Foundation is the common core from which all classifications are derived. For example, the <a href="/wiki/ICD-O" class="mw-redirect" title="ICD-O">ICD-O</a> is a derivative classification optimized for use in <a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">oncology</a>. The primary derivative of the Foundation is called the ICD-11 MMS, and it is this system that is commonly referred to as simply "the ICD-11".<a href="#cite_note-Chute_(2018)-10">[10]</a> MMS stands for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. The ICD-11 is distributed under a Creative Commons <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license#Six_regularly_used_licenses" title="Creative Commons license">BY-ND license</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Terms_of_Use-5">[5]</a> The ICD-11 officially came into effect on 1 January 2022.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In February 2022, the WHO stated that 35 countries were actively using the ICD-11.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> On 14 February 2023, they reported that 64 countries were "in different stages of ICD-11 implementation".<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> According to a <a href="/wiki/JAMA_Network_Open" title="JAMA Network Open">JAMA</a> article from July 2023, implementation in the United States would at minimum require 4 to 5 years.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The ICD-11 MMS can be viewed online on the WHO's website. Aside from this, the site offers two maintenance platforms: the ICD-11 Maintenance Platform, and the WHO-FIC Foundation Maintenance Platform. Users can submit evidence-based suggestions for the improvement of the WHO-FIC, i.e. the ICD-11, the <a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Functioning,_Disability_and_Health" title="International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health">ICF</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/ICHI" class="mw-redirect" title="ICHI">ICHI</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ICD-11&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WHO-FIC">WHO-FIC</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ICD-11&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: WHO-FIC">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Medical_classification#WHO_Family_of_International_Classifications" title="Medical classification">Medical classification § WHO Family of International Classifications</a></div> The WHO Family of International Classifications (<a href="/wiki/WHO-FIC" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO-FIC">WHO-FIC</a>), also called the WHO Family,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> is a suite of classifications used to describe various aspects of the health care system in a consistent manner, with a standardised terminology.<a href="#cite_note-Refguide_1.1.3-16">[16]</a> The abbreviation is variously written with or without a <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a> ("WHO-FIC" or "WHOFIC"). The WHO-FIC consists of four components: the WHO-FIC Foundation, the Reference Classifications, the Derived Classifications, and the Related Classifications.<a href="#cite_note-Refguide_1.1.3-16">[16]</a> The WHO-FIC Foundation,<a href="#cite_note-Foundation_Browser-17">[17]</a> also called the Foundation Component,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> represents the entire WHO-FIC universe.<a href="#cite_note-Classifications-19">[19]</a> It is a collection of over hundred thousand entities, also called classes or nodes.<a href="#cite_note-Classifications-19">[19]</a> Entities are anything relevant to health care. They are used to describe diseases, disorders, body parts, bodily functions, reasons for visit, medical procedures, microbes, causes of death, social circumstances of the patient, and much more.<a href="#cite_note-Refguide_1.1.3-16">[16]</a> The Foundation Component is a multidimensional collection of entities.<a href="#cite_note-Classifications-19">[19]</a> An entity can have multiple parents and child nodes. For example, <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> can be categorized as a <a href="/wiki/Lung_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Lung infection">lung infection</a>, but also as a <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial infection">bacterial</a> or <a href="/wiki/Viral_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Viral infection">viral infection</a> (i.e. by site or by <a href="/wiki/Etiology" title="Etiology">etiology</a>). Thus, the node Pneumonia (entity id: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#142052508">142052508</a>) has two parents: Lung infections (entity id: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#915779102">915779102</a>) and Certain infectious or parasitic diseases (entity id: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1435254666">1435254666</a>). The Pneumonia node in turn has various children, including Bacterial pneumonia (entity id: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1323682030">1323682030</a>) and Viral pneumonia (entity id: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1024154490">1024154490</a>). The Foundation Component is the common core on which all Reference and Derived Classifications are based.<a href="#cite_note-Refguide_1.1.3-16">[16]</a> The WHO-FIC contains three Reference Classifications: the ICD-11 MMS (see below), the <a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Functioning,_Disability_and_Health" title="International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health">ICF</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/ICHI" class="mw-redirect" title="ICHI">ICHI</a>. Derived Classifications are based on the three Reference Classifications, and are usually tailored for a particular specialty.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> For example, the <a href="/wiki/ICD-O" class="mw-redirect" title="ICD-O">ICD-O</a> is a Derived Classification used in <a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">oncology</a>. Each node of the Foundation has a unique entity id, which remains the same in all Reference and Derived Classifications, guaranteeing consistency. Related Classifications are complementary, and cover specialty areas not covered elsewhere in the WHO-FIC. For example, the International Classification of Nursing Practice (ICNP), draws on terms from the Foundation Component, but also uses terms specific for <a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">nursing</a> not found in the Foundation.<a href="#cite_note-Refguide_1.1.3-16">[16]</a> A classification can be represented as a tabular list, which is a "flat" hierarchical tree of categories. In this tree, all entities can only have a single parent, and therefore must be mutually exclusive of each other.<a href="#cite_note-Refguide_1.2.8-21">[21]</a> Such a classification is also called a linearization. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ICD-11_MMS">ICD-11 MMS</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ICD-11&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: ICD-11 MMS">edit</a>]</div> The ICD-11 MMS is the main Reference Classification of the WHO-FIC, and the primary linearization of the Foundation Component. The ICD-11 MMS is commonly referred to as simply "the ICD-11".<a href="#cite_note-Chute_(2018)-10">[10]</a> The "MMS" was added to differentiate the ICD-11 entities in the Foundation from those in the Classification. The ICD-11 MMS does not contain all classes from the Foundation ICD-11, and also adds some classes from the <a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Functioning,_Disability_and_Health" title="International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health">ICF</a>. MMS stands for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. The abbreviation is variously written with or without a <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a> between 11 and MMS ("ICD-11 MMS" or "ICD-11-MMS"). The ICD-11 MMS consists of approximately 85,000 entities. Entities can be chapters, blocks or categories. A chapter is a top level entity of the hierarchy; the MMS contains 28 of them (see <a href="#Chapters">Chapters section</a> below). A block is used to group related categories or blocks together. A category can be anything that is relevant to health care. Every category has a unique, alphanumeric code called an ICD-11 code, or just ICD code. Chapters and blocks never have ICD-11 codes, and therefore cannot be diagnosed. An ICD-11 code is not the same as an entity id. The ICD-11 MMS takes the form of a "flat" hierarchical tree. As aforementioned, the entities in this linearization can only have a single parent, and therefore must be mutually exclusive of each other.<a href="#cite_note-Refguide_1.2.8-21">[21]</a> To make up for this limitation, the hierarchy of the MMS contains gray nodes.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> These nodes appear as children in the hierarchy, but actually have a different parent node. They originally belong to a different block or chapter, but are also listed elsewhere because of overlap. For example, <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">Pneumonia</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#142052508">CA40</a>) has two parents in the Foundation: "Lung infections" (site) and "Certain infectious or parasitic diseases" (<a href="/wiki/Etiology" title="Etiology">etiology</a>). In the MMS, Pneumonia is categorized in the "Lung infections", with a gray node in "Certain infectious or parasitic diseases". The same goes for <a href="/wiki/Injuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Injuries">injuries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poisoning" title="Poisoning">poisonings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoplasms" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplasms">neoplasms</a>, and developmental anomalies, which can occur in almost any part of the body. They each have their own chapters, but their categories also have gray nodes in the chapters of the organs they affect. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Blood_cancers" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood cancers">blood cancers</a>, including all forms of <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a>, are in the "Neoplasms" chapter, but they are also displayed as gray nodes in the chapter "Diseases of the blood or blood-forming organs". The ICD-11 MMS also contains residual categories, or residual nodes. These are the "Other specified" and "Unspecified" categories. The former can be used to code conditions that do not fit with any of the more specific MMS entities, the latter can be used when necessary information may not be available in the source documentation. The ICD-11 Reference Guide advises that health care workers always aim to include the most specific level of detail possible, either with one code or multiple codes.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In the ICD-11 Browser, residual nodes are displayed in a <a href="/wiki/Maroon" title="Maroon">maroon</a> color.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Residual categories are not in the Foundation, and therefore don't have an entity ID. Thus, in the MMS, they are the only categories with derivative entity IDs: their IDs are the same as their parent nodes, with "/other" or "/unspecified" tagged at the end. Their ICD codes always end with Y for "Other specified" categories, or Z for "Unspecified" categories (e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#487269828%2Fother">1C4Y</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#487269828%2Funspecified">1C4Z</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_informatics">Health informatics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ICD-11&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Health informatics">edit</a>]</div> The ICD-11, both the ICD-11 Foundation and the MMS, can be accessed using a multilingual <a href="/wiki/Representational_state_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Representational state transfer">REST</a> <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a>. Documentation on the ICD API and some additional tools for integration into third-party applications can be found at the ICD API home page.