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media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//sl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Uredi" href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedija (sl)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//sl.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sl"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Atom-vir strani »Wikipedija«" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:ZadnjeSpremembe&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Pivo rootpage-Pivo skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Pojdi na vsebino</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Projekt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Glavni meni" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Glavni meni</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Glavni meni</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">prestavi v stransko letvico</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">skrij</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigacija </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Glavna_stran" title="Obiščite glavno stran [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Glavna stran</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%8D:Uvod"><span>Naučite se urejati</span></a></li><li id="n-Izbrani-članki" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Izbrani_%C4%8Dlanki"><span>Izbrani članki</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Naklju%C4%8Dno" title="Naložite naključno stran [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Naključna stran</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:ZadnjeSpremembe" title="Seznam zadnjih sprememb Wikipedije [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Zadnje spremembe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-obcestvo" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-obcestvo" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skupnost </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%8D:Vsebina" title="Kraj, kjer lahko prejmete pomoč"><span>Pomoč</span></a></li><li id="n-Pod-lipo" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Pod_lipo"><span>Pod lipo</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Portal_skupnosti" title="O projektu, kaj lahko storite, kje lahko kaj najdete"><span>Portal skupnosti</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Stik_z_nami"><span>Stik z nami</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Glavna_stran" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedija" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-sl.svg" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="prosta enciklopedija" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-sl.svg" width="118" height="13" style="width: 7.375em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Iskanje" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Preiščite viki [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Iskanje</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Iskanje v Wikipediji" aria-label="Iskanje v Wikipediji" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Preiščite viki [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Posebno:Iskanje"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Išči</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Osebna orodja"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Videz"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Videz" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Videz</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sl.wikipedia.org&uselang=sl" class=""><span>Denarni prispevki</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Registracija&returnto=Pivo" title="Predlagamo vam, da si ustvarite račun in se prijavite, vendar to ni obvezno." class=""><span>Ustvari račun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Prijava&returnto=Pivo" title="Prijava je zaželena, vendar ni obvezna [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Prijava</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Več možnosti" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Osebna orodja" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Osebna orodja</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Uporabniški meni" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sl.wikipedia.org&uselang=sl"><span>Denarni prispevki</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Registracija&returnto=Pivo" title="Predlagamo vam, da si ustvarite račun in se prijavite, vendar to ni obvezno."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Ustvari račun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Prijava&returnto=Pivo" title="Prijava je zaželena, vendar ni obvezna [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Prijava</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strani za neprijavljene urejevalce <a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%8D:Uvod" aria-label="Več o urejanju"><span>več o tem</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:MojiPrispevki" title="Seznam urejanj s tega IP-naslova [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Prispevki</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:MojPogovor" title="Pogovor o urejanjih s tega IP-naslova [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pogovorna stran</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Projekt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Vsebina" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Vsebina</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">prestavi v stransko letvico</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Uvod</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Zgodovina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zgodovina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Zgodovina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zgodovina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prapivo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prapivo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Prapivo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prapivo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varjenje_piva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varjenje_piva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Varjenje piva</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Varjenje_piva-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vklopi podrazdelek Varjenje piva</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Varjenje_piva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Priprava_slada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Priprava_slada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Priprava slada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Priprava_slada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drozganje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drozganje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Drozganje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drozganje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odcejanje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odcejanje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Odcejanje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odcejanje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kuhanje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuhanje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Kuhanje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuhanje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fermentiranje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fermentiranje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Fermentiranje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fermentiranje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kondicioniranje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kondicioniranje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Kondicioniranje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kondicioniranje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sestavine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sestavine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sestavine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sestavine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vklopi podrazdelek Sestavine</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sestavine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Voda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Voda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Slad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hmelj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hmelj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Hmelj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hmelj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kvas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kvas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Kvas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kvas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bistrila" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bistrila"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Bistrila</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bistrila-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delitev" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delitev"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Delitev</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Delitev-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vklopi podrazdelek Delitev</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Delitev-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kultura_kvasovk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kultura_kvasovk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Kultura kvasovk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kultura_kvasovk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alkoholne_stopnje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alkoholne_stopnje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Alkoholne stopnje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alkoholne_stopnje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serviranje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serviranje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Serviranje</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Serviranje-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vklopi podrazdelek Serviranje</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Serviranje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Točeno_pivo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Točeno_pivo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Točeno pivo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Točeno_pivo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakirano_pivo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakirano_pivo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Pakirano pivo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakirano_pivo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kozarci_za_pivo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kozarci_za_pivo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Kozarci za pivo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kozarci_za_pivo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Servirna_temperatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Servirna_temperatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Servirna temperatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Servirna_temperatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vpliv_piva_na_zdravje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vpliv_piva_na_zdravje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Vpliv piva na zdravje</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vpliv_piva_na_zdravje-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vklopi podrazdelek Vpliv piva na zdravje</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vpliv_piva_na_zdravje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehranska_vrednost_piva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehranska_vrednost_piva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Prehranska vrednost piva</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehranska_vrednost_piva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sklici" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sklici"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sklici</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sklici-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zunanje_povezave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zunanje_povezave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Zunanje povezave</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zunanje_povezave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Vsebina" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vklopi kazalo vsebine" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vklopi kazalo vsebine</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pivo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="P9jdi na članek v drugem jeziku. Na voljo v 185 jezikih." