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id="toc-Colorimetric_(perceptual_luminance-preserving)_conversion_to_grayscale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luma_coding_in_video_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luma_coding_in_video_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Luma coding in video systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luma_coding_in_video_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grayscale_as_single_channels_of_multichannel_color_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grayscale_as_single_channels_of_multichannel_color_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Grayscale as single channels of multichannel color images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grayscale_as_single_channels_of_multichannel_color_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boz_%C5%9Fkala" title="Boz şkala – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Boz şkala" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Шэрая шкала – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шэрая шкала" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escala_de_grisos" title="Escala de grisos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escala de grisos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escala_de_grises" title="Escala de grises – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escala de grises" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griznivelo" title="Griznivelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Griznivelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="تصویر خاکستری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تصویر خاکستری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niveau_de_gris" title="Niveau de gris – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Niveau de gris" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9A%8C%EC%83%89%EC%A1%B0" title="회색조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="회색조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derajat_keabuan" title="Derajat keabuan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Derajat keabuan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livelli_di_grigio" title="Livelli di grigio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Livelli di grigio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="ნაცრისფერი ფერის დონე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნაცრისფერი ფერის დონე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skala_kelabu" title="Skala kelabu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Skala kelabu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="グレースケール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グレースケール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A5toneskala" title="Gråtoneskala – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gråtoneskala" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A5skala" title="Gråskala – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gråskala" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADvel_de_cinza" title="Nível de cinza – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nível de cinza" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Оттенки серого – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оттенки серого" data-language-autonym="Русский" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Image where each pixel's intensity is shown only achromatic values of black, gray, and white</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Grayscale_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Grayscale (disambiguation)">Grayscale (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid 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role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Grayscale" title="Special:EditPage/Grayscale">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Grayscale%22">"Grayscale"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Grayscale%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Grayscale%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Grayscale%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Grayscale%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Grayscale%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccf"><a href="/wiki/Color_depth" title="Color depth">Color depth</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_image" title="Binary image">1-bit monochrome</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">8-bit grayscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-bit_color" title="8-bit color">8-bit color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_color" title="High color">15- or 16-bit color (high color)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_depth#True_color_(24-bit)" title="Color depth">24-bit color (true color)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_depth#Deep_color_(30-bit)" title="Color depth">30-, 36-, or 48-bit color (deep color)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccf"> Related</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indexed_color" title="Indexed color">Indexed color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palette_(computing)" title="Palette (computing)">Palette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors#Web-safe_colors" title="Web colors">Web-safe color</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Color_depth" title="Template:Color depth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Color_depth" title="Template talk:Color depth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Color_depth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Color depth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">digital photography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">computer-generated imagery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">colorimetry</a>, a <b>greyscale</b> (more common in <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth English">Commonwealth English</a>) or <b>grayscale</b> (more common in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>) <a href="/wiki/Image" title="Image">image</a> is one in which the value of each <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixel</a> is a single <a href="/wiki/Sample_(signal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample (signal)">sample</a> representing only an <i>amount</i> of <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a>; that is, it carries only <a href="/wiki/Luminous_intensity" title="Luminous intensity">intensity</a> information. Grayscale images, a kind of <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a> or gray <a href="/wiki/Monochrome" title="Monochrome">monochrome</a>, are composed exclusively of <a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray">shades of gray</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">contrast</a> ranges from <a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">black</a> at the weakest intensity to <a href="/wiki/White" title="White">white</a> at the strongest.