CINXE.COM

Just a moment...

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9133bf92de5a3f4b',cH: 'hmS94nn4yxF.OurWKsf9dP4MOVyprJbQtDr8htCgZj8-1739774031-1.2.1.1-1PFfsMB533d50yImYc4q05lCuc2GB8CCZ4W2FEvANbDIQfZpLWGtAjIZHU1miBNE',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=stress-strain%20curve&__cf_chl_tk=fgpD5QMPTzOdssL1d.ffHZisFuqBk4arzKpL0FGb_pc-1739774031-1.0.1.1-BBcnPkiPSYlfaF2QNKfXKVQzBk47m1Df1gSi5RA_oVY",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739774031',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=stress-strain%20curve&__cf_chl_f_tk=fgpD5QMPTzOdssL1d.ffHZisFuqBk4arzKpL0FGb_pc-1739774031-1.0.1.1-BBcnPkiPSYlfaF2QNKfXKVQzBk47m1Df1gSi5RA_oVY",md: "NYpdJuk2.1pOslJ7R43pJ.NiE7WcJM2IeWGKPcsA4E0-1739774031-1.2.1.1-7GB4YxWcTqKJUwhomvrXxLNM3p5ZApZM.nKQ6IB_EsVMk1sXBSTMNEezujbltcKJTjzEEodEa2HQTFmfBvmG5lBL8iWV7AzzPljMwHnsISqhBxPvYPTzRBogmNhjClUBlyumtmoic8jSYD22rz1_Ay1STXF09MCNm0X.Ro1oJOWTiiA7plw0S.WfOorxtCL2sSFQVrGgw7KBqMfv8I0mrlS3J0XxdiLFMnRm6POw5CNsVpKY8iNBc5EsG2KjmEip_i6xKcIveUDqTO3onNFoLY2at61aezJYzAD4tsymNj6gvwuxIUtEmKUAjBW8fRXfXwQ7lVhlKFuDzekh9KZYRTuxbQOEc5iOL95IY4Y.atl1epNyKlMLKoTVOWhCqFxi.quC5AqutSgURRFZiEkI9MPZCrUUUlt8lb5ZMdCXNtfkeur1Re.M1MG7B4Ywzo761MeOpO8ZGQ8TzX49Zfn3ffpzB1WsOgdxPL5AUuzp0IFHDcI.h6rbrzqLwK3CNSVVVX5EE58eaJUvbK3Ulwvd5y_vCvplruAT3UkHgtpXNjiL5OanT59K6l7W1t1WJ4i.7Sh.nI.ZiYVX.Y5ybDtbfz2rCEFtus9Wws2z7TwuLEjNkkXPJW61md8uN3EOelosyjHlUl6.KKMf3EqZpxykXbmb6B38AMFvjwBgovOrW6X.AH5bOEyzKXRSSq7fR2qbbhU1vONpqU.rNTLBmxWTRzb1X2QwPr9VlgWaugZMWMi01K0VshWUGvrxTT3oOfUwdnZbGw9T7_xaTDMWBbHMsHAyNM0wkw9uW7hj0JbbEQqxhE0ihTUWbx_uKaWQBTtQEK6CZ.j3qf6FZrdANhzOFUjCxewl.3c0xDzjOcMEbrVj9BcwUqedDBUfaA3NRZe4qgaUlzH40nd5iMheB5LLj2idoyVFe88LS3YoyvnohYQZYjFEpKqh10qYvVjcYRVwHY7p5YuJnPkzoMNQHku7jGNP3cwUBmqBFAHTfUiF_tOiEvPaDylAO8SWI.xKNgDa9noirmcKPzbxC3MM5LsSDB9gBDiRcGQjiirhxVIGBq.kzJfMtlcQIZdDozlUnFY7JlS1fxnfGpNE2rwvgwuGTNgGUaD4Muzpy_6GW3au5LDpDF5n2X3uykeeN2ajbqSA.UJu.FVKTE37A53dY4MJTtzPlQ.ofZhC2wB.kcKskJFSN0YJfI1W.jGYG5U8slbryVIjSgrtXwgwsa8_vnYkyzikiZBDMzot9lJiNk53KP_q2zygqJM7wy1pPl4w0WJiZaZsgrA9zfwugbGdwhaOm8ittRSpA4O.Bk4GZFqfZoFcB2Buc9PXAQqp0HUJQubBzdOEsPZK71UNTe4eAo.OeHknc9L8cYw20VdKCKggcti_cKB4QRCdR7ZXnD3jLb4daQ9Pv1zDa4W20HZT9WgiYqlzdLIH_o4lXk.4DbeBPVPBG776QCflh6D53iFqsHm5Hu6Ys_ma7tGkMtxeSQoghu9_pFfpIQ1dD4_aHv9QaXoOJaGEgZa.svdf33tyf4JTWI.kOvSRxCTwkSExhsYxr3BnVkbykBkdxpGPIJIW_b.FgZLQjbq7IPLPDCAbTnug9VJOKktteUEjaf6c8WRo8fIeabp_sHdQwiIWby0iXvdEAej1eQYEneKU.97z86pWy0zjMLOgdqSihEDqV4gGRp6tMZoNGE_41wTmBJmhU8phB1uBByEkVRHeX3RjAiZ22UALYL4hjzEzX463eNq7Xiva.hvQgNcm0I_0T6EMPGVnGr7eKZ9w.M_Nrg6vqtP2LE7zN3RMl4xsdwlMzVDjijbv8p6k4v0jLeIqUPwEHaEGeZRXUlatoA3X3Jg.R4KYQnVaOAQIaAnTmtbk2RZ0cBTb4p1NskPalErMRvpnPeE.4FxNCj.O85YRgb.h9RCS_u299QIuOa9GCJjjdhAtHpPVosajnS7uZDsalv9oPf6Mu5vLL8blAImZoa5RyngD",mdrd: "VwnTURrap6N379V9EOor_7v6_DRD_5U2WwiXTzb8BOw-1739774031-1.2.1.1-.PJS1t0AhLYYZFGAfSl7RdlMf.lGSOqn4KVrAgdCECg4hPsZDMJPiYllVELPEVf5lSLoyXTkcI71cN79XQR5Qm3WGf9byCP_2DfzPIVsxN.5DoRfnN0867LL.3htIfoaS77jywOmtbcmmW5qPEtvFfXnEbfzFkFQZmRpffpkvt1ZtzZey15EiRzzArl3Ae94DSL2YdE2mJ_riwbCGJgT3G7l6xw8rLEUuDTmfFZv.jK24yNYeXIv8bn3qBhBh0HfKySvnIo11YtfCzNL3WPkV0K8Id3RG9F3NlIXs.qQ0Iiv6p1SNYOa2jq5fKavhuivb8RktV9f1VKLyLsWkomnnGRdtHLU47rHpueOKtRrhUMqMnWkbYq3R7_5yQ1YuBy_vsvogExt_1jF9cUmQGRsmNSBfv2K1ypTbQoXXyB_6p4oHwuX56ccJjOcV6oT8R9HJPDpwR9Cj9JGxYH_13XBBl52q_Iq_xhJCMVWPGruI.2mnK0x.bRw64kSfSRV8qO8zkkDbDWBQgDYKAdpQLw3KCpoC_TLr6P4HZGmaq.1HlAyfSJUFSP_ThzoUGL1udfm_DRLDhPaQLlb635MGNILkVjBsvwMANkc5Lb7nrlopU3cl7s70mGFCHM3NTmZAxTBuoTB8ZGi1dfJbk2WOGrtMbILM79UnZstAyRO_upSdfzCXKvGyY77l.ZOnW8YO4gkRjo5LI_AQ2zK6WrBgrvL_q79W7lNPFouOjRp3dmLGQytl9LQf6IjJcovt6SBiciJ0OzCeBhBB39J3My6ynZsv2Lcdt0SfrPmcEP2S69ABcplWaKWPTKWoeRpb5FQ9GMORa3AxIniLX0pcgNzOhr0RWS8F5z3j8IjCvB_vczlNAQJOuGwe5yEjyjcGY6NXw3n39HCtHa3LSaDeYBCFhPEYSwiGscA2v2Rrg57xIW7zYTGQ1IBLYiqRWWRfmsoPIQcWmW9Bxt.S9NUSMbhtSvYV9PpwE_F7LjDrdtqNMT9tPMrAH5zglaZh0.ai29FB9h.w.h7Km6ojl8zKNbmwCpoIJR1hAw0vb7V21gSwyICjq9YHeuXL_rn9Hl1CdBOx_q7A6FHIaUQ5jYb5FwJsm9AxBWp5vy5Sjvr95FVNntGUmAyFPajElwLTaC5Lv9r2p1WKzEXjj6WVMI4NGpc_4zxWioL6ww1GcpV0bl51kMH4KZtGanMAu6E526.YhJwLui_0hjEWbBcpb2QXCvMN6vpRSFBeSlCnRM3sp9Xk8djHAPcz8HbMo5HRY18xQFRCao5cfX.ayvVVIDRCiizJ65yJ1VMBfZihWeMIHVJ7FCGDls_Nb1ESU.SSc2HUIEWSnn32z1OJ6CqBzpRijpd4MyIaiErLivYSNUU30RCW356RAfQBNOYkHpKEJWIj6lpGz_npEEifzKqo4_GTF172CO1E5c0oqTXqkkhCE8EF.k8TJDTHR0EzSVC.X6PC8Ou8Ecv.6W7WVYFn01U0f.oRyrSA63EtCu6seOCsS7da6aZmdf.0JPerW6Cp05FnslM3deOGyuJK3Vj8JR_xNP0KatYZ0Wamw5OlDRLilM4tdvuDODs3TC8bb94MwUVghdyiNtNucvE.mG0OFo7NEQ1qiWmHWhFO89ozmNO_hpM9hmQMBLj39IsCeyoAJIYOUZqODAr5iFJIJqIN8vZ791zkI675IrPcXf1Ulels.iZ.KhYpzNPntLP7ZnnC.V7RuI_XpRfu0NAPso6dqPzC2Ip2dtaQMA7N7iFETmeSLoQnyVSAofu2f3TJC4OytrR4i7j0IYv1I0Q2AydEPNr2v.YYz0g2EKJpPG2E0QiDcnYAE_tA81MAfxx0GKaLIZ7akfST.tdqyhG1CUM9YLCDKzDFp5et_MF23QqdN7g92PA9FrdBeD3S_KoUStwc4w.FEa.VGcFvOtG8LjujuT8pxF_KBFO5TwtiY5.hbR1cvUKnuB._TrW25uy4fj6gOYPe_tJdalQ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9133bf92de5a3f4b';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=stress-strain%20curve&__cf_chl_rt_tk=fgpD5QMPTzOdssL1d.ffHZisFuqBk4arzKpL0FGb_pc-1739774031-1.0.1.1-BBcnPkiPSYlfaF2QNKfXKVQzBk47m1Df1gSi5RA_oVY" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>