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The WHO has released spreadsheets that can be used to link and convert <a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">ICD-10</a> codes to those of the ICD-11. They can be downloaded from the ICD-11 MMS browser.<a href="#cite_note-ICD-11_MMS_Browser-26">[26]</a> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/SNOMED_International" class="mw-redirect" title="SNOMED International">SNOMED International</a> announced plans to release a <a href="/wiki/SNOMED_CT" title="SNOMED CT">SNOMED CT</a> to ICD-11 MMS map.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The ICD-11 Foundation, and consequently the MMS, are updated annually, similarly to the ICD-10. Following the initial release of a stable version on 18 June 2018,<a href="#cite_note-Timeline-3">[3]</a> the Foundation and the MMS have received six updates as of February 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ICD-11&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ICD-11_releases-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Foundation_releases-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chapters">Chapters</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ICD-11&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chapters">edit</a>]</div> Below is a table of all chapters of the ICD-11 MMS,<a href="#cite_note-ICD-11_MMS_Browser-26">[26]</a> the primary linearization of the Foundation Component.<a href="#cite_note-Foundation_Browser-17">[17]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th># </th> <th>Range </th> <th>Chapter </th> <th># </th> <th>Range </th> <th>Chapter </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>1A00–1H0Z </td> <td>Certain infectious or parasitic diseases </td> <td>15 </td> <td>FA00–FC0Z </td> <td>Diseases of the musculoskeletal system or connective tissue </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>2A00–2F9Z </td> <td>Neoplasms </td> <td>16 </td> <td>GA00–GC8Z </td> <td>Diseases of the genitourinary system </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>3A00–3C0Z </td> <td>Diseases of the blood or blood-forming organs </td> <td>17 </td> <td>HA00–HA8Z </td> <td>Conditions related to sexual health </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>4A00–4B4Z </td> <td>Diseases of the immune system </td> <td>18 </td> <td>JA00–JB6Z </td> <td>Pregnancy, childbirth or the puerperium </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>5A00–5D46 </td> <td>Endocrine, nutritional or metabolic diseases </td> <td>19 </td> <td>KA00–KD5Z </td> <td>Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>6A00–6E8Z </td> <td>Mental, behavioural or neurodevelopmental disorders </td> <td>20 </td> <td>LA00–LD9Z </td> <td>Developmental anomalies </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>7A00–7B2Z </td> <td>Sleep-wake disorders </td> <td>21 </td> <td>MA00–MH2Y </td> <td>Symptoms, signs or clinical findings, not elsewhere classified </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>8A00–8E7Z </td> <td>Diseases of the nervous system </td> <td>22 </td> <td>NA00–NF2Z </td> <td>Injury, poisoning or certain other consequences of external causes </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>9A00–9E1Z </td> <td>Diseases of the visual system </td> <td>23 </td> <td>PA00–PL2Z </td> <td>External causes of morbidity or mortality </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>AA00–AC0Z </td> <td>Diseases of the ear or mastoid process </td> <td>24 </td> <td>QA00–QF4Z </td> <td>Factors influencing health status or contact with health services </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>BA00–BE2Z </td> <td>Diseases of the circulatory system </td> <td>25 </td> <td>RA00–RA26 </td> <td>Codes for special purposes </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td>CA00–CB7Z </td> <td>Diseases of the respiratory system </td> <td>26 </td> <td>SA00–SJ3Z </td> <td>Supplementary Chapter Traditional Medicine Conditions - Module I </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td>DA00–DE2Z </td> <td>Diseases of the digestive system </td> <td>27 </td> <td>VA00–VC50 </td> <td>Supplementary section for functioning assessment </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td>EA00–EM0Z </td> <td>Diseases of the skin </td> <td>28 </td> <td>XA0060–XY9U </td> <td>Extension Codes </td></tr></tbody></table> Unlike the <a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">ICD-10</a> codes, the ICD-11 MMS codes never contain the letters I or O, to prevent confusion with the numbers 1 and 0.<a href="#cite_note-Refguide_1.2.7.1-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Changes">Changes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ICD-11&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Changes">edit</a>]</div> Below is a summary of notable changes in the ICD-11 MMS compared to the ICD-10. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ICD-11&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: General">edit</a>]</div> The ICD-11 MMS features a more flexible coding structure. In the ICD-10; every code starts with a letter, followed by a two digit number (e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/P35">P35</a>)—creating 99 slots, excluding subcategories and blocks. This proved enough for most chapters, but four are so voluminous that their categories span multiple letters: Chapter <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1003224644">.mw-parser-output .roman-numeral{font-family:"Nimbus Roman No9 L","Times New Roman",Times,serif;font-size:118%;line-height:1}.mw-parser-output .roman-numeral-a{border:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .roman-numeral-t{border-top:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .roman-numeral-v{border:solid;border-width:0 1px;padding:0 2px}.mw-parser-output .roman-numeral-h{border:solid;border-width:1px 0}.mw-parser-output .roman-numeral-tv{border:1px solid;border-bottom:none;padding:0 2px}</style>I (A00–B99), Chapter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1003224644">II (C00.0–D48.9), Chapter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1003224644">XIX (S00–T98), and Chapter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1003224644">XX (V01–Y98). In the ICD-11 MMS, there is a single first character for every chapter. The codes of the first nine chapters begin with the numbers 1 to 9, while the next nineteen chapters start with the letters A to X. The letters I and O are not used, to prevent confusion with the numbers 1 and 0. The chapter character is then followed by a letter, a number, and a fourth character that starts as a number (0–9, e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#737177485">KA80</a>) and may then continue as a letter (A–Z, e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#819483525">KA8A</a>). The WHO opted for a forced number as the third character to prevent the spelling of "undesirable words".<a href="#cite_note-Refguide_1.2.7.1-30">[30]</a> In the ICD-10, each entity within a chapter either has a code (e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/P35">P35</a>) or a code range (e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/P35–P39">P35–P39</a>). The latter is a block. In the ICD-11 MMS, blocks never have codes, and not every entity necessarily has a code, although each entity does have a unique id.<a href="#cite_note-Refguide_1.2.7.1-30">[30]</a> In the ICD-10, the next level of the hierarchy is indicated in the code by a dot and a single number (e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/P35.2">P35.2</a>). This is the lowest available level in the ICD-10 hierarchy, causing an artificial limitation of 10 subcategories per code (.0 to .9).<a href="#cite_note-Reed_et_al._(2019)-31">[31]</a> In the ICD-11 MMS, this limitation no longer exists: after 0–9, the list may continue with A–Z (e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#755611612">KA62.0</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#788102641">KA62.A</a>). Then, following the first character after the dot, a second character may be used in the next level of the hierarchy (e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#959299335">KA40.00</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#291257551">KA40.08</a>). This level is currently the lowest appearing in the MMS. The large amount of unused coding space in the MMS allows for updates to be made without having to change the other categories, ensuring that codes remain stable.<a href="#cite_note-Refguide_1.2.7.1-30">[30]</a> The ICD-11 features five new chapters. The third chapter of the ICD-10, "Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism", has been split in two: "Diseases of the blood or blood-forming organs" (chapter 3) and "Diseases of the immune system" (chapter 4). The other new chapters are "Sleep-wake disorders" (chapter 7), "Conditions related to sexual health" (chapter 17, see <a href="#Sexual_health">section</a>), and "Supplementary Chapter Traditional Medicine Conditions - Module I" (chapter 26, see <a href="#Traditional_medicine">section</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mental_disorders">Mental disorders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ICD-11&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mental disorders">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overview">Overview</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ICD-11&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> The following mental disorders have been newly added to the ICD-11, but were already included in the American <a href="/wiki/ICD-10-CM" title="ICD-10-CM">ICD-10-CM</a> adaption: <a href="/wiki/Binge_eating_disorder" title="Binge eating disorder">Binge eating disorder</a> (ICD-11: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1673294767">6B82</a>; ICD-10-CM: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd10cmtool.cdc.gov/?fy=FY2024&query=F50.81">F50.81</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_type_II_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipolar type II disorder">Bipolar type II disorder</a> (ICD-11: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#199053300">6A61</a>; ICD-10-CM: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd10cmtool.cdc.gov/?fy=FY2024&query=F31.81">F31.81</a>), <a href="/wiki/Body_dysmorphic_disorder" title="Body dysmorphic disorder">Body dysmorphic disorder</a> (ICD-11: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#731724655">6B21</a>; ICD-10-CM: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd10cmtool.cdc.gov/?fy=FY2024&query=F45.22">F45.22</a>), <a href="/wiki/Excoriation_disorder" title="Excoriation disorder">Excoriation disorder</a> (ICD-11: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#726494117">6B25.1</a>; ICD-10-CM: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd10cmtool.cdc.gov/?fy=FY2024&query=F42.4">F42.4</a>), <a href="/wiki/Frotteuristic_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Frotteuristic disorder">Frotteuristic disorder</a> (ICD-11: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1580013387">6D34</a>; ICD-10-CM: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd10cmtool.cdc.gov/?fy=FY2024&query=F65.81">F65.81</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hoarding_disorder" title="Hoarding disorder">Hoarding disorder</a> (ICD-11: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1991016628">6B24</a>; ICD-10-CM: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd10cmtool.cdc.gov/?fy=FY2024&query=F42.3">F42.3</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Intermittent_explosive_disorder" title="Intermittent explosive disorder">Intermittent explosive