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grayscale images are distinct from one-bit bi-tonal black-and-white images, which, in the context of computer imaging, are images with only two <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">colors</a>: black and white (also called <i>bilevel</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Binary_image" title="Binary image">binary images</a></i>). Grayscale images have many shades of gray in between. </p><p>Grayscale images can be the result of measuring the intensity of light at each pixel according to a particular weighted combination of frequencies (or wavelengths), and in such cases they are <a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic light">monochromatic</a> proper when only a single <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> (in practice, a narrow band of frequencies) is captured. The frequencies can in principle be from anywhere in the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible light</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>, etc.). </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">colorimetric</a> (or more specifically <a href="/wiki/Photometry_(optics)" title="Photometry (optics)">photometric</a>) grayscale image is an image that has a defined grayscale <a href="/wiki/Colorspace" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorspace">colorspace</a>, which maps the stored numeric sample values to the achromatic channel of a standard colorspace, which itself is based on measured properties of <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">human vision</a>. </p><p>If the original color image has no defined colorspace, or if the grayscale image is not intended to have the same human-perceived achromatic intensity as the color image, then there is no unique <a href="/wiki/Map_(mathematics)" title="Map (mathematics)">mapping</a> from such a color image to a grayscale image. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numerical_representations">Numerical representations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grayscale&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Numerical representations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; border-collapse:collapse; float:right; clear:right;" width="5%"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#FFFFFF;"> <td>   </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#EEEEEE;"> <td>   </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#DDDDDD;"> <td>   </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> <td>   </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#BBBBBB;"> <td>   </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#AAAAAA;"> <td>   </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#999999;"> <td>   </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#888888;"> <td>   </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#777777;"> <td>   </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#666666;"> <td>   </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#555555;"> <td>   </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#444444;"> <td>   </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#333333;"> <td>   </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#222222;"> <td>   </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#111111;"> <td>   </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#000000;"> <td>   </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The intensity of a pixel is expressed within a given range between a minimum and a maximum, inclusive. This range is represented in an abstract way as a range from 0 (or 0%) (total absence, black) and 1 (or 100%) (total presence, white), with any fractional values in between. This notation is used in academic papers, but this does not define what "black" or "white" is in terms of <a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">colorimetry</a>. Sometimes the scale is reversed, as in <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> where the numeric intensity denotes how much ink is employed in <a href="/wiki/Halftoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Halftoning">halftoning</a>, with 0% representing the paper white (no ink) and 100% being a solid black (full ink). </p><p>In computing, although the grayscale can be computed through <a href="/wiki/Rational_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational numbers">rational numbers</a>, image pixels are usually <a href="/wiki/Quantization_(signal_processing)" title="Quantization (signal processing)">quantized</a> to store them as unsigned integers, to reduce the required storage and computation. Some early grayscale monitors can only display up to sixteen different shades, which would be stored in <a href="/wiki/Binary_code" title="Binary code">binary</a> form using 4 <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bits</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> But today grayscale images intended for visual display are commonly stored with 8 bits per sampled pixel. This pixel <a href="/wiki/Color_depth" title="Color depth">depth</a> allows 256 different intensities (i.e., shades of gray) to be recorded, and also simplifies computation as each pixel sample can be accessed individually as one full <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">byte</a>. However, if these intensities were spaced equally in proportion to the amount of physical light they represent at that pixel (called a linear encoding or scale), the differences between adjacent dark shades could be quite noticeable as banding <a href="/wiki/Compression_artifact" title="Compression artifact">artifacts</a>, while many of the lighter shades would be "wasted" by encoding a lot of perceptually-indistinguishable increments. Therefore, the shades are instead typically spread out evenly on a <a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma-compressed nonlinear scale</a>, which better approximates uniform perceptual increments for both dark and light shades, usually making these 256 shades enough to avoid noticeable increments.