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-185" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">185 jezikov</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier – afrikanščina" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier – nemščina (Švica)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="nemščina (Švica)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A2%E1%88%AB" title="ቢራ – amharščina" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቢራ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biera" title="Biera – aragonščina" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Biera" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%93or" title="Bēor – stara angleščina" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Bēor" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="stara angleščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="यवसुरा – angikaščina" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="यवसुरा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angikaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="جعة – arabščina" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87" title="بيره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0" title="বিয়েৰ – asamščina" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বিয়েৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asamščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerveza" title="Cerveza – asturijščina" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cerveza" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ickoteapo" title="Ickoteapo – atikamekwščina" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Ickoteapo" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="atikamekwščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piv%C9%99" title="Pivə – azerbajdžanščina" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pivə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87" title="پیوه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پیوه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Һыра – baškirščina" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һыра" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškirščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia" title="Bia – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bia" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alos" title="Alos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Alos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbesa" title="Serbesa – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Serbesa" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Піва – beloruščina" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Піва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="beloruščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Піва – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Піва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бира – bolgarščina" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бира" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bolgarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="बियर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बियर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="বিয়ার – bengalščina" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিয়ার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%82" title="སྦི་རག – tibetanščina" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྦི་རག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier – bretonščina" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo – bosanščina" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8D" title="Пивэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Пивэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervesa" title="Cervesa – katalonščina" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cervesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AC-ci%C5%AB" title="Bì-ciū – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bì-ciū" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Йий – čečenščina" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Йий" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="čečenščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbesa" title="Serbesa – sebuanščina" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Serbesa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="sebuanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9esevo%27tamahpe" title="Héesevo'tamahpe – čejenščina" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Héesevo'tamahpe" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="čejenščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%95" title="بیرە – osrednja kurdščina" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بیرە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="osrednja kurdščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo – češčina" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piw%C3%B2" title="Piwò – kašubščina" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Piwò" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kašubščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C4%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сăра – čuvaščina" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сăра" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwrw" title="Cwrw – valižanščina" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cwrw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="valižanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98l" title="Øl – danščina" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Øl" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier – nemščina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bira" title="Bira – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Bira" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piwo" title="Piwo – dolnja lužiška srbščina" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Piwo" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="dolnja lužiška srbščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="बियर – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बियर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Μπίρα – grščina" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπίρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dober članek"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer" title="Beer – angleščina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Beer" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angleščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biero" title="Biero – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerveza" title="Cerveza – španščina" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cerveza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95lu" title="Õlu – estonščina" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Õlu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garagardo" title="Garagardo – baskovščina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Garagardo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskovščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerveza" title="Cerveza – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Cerveza" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%AC%D9%88" title="آبجو – perzijščina" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آبجو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olut" title="Olut – finščina" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Olut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oluq" title="Oluq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Oluq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia" title="Bia – fidžijščina" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Bia" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fidžijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98l" title="Øl – ferščina" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Øl" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="ferščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%A8re" title="Bière – francoščina" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bière" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francoščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biir" title="Biir – severna frizijščina" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Biir" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="severna frizijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bire" title="Bire – furlanščina" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Bire" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="furlanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier – zahodna frizijščina" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="zahodna frizijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beoir" title="Beoir – irščina" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Beoir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92" title="啤酒 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="啤酒" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laby%C3%A8" title="Labyè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Labyè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leann" title="Leann – škotska gelščina" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Leann" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="škotska gelščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervexa" title="Cervexa – galicijščina" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cervexa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaguyj%C3%BAi" title="Kaguyjúi – gvaranijščina" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kaguyjúi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="gvaranijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%BF" title="𐌰𐌻𐌿 – gotščina" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌻𐌿" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gotščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%B0" title="બીયર – gudžaratščina" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બીયર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gudžaratščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhune" title="Lhune – manščina" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Lhune" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giya" title="Giya – havščina" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Giya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="havščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%AE-lu" title="Phî-lu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Phî-lu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94" title="בירה – hebrejščina" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="बियर – hindijščina" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बियर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer" title="Beer – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Beer" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo – hrvaščina" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="hrvaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piwo" title="Piwo – gornja lužiška srbščina" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Piwo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="gornja lužiška srbščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/By%C3%A8" title="Byè – haitijska kreolščina" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Byè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitijska kreolščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6r" title="Sör – madžarščina" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sör" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="madžarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="Գարեջուր – armenščina" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գարեջուր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="Գարեջուր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գարեջուր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bira" title="Bira – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bira" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir – indonezijščina" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir – interlingve" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingve" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biro" title="Biro – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Biro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B3r" title="Bjór – islandščina" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bjór" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birra" title="Birra – italijanščina" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Birra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italijanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ビール – japonščina" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/birje" title="birje – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="birje" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir – javanščina" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ლუდი – gruzijščina" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%A9y%C9%9B%C9%9Br%C9%A9" title="Pɩyɛɛrɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɩyɛɛrɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сыра – kazaščina" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сыра" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬಿಯರ್ – kanareščina" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಿಯರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kanareščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%A5%EC%A3%BC" title="맥주 – korejščina" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="맥주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сыра – karačaj-balkarščina" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Сыра" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karačaj-balkarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier_(f%C3%B6r_ze_drinke)" title="Bier (för ze drinke) – kölnsko narečje" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Bier (för ze drinke)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölnsko narečje" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AEra" title="Bîra – kurdščina" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bîra" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сур – komijščina" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Сур" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korev" title="Korev – kornijščina" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Korev" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сыра – kirgiščina" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сыра" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervesia" title="Cervesia – latinščina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cervesia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bira" title="Bira – ladinščina" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Bira" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ier_(Gedr%C3%A9nks)" title="Béier (Gedrénks) – luksemburščina" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Béier (Gedrénks)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer" title="Beer – limburščina" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Beer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AFra" title="Bïra – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Bïra" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bira" title="Bira – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bira" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%8D" title="ເບຍ – laoščina" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເບຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alus" title="Alus – litovščina" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litovščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alus" title="Alus – latvijščina" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alus" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="बियर – maitili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बियर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maitili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labiera" title="Labiera – malgaščina" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Labiera" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сыра – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Сыра" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Пиво – makedonščina" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пиво" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="ബിയർ – malajalamščina" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബിയർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalamščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Шар айраг – mongolščina" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шар айраг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="बियर – maratščina" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बियर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maratščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сыра – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Сыра" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir – malajščina" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="ဘီယာ – burmanščina" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘီယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_(Drunk)" title="Beer (Drunk) – nizka nemščina" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Beer (Drunk)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nizka nemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier – nizka saščina" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="nizka saščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="बियर – nepalščina" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बियर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier – nizozemščina" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98l" title="Øl – novonorveščina" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Øl" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="novonorveščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98l" title="Øl – knjižna norveščina" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Øl" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="knjižna norveščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%A9the" title="Biéthe – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Biéthe" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%A8rra" title="Bièrra – okcitanščina" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bièrra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%B0" title="ବିଅର – odijščina" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବିଅର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%C3%A6%D0%B3%C3%A6%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Бæгæны – osetinščina" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бæгæны" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0" title="ਬੀਅਰ – pandžabščina" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੀਅਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%A9re" title="Biére – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Biére" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier_(Getr%C3%A4nk)" title="Bier (Getränk) – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Bier (Getränk)" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piwo" title="Piwo – poljščina" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Piwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="بیئر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بیئر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="بير – paštunščina" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بير" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paštunščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerveja" title="Cerveja – portugalščina" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cerveja" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirwisa" title="Sirwisa – kečuanščina" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sirwisa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečuanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bere" title="Bere – romunščina" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bere" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romunščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir%C3%A2" title="Birâ – aromunščina" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Birâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromunščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Пиво – ruščina" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пиво" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Пиво – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Пиво" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inzoga" title="Inzoga – ruandščina" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Inzoga" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="ruandščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8D" title="Пиибэ – jakutščina" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Пиибэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birra" title="Birra – sardinščina" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Birra" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birra" title="Birra – sicilijanščina" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Birra" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilijanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer" title="Beer – škotščina" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Beer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="škotščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuola" title="Vuola – severna samijščina" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Vuola" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="severna samijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo – srbohrvaščina" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srbohrvaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A" title="බියර් – sinhalščina" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බියර්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer" title="Beer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Beer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo – slovaščina" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doro" title="Doro – šonščina" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Doro" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="šonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birra" title="Birra – albanščina" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Birra" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Пиво – srbščina" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пиво" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjoor" title="Bjoor – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Bjoor" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir – sundanščina" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96l" title="Öl – švedščina" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Öl" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia" title="Bia – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjyr" title="Bjyr – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Bjyr" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="பியர் – tamilščina" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பியர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81" title="బీరు – telugijščina" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బీరు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D2%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Оби ҷав – tadžiščina" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оби ҷав" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžiščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เบียร์ – tajščina" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบียร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbesa" title="Serbesa – tagalogščina" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Serbesa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalogščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bira" title="Bira – turščina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bira" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byala" title="Byala – congščina" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Byala" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="congščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сыра – tatarščina" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сыра" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%89%DB%8B%D8%A7" title="پىۋا – ujgurščina" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پىۋا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ujgurščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Пиво – ukrajinščina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пиво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="بیئر – urdujščina" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیئر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdujščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo – uzbeščina" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bira" title="Bira – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Bira" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olud" title="Olud – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Olud" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia_(th%E1%BB%A9c_u%E1%BB%91ng)" title="Bia (thức uống) – vietnamščina" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bia (thức uống)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir – volapik" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bire" title="Bire – valonščina" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bire" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbisa" title="Serbisa – varajščina" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Serbisa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92" title="啤酒 – wu-kitajščina" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="啤酒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu-kitajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8" title="ביר – jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ביר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laeujbizciuj" title="Laeujbizciuj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Laeujbizciuj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92" title="啤酒 – kitajščina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="啤酒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kitajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92" title="啤酒 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="啤酒" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AC-luh" title="Bì-luh – min nan kitajščina" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bì-luh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kitajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92" title="啤酒 – kantonščina" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="啤酒" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubhiya" title="Ubhiya – zulujščina" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ubhiya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulujščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q44#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi medjezikovne povezave" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi povezave</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pivo" title="Ogled vsebinske strani [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stran</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pogovor:Pivo" rel="discussion" title="Pogovor o vsebinski strani [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pogovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Spremeni različico jezika" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">prestavi v stransko letvico</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Izbrani_%C4%8Dlanki" title="To je izbrani članek. Za več podatkov klikni zvezdo."><img alt="Izbrani članek" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Iz Wikipedije, proste enciklopedije</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sl" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Beer_wuerzburger_hofbraue_v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Beer_wuerzburger_hofbraue_v.jpg/200px-Beer_wuerzburger_hofbraue_v.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Beer_wuerzburger_hofbraue_v.jpg/300px-Beer_wuerzburger_hofbraue_v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Beer_wuerzburger_hofbraue_v.jpg/400px-Beer_wuerzburger_hofbraue_v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1511" data-file-height="2266" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozarec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kozarec (stran ne obstaja)">Kozarec</a> piva</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pívo</b> je <a href="/wiki/Alkoholna_pija%C4%8Da" title="Alkoholna pijača">alkoholna pijača</a>, pripravljena z varjenjem in <a href="/wiki/Fermentacija_(biokemija)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentacija (biokemija)">fermentiranjem</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sladkorjev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sladkorjev (stran ne obstaja)">sladkorjev</a>, ki s pomočjo encimov nastanejo iz škroba, katerega vir so običajno različna slajena in neslajena žita. Za varjenje piva se najpogosteje uporablja <a href="/wiki/Je%C4%8Dmen" title="Ječmen">ječmen</a>, uporablja pa se tudi <a href="/wiki/P%C5%A1enica" title="Pšenica">pšenica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koruza" title="Koruza">koruza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ri%C5%BE" title="Riž">riž</a> in <a href="/wiki/Proso" title="Proso">proso</a>. Velja za najstarejšo<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in najbolj priljubljeno<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alkoholno pijačo na svetu. Med vsemi pijačami je pivo na tretjem mestu po svetovni porabi. Pred njim sta le <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">voda</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Caj" title="Čaj">čaj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dejavnost proizvodnje piva imenujemo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivovarstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pivovarstvo (stran ne obstaja)">pivovarstvo</a>. Pivo je bilo v <a href="/wiki/Zgodovina" title="Zgodovina">zgodovini</a> poznano že <a href="/wiki/Stari_Egipt" title="Stari Egipt">starim Egipčanom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mezopotamija" title="Mezopotamija">Mezopotamcem</a>, vendar so bila njihova piva popolnoma drugačna od današnjih. </p><p>Glavne sestavine piva so <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">voda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slad" title="Slad">slad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hmelj" title="Hmelj">hmelj</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kvas" title="Kvas">kvas</a>. Slad so namočena, <a href="/wiki/Kaljenje" title="Kaljenje">nakaljena</a> in zatem posušena ali pražena žitna zrna. Med kaljenjem v zrnju nastajajo <a href="/wiki/Encim" title="Encim">encimi</a> <a href="/wiki/Amilaza" title="Amilaza">amilaze</a>, ki razgrajujejo škrob v vodotopne <a href="/wiki/Sladkor" title="Sladkor">sladkorje</a>. Hmelj da pivu grenek okus, kvas pa povzroči <a href="/wiki/Alkoholno_vrenje" title="Alkoholno vrenje">alkoholno vrenje</a>, v katerem nastaneta <a href="/wiki/Etanol" title="Etanol">etanol</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ogljikov_dioksid" title="Ogljikov dioksid">ogljikov dioksid</a>. Ker se sestavine (tudi <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">voda</a>, ki igra pomembno vlogo pri okusu te pijače), od kraja do kraja močno razlikujejo, prav tako pa se razlikujejo tudi postopki varjenja, so različne tudi lastnosti piva (<a href="/wiki/Okus" title="Okus">okus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barva" title="Barva">barva</a>, stopnja <a href="/wiki/Alkohol" title="Alkohol">alkohola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pena" title="Pena">pena</a>, ...). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zgodovina">Zgodovina</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi razdelek: Zgodovina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&action=edit&section=1" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Zgodovina"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:EMS-89615-Rosecrucian-Egyptian-BeerMaking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/EMS-89615-Rosecrucian-Egyptian-BeerMaking.jpg/220px-EMS-89615-Rosecrucian-Egyptian-BeerMaking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/EMS-89615-Rosecrucian-Egyptian-BeerMaking.jpg/330px-EMS-89615-Rosecrucian-Egyptian-BeerMaking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/EMS-89615-Rosecrucian-Egyptian-BeerMaking.jpg/440px-EMS-89615-Rosecrucian-Egyptian-BeerMaking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Egipčanska plastika, ki prikazuje varjenje piva</figcaption></figure> <p>Pivo naj bi izviralo iz <a href="/wiki/Mezopotamija" title="Mezopotamija">Mezopotamije</a>, kjer so ga izdelovali že v 4. tisočletju pr. n. št. in so ga uvrščali med osnovna <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%BDivilo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Živilo (stran ne obstaja)">živila</a>. Pivo je v pisnih virih prvič omenjeno v <a href="/wiki/Hamurabijev_zakonik" title="Hamurabijev zakonik">hamurabijevem zakoniku</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ter v <i>Himni boginji <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ninkasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ninkasi (stran ne obstaja)">Ninkasi</a></i>, nekakšni <a href="/wiki/Molitev" title="Molitev">molitvi</a> mezopotamski boginji piva, ki je hkrati služila tudi kot <a href="/wiki/Kuharski_recept" title="Kuharski recept">recept</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nin-kasi_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nin-kasi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sumer_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sumer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Obstajajo podatki, da so v Mezopotamiji predelali v pivo kar 40 % vsega pridelanega <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDito" title="Žito">žita</a> (predvsem <a href="/wiki/P%C5%A1enica" title="Pšenica">pšenice</a> in <a href="/wiki/Je%C4%8Dmen" title="Ječmen">ječmena</a>). Do danes se je ohranilo veliko mezopotamskih receptov za pivo, med katerimi so tudi taki, ki zahtevajo dodatek k <a href="/wiki/Drozga" class="mw-redirect" title="Drozga">drozgi</a> v obliki različnih aromatičnih <a href="/wiki/Rastline" title="Rastline">rastlin</a>, ki dajo pivu poseben okus. Za posebno močno pivo so Mezopotamci dodajali drozgi med vretjem tudi <a href="/wiki/Med" title="Med">med</a>. </p><p>V <a href="/wiki/Sumerija" title="Sumerija">sumerskih</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tempeljska_dr%C5%BEava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tempeljska država (stran ne obstaja)">tempeljskih državah</a> so v zgodnjem 3. tisočletju pr. n. št. s pivom plačevali tudi delavce. Preprost delavec je dobil na dan <a href="/wiki/Liter" title="Liter">liter</a> piva, nižji uradnik dva litra, višji uradnik ter vse njegove žene pa po pet litrov piva dnevno. </p><p>Prvi kemični ostanki piva so bili najdeni na arheološkem najdišču <a href="/w/index.php?title=Godin_Tepe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Godin Tepe (stran ne obstaja)">Godin Tepe</a> v gorovju <a href="/wiki/Zagros" title="Zagros">Zagros</a> v zahodnem <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranu</a> in izvirajo iz časa med 3500 in 3100 pr. n. št.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Kdaj je pivo prišlo v Evropo, ni povsem jasno. Znano je, da so pivo pridobivali že v zgodnji bronasti dobi okoli leta 3000 pr. n. št.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Proizvodnja piva je takrat potekala v majhnem, družinskem obsegu<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Takratno pivo se je od današnjih precej razlikovalo, ker je vsebovalo tudi sadje, med, različne rastline, začimbe in celo narkotične substance<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Največja razlika med današnjim pivom in prvimi pivi je bila v tem, da v prvotnih pivih ni bilo <a href="/wiki/Hmelj" title="Hmelj">hmelja</a>, ki je bil v pisnih virih kot dodatek pivu omenjen šele okoli leta 822 v zapiskih nekega karolinškega <a href="/wiki/Menih" title="Menih">meniha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Unger2004_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unger2004-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kasneje je hmelj kot dodatek k pivu v svojih zapisih omenila tudi srednjeveška opatinja <a href="/wiki/Hildegarda_iz_Bingna" title="Hildegarda iz Bingna">Hildegarda iz Bingna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pivo so pred <a href="/wiki/Industrijska_revolucija" title="Industrijska revolucija">industrijsko revolucijo</a> izdelovali in prodajali v majhnih količinah predvsem doma. Do 7. stoletja se je pivovarstvo razširilo tudi v <a href="/wiki/Samostan" title="Samostan">samostane</a>, ki so pivo izdelovali in prodajali v večjem obsegu. Med industrijsko revolucijo so se pojavile prve <a href="/wiki/Manufaktura" title="Manufaktura">manufakture</a>, ki so proizvajale pivo. Do 19. stoletja je tako postala domača proizvodnja piva že skoraj povsem zanemarljiva.<sup id="cite_ref-sotp_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sotp-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Z iznajdbo <a href="/wiki/Areometer" title="Areometer">areometra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Termometer" title="Termometer">termometra</a> so pivovarji prišli do dveh pomembnih pripomočkov, ki sta ključno vplivala na proces varjenja piva, ker sta zagotavljala boljši nadzor nad procesi ter boljšo kakovost končnega proizvoda. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prapivo">Prapivo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi razdelek: Prapivo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&action=edit&section=2" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Prapivo"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prvotno pivo ali prapivo so izdelovali brez kuhanja, samo z <a href="/wiki/Alkoholno_vrenje" title="Alkoholno vrenje">alkoholnim vrenjem</a>. Razgradnjo škroba iz žita so dosegli s pomočjo človeške <a href="/wiki/Slina" title="Slina">sline</a>, ki vsebuje tudi nekaj amilaz,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alkoholno vrenje pa so povzročile divje glive <a href="/wiki/Kvasovke" class="mw-redirect" title="Kvasovke">kvasovke</a> iz zraka. Žito so v ustih dobro prežvečili, potem izpljunili v posode, kjer je zavrelo. Tako pripravljeno pijačo danes imenujemo prapivo. Nekatera ljudstva še danes pridobivajo pivo na podoben način. V Afriki ga imenujejo <i>pombe</i>, <a href="/wiki/Dogoni" title="Dogoni">Dogoni</a> v <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahelu</a> varijo <i>koni</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ameri%C5%A1ki_staroselci" title="Ameriški staroselci">staroselci</a> v Ameriki pa <i>čičo</i>. </p><p>Na enak način so stari <a href="/wiki/Slovani" title="Slovani">Slovani</a> pridobivali alkoholno pijačo, imenovano <i>kvas</i> ali <i>kisijel</i>. </p><p>Kitajci so že v prazgodovini varili pivu podobne pijače iz slada ali iz neslajenega kuhanega žita s pomočjo gojenih plesni. Pivske tropine so uporabili kot sestavino mnogih jedi, na primer omak, v katerih evropska kuhinja uporablja vino. Hmelja niso poznali, zato je bilo pivo iz slada uporabno zelo malo časa. Proizvodnja takšnega piva je zato postopoma upadala in na koncu vladanja <a href="/wiki/Dinastija_Tang" title="Dinastija Tang">dinastije Tang</a> popolnoma usahnila. Proizvodnja alkoholnih pijač iz kuhanega riža, obdelanega s plesnimi, se je ohranila. Takšne pijače Kitajci imenujejo <i>riževo vino</i>, čeprav so proizvedene iz žita in ne iz sadja, Japonci pa <i>sake</i>, obe besedi pa lahko pomenita katerokoli alkoholno pijačo. </p><p>Kot surovino za varjenje piva so različna ljudstva uporabljala različna žita. V Babilonu in Egiptu sta se največ uporabljala ječmen in pšenica, v Afriki <a href="/wiki/Proso" title="Proso">proso</a>, v Ameriki <a href="/wiki/Koruza" title="Koruza">koruza</a>, v severni Evropi proso, ječmen, <a href="/wiki/R%C5%BE" title="Rž">rž</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oves" title="Oves">oves</a>, le redko pa pšenica<sup id="cite_ref-Ogorevc_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogorevc-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varjenje_piva">Varjenje piva</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi razdelek: Varjenje piva" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&action=edit&section=3" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Varjenje piva"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Varjenje piva je običajno razdeljeno na osem tehnoloških operacij: priprava slada, drozganje, odcejanje, kuhanje, fermentiranje, kondicioniranje, filtriranje in polnjenje. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Priprava_slada">Priprava slada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi razdelek: Priprava slada" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&action=edit&section=4" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Priprava slada"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prva tehnološka operacija je priprava slada. Slad je včasih pripravljala vsaka pivovarna zase, danes pa ga večinoma proizvajajo samostojne sladarne. </p><p>Slad mora pred uporabo zoreti najmanj šest tednov (češki pivovarji pravijo, da se mora udomačiti), potem pa se zdrobi. Granulacija zdroba je zelo pomembna, ker po drozganju služi kot sredstvo za <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filtriranje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filtriranje (stran ne obstaja)">filtriranje</a> sladice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drozganje">Drozganje</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi razdelek: Drozganje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&action=edit&section=5" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Drozganje"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drozganje je proces, v katerem se zdrobljen slad pomeša z vročo vodo, da encimi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfa_in_beta_amilaze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfa in beta amilaze (stran ne obstaja)">alfa in beta amilaze</a> razgradijo <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0krob" title="Škrob">škrob</a> v vodotopni <a href="/wiki/Sladkor" title="Sladkor">sladkor</a>, večinoma <a href="/wiki/Maltoza" title="Maltoza">maltozo</a>. </p><p>Zdrobljeni slad se pomeša s štirikratno količino vode in stalno meša. Začetna temperatura drozge je 35 °C, potem pa se postopoma segreje na 76 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drozganje traja eno do tri ure. Zmes slada in vode se imenuje pivska drozga, sama raztopina pa sladica. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Odcejanje">Odcejanje</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi razdelek: Odcejanje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&action=edit&section=6" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Odcejanje"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Precejanje je ločevanje sladice od izluženega slada. Odcejanje lako poteka na dva načina: skozi odprtino v dnu posode za drozganje, pri čemer za cedilo oziroma filter služi kar izluženo zrnje, ali skozi posebna plitva cedila. Sledi izpiranje zrnja z vročo vodo, ki z zrnja izpere ostanke sladice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kuhanje">Kuhanje</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi razdelek: Kuhanje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&action=edit&section=7" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Kuhanje"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kuhanje služi sterilizaciji sladice, izomerizaciji hmeljnih smol in izločanju žveplovih spojin, ki lahko kasneje kvarijo vonj in okus piva. Med varjenjem (kuhanjem) se dodaja <a href="/wiki/Hmelj" title="Hmelj">hmelj</a>, ki daje pivu značilen grenak okus in aromo. Beljakovine koagulirajo, pH raztopine pade, hlapne snovi z neprijetnim vonjem, med katerimi je tudi dimetilsulfid, pa izparijo. Kuhanje mora biti enakomerno in intenzivno in traja od 60-120 minut, odvisno od učinkovitosti sistema, ki je v uporabi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fermentiranje">Fermentiranje</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi razdelek: Fermentiranje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&action=edit&section=8" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Fermentiranje"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sledi ohlajanje sladice in njeno prezračevanje s sterilnim zrakom ter dodajanje <a href="/wiki/Kvas" title="Kvas">kvasa</a>, ki povzroči <a href="/wiki/Alkoholno_vrenje" title="Alkoholno vrenje">alkoholno vrenje</a>. Med fermentiranjem se sladkorji maltoza, maltotrioza, glukoza, fruktoza in saharoza pretvorijo v alkohol, ogljikov dioksid in toploto. Fermentiranje lahko poteka v odprtih ali zaprtih posodah različnih oblik in velikosti. Na pokrovih zaprtih fermentatorjev je naprava za reguliranje tlaka, s katero se uravnava vsebnost v pivu raztopljenega ogljikovega dioksida: višji tlak pomeni večjo vsebnost CO<sub>2</sub>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kondicioniranje">Kondicioniranje</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi razdelek: Kondicioniranje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&action=edit&section=9" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Kondicioniranje"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ko se večina sladkorjev pretvori v alkohol, se fermentacija upočasni, kvas pa se začne usedati na dno posode. Rezultat fermentacije je mlado pivo, ki se ohladi na temperaturo od -2 do 0 °C, kar pospeši usedanje kvasa ter koagulacijo beljakovin. Zaradi zmanjšanja topnosti se izločijo tudi snovi z neprijetnim vonjem, na primer spojine <a href="/wiki/Fenol" title="Fenol">fenola</a>, s čimer se izboljša okus piva. Postopek lahko poteka kar v fermentorjih ali pa v posebnih posodah pri povišanem tlaku, da se ogljikov dioksid ne izloči iz mladega piva. </p><p>Večina piv se nato filtrira, da se iz piva izloči vse trdne delce, s čimer se izboljša obstojnost in izgled piva, žal pa se s tem postopkom poslabša okus. Temu sledi pasterizacija (lahko poteka preko protitočnih toplotnih izmenjevalcev ali v tunelskih pasterjih) in pakiranje piva v steklenice ali sode. V nekaterih pivovarnah že uporabljajo postopek mikrofiltracije, s katero potreba po pasterizaciji odpade, s tem pa ohranijo boljšo organoleptično oceno končnega izdelka. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sestavine">Sestavine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi razdelek: Sestavine" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&action=edit&section=10" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Sestavine"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Sjb_whiskey_malt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sjb_whiskey_malt.jpg/220px-Sjb_whiskey_malt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sjb_whiskey_malt.jpg/330px-Sjb_whiskey_malt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sjb_whiskey_malt.jpg/440px-Sjb_whiskey_malt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Ječmenov slad</figcaption></figure> <p>Osnovne sestavine piva so <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">voda</a>, vir <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0krob" title="Škrob">škroba</a> (ječmenov, pšenični ali slad kakšnega drugega <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDita" class="mw-redirect" title="Žita">žita</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kvas" title="Kvas">kvas</a> ter <a href="/wiki/Hmelj" title="Hmelj">hmelj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Za pripravo piva se lahko uporabi tudi različna mešanica sladu, ki se mu lahko doda tudi <a href="/wiki/Sladkor" title="Sladkor">sladkor</a>. Take mešanice so po navadi uporabljajo za izdelavo cenenega piva, saj je proizvodnja take pijače bistveno cenejša od uporabe čistega ječmenovega ali pšeničnega sladu.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voda">Voda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi razdelek: Voda" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&action=edit&section=11" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Voda"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pivo je v največji meri sestavljeno iz vode. Različni vodni viri imajo različno vsebnost mineralov, zato je način varjenja in okus piva različen od regije do regije.<sup id="cite_ref-geot_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geot-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Za primer lahko vzamemo <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>. V njegovi okolici je voda trda, zaradi česar je najbolj primerna za varjenje piva, imenovanega <i><a href="/wiki/Stout" title="Stout">stout</a></i>. Takšno pivo je, na primer, Guiness. <a href="/wiki/Plzen" title="Plzen">Plzen</a> na <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C5%A1ka" title="Češka">Češkem</a> ima mehko vodo, ki je primerna za varjenje svetlega <i><a href="/wiki/Le%C5%BEak" title="Ležak">ležaka</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-geot_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geot-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Najboljše plzensko pivo je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pils&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pils (stran ne obstaja)">pils</a> pivo. V <a href="/wiki/Burton" title="Burton">Burtonu</a> v <a href="/wiki/Anglija" title="Anglija">Angliji</a> vsebuje voda veliko <a href="/wiki/Sadra" title="Sadra">sadre</a>, ki daje svetlemu <a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">alu</a> tako značilen okus, da pivovarji pri varjenju te vrste piva vodi namerno dodajajo sadro. Postopek se imenuje burtoniziranje.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slad">Slad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi razdelek: Slad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&action=edit&section=12" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Slad"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Druga pomembna sestavina piva je slad. Iz slada se s postopkom drozganja ustvarja <a href="/wiki/Maltoza" title="Maltoza">maltoza</a>, (ki jo dobimo iz škroba), iz katere v procesu varjenja nastane <a href="/wiki/Alkohol" title="Alkohol">alkohol</a> in daje pivu značilen vonj in okus. Glavni vir škroba v pivovarstvu so žitarice, v Evropi večinoma <a href="/wiki/Je%C4%8Dmen" title="Ječmen">ječmen</a>, uporablja pa se tudi pšenico, oves, rž, ajdo in vrsto drugih kultur.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Škrob kot tak ni niti topen v vodi niti ne fermentira, zato ga je treba najprej pretvoriti v vodotopne <a href="/wiki/Sladkor" title="Sladkor">sladkorje</a>, predvsem <a href="/wiki/Maltoza" title="Maltoza">maltozo</a>, in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dekstrin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dekstrin (stran ne obstaja)">dekstrine</a>. Postopek se imenuje slajenje. </p><p>Dobro očiščeno in kalibrirano žitno zrnje se v posebnih stožčasto valjastih kovinskih posodah dva do tri dni namaka v topli vodi, da se navzame vode, ki jo potrebna za <a href="/wiki/Kaljenje" title="Kaljenje">kaljenje</a>, potem pa odcedi in razprostre po ravni površini do 10 cm visoko, da začne kaliti. Kaljenje poteka v temi in traja 6-8 dni. Žito se med kaljenjem večkrat premeša. V tem procesu se v zrnju začnejo sproščati encimi amilaze (diastaze), ki škrob v zrnju pretvorijo v sladkor.