disorder</a> (ICD-11: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#295017661">6C73</a>; ICD-10-CM: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd10cmtool.cdc.gov/?fy=FY2024&query=F63.81">F63.81</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Reed_et_al._(2019)-31">[31]</a> The following mental disorders have been newly added to the ICD-11, and are not in the ICD-10-CM: <a href="/wiki/Avoidant/restrictive_food_intake_disorder" title="Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder">Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1242188600">6B83</a>), <a href="/wiki/Body_integrity_dysphoria" title="Body integrity dysphoria">Body integrity dysphoria</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#256572629">6C21</a>), <a href="/wiki/Catatonia" title="Catatonia">Catatonia</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#486722075">486722075</a>), <a href="/wiki/Complex_post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Complex post-traumatic stress disorder">Complex post-traumatic stress disorder</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#585833559">6B41</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gaming_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaming disorder">Gaming disorder</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1448597234">6C51</a>), <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_reference_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfactory reference disorder">Olfactory reference disorder</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1119008568">6B22</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Prolonged_grief_disorder" title="Prolonged grief disorder">Prolonged grief disorder</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1183832314">6B42</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Reed_et_al._(2019)-31">[31]</a> Other notable changes include:<a href="#cite_note-Reed_et_al._(2019)-31">[31]</a> <ul><li>Distinct <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality disorders">personality disorders</a> have been collapsed into a single Personality disorder diagnosis, using a dimensional (as opposed to categorical) model; see <a href="#Personality_disorder">Personality disorders section</a>.</li> <li>All subtypes of <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Paranoid_schizophrenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paranoid schizophrenia">paranoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disorganized_schizophrenia" title="Disorganized schizophrenia">hebephrenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catatonic_schizophrenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catatonic schizophrenia">catatonic</a>) have been removed. Instead, a dimensional model is used with the category Symptomatic manifestations of primary psychotic disorders (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1358754380">6A25</a>), which allows the coding for <a href="/wiki/Positive_symptoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive symptoms">Positive symptoms</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#521257551">6A25.0</a>), <a href="/wiki/Negative_symptoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative symptoms">Negative symptoms</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1893759206">6A25.1</a>), <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depressive</a> symptoms (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#797284789">6A25.2</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">Manic</a> symptoms (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#342760401">6A25.3</a>), <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/psychomotor" class="extiw" title="wikt:psychomotor">Psychomotor</a> symptoms (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#736393417">6A25.4</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive">Cognitive</a> symptoms (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#794423031">6A25.5</a>).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persistent_mood_disorders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persistent mood disorders (page does not exist)">Persistent mood disorders</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F34">F34</a>), which consists of <a href="/wiki/Cyclothymia" title="Cyclothymia">Cyclothymia</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F34.0">F34.0</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Dysthymia" title="Dysthymia">Dysthymia</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F34.1">F34.1</a>), have been deleted. Cyclothymia has been categorized under <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar and related disorders</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1427638883">6A62</a>), while dysthymia has been categorized under <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depressive disorders</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#810797047">6A72</a>).</li> <li>The ICD-10 differentiates between <a href="/wiki/Phobic_anxiety_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Phobic anxiety disorders">Phobic anxiety disorders</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F40">F40</a>), such as <a href="/wiki/Agoraphobia" title="Agoraphobia">Agoraphobia</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F40.0">F40.0</a>), and Other anxiety disorders (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F41">F41</a>), such as <a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">Generalized anxiety disorder</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F41.1">F41.1</a>). The ICD-11 merges both groups together as <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_or_fear-related_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxiety or fear-related disorders">Anxiety or fear-related disorders</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1336943699">1336943699</a>).</li> <li>All <a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Pervasive developmental disorders">Pervasive developmental disorders</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F84">F84</a>) are merged into one category, <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum disorder">Autism spectrum disorder</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#437815624">6A02</a>), except for <a href="/wiki/Rett_syndrome" title="Rett syndrome">Rett syndrome</a>, which is moved to the developmental anomalies chapter (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#201200685">LD90.4</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperkinetic_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperkinetic disorders">Hyperkinetic disorders</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F90">F90</a>) is renamed <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#821852937">6A05</a>), and a distinction in subtypes is made between <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder_predominantly_inattentive" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder predominantly inattentive">predominantly inattentive</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#294762853">6A05.0</a>), predominantly hyperactive-impulsive (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#209556851">6A05.1</a>), and combined (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#542202013">6A05.2</a>). Hyperkinetic conduct disorder (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F90.1">F90.1</a>) has been removed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Acute stress reaction</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F43.0">F43.0</a>) has been moved out of the mental disorder chapter, and placed in the chapter "Factors influencing health status or contact with health services" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#505909942">QE84</a>). Thus, in the ICD-11, Acute stress reaction is no longer considered a mental disorder.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ICD-11_CDDR">ICD-11 CDDR</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ICD-11&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: ICD-11 CDDR">edit</a>]</div> Following an extensive, years-long revision process involving nearly 15,000 clinicians from 155 countries,<a href="#cite_note-Reed_et_al._(2019)-31">[31]</a> the WHO developed the ICD-11 CDDG (Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines),<a href="#cite_note-First_(2015)-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> later renamed the ICD-11 CDDR (Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Requirements).<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The CDDR is a comprehensive diagnostic manual for identifying and measuring mental illnesses with a uniform terminology, similar to the <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDDR_book_released-38">[38]</a> The ICD-11 CDDR was developed around the same time as the DSM-5, and the work groups of both projects regularly met to discuss their efforts. The CDDR and the DSM-5 are similar, but not identical.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The ICD-11 CDDR is the successor to the ICD-10 CDDG, which was first released in 1992<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> and was also known as the "Blue Book".<a href="#cite_note-First_(2015)-33">[33]</a> The CDDR is integrated into the ICD-11, and can be viewed in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en">the ICD-11 Browser</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ICD-11_MMS_Browser-26">[26]</a> On 8 March 2024,<a href="#cite_note-CDDR_book_released-38">[38]</a> the CDDR was also released in book form. It can be downloaded for free from the WHO's website.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personality_disorder">Personality disorder</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ICD-11&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Personality disorder">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">personality disorder</a> (PD) section has been completely revamped. All distinct PDs have been merged into one: Personality disorder (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#941859884">6D10</a>), which can be coded as mild (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#263226710">6D10.0</a>), moderate (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#758339377">6D10.1</a>), severe (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#40156192">6D10.2</a>), or severity unspecified (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#941859884%2Funspecified">6D10.Z</a>). There is also an additional category called personality difficulty (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#853711607">QE50.7</a>), which can be used to describe personality traits that are problematic, but do not rise to the level of a PD. A personality disorder or difficulty can be specified by one or more Prominent personality traits or patterns (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1128733473">6D11</a>). The ICD-11 uses five trait domains: (1) <a href="/wiki/Negative_affectivity" title="Negative affectivity">negative affectivity</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#953246526">6D11.0</a>); (2) detachment (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#919081088">6D11.1</a>), (3) <a href="/wiki/Dissociality" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissociality">dissociality</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1913158855">6D11.2</a>), (4) <a href="/wiki/Disinhibition" title="Disinhibition">disinhibition</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#387934990">6D11.3</a>), and (5) <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_personality_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder">anankastia</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#848330288">6D11.4</a>). Listed directly underneath is borderline pattern (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#2006821354">6D11.5</a>), a category similar to <a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">borderline personality disorder</a>. This is not a trait in itself, but a combination of the five traits in certain severity. Described as a clinical equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Big_Five_personality_traits" title="Big Five personality traits">Big Five model</a>,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> the five-trait system addresses several problems of the old category-based system. Of the ten PDs in the ICD-10, two were used with a disproportionate high frequency: <a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">emotionally unstable personality disorder, borderline type</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F60.3">F60.3</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder" title="Antisocial personality disorder">dissocial (antisocial) personality disorder</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F60.2">F60.2</a>).