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Technical uses (e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a> or <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a> applications) often require more levels, to make full use of the <a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">sensor</a> accuracy (typically 10 or 12 bits per sample) and to reduce rounding errors in computations. Sixteen bits per sample (65,536 levels) is often a convenient choice for such uses, as computers manage 16-bit <a href="/wiki/Word_(data_type)" class="mw-redirect" title="Word (data type)">words</a> efficiently. The <a href="/wiki/Tagged_Image_File_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagged Image File Format">TIFF</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Network Graphics">PNG</a> (among other) <a href="/wiki/Image_file_formats" class="mw-redirect" title="Image file formats">image file formats</a> support 16-bit grayscale natively, although browsers and many imaging programs tend to ignore the low order 8 bits of each pixel. Internally for computation and working storage, image processing software typically uses integer or floating-point numbers of size 16 or 32 bits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Converting_color_to_grayscale">Converting color to grayscale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grayscale&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Converting color to grayscale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auschwitz_channel_mixer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Auschwitz_channel_mixer.jpg/220px-Auschwitz_channel_mixer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Auschwitz_channel_mixer.jpg/330px-Auschwitz_channel_mixer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Auschwitz_channel_mixer.jpg/440px-Auschwitz_channel_mixer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Examples of conversion from a full-color image to grayscale using <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</a>'s <i>Channel Mixer</i>, compared to the original image and colorimetric conversion to grayscale</figcaption></figure> <p>Conversion of an arbitrary color image to grayscale is not unique in general; different weighting of the color channels effectively represent the effect of shooting black-and-white film with different-colored <a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">photographic filters</a> on the cameras. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colorimetric_(perceptual_luminance-preserving)_conversion_to_grayscale"><span id="Colorimetric_.28perceptual_luminance-preserving.29_conversion_to_grayscale"></span>Colorimetric (perceptual luminance-preserving) conversion to grayscale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grayscale&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Colorimetric (perceptual luminance-preserving) conversion to grayscale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A common strategy is to use the principles of <a href="/wiki/Photometry_(optics)" title="Photometry (optics)">photometry</a> or, more broadly, <a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">colorimetry</a> to calculate the grayscale values (in the target grayscale colorspace) so as to have the same luminance (technically relative luminance) as the original color image (according to its colorspace).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the same (relative) luminance, this method also ensures that both images will have the same <a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">absolute luminance</a> when displayed, as can be measured by instruments in its <a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">SI</a> units of <a href="/wiki/Candela_per_square_metre" title="Candela per square metre">candelas per square meter</a>, in any given area of the image, given equal <a href="/wiki/Whitepoint" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitepoint">whitepoints</a>. Luminance itself is defined using a standard model of human vision, so preserving the luminance in the grayscale image also preserves other perceptual <a href="/wiki/Lightness#Relationship_between_lightness,_value,_and_luminance" title="Lightness">lightness measures</a>, such as <span class="texhtml"><i>L</i><sup>*</sup></span> (as in the 1976 CIE <a href="/wiki/Lab_color_space#CIELAB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lab color space"><i>L</i>ab color space</a>) which is determined by the linear luminance <span class="texhtml"><i>Y</i></span> itself (as in the <a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space#Definition_of_the_CIE_XYZ_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">CIE 1931 <i>XYZ</i> color space</a>) which we will refer to here as <span class="texhtml"><i>Y</i><sub>linear</sub></span> to avoid any ambiguity. </p><p>To convert a color from a colorspace based on a typical <a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma-compressed</a> (nonlinear) <a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a> to a grayscale representation of its luminance, the gamma compression function must first be removed via gamma expansion (linearization) to transform the image to a linear RGB colorspace, so that the appropriate <a href="/wiki/Weighted_sum" class="mw-redirect" title="Weighted sum">weighted sum</a> can be applied to the linear color components (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{\mathrm {linear} },G_{\mathrm {linear} },B_{\mathrm {linear} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{\mathrm {linear} },G_{\mathrm {linear} },B_{\mathrm {linear} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bad39b95f31d6c14d7fbe9d5e7273e355861a382" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:20.195ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{\mathrm {linear} },G_{\mathrm {linear} },B_{\mathrm {linear} }}"></span>) to calculate the linear luminance <span class="texhtml"><i>Y</i><sub>linear</sub></span>, which can then be gamma-compressed back again if the grayscale result is also to be encoded and stored in a typical nonlinear colorspace.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the common <a href="/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</a> color space, gamma expansion is defined as <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{\mathrm {linear} }={\begin{cases}{\frac {C_{\mathrm {srgb} }}{12.92}},&{\text{if }}C_{\mathrm {srgb} }\leq 0.04045\\\left({\frac {C_{\mathrm {srgb} }+0.055}{1.055}}\right)^{2.4},&{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>{</mo> <mtable columnalign="left left" rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="1em" displaystyle="false"> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mn>12.92</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>if </mtext> </mrow> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>0.04045</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.055</mn> </mrow> <mn>1.055</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2.4</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>,</mo> </mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>otherwise</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{\mathrm {linear} }={\begin{cases}{\frac {C_{\mathrm {srgb} }}{12.92}},&{\text{if }}C_{\mathrm {srgb} }\leq 0.04045\\\left({\frac {C_{\mathrm {srgb} }+0.055}{1.055}}\right)^{2.4},&{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b5eb0d87fe5e8f06d1000b348583e76e7d9ad32c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.171ex; width:47.154ex; height:9.