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nakaljeno zrnje se imenuje zeleni slad. Po kaljenju se kalčki odstranijo, zrnje pa se posuši. </p><p>Čas in temperatura sušenja sta odvisna od njegove namembnosti.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> V pivovarstvu se uporabljajo predvsem naslednje vrste slada: svetli (za svetla piva), poltemni (za dobarvanje svetlih piv ter poltemna in temna piva), karamelni, ki se deli na svetlega (sušen pri 120-130 °C) in temnega (sušen pri 150-170 °C) ter praženi, ki je zaradi praženja pri 210-220 °C zelo temen in ne vsebuje nobenih encimov. Obstajajo tudi posebne vrste slada, na primer diastazni, ki se suši pri največ 50 °C, protolitski in dimljeni, ki se uporablja za proizvodnjo <a href="/wiki/Viski" title="Viski">viskija</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Humulus_Lupulus_Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Humulus_Lupulus_Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg/250px-Humulus_Lupulus_Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Humulus_Lupulus_Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg/375px-Humulus_Lupulus_Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Humulus_Lupulus_Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg/500px-Humulus_Lupulus_Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Storž hmelja iz <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hallertau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hallertau (stran ne obstaja)">Hallertaua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nem%C4%8Dija" title="Nemčija">Nemčija</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hmelj">Hmelj</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Uredi razdelek: Hmelj" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&action=edit&section=13" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Hmelj"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hmelj" title="Hmelj">Hmelj</a> pivovarji dodajajo pivu zgolj zaradi izboljšanja <a href="/wiki/Okus" title="Okus">okusa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Za ta namen se uporabljajo <a href="/wiki/Cvet" title="Cvet">cvetovi</a> hmelja, ki poleg okusa pomagajo tudi pri obstojnosti piva. </p><p>Hmelj so najverjetneje začeli dodajati pivu v nemških samostanskih pivovarnah. Znano je, da so ga leta 822 dodajali v pivo v Corveyu v Vestfaliji.<sup id="cite_ref-sotp_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sotp-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Unger2004_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unger2004-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popularizacija hmelja pa se je začela v 13. stoletju.<sup id="cite_ref-sotp_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sotp-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Unger2004_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unger2004-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pred tem, pa vse do 16. stoletja, ko je postal hmelj vsakdanji dodatek pivu, so vanj za okus dodajali druga zelišča, med katerimi je bila tudi <a href="/wiki/Br%C5%A1ljanasta_grenkuljica" title="Bršljanasta grenkuljica">bršljanasta grenkuljica</a> (<i>Glechoma hederacea</i>). Pivu so dodajali tudi različne mešanice začimb, zelišč in jagod na podoben način kot danes dodajajo hmelj.<sup id="cite_ref-Unger2004_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unger2004-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nekatere pivovarne, kot sta škotska Heather Ales company (pivo Fraoch')<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in francoska Brasserie-Lancelot (pivo Cervoise Lancelot)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> še danes za okus pivu namesto hmelja dodajajo druga zelišča. </p><p>Hmelj daje pivu nekaj ključnih željenih karakteristik. Pivu daje grenkobo, ki uravnava sladkobnost sladu, poleg tega pa prispeva tudi zeliščen in citronski priokus. Poleg tega vsebuje hmelj tudi <a href="/wiki/Antibiotik" title="Antibiotik">antibiotik</a> in kislino, kar pripomore k obstojnosti piva.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Od vsebnosti hmelja je odvisna tudi pivska pena in njena obstojnost. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kvas">Kvas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Uredi razdelek: Kvas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&action=edit&section=14" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Kvas"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kvas je sestavljen iz <a href="/wiki/Kvasovke" class="mw-redirect" title="Kvasovke">kvasovk</a>, ki poskrbijo za fermentacijo piva in za spreminjanje sladkorja v <a href="/wiki/Alkohol" title="Alkohol">alkohol</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ogljikov_dioksid" title="Ogljikov dioksid">ogljikov dioksid</a>. Poleg tega kvas močno vpliva tudi na okus in splošno aromo piva.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Za pripravo piva se najpogosteje uporabljajo kvasovke <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i> (za varjenje ale piva) ter <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saccharomyces_uvarum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saccharomyces uvarum (stran ne obstaja)">Saccharomyces uvarum</a></i> (za varjenje lagerja).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kvasovke <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brettanomyces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brettanomyces (stran ne obstaja)">Brettanomyces</a></i> se uporabljajo za varjenje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lambic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lambic (stran ne obstaja)">lambica</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torulaspora_delbrueckii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torulaspora delbrueckii (stran ne obstaja)">Torulaspora delbrueckii</a></i> pa za varjenje bavarskega pšeničnega piva (weissbier).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Preden so pivovarji odkrili pomen kvasa za varjenje piva, je fermentacija potekala po naravni poti z različnimi naravnimi kvasovkami, ki pa so bile zelo različne, zaradi česar fermentacija ni potekala kontrolirano. Tak način se danes zelo redko še uporablja pri varjenju nekaterih vrst lambica.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bistrila">Bistrila</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Uredi razdelek: Bistrila" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&action=edit&section=15" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Bistrila"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Po končanem zorenju je pivo še vedno bolj ali manj motno, zato nekateri pivovarji dodajajo pivu bistrila. Bistrila adsorbirajo in oborijo vse trdne delce in beljakovine in se skupaj z njimi izločijo, tako da ostanejo v pivu samo v sledovih. Proces se imenuje bistrenje. Za kristalno bistrost piva in njegovo čim daljšo obstojnost je treba pivo še prefiltrirati. Pred polnjenjem se pivo še toplotno obdela - pasterizira, s čimer se podaljša predvsem biološka trajnost piva. </p><p>Pivo je občutljivo na sončno svetlobo in toploto ter na velike temperaturne spremembe. Zato ga je treba hraniti v temnem in hladnem prostoru (do 10 °C). Pravijo, da je pivo trajno, dokler je bistro.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Delitev">Delitev</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Uredi razdelek: Delitev" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&action=edit&section=16" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Delitev"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pivo se lahko deli na različne načine, najbolj pogosto se jih deli glede na kulturo kvasovk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kultura_kvasovk">Kultura kvasovk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Uredi razdelek: Kultura kvasovk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&action=edit&section=17" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Kultura kvasovk"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Budvar-mug.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Budvar-mug.JPG/220px-Budvar-mug.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Budvar-mug.JPG/330px-Budvar-mug.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Budvar-mug.JPG/440px-Budvar-mug.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="2131" /></a><figcaption>Pivo spodnjega vrenja v vrčku</figcaption></figure> <ol><li><b>Pivo spodnjega vrenja</b>: pri tej vrsti piva se uporabljajo pivske kvasovke, ki se po končanem alkoholnem vrenju usedejo na dno vrelnega tanka ali fermentorja. Med najpomembnejše vrste piva spodnjega vrenja prištevamo tako svetla kot temna piva. Najbolj znana piva spodnjega vrenja so: nemško pivo poznano pod imenom Helles (svetlo) in Dunkles (temno); avstrijsko pivo Wiener, ponekod imenovano tudi marčno pivo; piva plzenskega tipa <b>Pils</b> (Budvar, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Budweiser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Budweiser (stran ne obstaja)">Budweiser</a>, laški Zlatorog, unionski Pils); pivo tipa <b>Dortmunder</b> (unionsko navadno pivo); pivo tipa <b>Bock</b>, ki ga prodajajo pod raznimi komercialnimi imeni, kot so Maibock, Weihnachbock; pivo tipa Ležak...</li></ol> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članek: <a href="/wiki/Le%C5%BEak" title="Ležak">Ležak</a>.</i></div></dd></dl> <ol><li><b>Pivo zgornjega vrenja</b>: so vsa piva starega tipa, pri katerih se <a href="/wiki/Glivice" class="mw-redirect" title="Glivice">glivice</a> kvasovke po končanem alkoholnem vrenju dvignejo na gladino piva v vrelnem tanku. V mnogih tradicionalnih pivovarniških deželah (Velika Britanija, Belgija, Nemčija) so piva tega tipa še vedno precej popularna. Piva zgornjega vrenja se na splošno imenujejo <b>Ale</b>, ponekod pa to ime uporabljajo tudi kot ime za <a href="/wiki/Blagovna_znamka" title="Blagovna znamka">blagovno znamko</a>. Pivo tipa ale je pravzaprav nezrelo pivo, ki dokončno dozori šele v <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klet (stran ne obstaja)">kleti</a> obrata, kjer poteka sekundarna fermentacija in pivo dozoreva. Najpomembnejše vrste piva zgornjega vrenja so: <b>Pale ale</b>, grenko pivo, ki ga američani varijo z izdatno količino hmelja, <b>Indian pale ale</b>, ki je krepkejša različica pale ale piva, z več alkohola in hmelja, temni <b>Porter</b> in <b>Stout</b>, tudi <a href="/wiki/Belgija" title="Belgija">belgijska</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trapist_(pivo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trapist (pivo) (stran ne obstaja)">trapistovska</a> piva…</li></ol> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članek: <a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">Ale</a>.</i></div></dd></dl> <ol><li><b>Kisla piva</b>: Kislino ta piva dobijo z dodajanjem različnih kultur mikroorganizmov, ki so sicer naravni sovražnik v klasičnih pivih. Obstajata dva glavna načina, kako se ti <a href="/wiki/Mikroorganizem" title="Mikroorganizem">mikroorganizmi</a> dodajajo. Klasični belgijski način je, da pivo po kuhanju hladijo v velikih bazenih, ki so neposredno izpostavljeni zunanjemu zraku, tako da se mikrobi preprosto sami vselijo v pivo. Pogosto taka piva fermentirajo v lesenih sodih, kjer te kulture že bivajo in tako se menja samo vsebino, les, ki pa je prepojen z določeno kulturo pa ostane vedno isti in tako prenaša karakter iz prejšnjega v naslednje pivo. Mnogo bolj novodoben način pa je, da se te kulture dodaja tudi popolnoma namensko, kjer se seveda mnogo bolj nadzoruje in odloča, katere mikroorganizme želimo prisotne v pivu. Najpogosteje vrste so: Lambic, Gueze, Flamsko rdeče in Berliner Weisse.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>V <a href="/wiki/Slovenija" title="Slovenija">Sloveniji</a> pa so najbolj razširjena svetla piva dveh velikih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivovarna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pivovarna (stran ne obstaja)">pivovarn</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">ljubljanske</a> <a href="/wiki/Pivovarna_Union" title="Pivovarna Union">Pivovarne Union</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pivovarna_La%C5%A1ko" title="Pivovarna Laško">Pivovarne Laško</a>. </p><p>Mešanica piva in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran%C5%BEada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oranžada (stran ne obstaja)">oranžade</a> oziroma <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limonada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limonada (stran ne obstaja)">limonade</a> se imenuje <i><a href="/wiki/Radler" title="Radler">radler</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Nem%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Nemščina">nemško</a> <i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kolesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolesar">kolesar</a></i>). V Sloveniji je mešanica poimenovana <i>bicikl</i> - verjetno zato, ker je narejen iz dveh pijač in so ga v glavnem pili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voznik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voznik (stran ne obstaja)">vozniki</a> in kolesarji za potešitev žeje. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alkoholne_stopnje">Alkoholne stopnje</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Uredi razdelek: Alkoholne stopnje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&action=edit&section=18" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Alkoholne stopnje"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alkoholna stopnja piva je lahko zelo različna in se po navadi giblje med 3 % in 30 % <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volumenski_procent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volumenski procent (stran ne obstaja)">volumenskih procentov</a>. Alkoholna stopnja piva med različnimi znamkami močno varira.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Prav tako je različna stopnja med različnimi vrstami piva. Svetli lager ima alkoholne stopnje med 4–6 %, večina pa ima alkoholno stopnjo okoli 5 %<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alkoholna stopnja britanskih aleov je nižja in po navadi znaša okoli 4 %.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nekatere vrste piva (na primer belgijska) imajo alkoholno stopnjo le okoli 1 % in jih zato v šolah strežejo kot osvežilno pijačo šolarjem.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alkohol v pivu nastane s fermentacijo sladkorjev. Glavna dejavnika, ki določata končno alkoholno stopnjo, sta tako vsebnost sladkorja v drozgi in vrsta kvasa, ki se uporablja pri fermentaciji drozge. Pri nekaterih vrstah piva v drozgo dodajajo sladkor, da bi s tem povišali alkoholno stopnjo. Pri nekaterih vrstah piva, predvsem pri <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lahko_pivo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lahko pivo (stran ne obstaja)">lahkih pivih</a>, pa v drozgo dodajo še posebne <a href="/wiki/Encim" title="Encim">encime</a>, ki kompleksne <a href="/wiki/Ogljikovi_hidrati" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogljikovi hidrati">ogljikove hidrate</a> spremenijo v sladkor. Alkohol, ki nastane s procesom fermentacije, ubija kvasovke, ki ne morejo preživeti v tekočinah, ki imajo alkoholno stopnjo višjo od 12 %. Nižjo stopnjo alkohola v pivu dosežejo z nizkimi temperaturami in s kratkim časom fermentacije. </p><p>V zadnjem času se je povečala proizvodnja nizkoalkoholnega in brezalkoholnega piva. Tovrstno pivo proizvajajo na različne načine. Ena glavnih metod pa je uporaba vrtečega stožčastega stolpa (Spinning Cone Column - SCC). SCC izdeluje avstralsko <a href="/wiki/Podjetje" title="Podjetje">podjetje</a>, sestavljen pa je iz posebnih stolpov, v katerih so nasproti vrteči se in stacionarni stožci, ki vsebujejo <a href="/wiki/Plin" title="Plin">plin</a> in tekočino. </p><p>Po stenah stolpa teče tanka plast tekočine, ki se preliva preko stožcev s pomočjo gravitacije in centrifugalne sile. Plin, ki je v resnici <a href="/wiki/Para" title="Para">para</a>, se dviga po sredini stolpa med stožci. Posebne lopatice na spodnjih vrtečih se stožcih povzročajo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbulenca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turbulenca (stran ne obstaja)">turbulenco</a>, kar povzroča učinek sesanja iz stožcev s pomočjo nižanja pritiska v stolpu. Alkohol namreč izpareva pri nižji temperaturi kot voda in se tako izsesa iz stožca v glavno posodo. Zaradi turbulence, nižanja pritiska in oblike posode se lahko pri tej metodi uporabljajo precej nižje temperature, kot so se uporabljale v preteklosti. Sistem tako v stolpu danes deluje pri temperaturah med 40 in 45 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Serviranje">Serviranje</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Uredi razdelek: Serviranje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&action=edit&section=19" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Serviranje"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Točeno_pivo"><span id="To.C4.8Deno_pivo"></span>Točeno pivo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Uredi razdelek: Točeno pivo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&action=edit&section=20" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Točeno pivo"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Keg_Fonts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Keg_Fonts.jpg/220px-Keg_Fonts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Keg_Fonts.jpg/330px-Keg_Fonts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Keg_Fonts.jpg/440px-Keg_Fonts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="954" /></a><figcaption>Pipe za točeno pivo v Delirium Caféju v <a href="/wiki/Bruselj" title="Bruselj">Bruslju</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Točeno pivo</b> je izraz za pivo, ki se postreže natočeno v kozarec iz <a href="/wiki/Sod_(posoda)" title="Sod (posoda)">soda</a>, ki je pod pritiskom, za potisni <a href="/wiki/Plin" title="Plin">plin</a> pa se uporablja <a href="/wiki/Ogljikov_dioksid" title="Ogljikov dioksid">ogljikov dioksid</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>) ali mešanica ogljikovega dioksida in <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1ik" title="Dušik">dušika</a>. Dušik vpliva na velikost mehurčkov v pivski peni, ki so pri tovrstnem pivu precej manjši, pena pa je gostejša in bolj kremasta. Večina piva se v svetu proda na tak način. V zadnjem času so na tržišče prišli tudi manjši sodčki za enkratno uporabo, ki že vsebujejo ves potreben ogljikov dioksid. </p><p>V <a href="/wiki/1980." title="1980.">osemdesetih letih</a> <a href="/wiki/20._stoletje" title="20. stoletje">20. stoletja</a> je irska pivovarna <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guinness_(pivovarna)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guinness (pivovarna) (stran ne obstaja)">Guinness</a> predstavila inovativen sistem pakiranja piva z dušikom. V pločevinki se tako nahaja posebna kroglica, napolnjena z dušikom pod pritiskom. Ob odprtju dušik zapusti kroglico skozi majhne luknjice in ustvari v pločevinki gosto peno, ki je podobna tisti s točenega piva.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Cask_Ales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cask_Ales.jpg/220px-Cask_Ales.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cask_Ales.jpg/330px-Cask_Ales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cask_Ales.jpg/440px-Cask_Ales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>Ale v kovinskih sodih</figcaption></figure> <p>V lesene ali kovinske sode klasičnih oblik shranjujejo ale, ki so nefiltrirani in nepasterizirani. Tako pivo dokončno dozori šele v obratu, kjer ga točijo. Sode skladiščijo v vodoravnem položaju v kleti lokala na temperaturi med 12 in 14 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ko sod odprejo, se usedlina dvigne, zaradi česar je potrebno nekaj časa, da se pivo spet zbistri. Točijo ga s pomočjo ročnih črpalk ali s pomočjo gravitacije. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakirano_pivo">Pakirano pivo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Uredi razdelek: Pakirano pivo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&action=edit&section=21" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Pakirano pivo"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Večina piva je pred pakiranjem v <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steklenica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steklenica (stran ne obstaja)">steklenice</a> ali <a href="/wiki/Plo%C4%8Devinka" title="Pločevinka">pločevinke</a> prefiltriranega.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kljub temu pa nekatere vrste piva še vedno vsebujejo majhne količine kvasa. Včasih je to posledica nefiltriranja, včasih pa pivo najprej filtrirajo in mu nato ponovno dodajo sveži kvas.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pri takem pivu je priporočljivo počasno točenje v kozarec, da kvas ostane na dnu steklenice. Seveda nekateri pivci pivo rahlo premešajo in kvas zlijejo v kozarec. Takšna je predvsem praksa pri pitju pšeničnega piva. </p><p>Mnogo vrst piva prodajajo tudi v pločevinkah, vendar se priljubljenost takšnega pakiranja od države do države razlikuje. Leta 2001 so na <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0vedska" title="Švedska">Švedskem</a> tako prodali kar 63,9 % piva v pločevinkah.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tako pakirano pivo se lahko uživa naravnost iz pločevinke ali pa se ga natoči v <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozarec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kozarec (stran ne obstaja)">kozarec</a>. Pločevinka zagotavlja, da pivo ni izpostavljeno sončni svetlobi. Nekateri pivci piva sicer še vedno ne zaupajo pločevinkam kot ustrezni embalaži, vendar pa je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvaliteta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvaliteta (stran ne obstaja)">kvaliteta</a> piva v pločevinkah po raziskavah povsem enaka kvaliteti piva iz steklenic.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> V zadnjem času se kot embalaža za pivo pojavljajo tudi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastenka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plastenka (stran ne obstaja)">plastenke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kozarci_za_pivo">Kozarci za pivo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Uredi razdelek: Kozarci za pivo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&action=edit&section=22" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Kozarci za pivo"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pivo se običajno pije iz steklenih kozarcev, lahko pa tudi iz glinenih, porcelanastih ali pločevinastih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vr%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vrč (stran ne obstaja)">vrčkov</a>, kar je v največji meri odvisno od zahteve pivca, pa tudi od kulture države in vrste piva. </p><p>Pri točenju piva ima največjo vlogo na zunanji izgled in okus piva njegovo točenje. Od kota, pod katerim je obrnjen kozarec, hitrosti točenja in količine potisnega plina je odvisna predvsem obstojnost pene in količina ogljikovega dioksida v pivu.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Servirna_temperatura">Servirna temperatura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Uredi razdelek: Servirna temperatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&action=edit&section=23" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Servirna temperatura"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Edouard_Manet_006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Edouard_Manet_006.jpg/170px-Edouard_Manet_006.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Edouard_Manet_006.jpg/255px-Edouard_Manet_006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Edouard_Manet_006.jpg/340px-Edouard_Manet_006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2559" /></a><figcaption>Slika ženske, ki streže pivo (<i>Natakarica</i> - <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Édouard Manet</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Temperatura, pri kateri se posamezno pivo servira, je prav tako odvisna od kulture, vrste piva in zahteve pivca. Bolj hladna piva so bolj osvežilna, toplejša pa razkrivajo več okusa. Načeloma se najbolj hladna strežejo svetla piva tipa lager, nekoliko manj ohlajena piva tipa svetli ale, stouti pa naj bi se stregli na sobni temperaturi.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poznavalec piva in pisatelj <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Jackson_(pisatelj)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Jackson (pisatelj) (stran ne obstaja)">Michael Jackson</a> je predlagal petstopenjsko temperaturno lestvico za serviranje različnih vrst piva: močno ohlajeno (7 °C) za svetla piva (svetli lager); ohlajeno (8 °C) za <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berliner_Weisse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berliner Weisse (stran ne obstaja)">Berliner Weisse</a> in ostala pšenična piva; manj ohlajeno (9 °C) za temna lager piva, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Altbier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altbier (stran ne obstaja)">altbier</a> in nemška pšenična piva; kletna temperatura (13 °C) za britanska piva tipa <a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">ale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stout" title="Stout">stout</a> in večino belgijskih vrst; sobna temperatura (15,5 °C) za močna temna piva tipa ale (še posebej za <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trapistovsko_pivo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trapistovsko pivo (stran ne obstaja)">trapistovsko pivo</a>) in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Je%C4%8Dmenovo_vino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ječmenovo vino (stran ne obstaja)">ječmenovo vino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pitje močno ohlajenega piva se je razširilo šele s pojavom umetnega ohlajevanja piva v 1870-ih, predvsem v deželah, kjer so proizvajali svetle lagerje.