<a href="#cite_note-43">[a]</a> Many categories overlapped, and individuals with severe disorders often met the requirements for multiple PDs, which Reed et al. (2019) described as "artificial <a href="/wiki/Comorbidity#Mental_health" title="Comorbidity">comorbidity</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Reed_et_al._(2019)-31">[31]</a> PD was therefore reconceptualized in terms of a general dimension of severity, focusing on five negative personality traits which a person can have to various degrees.<a href="#cite_note-Reed_(2018)-44">[43]</a> There was considerable debate regarding this new dimensional model, with many believing that categorical diagnosing should not be abandoned. In particular, there was disagreement about the status of borderline personality disorder. Reed (2018) wrote: "Some research suggests that borderline PD is not an independently valid category, but rather a <a href="/wiki/Homogeneity_and_heterogeneity#Sociology" title="Homogeneity and heterogeneity">heterogeneous</a> marker for PD severity. Other researchers view borderline PD as a valid and distinct clinical entity, and claim that 50 years of research support the validity of the category. Many – though by no means all – clinicians appear to be aligned with the latter position. In the absence of more definitive data, there seemed to be little hope of accommodating these opposing views. However, the WHO took seriously the concerns being expressed that access to services for patients with borderline PD, which has increasingly been achieved in some countries based on arguments of treatment efficacy, might be seriously undermined."<a href="#cite_note-Reed_(2018)-44">[43]</a> Thus, the WHO believed the inclusion of a borderline pattern category to be a "pragmatic compromise".<a href="#cite_note-Watts_(2019)-45">[44]</a> The Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD) included near the end of the <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a> is similar to the PD-system of the ICD-11, although much larger and more comprehensive.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> It was considered for inclusion in the ICD-11, but the WHO decided against it because it was considered "too complicated for implementation in most clinical settings around the world",<a href="#cite_note-Reed_(2018)-44">[43]</a> since an explicit aim of the WHO was to develop a simple and efficient method that could also be used in low-resource settings.<a href="#cite_note-Watts_(2019)-45">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gaming_disorder">Gaming disorder</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ICD-11&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gaming disorder">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Gaming_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaming disorder">Gaming disorder</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1448597234">6C51</a>) has been newly added to the ICD-11, and placed in the group "Disorders due to addictive behaviours", alongside <a href="/wiki/Gambling_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambling disorder">Gambling disorder</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1041487064">6C50</a>). The latter was called Pathological gambling (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F63.0">F63.0</a>) in the ICD-10. Aside from Gaming disorder, the ICD-11 also features Hazardous gaming (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1586542716">QE22</a>), an ancillary category that can be used to identify problematic gaming which does not rise to the level of a disorder. Although a majority<a href="#cite_note-Rumpf_et_al._(2018)-47">[46]</a> of scholars supported the inclusion of Gaming disorder (GD), a significant number did not. Aarseth et al. (2017) stated that the evidence base which this decision relied upon is of low quality, that the diagnostic criteria of gaming disorder are rooted in substance use and gambling disorder even though they are not the same, that no consensus exist on the definition and assessment of GD, and that a pre-defined category would lock research in a confirmatory approach.<a href="#cite_note-Aarseth_et_al._(2017)-48">[47]</a> Rooij et al. (2017) questioned if what was called "gaming disorder" is in fact a coping strategy for underlying problems, such as <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety" title="Social anxiety">social anxiety</a>, or <a href="/wiki/ADHD" class="mw-redirect" title="ADHD">ADHD</a>. They also asserted <a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">moral panic</a>, fueled by sensational media stories, and stated that the category could be <a href="/wiki/Stigmatizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Stigmatizing">stigmatizing</a> people who are simply engaging in a very immersive hobby.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> Bean et al. (2017) wrote that the GD category caters to false stereotypes of gamers as physically unfit and socially awkward, and that most gamers have no problems balancing their expected social roles outside games with those inside.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> In support of the GD category, Lee et al. (2017) agreed that there were major limitations of the existing research, but that this actually necessitates a standardized set of criteria, which would benefit studies more than self-developed instruments for evaluating problematic gaming.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> Saunders et al. (2017) argued that gaming addiction should be in the ICD-11 just as much as gambling addiction and substance addiction, citing <a href="/wiki/Functional_neuroimaging" title="Functional neuroimaging">functional neuroimaging</a> studies which show similar brain regions being activated, and psychological studies which show similar antecedents (<a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">risk factors</a>).<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> Király and Demetrovics (2017) did not believe that a GD category would lock research into a confirmatory approach, noting that the ICD is regularly revised and characterized by permanent change. They wrote that moral panic around gamers does indeed exist, but that this is not caused by a formal diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Rumpf et al. (2018) noted that stigmatization is a risk not specific to GD alone. They agreed that GD could be a coping strategy for an underlying disorder, but that in this debate, "<a href="/wiki/Comorbidity#Mental_health" title="Comorbidity">comorbidity</a> is more often the rule than the exception". For example, a person can have an <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcohol dependence</a> due to <a href="/wiki/PTSD" class="mw-redirect" title="PTSD">PTSD</a>. In clinical practice, both disorders need to be diagnosed and treated. Rumpf et al. also warned that the lack of a GD category might jeopardize insurance reimbursement of treatments.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> The <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a> (2013) features a similar category called Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD).<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> However, due to the controversy over its definition and inclusion, it is not included in its main body of mental diagnoses, but in the additional chapter "Conditions for Further Study". Disorders in this chapter are meant to encourage research and are not intended to be officially diagnosed.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burn-out">Burn-out</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ICD-11&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Burn-out">edit</a>]</div> In May 2019, a number of media incorrectly reported that <a href="/wiki/Occupational_burnout" title="Occupational burnout">burn-out</a> was newly added to the ICD-11.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> In reality, burn-out is also in the ICD-10 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/Z73.0">Z73.0</a>), albeit with a short, one-sentence definition only. The ICD-11 features a longer summary, and specifically notes that the category should only be used in an occupational context. Furthermore, it should only be applied when <a href="/wiki/Mood_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mood disorders">mood disorders</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#76398729">6A60–6A8Z</a>), Disorders specifically associated with stress (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#991786158">6B40–6B4Z</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_or_fear-related_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxiety or fear-related disorders">Anxiety or fear-related disorders</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1336943699">6B00–6B0Z</a>) have been ruled out. As with the ICD-10, burn-out is not in the mental disorders chapter, but in the chapter "Factors influencing health status or contact with health services", where it is coded <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#129180281">QD85</a>. In response to media attention over its inclusion, the WHO emphasized that the ICD-11 does not define burn-out as a mental disorder or a disease, but as an occupational phenomenon that undermines a person's well-being in the workplace.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_health">Sexual health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ICD-11&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sexual health">edit</a>]</div> Conditions related to sexual health is a new chapter in the ICD-11. The WHO decided to put the sexual disorders in a separate chapter due to "the outdated <a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">mind/body split</a>".<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> A number of ICD-10 categories, including sex disorders, were based on a <a href="/wiki/Cartesian_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartesian dualism">Cartesian separation</a> of "organic" (physical) and "non-organic" (mental) conditions. As such, the sexual dysfunctions that were considered non-organic were included in the mental disorder chapter, while those that were considered organic were for the most part listed in the chapter on diseases of the genitourinary system. In the ICD-11, the brain and the body <a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">are seen as an integrate whole</a>, with sexual dysfunctions considered to involve an interaction between physical and psychological factors. Thus, the organic/non-organic distinction was abolished.