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{\mathrm {linear} }={\begin{cases}{\frac {C_{\mathrm {srgb} }}{12.92}},&{\text{if }}C_{\mathrm {srgb} }\leq 0.04045\\\left({\frac {C_{\mathrm {srgb} }+0.055}{1.055}}\right)^{2.4},&{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}}"></span> </p><p>where <span class="texhtml"><i>C</i><sub>srgb</sub></span> represents any of the three gamma-compressed sRGB primaries (<span class="texhtml"><i>R</i><sub>srgb</sub></span>, <span class="texhtml"><i>G</i><sub>srgb</sub></span>, and <span class="texhtml"><i>B</i><sub>srgb</sub></span>, each in range [0,1]) and <span class="texhtml"><i>C</i><sub>linear</sub></span> is the corresponding linear-intensity value (<span class="texhtml"><i>R</i><sub>linear</sub></span>, <span class="texhtml"><i>G</i><sub>linear</sub></span>, and <span class="texhtml"><i>B</i><sub>linear</sub></span>, also in range [0,1]). Then, linear luminance is calculated as a weighted sum of the three linear-intensity values. The <a href="/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</a> color space is defined in terms of the <a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">CIE 1931</a> linear luminance <span class="texhtml"><i>Y</i><sub>linear</sub></span>, which is given by<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y_{\mathrm {linear} }=0.2126R_{\mathrm {linear} }+0.7152G_{\mathrm {linear} }+0.0722B_{\mathrm {linear} }.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>Y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.2126</mn> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.7152</mn> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.0722</mn> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y_{\mathrm {linear} }=0.2126R_{\mathrm {linear} }+0.7152G_{\mathrm {linear} }+0.0722B_{\mathrm {linear} }.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3a60e9ad9b8a5e5d2509cb9fc67dfef945d0038" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:52.539ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y_{\mathrm {linear} }=0.2126R_{\mathrm {linear} }+0.7152G_{\mathrm {linear} }+0.0722B_{\mathrm {linear} }.}"></span> </p><p>These three particular coefficients represent the intensity (luminance) perception of typical <a href="/wiki/Trichromat" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichromat">trichromat</a> humans to light of the precise <a href="/wiki/Rec._709" title="Rec. 709">Rec. 709</a> additive primary colors (chromaticities) that are used in the definition of sRGB. Human vision is most sensitive to green, so this has the greatest coefficient value (0.7152), and least sensitive to blue, so this has the smallest coefficient (0.0722). To encode grayscale intensity in linear RGB, each of the three color components can be set to equal the calculated linear luminance <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y_{\mathrm {linear} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>Y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y_{\mathrm {linear} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c30dfe81df67b6930b7e65ec7c501fc1fdba5d9d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.608ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y_{\mathrm {linear} }}"></span> (replacing <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{\mathrm {linear} },G_{\mathrm {linear} },B_{\mathrm {linear} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{\mathrm {linear} },G_{\mathrm {linear} },B_{\mathrm {linear} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bad39b95f31d6c14d7fbe9d5e7273e355861a382" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:20.195ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{\mathrm {linear} },G_{\mathrm {linear} },B_{\mathrm {linear} }}"></span> by the values <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y_{\mathrm {linear} },Y_{\mathrm {linear} },Y_{\mathrm {linear} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>Y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>Y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>Y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y_{\mathrm {linear} },Y_{\mathrm {linear} },Y_{\mathrm {linear} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8823a93f024d769cf27768c895d05d3117af9ffd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:18.892ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y_{\mathrm {linear} },Y_{\mathrm {linear} },Y_{\mathrm {linear} }}"></span> to get this linear grayscale), which then typically needs to be <a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma compressed</a> to get back to a conventional non-linear representation.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilhelm_Burger,_Mark_J._Burge_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilhelm_Burger,_Mark_J._Burge-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For sRGB, each of its three primaries is then set to the same gamma-compressed <span class="texhtml"><i>Y</i><sub>srgb</sub></span> given by the inverse of the gamma expansion above as </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y_{\mathrm {srgb} }={\begin{cases}12.92\ Y_{\mathrm {linear} },&{\text{if }}Y_{\mathrm {linear} }\leq 0.0031308\\1.055\ Y_{\mathrm {linear} }^{1/2.4}-0.055,&{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>Y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>{</mo> <mtable columnalign="left left" rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="1em" displaystyle="false"> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>12.92</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>Y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> </mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>if </mtext> </mrow> <msub> <mi>Y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>0.0031308</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>1.055</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msubsup> <mi>Y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2.4</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.055</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>otherwise</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y_{\mathrm {srgb} }={\begin{cases}12.92\ Y_{\mathrm {linear} },&{\text{if }}Y_{\mathrm {linear} }\leq 0.0031308\\1.055\ Y_{\mathrm {linear} }^{1/2.4}-0.055,&{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/710e2cd6e31b4186eddd13b24db0ea61321851ba" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:53.658ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y_{\mathrm {srgb} }={\begin{cases}12.92\ Y_{\mathrm {linear} },&{\text{if }}Y_{\mathrm {linear} }\leq 0.0031308\\1.055\ Y_{\mathrm {linear} }^{1/2.4}-0.055,&{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}}"></span> </p><p>Because the three sRGB components are then equal, indicating that it is actually a gray image (not color), it is only necessary to store these values once, and we call this the resulting grayscale image. This is how it will normally be stored in sRGB-compatible image formats that support a single-channel grayscale representation, such as JPEG or PNG. Web browsers and other software that recognizes sRGB images should produce the same rendering for such a grayscale image as it would for a "color" sRGB image having the same values in all three color channels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luma_coding_in_video_systems">Luma coding in video systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grayscale&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Luma coding in video systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Luma_(video)" title="Luma (video)">luma (video)</a></div> <p>For images in color spaces such as <a href="/wiki/Y%27UV" class="mw-redirect" title="Y'UV">Y'UV</a> and its relatives, which are used in standard color TV and video systems such as <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>, <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a>, and <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>, a nonlinear <a href="/wiki/Luma_(video)" title="Luma (video)">luma</a> component <span class="texhtml">(<i>Y<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.15em;">′</span></i>)</span> is calculated directly from gamma-compressed primary intensities as a weighted sum, which, although not a perfect representation of the colorimetric luminance, can be calculated more quickly without the gamma expansion and compression used in photometric/colorimetric calculations. In the <a href="/wiki/Y%27UV" class="mw-redirect" title="Y'UV">Y'UV</a> and <a href="/wiki/YIQ" title="YIQ">Y'IQ</a> models used by PAL and NTSC, the <a href="/wiki/Rec._601" title="Rec. 601">rec601</a> luma <span class="texhtml">(<i>Y<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.15em;">′</span></i>)</span> component is computed as <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y'=0.299R'+0.587G'+0.114B'}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>Y</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.299</mn> <msup> <mi>R</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.587</mn> <msup> <mi>G</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.114</mn> <msup> <mi>B</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y'=0.299R'+0.587G'+0.114B'}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0069616bf46ed5b8405855e3748089f945aaf92f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:34.663ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y'=0.299R'+0.587G'+0.114B'}"></span> where we use the prime to distinguish these nonlinear values from the sRGB nonlinear values (discussed above) which use a somewhat different gamma compression formula, and from the linear RGB components. The <a href="/wiki/Rec._709" title="Rec. 709">ITU-R BT.709</a> standard used for <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HDTV</a> developed by the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Television_Systems_Committee_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Television Systems Committee standards">ATSC</a> uses different color coefficients, computing the luma component as <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y'=0.2126R'+0.7152G'+0.0722B'.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>Y</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.2126</mn> <msup> <mi>R</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.7152</mn> <msup> <mi>G</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.0722</mn> <msup> <mi>B</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y'=0.2126R'+0.7152G'+0.0722B'.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fe5ba5a751f736fee2aa9db2a4ec1a77e463da37" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:38.797ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y'=0.2126R'+0.7152G'+0.0722B'.}"></span> Although these are numerically the same coefficients used in sRGB above, the effect is different because here they are being applied directly to gamma-compressed values rather than to the linearized values. The <a href="/wiki/Rec._2100" title="Rec. 2100">ITU-R BT.2100</a> standard for <a href="/wiki/High_Dynamic_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="High Dynamic Range">HDR</a> television uses yet different coefficients, computing the luma component as <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y'=0.2627R'+0.6780G'+0.0593B'.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>Y</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.2627</mn> <msup> <mi>R</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.6780</mn> <msup> <mi>G</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.0593</mn> <msup> <mi>B</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y'=0.2627R'+0.6780G'+0.0593B'.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9b03c9b65b3707f5092d765ab1ac7f2fce86c002" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:38.797ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y'=0.2627R'+0.6780G'+0.0593B'.}"></span> </p><p>Normally these colorspaces are transformed back to nonlinear R'G'B' before rendering for viewing. To the extent that enough precision remains, they can then be rendered accurately. </p><p>But if the luma component Y' itself is instead used directly as a grayscale representation of the color image, luminance is not preserved: two colors can have the same luma <span class="texhtml"><i>Y<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.15em;">′</span></i></span> but different CIE linear luminance <span class="texhtml"><i>Y</i></span> (and thus different nonlinear <span class="texhtml"><i>Y</i><sub>srgb</sub></span> as defined above) and therefore appear darker or lighter to a typical human than the original color. Similarly, two colors having the same luminance <span class="texhtml"><i>Y</i></span> (and thus the same <span class="texhtml"><i>Y</i><sub>srgb</sub></span>) will in general have different luma by either of the <span class="texhtml"><i>Y<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.15em;">′</span></i></span> luma definitions above.