CINXE.COM
Chronicling America 芦 Library of Congress
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head profile="http://dublincore.org/documents/2008/08/04/dc-html/"><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=7YQSqjSh" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/","20231128002104","https://web.archive.org/","web","https://web-static.archive.org/_static/", "1701130864"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=p7PEIJWi" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" /> <!-- End Wayback Rewrite JS Include --> <title>Chronicling America 芦 Library of Congress</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us"/> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=0"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" type="text/css" href="/web/20231128002104cs_/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/media/css/lochead.06d82f58f829.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" type="text/css" href="/web/20231128002104cs_/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/media/css/locfoot.67de26538680.css"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="/web/20231128002104/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/media/js/jquery.min.883bf0ec72cf.js"> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="/web/20231128002104/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/media/js/lab.min.e842152f94c9.js"> <script async src="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104js_/https://assets.adobedtm.com/f94f5647937d/624e2240e90d/launch-0610ec681aff.min.js"></script> <style> .alert { clear: both; padding: 10px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #000; font: normal 11px Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: #0076AD; margin: .25rem 0 1rem; margin-top: 0px; color: #FFF; } .alert a { color: #FFF !important; text-decoration: underline; } .alert a:hover { text-decoration: none; } </style> <link href="/web/20231128002104im_/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/media/img-std/fav.0537fd9021c6.ico" rel="shortcut icon"/> <link title="NDNP Page Search" href="/web/20231128002104/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/search/pages/opensearch.xml" rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"/> <link title="NDNP Title Search" href="/web/20231128002104/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/search/titles/opensearch.xml" rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="News about Chronicling America - RSS Feed" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://www.loc.gov/rss/ndnp/ndnp.xml"/> <meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us"/> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Chronicling America | Library of Congress"/> <meta name="description" content="Search America's historic newspaper pages from 1770-1963 or use the U.S. Newspaper Directory to find information about American newspapers published between 1690-present. "/> <meta name="dc.contributor" content="National Endowment for the Humanities"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="American History"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Historical Newspapers"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="America's Historic Newspapers"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Chronicling America"/> <meta name="dc.coverage.spatial" content="United States of America"/> <meta name="dc.coverage.temporal" content="1770 - 1963"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="Text"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="Still image"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="Newspaper"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="Periodical"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="Web page"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="Text is U.S. Government Work"/> <link rel="dc.rights" title="Rights Restriction" href="//www.loc.gov/text-us-government-work"/> <link rel="dc.rights" title="Rights Restriction" href=" https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/about/#rights_and_reproductions"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="eng"/> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/web/20231128002104cs_/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/media/base.cd2f33504fd2.css"/> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/web/20231128002104cs_/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/media/jquery-ui.8f822337c37f.css"/> <link type="text/css" rel="styelsheet" href="/media/ui_carousel.1abe6873cc8d.css"/> <link rel="preload" as="fetch" href="/web/20231128002104/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/tabs"> <meta rel="canonical" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/"/> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="60lAEjrt1Mhjzxp92lROrlGsYFR9alVBZVncUMaus7Q"/> </head> <body> <div id="container"> <!-- loc header --> <div id="h-wrapper" class="fix-float"> <div id="header" class="fix-float"> <div class="logo"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://www.loc.gov/" accesskey="1"><img src="/web/20231128002104im_/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/media/images/img-head/logo-loc.fc4ccd0baaa2.png" width="141" height="32" alt="Library of Congress"/></a> </div> <div class="nav"> <ul> <li><a class="btn-loc" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://ask.loc.gov/" accesskey="2">Ask a Librarian</a></li> <li><a class="btn-loc" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://www.loc.gov/library/libarch-digital.html" accesskey="3">Digital Collections</a></li> <li><a class="btn-loc" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/http://catalog.loc.gov/" accesskey="4">Library Catalogs</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="search"> <form action="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://www.loc.gov/search/" method="get"> <label class="search_label" for="search">Search</label> <div class="search_wrap"> <input type="hidden" name="new" value="true"/> <input id="search" type="search" name="q" maxlength="200" accesskey="/" title="Search the Library of Congress website" placeholder="Search Loc.gov" class="locsuggest"/> <button class="button" id="search_button" type="submit">GO</button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="crumb_nav"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://www.loc.gov/">The Library of Congress</a> <span> > </span><a href="/web/20231128002104/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/">Chronicling America</a> </div> <div class="alert" role="alert"> Announcement: In 2024, Chronicling America will transition to a new interface. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://www.loc.gov/collections/chronicling-america/about-this-collection/">Preview the new site</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://www.loc.gov/ndnp/migration/">More info</a>. </div> <div id="content"> <div id="main_body"> <div id="top_branding"> <div class="neh_logo"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://www.neh.gov/"><img src="/web/20231128002104im_/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/media/images/logo_neh.48c59a21b35f.png" width="186" height="46" alt="National Endowment for the Humanities"/></a></div> <div class="chron_logo"><a href="/web/20231128002104/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/"><img src="/web/20231128002104im_/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/media/images/logo_chron_top.701cd5eb0000.png" width="179" height="31" alt=""/></a></div> <div class="neh_txt"> <p>Search America's historic newspaper pages from 1770-1963 or use the U.S. Newspaper Directory to find information about American newspapers published between 1690-present. Chronicling America is sponsored jointly by the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://www.neh.gov/" class="external">National Endowment for the Humanities<span> external link</span></a> and the Library of Congress. <a href="/web/20231128002104/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/about/" class="ar-more-gray">Learn more</a></p> </div><!-- end id:neh_txt --> </div><!-- end id:top_branding --> <div class="clear"></div> <div id="tabs-container"></div> <div class="sharetool_container"> <p class="total-page-count" hidden>Pages Available: <span class="total-page-count-value"></span></p> <!-- Toolbar --> <div class="locshare-this" id="instance_id1001" style="display:none"> <code>{ title: '', download_links: [ { link: 'https://www.loc.gov/rss/ndnp/ndnp.xml', label: 'application/rss+xml', meta: 'News about Chronicling America - RSS Feed', }, ] } </code> </div><!-- end id:instance_id1001 --> <div class="clear-share"><!-- --></div> </div> <div id="left_nav"> <div class="box leftnavimg">Chronicling America</div> <div class="box"> <ul class="bold arrow_o"> <li><a href="/web/20231128002104/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/about/">About Chronicling America</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20231128002104/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/about/api/">About the Site and API</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://guides.loc.gov/chronicling-america-topics">Recommended Topics</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://www.loc.gov/ndnp/data-visualizations/">Maps and Visualizations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20231128002104/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/help/">Help</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="box"> <h2>More Resources</h2> <ul class="std fullmargin"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://www.loc.gov/ndnp/">National Digital Newspaper Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://www.loc.gov/ndnp/listawardees.html">NDNP Award Recipients</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://www.loc.gov/rr/news/">Newspaper and Current Periodicals Reading Room</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://ask.loc.gov/newspapers-periodicals">Ask LC Newspaper & Current Periodicals Librarian</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://www.flickr.com/photos/library_of_congress/collections/72157619370519453/" class="external">Historic Newspapers on Flickr<span> external link</span></a><br/>(part of the LC Flickr Commons photostream)</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://news-navigator.labs.loc.gov/search">Newspaper Navigator</a><br/>(Search historic newspaper photos)</li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- end id:left_nav --> <div id="main"><span style="width: 100%;"><a name="skip_menu"></a></span> </div> <div class="carousel-body"> <div class="carousel-menu"> <a id="hundredYears" href="/web/20231128002104/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/search/pages/results/?dateFilterType=range&date1=11/26/1923&date2=11/26/1923"> <strong>100 Years Ago Today</strong>: </a> </div> <ul id="mycarousel" class="jcarousel-skin-tango"> </ul> </div><!-- end carousel-body --> <div class="clear"><!-- --></div> </div><!-- end id:main_body --> <div id="omni"> <input type="hidden" id="eVar4" value=""/> <input type="hidden" id="prop13" value=""/> </div> </div> <!-- locfoot --> <!-- begin: global footer --> <div id="f-wrapper" class="fix-float"> <div id="footer" class="fix-float"> <div class="cols heading"> <h2>Connect with the Library</h2> <p><a class="ar-more foot" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://www.loc.gov/homepage/connect.html">All ways to connect</a></p> </div> <div class="cols"> <h3>Find Us On</h3> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/http://www.facebook.com/libraryofcongress"><img src="/web/20231128002104im_/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/media/images/img-foot/facebook.e3f5c4925eb3.gif" alt="Facebook" width="16" height="16"/></a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/http://twitter.com/#!