<a href="#cite_note-Reed_et_al._(2016)-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reed_et_al._(2019)_separate_quote-65">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sexual_dysfunctions">Sexual dysfunctions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ICD-11&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sexual dysfunctions">edit</a>]</div> Regarding general sexual dysfunction, the ICD-10 has three main categories: <a href="/wiki/Lack_or_loss_of_sexual_desire" class="mw-redirect" title="Lack or loss of sexual desire">Lack or loss of sexual desire</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F52.0">F52.0</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sexual_aversion_and_lack_of_sexual_enjoyment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual aversion and lack of sexual enjoyment">Sexual aversion and lack of sexual enjoyment</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F52.1">F52.1</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Failure_of_genital_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Failure of genital response">Failure of genital response</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F52.2">F52.2</a>). The ICD-11 replaces these with two main categories: <a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_dysfunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoactive sexual desire dysfunction">Hypoactive sexual desire dysfunction</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1189253773">HA00</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal_dysfunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual arousal dysfunction">Sexual arousal dysfunction</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#302903168">HA01</a>). The latter has two subcategories: <a href="/wiki/Female_sexual_arousal_dysfunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Female sexual arousal dysfunction">Female sexual arousal dysfunction</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1913120055">HA01.0</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Male_erectile_dysfunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Male erectile dysfunction">Male erectile dysfunction</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#97556145">HA01.1</a>). The difference between Hypoactive sexual desire dysfunction and Sexual arousal dysfunction is that in the former, there is a reduced or absent desire for sexual activity. In the latter, there is insufficient physical and emotional response to sexual activity, even though there still is a desire to engage in satisfying sex. The WHO acknowledged that there is an overlap between desire and arousal, but they are not the same. Management should focus on their distinct features.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> The ICD-10 contains the categories <a href="/wiki/Vaginismus" title="Vaginismus">Vaginismus</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/N94.2">N94.2</a>), Nonorganic vaginismus (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F52.5">F52.5</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dyspareunia" title="Dyspareunia">Dyspareunia</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/N94.1">N94.1</a>), and Nonorganic dyspareunia (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F52.6">F52.6</a>). As the WHO aimed to steer away from the aforementioned "outdated mind/body split", the organic and nonorganic disorders were merged. Vaginismus has been reclassified as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexual_pain-penetration_disorder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sexual pain-penetration disorder (page does not exist)">Sexual pain-penetration disorder</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1932194482">HA20</a>). Dyspareunia (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#126329423">GA12</a>) has been retained. A related condition is <a href="/wiki/Vulvodynia" title="Vulvodynia">Vulvodynia</a>, which is in the ICD-9 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=625.7">625.7</a>), but not in the ICD-10. It has been re-added to the ICD-11 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1539507119">GA34.02</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Reed_et_al._(2016)-64">[63]</a> Sexual dysfunctions and Sexual pain-penetration disorder can be coded alongside a temporal qualifier, "lifelong" or "acquired", and a situational qualifier, "general" or "situational". Furthermore, the ICD-11 offers five aetiological qualifiers, or "Associated with..." categories, to further specify the diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-Reed_et_al._(2016)-64">[63]</a> For example, a woman who experiences sexual problems <a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor#Sexual_dysfunction" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">due to adverse effects of an SSRI antidepressant</a> may be diagnosed with "Female sexual arousal dysfunction, acquired, generalised" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#823130533">HA01.02</a>) combined with "Associated with use of psychoactive substance or medication" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#3100933">HA40.2</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Compulsive_sexual_behaviour_disorder">Compulsive sexual behaviour disorder</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ICD-11&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Compulsive sexual behaviour disorder">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Excessive_sexual_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Excessive sexual drive">Excessive sexual drive</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F52.7">F52.7</a>) from the ICD-10 has been reclassified as <a href="/wiki/Compulsive_sexual_behaviour_disorder" title="Compulsive sexual behaviour disorder">Compulsive sexual behaviour disorder</a> (CSBD, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1630268048">6C72</a>) and listed under Impulse control disorders. The WHO was unwilling to overpathologize sexual behaviour, stating that having a high <a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">sexual drive</a> is not necessarily a disorder, so long as these people do not exhibit impaired control over their behavior, significant distress, or impairment in functioning.<a href="#cite_note-Kraus_et_al._(2018)-67">[66]</a> Kraus et al. (2018) noted that several people self-identify as "sex addicts", but on closer examination do not actually exhibit the clinical characteristics of a sexual disorder, although they may have other mental health problems, such as anxiety or depression. Experiencing shame and guilt about sex is not a reliable indicator of a sex disorder, Kraus et al. stated.<a href="#cite_note-Kraus_et_al._(2018)-67">[66]</a> There was debate on whether CSBD should be considered a (behavioral) addiction. It has been claimed that <a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">neuroimaging</a> shows overlap between compulsive sexual behavior and substance-use disorder through common <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a> systems.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Nonetheless, it was ultimately decided to place the disorder in the Impulse control disorders group. Kraus et al. wrote that, for the ICD-11, "a relatively conservative position has been recommended, recognizing that we do not yet have definitive information on whether the processes involved in the development and maintenance of [CSBD] are equivalent to those observed in substance use disorders, gambling and gaming".<a href="#cite_note-Kraus_et_al._(2018)-67">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paraphilic_disorders">Paraphilic disorders</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ICD-11&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Paraphilic disorders">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Paraphilic_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphilic disorders">Paraphilic disorders</a>, called Disorders of sexual preference in the ICD-10, have remained in the mental disorders chapter, although they have gray nodes in the sexual health chapter. The ICD-10 categories <a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F65.0">F65.0</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Fetishistic_transvestism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetishistic transvestism">Fetishistic transvestism</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F65.1">F65.1</a>) were removed because, if they do not cause distress or harm, they are not considered mental disorders. <a href="/wiki/Frotteuristic_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Frotteuristic disorder">Frotteuristic disorder</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1580013387">6D34</a>) has been newly added.<a href="#cite_note-Reed_et_al._(2016)-64">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender_incongruence">Gender incongruence</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ICD-11&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Gender incongruence">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">Gender dysphoria</a> of <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> people is called Gender incongruence in the ICD-11. In the ICD-10, the group Gender identity disorders (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F64">F64</a>) consisted of three main categories: <a href="/wiki/Transsexualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Transsexualism">Transsexualism</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F64.0">F64.0</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dual-role_transvestism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-role transvestism">Dual-role transvestism</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F64.1">F64.1</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity_disorder_of_childhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender identity disorder of childhood">Gender identity disorder of childhood</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F64.2">F64.2</a>). In the ICD-11, Dual-role transvestism was deleted due to a lack of public health or clinical relevance.<a href="#cite_note-Reed_et_al._(2016)-64">[63]</a> Transsexualism was renamed Gender incongruence of adolescence or adulthood (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#90875286">HA60</a>), and Gender identity disorder of childhood was renamed Gender incongruence of childhood (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#344733949">HA61</a>). In the ICD-10, the Gender identity disorders were placed in the mental disorders chapter, following what was customary at the time. Throughout the 20th century, both the ICD and the <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">DSM</a> approached transgender health from a <a href="/wiki/Psychopathology" title="Psychopathology">psychopathological</a> position, as transgender identity presents a discrepancy between someone's <a href="/wiki/Assigned_sex" class="mw-redirect" title="Assigned sex">assigned sex</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a>. Since this may cause mental distress, it was consequently considered a mental disorder, with distress or discomfort being a core diagnostic feature.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> In the 2000s and 2010s, this notion became increasingly challenged, as the idea of viewing transgender people as having a mental disorder was believed by some to be stigmatizing. It has been suggested that distress and dysfunction among transgender people should be more appropriately viewed as the result of social rejection, discrimination, and violence toward individuals with <a href="/wiki/Gender_variant" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender variant">gender variant</a> appearance and behavior.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Studies have shown transgender people to be at higher risk of developing mental health problems than other populations, but that health services aimed at transgender people are often insufficient or nonexistent. Since an official ICD code is usually needed to gain access to and reimbursement for <a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">gender-affirming care</a>, the WHO found it ill-advised to remove transgender health from the ICD-11 altogether. It was therefore decided to transpose the concept from the mental disorders chapter to the new sexual health chapter.