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grayscale_as_single_channels_of_multichannel_color_images">Grayscale as single channels of multichannel color images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grayscale&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Grayscale as single channels of multichannel color images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Grayscale" title="Special:EditPage/Grayscale">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Color images are often built of several stacked <a href="/wiki/Channel_(digital_image)" title="Channel (digital image)">color channels</a>, each of them representing value levels of the given channel. For example, <a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a> images are composed of three independent channels for red, green and blue <a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a> components; <a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a> images have four channels for cyan, magenta, yellow and black <a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">ink plates</a>, etc. </p><p>Here is an example of color channel splitting of a full RGB color image. The column at left shows the isolated color channels in natural colors, while at right there are their grayscale equivalences: </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beyoglu_4671_tricolor.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Beyoglu_4671_tricolor.png/400px-Beyoglu_4671_tricolor.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Beyoglu_4671_tricolor.png/600px-Beyoglu_4671_tricolor.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Beyoglu_4671_tricolor.png/800px-Beyoglu_4671_tricolor.png 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="2310" /></a><figcaption>Composition of RGB from three grayscale images</figcaption></figure> <p>The reverse is also possible: to build a full-color image from their separate grayscale channels. By mangling channels, using offsets, rotating and other manipulations, artistic effects can be achieved instead of accurately reproducing the original image. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grayscale&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_(digital_image)" title="Channel (digital image)">Channel (digital image)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halftone" title="Halftone">Halftone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duotone" title="Duotone">Duotone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False-color" class="mw-redirect" title="False-color">False-color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepia_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepia tone">Sepia tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphological_image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphological image processing">Morphological image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzotint" title="Mezzotint">Mezzotint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_color_formats" title="List of monochrome and RGB color formats">List of monochrome and RGB color formats</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_color_formats#Monochrome_palettes" title="List of monochrome and RGB color formats">Monochrome palettes</a> section</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_software_palettes" title="List of software palettes">List of software palettes</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_software_palettes#Color_gradient_palettes" title="List of software palettes">Color gradient palettes</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_software_palettes#False_color_palettes" title="List of software palettes">false color palettes</a> sections</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achromatopsia#Complete_achromatopsia" title="Achromatopsia">Achromatopsia</a>, total <a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">color blindness</a>, in which vision is limited to a grayscale</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grayscale&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2006" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Stephen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0UVRXzF91gcC&q=grayscale+black-and-white-continuous-tone&pg=PA17"><i>Stephen Johnson on Digital Photography</i></a>. O'Reilly. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-596-52370-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-596-52370-X"><bdi>0-596-52370-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stephen+Johnson+on+Digital+Photography&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-596-52370-X&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0UVRXzF91gcC%26q%3Dgrayscale%2Bblack-and-white-continuous-tone%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrayscale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoynton2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Poynton" title="Charles Poynton">Poynton, Charles</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dSCEGFt47NkC"><i>Digital Video and HD: Algorithms and Interfaces</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Kaufmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan Kaufmann">Morgan Kaufmann</a>. pp. 31–35, 65–68, 333, 337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-391926-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-391926-7"><bdi>978-0-12-391926-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Video+and+HD%3A+Algorithms+and+Interfaces&rft.pages=31-35%2C+65-68%2C+333%2C+337&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-12-391926-7&rft.aulast=Poynton&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdSCEGFt47NkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrayscale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoynton2022" class="citation conference cs1 cs1-prop-location-test">Poynton, Charles A. (2022-03-14). Written at San Jose, Calif.. Rogowitz, B. E.; Pappas, T. N. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://poynton.ca/PDFs/Rehabilitation_of_gamma.pdf"><i>Rehabilitation of Gamma</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. SPIE/IS&T Conference 3299: Human Vision and Electronic Imaging III; January 26–30, 1998. Bellingham, Wash.: SPIE. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1117%2F12.320126">10.1117/12.320126</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423034709/https://poynton.ca/PDFs/Rehabilitation_of_gamma.