/librarycongress"><img src="/web/20231128002104im_/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/media/images/img-foot/twitter.f7a021a01fea.gif" alt="Twitter" width="16" height="16"/></a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/http://www.youtube.com/libraryofcongress"><img src="/web/20231128002104im_/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/media/images/img-foot/youtube.b15d8dd5c7e8.gif" alt="YouTube" width="16" height="16"/></a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/http://www.flickr.com/photos/library_of_congress/"><img src="/web/20231128002104im_/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/media/images/img-foot/flickr.f7923742ee9b.gif" alt="Flickr" width="16" height="16"/></a> </div> <div class="cols"> <h3>Subscribe & Comment</h3> <ul class="plain"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://www.loc.gov/rss/">RSS & E-Mail</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://blogs.loc.gov/">Blogs</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="cols"> <h3>Download & Play</h3> <ul class="plain"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://www.loc.gov/podcasts/">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://www.loc.gov/today/cyberlc/index.php">Webcasts</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/http://itunes.apple.com/us/institution/library-of-congress/id386017159" class="external foot mod">iTunesU<span> (external link)</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="cols"> <h3>Questions</h3> <ul class="plain"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://ask.loc.gov/">Ask a Librarian</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://www.loc.gov/help/contact-general.html" accesskey="8">Contact Us</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="clear"><!-- --></div> <p class="links"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://www.loc.gov/about/">About</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://www.loc.gov/pressroom/login">Press</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://www.loc.gov/hr/employment/index.php">Jobs</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://www.loc.gov/philanthropy/index.php">Donate</a> <br/> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://www.loc.gov/about/oig/">Inspector General</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://www.loc.gov/homepage/legal.html" accesskey="9">Legal</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://www.loc.gov/access/" accesskey="0">Accessibility</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://www.loc.gov/global/disclaim.html">External Link Disclaimer</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/http://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a> </p> <span class="speech"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://www.loc.gov/access/web.html">Speech Enabled</a></span> </div><!-- end id:footer --> </div><!-- end id:f-wrapper --> <!-- end: global footer --> </div> <script> CDN_URL = "https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104/https://cdn.loc.gov"; JQUERY = "/media/js/jquery.min.883bf0ec72cf.js"; LAB_URL = "/media/js/lab.min.e842152f94c9.js"; </script> <script src="/web/20231128002104js_/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/media/js/jquery.min.883bf0ec72cf.js"></script> <script defer src="/web/20231128002104js_/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/media/js/suggest.min.a4038a2dd98b.js"></script> <script src="/web/20231128002104js_/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/media/vendor/jquery-ui.2aec9f3d57b8.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function ($) { var searchString = window.location.search.substring(1); if (searchString) { tab_url = '/tabs?' + searchString; } else { tab_url = '/tabs'; } $('#tabs-container').load(tab_url, function() { $("#tabs-container").trigger('chronam.tabsloaded', {}); }); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function ($) { $.getJSON("/reports/total-page-count.json", function (data) { if (data.total_page_count) { $(".total-page-count").removeAttr('hidden'); $(".total-page-count-value").text(Number(data.total_page_count).toLocaleString()); } }) }); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20231128002104js_/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/media/vendor/jquery.ba-bbq.min.07c72646c769.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20231128002104js_/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/media/js/main.ba81888e49b0.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128002104js_/https://cdn.loc.gov/sites/chronicling-america.js"></script> <!-- jCarousel --> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20231128002104js_/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/media/vendor/jquery.jcarousel.min.86d46512cc70.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(setupCarousel); function setupCarousel() { // if the current page location has a date in it use that otherwise // default to one hundred years ago from the current date var t = window.location.href.match(/(\d{4})-(\d{2})-(\d{2})/); if (t) { t = new Date(t[1], t[2]-1, t[3]); } else { t = new Date(); t.setYear(t.getYear() - 100); } // lookup frontpages and add them to the carousel var url = "/frontpages/" + t.getFullYear() + "-" + (t.getMonth() + 1) + "-" + t.getDate() + ".json"; $.getJSON(url, function(results) { // add some some descriptive text and a canned search to the carousel $("#hundredYears").append(t.toLocaleDateString() + " (" + results.length + " issues)"); var tSearch = (t.getMonth() + 1) + "/" + t.getDate() + "/" + t.getFullYear(); $("#hundredYears").attr({"href": "/search/pages/results/?dateFilterType=range&date1=" + tSearch + "&date2=" + tSearch}); // add the newspaper images to the carousel shuffle(results); var carousel = $('#mycarousel'); for (var i=0; i < results.length; i++) { var img = results[i]; var thumbnail_url = img.thumbnail_url; if (img.iiif_thumbnail_base_url) { thumbnail_url = img.iiif_thumbnail_base_url + 'full/!200,286/0/default.jpg'; } carousel.append($('<li><a href="' + img.url + '"><img class="thumbnail" src="' + thumbnail_url + '" width="200" height="286" alt="" /></a><br /><span><a href="' + img.url + '"><strong>' + img.label + '</strong> (' + img.pages + 'pp.)</a><br />' + img.place_of_publication + '</span></li>')); } carousel.jcarousel(); }); } function shuffle(myArray) { var i = myArray.length; if (i == 0) return false; while (--i) { var j = Math.floor(Math.random() * (i + 1)); var tempi = myArray[i]; var tempj = myArray[j]; myArray[i] = tempj; myArray[j] = tempi; } } </script> </body> </html> <!-- FILE ARCHIVED ON 00:21:04 Nov 28, 2023 AND RETRIEVED FROM THE INTERNET ARCHIVE ON 11:05:31 Feb 17, 2025. JAVASCRIPT APPENDED BY WAYBACK MACHINE, COPYRIGHT INTERNET ARCHIVE. ALL OTHER CONTENT MAY ALSO BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT (17 U.S.C. SECTION 108(a)(3)). --> <!-- playback timings (ms): captures_list: 0.926 exclusion.robots: 0.037 exclusion.robots.policy: 0.021 esindex: 0.014 cdx.remote: 9.201 LoadShardBlock: 835.98 (6) PetaboxLoader3.resolve: 419.43 (3) PetaboxLoader3.datanode: 431.451 (7) load_resource: 189.967 -->