<a href="#cite_note-Reed_et_al._(2016)-64">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antimicrobial_resistance_and_GLASS">Antimicrobial resistance and GLASS</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ICD-11&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Antimicrobial resistance and GLASS">edit</a>]</div> The group related to coding <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance" title="Antimicrobial resistance">antimicrobial resistance</a> has been significantly expanded from ICD-10 to ICD-11.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> Also, the ICD-11 codes are more closely in line with the WHO's Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS).<a href="#cite_note-ICD-11_released-8">[8]</a> Launched in October 2015, this project aims to track <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance" title="Antimicrobial resistance">the growing worldwide resistance</a> of malicious <a href="/wiki/Microbes" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbes">microbes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Viruses">viruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a>) against medication.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_medicine">Traditional medicine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ICD-11&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Traditional medicine">edit</a>]</div> "Supplementary Chapter Traditional Medicine Conditions - Module I" is an additional chapter in the ICD-11. It consists of concepts that are commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a> (TCM), although the WHO prefers to use the more general and neutral sounding term <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a> (TM). Many of the traditional therapies and medicines that originally came from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> also have long histories of usage and development in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kampo" title="Kampo">Kampo</a>), <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Korean_medicine" title="Traditional Korean medicine">TKM</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_medicine" title="Traditional Vietnamese medicine">TVM</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Choi_&_Chang_(2010)-75">[74]</a> Medical procedures that can be labeled as "traditional" continue to be used all over the world, and are an integral part of health services in some countries. A 2008 survey by the WHO found that "[i]n some Asian and African countries, 80% of the population depend on traditional medicine for primary health care". Also, "[i]n many developed countries, 70% to 80% of the population has used some form of alternative or complementary medicine (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">acupuncture</a>)".<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> From approximately 2003 to 2007,<a href="#cite_note-Morris,_Gomes,_Allen-77">[76]</a> a group of experts from various countries developed the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region, or simply IST.<a href="#cite_note-79">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-IST_book-78">[77]</a> In the following years, based on this nomenclature, the group created the International Classification of Traditional Medicine, or ICTM.<a href="#cite_note-81">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morris,_Gomes,_Allen-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> As of February 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ICD-11&action=edit">[update]</a>, Module I, also called TM1,<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Refguide_1.5-84">[81]</a> is the only module of the ICTM to have been released. Morris, Gomes, & Allen (2012) have stated that Module II will cover <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">ayurveda</a>, that Module III will cover <a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">homeopathy</a>, and that Module IV will cover "other TM systems with independent diagnostic conditions in a similar fashion".<a href="#cite_note-Morris,_Gomes,_Allen-77">[76]</a> However, these modules have yet to be made public, and Singh & Rastogi (2018) noted that this "keeps the speculations open for what actually is encompassing under the current domain [of the ICTM]".<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> The decision to include T(C)M in the ICD-11 has been criticized, because it is often alleged to be <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>. <a href="/wiki/Editorial" title="Editorial">Editorials</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a> admitted that some TM techniques and herbs have shown effectiveness or potential, but that others are pointless, or even outright harmful. They wrote that the inclusion of the TM-chapter is at odds with the scientific, evidence-based methods usually employed by the WHO. Both editorials accused the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">government of China</a> of pushing the WHO to incorporate TCM, a global, billion-dollar market in which China plays a leading role.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> The WHO has stated that the categories of TM1 "do not refer to – or endorse – any form of treatment", and that their inclusion is primarily intended for statistical purposes.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> The TM1 codes are recommended to be used in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Western_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Western medicine">Western medicine</a> concepts of ICD-11 chapters 1-25.<a href="#cite_note-Refguide_1.5-84">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_changes">Other changes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ICD-11&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other changes">edit</a>]</div> Other notable changes in the ICD-11 include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">Stroke</a> is now classified as a neurological disorder instead of a disease of the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ICD-11_Lancet-89">[86]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergies" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergies">Allergies</a> are now coded under diseases of the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ICD-11_Lancet-89">[86]</a></li> <li>In the ICD-10, a distinction was made between Sleep disorders (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/G47">G47</a>), included in nervous system diseases chapter, and Nonorganic sleep disorders (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F51">F51</a>), included in the mental disorders chapter. In the ICD-11, they are merged and placed into a new chapter called <a href="/wiki/Sleep-wake_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep-wake disorders">sleep-wake disorders</a>, since the separation between organic (physical) and non-organic (mental) disorders is considered obsolete.<a href="#cite_note-Reed_et_al._(2019)_separate_quote-65">[64]</a></li> <li>"Supplementary section for functioning assessment" is an additional chapter that provides codes for use in the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0),<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> the model disability survey (MDS),<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Functioning,_Disability_and_Health" title="International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health">ICF</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ICD-11&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> It is perhaps important to note that the ICD has never featured the category <a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">narcissistic personality disorder</a> (NPD), unlike the DSM, which has it since <a href="/wiki/DSM-III" class="mw-redirect" title="DSM-III">DSM-III</a> and codes it under the ICD-category <a href="/wiki/Other_specific_personality_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Other specific personality disorders">Other specific personality disorders</a> (ICD-9: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=301.8">301.8</a>; ICD-10: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F60.8">F60.8</a>). Patients who might have NPD are sometimes also diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder" title="Antisocial personality disorder">Dissocial/Antisocial personality disorder</a> (ICD-9: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=301.7">301.7</a>; ICD-10: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F60.2">F60.2</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> The abbreviation "IST" is used in official WHO documentation.<a href="#cite_note-IST_book-78">[77]</a> Other abbreviations that have been used are "WHO-IST"<a href="#cite_note-Morris,_Gomes,_Allen-77">[76]</a> and "WHO ISTT".<a href="#cite_note-Choi_&_Chang_(2010)-75">[74]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Morris, Gomes, & Allen (2012) also used the term "International Classification of Traditional Medicine-China, Japan, Korea" (ICTM-CJK).<a href="#cite_note-Morris,_Gomes,_Allen-77">[76]</a> This term does not appear in official WHO documentation, and has only limited use.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Also, Choi (2020) have used the term "ICD-11-26" to refer to the TM-chapter.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ICD-11&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Agenda_item-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Agenda_item_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agenda_item_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWHO2016" class="citation web cs1">WHO (15 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB139/B139_7-en.pdf">"International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems: update on the eleventh revision"</a> (PDF). apps.who.int. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161020061506/https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB139/B139_7-en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2016. <q>The eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) started in 2007.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apps.who.int&rft.atitle=International+Statistical+Classification+of+Diseases+and+Related+Health+Problems%3A+update+on+the+eleventh+revision&rft.date=2016-04-15&rft.au=WHO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Fgb%2Febwha%2Fpdf_files%2FEB139%2FB139_7-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICD-11" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SNOMED_ICD_interfacing-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SNOMED_ICD_interfacing_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SNOMED_ICD_interfacing_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguesSchulzRectorSpackman2013" class="citation journal cs1">Rodrigues, Jean-Marie; Schulz, Stefan; Rector, Alan; Spackman, Kent; Üstün, Bedirhan; Chute, Christopher G.; Della Mea, Vincenzo; Millar, Jane; Brand Persson, Kristina (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/standards/classifications">the original</a> on 22 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WHO+Family+of+International+Classifications+%28FIC%29&rft.au=WHO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fstandards%2Fclassifications&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICD-11" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWHO" class="citation web cs1">WHO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icdcdn.who.int/icd11referenceguide/en/html/index.html#whofic-derived-classifications">"1.1.4.3 WHO-FIC: Derived Classifications"</a>. 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World Psychiatry. 