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2023-04-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Rehabilitation+of+Gamma&rft.place=Bellingham%2C+Wash.&rft.pub=SPIE&rft.date=2022-03-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1117%2F12.320126&rft.aulast=Poynton&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoynton.ca%2FPDFs%2FRehabilitation_of_gamma.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrayscale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoynton2004" class="citation web cs1">Poynton, Charles A. (2004-02-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://poynton.ca/notes/video/Constant_luminance.html">"Constant Luminance"</a>. <i>Video Engineering</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230316214443/https://poynton.ca/notes/video/Constant_luminance.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Video+Engineering&rft.atitle=Constant+Luminance&rft.date=2004-02-25&rft.aulast=Poynton&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoynton.ca%2Fnotes%2Fvideo%2FConstant_luminance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrayscale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindbloom2017" class="citation web cs1">Lindbloom, Bruce (2017-04-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brucelindbloom.com/index.html?WorkingSpaceInfo.html">"RGB Working Space Information"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601091400/http://www.brucelindbloom.com/index.html?WorkingSpaceInfo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RGB+Working+Space+Information&rft.date=2017-04-06&rft.aulast=Lindbloom&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brucelindbloom.com%2Findex.html%3FWorkingSpaceInfo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrayscale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokesAndersonChandrasekarMotta1996" class="citation web cs1">Stokes, Michael; Anderson, Matthew; Chandrasekar, Srinivasan; Motta, Ricardo (1996-11-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/Graphics/Color/sRGB">"A Standard Default Color Space for the Internet – sRGB"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> – Graphics on the Web</i>. Part 2, matrix in equation 1.8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230524195001/https://www.w3.org/Graphics/Color/sRGB">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Wide+Web+Consortium+%E2%80%93+Graphics+on+the+Web&rft.atitle=A+Standard+Default+Color+Space+for+the+Internet+%E2%80%93+sRGB&rft.pages=Part+2%2C+matrix+in+equation+1.8&rft.date=1996-11-05&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Chandrasekar%2C+Srinivasan&rft.au=Motta%2C+Ricardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FGraphics%2FColor%2FsRGB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrayscale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilhelm_Burger,_Mark_J._Burge-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilhelm_Burger,_Mark_J._Burge_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgerBurge2010" class="citation book cs1">Burger, Wilhelm; Burge, Mark J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s5CBZLBakawC&pg=PA"><i>Principles of Digital Image Processing Core Algorithms</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 110–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84800-195-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84800-195-4"><bdi>978-1-84800-195-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Digital+Image+Processing+Core+Algorithms&rft.pages=110-111&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84800-195-4&rft.aulast=Burger&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft.au=Burge%2C+Mark+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds5CBZLBakawC%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrayscale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoynton1997" class="citation web cs1">Poynton, Charles A. (1997-07-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://poynton.ca/PDFs/Mag_of_nonconst_luminance.pdf">"The Magnitude of Nonconstant Luminance Errors"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Magnitude+of+Nonconstant+Luminance+Errors&rft.date=1997-07-15&rft.aulast=Poynton&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoynton.ca%2FPDFs%2FMag_of_nonconst_luminance.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrayscale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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title="Metamerism (color)">Metamerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opponent_process" title="Opponent process">Opponent process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterimage" title="Afterimage">Afterimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unique_hues" title="Unique hues">Unique hues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">Tetrachromacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_dress" title="The dress">The dress</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_psychology" title="Color psychology">Color psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_symbolism" title="Color symbolism">Color symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_preferences" title="Color preferences">Color preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCscher_color_test" title="Lüscher color test">Lüscher color test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruithof_curve" title="Kruithof curve">Kruithof curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_colour" title="Political colour">Political color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">National colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophobia" title="Chromophobia">Chromophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_reproduction" title="Color reproduction">Color reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_cast" title="Colour cast">Color cast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">Color printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-primary_color_display" title="Multi-primary color display">Multi-primary color display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattron" title="Quattron">Quattron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_model" title="Color model">Color model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Color mapping">Color mapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RGB_color_wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/100px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/150px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/200px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_color" title="Philosophy of color">Color<br />philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_scheme" title="Color scheme">Color scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_picker" title="Color picker">Color tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic colors">Monochromatic colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_colors" title="Complementary colors">Complementary colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogous_colors" title="Analogous colors">Analogous colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Achromatic colors (Neutral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">Polychromatic colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-on-dark_color_scheme" title="Light-on-dark color scheme">Light-on-dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures in heraldry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">Color theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_mixing" title="Color mixing">Color mixing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">Primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_color" title="Secondary color">Secondary color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">Chromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_solid" title="Color solid">Color solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel" title="Color wheel">Color wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_triangle" title="Color triangle">Color triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_analysis" title="Color analysis">Color analysis</a> (fashion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_realism_(art_style)" title="Color realism (art style)">Color realism (art style)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Vision_and_Colours" title="On Vision and Colours">On Vision and Colours</a></i> (Schopenhauer)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Colours" title="Theory of Colours">Theory of Colours</a></i> (Goethe)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term" title="Color term">Color terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term#Basic_color_terms" title="Color term">Basic terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Color_in_culture" title="Category:Color in culture">Cultural differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity_and_the_color_naming_debate" title="Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate">Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language" title="Blue–green distinction in language">Blue–green distinction in language</a></li></ul></li> <li>Color history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_dualism" title="Black-and-white dualism">Black-and-white dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_in_culture" title="Blue in culture">Blue in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_in_Chinese_culture" title="Color in Chinese culture">Color in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_colors_of_Japan" title="Traditional colors of Japan">Traditional colors of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">Human skin color</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color dimensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">Hue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichromatism" title="Dichromatism">Dichromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">Colorfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_(color)" title="Pastel (color)">Pastel colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">Luminance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">Lightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">Brightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">Iridescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grayscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tint,_shade_and_tone" title="Tint, shade and tone">Tint, shade and tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Marketing_Group" title="Color Marketing Group">Color Marketing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Association_of_the_United_States" title="Color Association of the United States">Color Association of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Authority" title="International Colour Authority">International Colour Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">International Commission on Illumination</a> (CIE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Color_Consortium" title="International Color Consortium">International Color Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Association" title="International Colour Association">International Colour Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_colors" title="Lists of colors">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of colors: A–F">List of colors: A–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of colors: G–M">List of colors: G–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_N%E2%80%93Z" title="List of colors: N–Z">List of colors: N–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_(compact)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colors (compact)">List of colors (compact)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">List of colors by shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_palettes" title="List of color palettes">List of color palettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses" title="List of color spaces and their uses">List of color spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">List of Crayola crayon colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crayola_crayons" title="History of Crayola crayons">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_chart" title="Color chart">Color chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of RAL colors">List of RAL colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">List of web colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">Shades of:</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_yellow" title="Shades of yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan" title="Shades of cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_violet" title="Shades of violet">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple" title="Shades of purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_magenta" title="Shades of magenta">Magenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink" title="Shades of pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white" title="Shades of white">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">Contrast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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