18 (1): 3–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwps.20611">10.1002/wps.20611</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6313247">6313247</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30600616">30600616</a>. <q>In the ICD-10, the number of groupings of disorders was artificially constrained by the decimal coding system used in the classification</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Innovations+and+changes+in+the+ICD-11+classification+of+mental%2C+behavioural+and+neurodevelopmental+disorders&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-19&rft.date=2019-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6313247%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30600616&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fwps.20611&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=GM&rft.au=First%2C+MB&rft.au=Kogan%2C+CS&rft.au=Hyman%2C+SE&rft.au=Gureje%2C+O&rft.au=Gaebel%2C+W&rft.au=Maj%2C+M&rft.au=Stein%2C+DJ&rft.au=Maercker%2C+A&rft.au=Tyrer%2C+P&rft.au=Claudino%2C+A&rft.au=Garralda%2C+E&rft.au=Salvador-Carulla%2C+L&rft.au=Ray%2C+R&rft.au=Saunders%2C+JB&rft.au=Dua%2C+T&rft.au=Poznyak%2C+V&rft.au=Medina-Mora%2C+ME&rft.au=Pike%2C+KM&rft.au=Ayuso-Mateos%2C+JL&rft.au=Kanba%2C+S&rft.au=Keeley%2C+JW&rft.au=Khoury%2C+B&rft.au=Krasnov%2C+VN&rft.au=Kulygina%2C+M&rft.au=Lovell%2C+AM&rft.au=de+Jesus+Mari%2C+J&rft.au=Maruta%2C+T&rft.au=Matsumoto%2C+C&rft.au=Rebello%2C+TJ&rft.au=Roberts%2C+MC&rft.au=Robles%2C+R&rft.au=Sharan%2C+P&rft.au=Zhao%2C+M&rft.au=Jablensky%2C+A&rft.au=Udomratn%2C+P&rft.au=Rahimi-Movaghar%2C+A&rft.au=Rydelius%2C+PA&rft.au=B%C3%A4hrer-Kohler%2C+S&rft.au=Watts%2C+AD&rft.au=Saxena%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6313247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICD-11" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaskin2018" class="citation web cs1">Raskin JD (25 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/making-meaning/201807/what-s-new-in-the-international-classification-diseases">"What's New in the International Classification of Diseases?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Today" title="Psychology Today">Psychology Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200405171146/https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/making-meaning/201807/what-s-new-in-the-international-classification-diseases">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Psychology+Today&rft.atitle=What%27s+New+in+the+International+Classification+of+Diseases%3F&rft.date=2018-07-25&rft.aulast=Raskin&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Fintl%2Fblog%2Fmaking-meaning%2F201807%2Fwhat-s-new-in-the-international-classification-diseases&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICD-11" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-First_(2015)-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-First_(2015)_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_(2015)_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirst2015" class="citation journal cs1">First, Michael B.; et al. (5 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4329901">"The development of the ICD-11 Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines for Mental and Behavioural Disorders"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Psychiatry" title="World Psychiatry">World Psychiatry</a>. 14 (1): 82–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwps.20189">10.1002/wps.20189</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4329901">4329901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+development+of+the+ICD-11+Clinical+Descriptions+and+Diagnostic+Guidelines+for+Mental+and+Behavioural+Disorders&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=82-90&rft.date=2015-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4329901%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fwps.20189&rft.aulast=First&rft.aufirst=Michael+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4329901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICD-11" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGozi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gozi, Anirban (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5005%2Fjp-journals-10067-0030">"Highlights of ICD-11 Classification of Mental, Behavioral, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders"</a>. Indian Journal of Private Psychiatry. 13 (1): 11–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5005%2Fjp-journals-10067-0030">10.5005/jp-journals-10067-0030</a>. <q>Publication of the CDDG version of ICD-11 is expected following approval of the overall system by the World Health Assembly.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Private+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Highlights+of+ICD-11+Classification+of+Mental%2C+Behavioral%2C+and+Neurodevelopmental+Disorders&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-17&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5005%2Fjp-journals-10067-0030&rft.aulast=Gozi&rft.aufirst=Anirban&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5005%252Fjp-journals-10067-0030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICD-11" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaebelStrickerKerst2022" class="citation journal cs1">Gaebel, Wolfgang; Stricker, Johannes; Kerst, Ariane (1 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7365296">"Changes from ICD-10 to ICD-11 and future directions in psychiatric classification"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dialogues_in_Clinical_Neuroscience" title="Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience">Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience</a>. 22 (1): 7–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31887%2FDCNS.2020.22.1%2Fwgaebel">10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.1/wgaebel</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7365296">7365296</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32699501">32699501</a>. <q>A series of field studies evaluated how well the ICD-11 CDDG function when applied by health professionals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogues+in+Clinical+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Changes+from+ICD-10+to+ICD-11+and+future+directions+in+psychiatric+classification&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-15&rft.date=2022-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7365296%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32699501&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31887%2FDCNS.2020.22.1%2Fwgaebel&rft.aulast=Gaebel&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.au=Stricker%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Kerst%2C+Ariane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7365296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICD-11" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed2022" class="citation journal cs1">Reed, Geoffrey M.; et al. 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Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. 8 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308092719/https://www.who.int/news/item/08-03-2024-new-manual-released-to-support-diagnosis-of-mental--behavioural-and-neurodevelopmental-disorders-added-in-icd-11">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+manual+released+to+support+diagnosis+of+mental%2C+behavioural+and+neurodevelopmental+disorders+added+in+ICD-11&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=WHO&rft.date=2024-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnews%2Fitem%2F08-03-2024-new-manual-released-to-support-diagnosis-of-mental--behavioural-and-neurodevelopmental-disorders-added-in-icd-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICD-11" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWHO2024" class="citation book cs1">WHO (8 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/375767/9789240077263-eng.pdf">Clinical descriptions and diagnostic requirements for ICD-11 mental, behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders</a> (PDF) (electronic ed.). 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(October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5032510">"Disorders related to sexuality and gender identity in the ICD-11: revising the ICD-10 classification based on current scientific evidence, best clinical practices, and human rights considerations"</a>. World Psychiatry. 15 (3): 205–221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwps.20354">10.1002/wps.20354</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5032510">5032510</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27717275">27717275</a>. <q>The ICD-10 classification of Sexual dysfunctions (F52) is based on a Cartesian separation of "organic" and "non-organic" conditions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Disorders+related+to+sexuality+and+gender+identity+in+the+ICD-11%3A+revising+the+ICD-10+classification+based+on+current+scientific+evidence%2C+best+clinical+practices%2C+and+human+rights+considerations&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=205-221&rft.date=2016-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5032510%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27717275&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fwps.20354&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=GM&rft.au=Drescher%2C+J&rft.au=Krueger%2C+RB&rft.au=Atalla%2C+E&rft.au=Cochran%2C+SD&rft.au=First%2C+MB&rft.au=Cohen-Kettenis%2C+PT&rft.au=Arango-de+Montis%2C+I&rft.au=Parish%2C+SJ&rft.au=Cottler%2C+S&rft.au=Briken%2C+P&rft.au=Saxena%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5032510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICD-11" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reed_et_al._(2019)_separate_quote-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reed_et_al._(2019)_separate_quote_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reed_et_al._(2019)_separate_quote_65-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFReed_et_al.2019">Reed et al. (2019)</a>: "The classification of sleep disorders in the ICD-10 relied on the now obsolete separation between organic and non-organic disorders (...) The ICD-10 also embodied a dichotomy between organic and non-organic in the realm of sexual dysfunctions" </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReed_et_al.2016">Reed et al. 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Addiction. 111 (12): 2097–2106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fadd.13297">10.1111/add.13297</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4990495">4990495</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26893127">26893127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Addiction&rft.atitle=Should+compulsive+sexual+behavior+be+considered+an+addiction%3F&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2097-2106&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4990495%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26893127&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fadd.13297&rft.aulast=Kraus&rft.aufirst=SW&rft.au=Voon%2C+V&rft.au=Potenza%2C+MN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4990495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICD-11" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrescherCohen-KettenisWinter2012" class="citation journal cs1">Drescher J, Cohen-Kettenis P, Winter S (December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12557295">"Minding the body: situating gender identity diagnoses in the ICD-11"</a>. International Review of Psychiatry. 24 (6): 568–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F09540261.2012.741575">10.3109/09540261.2012.741575</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23244612">23244612</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12805083">12805083</a>. <q>Until the middle of the 20th century, with rare exceptions, transgender presentations were usually classified as psychopathological.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Minding+the+body%3A+situating+gender+identity+diagnoses+in+the+ICD-11&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=568-77&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12805083%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23244612&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F09540261.2012.741575&rft.aulast=Drescher&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Cohen-Kettenis%2C+P&rft.au=Winter%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F12557295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICD-11" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen-KettenisPfäfflin2010" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen-Kettenis PT, Pfäfflin F (April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/38019925">"The DSM diagnostic criteria for gender identity disorder in adolescents and adults"</a>. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 39 (2): 499–513. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-009-9562-y">10.1007/s10508-009-9562-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1871%2F34512">1871/34512</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19838784">19838784</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16336939">16336939</a>. <q>The DSM has consistently approached gender problems from the position that a divergence between the assigned sex or "the" physical sex (assuming that "physical sex" is a one-dimensional construct) and "the" psychological sex (gender) per se signals a psychiatric disorder. Although the terminology and place of the gender identity disorders in the DSM have varied in the different versions, the distress about one's assigned sex has remained, since DSM-III, the core feature of the diagnosis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Sexual+Behavior&rft.atitle=The+DSM+diagnostic+criteria+for+gender+identity+disorder+in+adolescents+and+adults&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=499-513&rft.date=2010-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1871%2F34512&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16336939%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19838784&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10508-009-9562-y&rft.aulast=Cohen-Kettenis&rft.aufirst=PT&rft.au=Pf%C3%A4fflin%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F38019925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICD-11" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2018" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence AA (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8hTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA634">"Gender Dysphoria"</a>. In Beidel DC, Frueh BC (eds.). Adult Psychopathology and Diagnosis (8th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 634. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-38360-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-38360-4"><bdi>978-1-119-38360-4</bdi></a>. <q>The World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH), for example, defined <abbr title="Gender Dysphoria">GD</abbr> as "discomfort or distress that is caused by a discrepancy between a person's gender identity and that person's sex assigned at birth (and the associated gender role and/or primary and secondary sex characteristics)"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gender+Dysphoria&rft.btitle=Adult+Psychopathology+and+Diagnosis&rft.pages=634&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-119-38360-4&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Anne+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ8hTDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICD-11" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoblesFresánVega-RamírezCruz-Islas2016" class="citation journal cs1">Robles R, Fresán A, Vega-Ramírez H, Cruz-Islas J, Rodríguez-Pérez V, Domínguez-Martínez T, Reed GM (September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(16)30165-1/fulltext">"Removing transgender identity from the classification of mental disorders: a Mexican field study for ICD-11"</a>. 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Global Advances in Health and Medicine. 1 (4): 38–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7453%2Fgahmj.2012.1.4.005">10.7453/gahmj.2012.1.4.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3833512">3833512</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24278830">24278830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Advances+in+Health+and+Medicine&rft.atitle=International+classification+of+traditional+medicine&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=38-41&rft.date=2012-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3833512%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24278830&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7453%2Fgahmj.2012.1.4.005&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Gomes%2C+S&rft.au=Allen%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3833512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICD-11" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IST_book-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IST_book_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IST_book_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization:_Regional_Office_for_the_Western_Pacific2007" class="citation book cs1">World Health Organization: Regional Office for the Western Pacific (2007). WHO international standard terminologies on traditional medicine in the Western Pacific Region. Manila, Philippines: WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10665%2F206952">10665/206952</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-29-061305-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-29-061305-3"><bdi>978-9-29-061305-3</bdi></a>. <q>Among the various standards in <abbr title="Traditional Medicine">TRM</abbr>, such as acupuncture point locations, information and clinical practice, the development of an international standard terminology (IST) is the very first step towards overall standardization of TRM. (p1) (...) 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Editorial. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/classifications/icf/whodasii/en/">the original</a> on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.who.int&rft.atitle=WHO+Disability+Assessment+Schedule+%28WHODAS+2.0%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fclassifications%2Ficf%2Fwhodasii%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AICD-11" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240824062228/https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/model-disability-survey">"Disability: Model disability survey"</a>. www.who.int. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/model-disability-survey">the original</a> on 24 August 2024. 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medical classification"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medical_classification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_classification" title="Medical classification">Medical classification</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Topographical_code" title="Topographical code">Topographical codes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federative_International_Committee_on_Anatomical_Terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology">Terminologia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Histologica" title="Terminologia Histologica">TH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Embryologica" title="Terminologia Embryologica">TE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematized_Nomenclature_of_Medicine#T_(Topography)_--_Anatomic_terms" title="Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine">SNOMED T axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH A axis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_code" title="Diagnosis code">Diagnostic codes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">general:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Diseases" title="International Classification of Diseases">ICD</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICD-9" class="mw-redirect" title="ICD-9">9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Primary_Care" title="International Classification of Primary Care">ICPC-2</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionnaire_des_r%C3%A9sultats_de_consultation" class="extiw" title="fr:Dictionnaire des résultats de consultation">DRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NANDA" class="mw-redirect" title="NANDA">NANDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Read_code" title="Read code">Read codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematized_Nomenclature_of_Medicine" title="Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine">SNOMED D axis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">specialized:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Diseases_for_Oncology" title="International Classification of Diseases for Oncology">ICD-O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Sleep_Disorders" title="International Classification of Sleep Disorders">ICSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Headache_Disorders" title="International Classification of Headache Disorders">ICHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_International_League_of_Dermatological_Societies" title="The International League of Dermatological Societies">ILDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">DSM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DSM-IV_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="DSM-IV codes">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Pediatric_Association_Classification_of_Diseases" title="British Pediatric Association Classification of Diseases">BPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Classification_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders">CCMD-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard_Sports_Injury_and_Illness_Classification_System_(OSIICS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchard Sports Injury and Illness Classification System (OSIICS)">OSIICS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Procedure_code" title="Procedure code">Procedural codes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_Common_Procedure_Coding_System" title="Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System">HCPCS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Current_Procedural_Terminology" title="Current Procedural Terminology">CPT</a>, <a href="/wiki/HCPCS_Level_2" title="HCPCS Level 2">Level 2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICD-10_Procedure_Coding_System" title="ICD-10 Procedure Coding System">10 PCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICD-9-CM_Volume_3" title="ICD-9-CM Volume 3">9-CM Volume 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Health_Interventions" title="International Classification of Health Interventions">ICHI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_Interventions_Classification" title="Nursing Interventions Classification">NIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematized_Nomenclature_of_Medicine" title="Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine">SNOMED P axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPS-301" title="OPS-301">OPS-301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Read_code" title="Read code">Read codes</a>/<a href="/wiki/OPCS-4" title="OPCS-4">OPCS-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_Commune_des_Actes_M%C3%A9dicaux" title="Classification Commune des Actes Médicaux">CCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOINC" title="LOINC">LOINC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_code" title="Pharmaceutical code">Pharmaceutical codes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_drug_code" title="National drug code">NDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematized_Nomenclature_of_Medicine" title="Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine">SNOMED C axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Identification_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug Identification Number">DIN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outcomes codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_Outcomes_Classification" title="Nursing Outcomes Classification">NOC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ICD-11&oldid=1260640686">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ICD-11&oldid=1260640686</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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