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ohlajevanje piva pod 15,5 °C začne povzročati izgubljanje občutka za okus,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ki se drastično zmanjša pod 10 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To je sprejemljivo za piva brez izrazite arome, ni pa sprejemljivo za piva z močno cvetico in kompleksnim okusom.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cask_Marque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cask Marque (stran ne obstaja)">Cask Marque</a>, neprofitna organizacija ljubiteljev piva iz <a href="/wiki/Zdru%C5%BEeno_kraljestvo_Velike_Britanije_in_Severne_Irske" title="Združeno kraljestvo Velike Britanije in Severne Irske">Združenega kraljestva</a>, je standarde za serviranje piva postavila na temperature med 12 in 14 °C za točena piva tipa ale.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vpliv_piva_na_zdravje">Vpliv piva na zdravje</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Uredi razdelek: Vpliv piva na zdravje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&action=edit&section=24" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Vpliv piva na zdravje"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pivo vsebuje <a href="/wiki/Alkohol" title="Alkohol">alkohol</a>, zaradi česar ima enak vpliv na zdravje kot ostale alkoholne pijače, če se njegovo uživanje zlorablja. Zmerno uživanje piva pa, podobno kot uživanje drugih alkoholnih pijač, lahko zmanjša možnost srčnih obolenj in <a href="/wiki/Infarkt" title="Infarkt">infarkta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japonska raziskava, ki so jo izvedli leta 2005, je pokazala, da pivo z nizko vsebnostjo alkohola zmanjšuje možnost <a href="/wiki/Rak_(bolezen)" title="Rak (bolezen)">rakavih obolenj</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Kljub temu pa pretirano in dolgotrajno uživanje alkohola lahko privede do <a href="/wiki/Alkoholizem" title="Alkoholizem">alkoholizma</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jetra" title="Jetra">jetrnih</a> obolenj. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Possible_long-term_effects_of_ethanol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Possible_long-term_effects_of_ethanol.svg/220px-Possible_long-term_effects_of_ethanol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Possible_long-term_effects_of_ethanol.svg/330px-Possible_long-term_effects_of_ethanol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Possible_long-term_effects_of_ethanol.svg/440px-Possible_long-term_effects_of_ethanol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2079" data-file-height="1485" /></a><figcaption>Pregled možnih posledic dolgotrajnega uživanja etanola</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehranska_vrednost_piva">Prehranska vrednost piva</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Uredi razdelek: Prehranska vrednost piva" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&action=edit&section=25" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Prehranska vrednost piva"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kemijska_analiza" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemijska analiza">Analiza</a> enega litra piva je v Pivovarni Laško dala sledeče rezultate: </p><p>Vsebnost <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitaminov</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B1">vitamin B1</a> (tiamin, anevrin) - 0,02 mg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B2">vitamin B2</a> (laktoflavin, riboflavin) - 0,03 - 0,04 mg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">vitamin B6</a> (piridoksin) - 0,5 mg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B5">vitamin B5</a> (pantotenska kislina) - 8,8 mg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_H" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin H">vitamin H</a> (biotin) - 5 mg</li></ul> <p>Poleg vitaminov vsebuje pivo še rudnine <a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">fosfor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalij" title="Kalij">kalij</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnezij" title="Magnezij">magnezij</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDveplo" title="Žveplo">žveplo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natrij" title="Natrij">natrij</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor">fluor</a>. V njem se nahajajo tudi oligoelementi <a href="/wiki/Baker" title="Baker">baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">mangan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cink" title="Cink">cink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminij" title="Aluminij">aluminij</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDelezo" title="Železo">železo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kvas je prav tako bogat vir življenjsko pomembnih snovi, ki so prisotne tudi v pivu. Prav zaradi prisotnosti teh snovi pivu pogosto pravijo »tekoči kruh«.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nekatere raziskave so pokazale, da ima filtrirano pivo precej manj teh snovi.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sklici">Sklici</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Uredi razdelek: Sklici" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&action=edit&section=26" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Sklici"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5980307">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"»""«""›""‹"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFArnold" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, John P. <i>Origin and History of Beer and Brewing: From Prehistoric Times to the Beginning of Brewing Science and Technology</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-9662084-1-2" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-9662084-1-2"><bdi>0-9662084-1-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=Origin+and+History+of+Beer+and+Brewing%3A+From+Prehistoric+Times+to+the+Beginning+of+Brewing+Science+and+Technology&rft.isbn=0-9662084-1-2&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=John+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europeanbeerguide.net/eustats.htm#production">»Volume of World Beer Production«</a>. <i>European Beer Guide</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 17. oktobra 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=neznano&rft.jtitle=European+Beer+Guide&rft.atitle=Volume+of+World+Beer+Production&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europeanbeerguide.net%2Feustats.htm%23production&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFNelson" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, Max. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6xul0O_SI1MC&pg=PA1&dq=most+consumed+beverage&client=firefox-a">»The Barbarian's Beverage: A History of Beer in Ancient Europe«</a>. books.google.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 22. februarja 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=The+Barbarian%27s+Beverage%3A+A+History+of+Beer+in+Ancient+Europe&rft.pub=books.google.co.uk&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6xul0O_SI1MC%26pg%3DPA1%26dq%3Dmost%2Bconsumed%2Bbeverage%26client%3Dfirefox-a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509121452/http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF10/1039.html">»Beer Before Bread«</a>. <i>Alaska Science Forum #1039, Carla Helfferich</i>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF10/1039.html">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 9. maja 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 13. maja 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=neznano&rft.jtitle=Alaska+Science+Forum+%231039%2C+Carla+Helfferich&rft.atitle=Beer+Before+Bread&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gi.alaska.edu%2FScienceForum%2FASF10%2F1039.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nin-kasi-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Nin-kasi_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.matrifocus.com/SAM06/spotlight.htm">»Nin-kasi: Mesopotamian Goddess of Beer«</a>. <i>Matrifocus 2006, Johanna Stuckey</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 13. maja 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=neznano&rft.jtitle=Matrifocus+2006%2C+Johanna+Stuckey&rft.atitle=Nin-kasi%3A+Mesopotamian+Goddess+of+Beer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.matrifocus.com%2FSAM06%2Fspotlight.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sumer-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sumer_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFBlack,_Jeremy_A.Cunningham,_GrahamRobson,_Eleanor2004" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy A.; Cunningham, Graham; Robson, Eleanor (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/literatureofanci0000unse_t7d8"><i>The literature of ancient Sumer</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-19-926311-6" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-19-926311-6"><bdi>0-19-926311-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=The+literature+of+ancient+Sumer&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-926311-6&rft.au=Black%2C+Jeremy+A.&rft.au=Cunningham%2C+Graham&rft.au=Robson%2C+Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fliteratureofanci0000unse_t7d8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090602040704/http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/research/Exp_Rese_Disc/masca/beer.shtml">»Earliest Known Chemical Evidence of Beer«</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (stran ne obstaja)">University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/research/Exp_Rese_Disc/masca/beer.shtml">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 2. junija 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 4. novembra 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=Earliest+Known+Chemical+Evidence+of+Beer&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Museum+of+Archaeology+and+Anthropology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museum.upenn.edu%2Fnew%2Fresearch%2FExp_Rese_Disc%2Fmasca%2Fbeer.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.stonepages.com/news/archives/000123.html">[1]</a> <i>Prehistoric brewing: the true story</i>, 22. oktober 2001, Archaeo News. Dostopano 13. septembra 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dreherrt.hu/portal/main.php?heading_id=27&article_id=&language=en">[2]</a> Dreher Breweries, <i>Beer-history</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson M. (2005). <i>The Barbarian's Beverage: A History of Beer in Ancient Europe</i> str. 2. Routledge, <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0415311217" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-31121-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unger2004-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Unger2004_11-0">11,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Unger2004_11-1">11,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Unger2004_11-2">11,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Unger2004_11-3">11,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFUnger_R.W.2004" class="citation book cs1">Unger R.W. (2004). <i>Beer in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance</i>. str. 54–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-8122-3795-1" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-8122-3795-1"><bdi>0-8122-3795-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=Beer+in+the+Middle+Ages+and+the+Renaissance&rft.pages=54-57&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8122-3795-1&rft.au=Unger+R.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rMNf-p1mu6AC&pg=PA57&lpg=PA57&dq=hops+Carolingian+Abbot&source=web&ots=hquU2pyyXK&sig=bymjH2aH8Xc9uzm0rJS4FZc8c2g&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result">Google Books</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson M. (2005). <i>The Barbarian's Beverage: A History of Beer in Ancient Europe</i>, str. 110. Routledge, <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0415311217" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-31121-7</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6xul0O_SI1MC&pg=PA110&dq=Abbess+Hildegard+of+Bingen+hops&client=firefox-a&sig=ACfU3U15z21lcPS7K0HO2-Dp3Ju7zi8bgw">Google Books</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sotp-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-sotp_13-0">13,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-sotp_13-1">13,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-sotp_13-2">13,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFCornell_M.2003" class="citation book cs1">Cornell M. (2003). <i>Beer: The Story of the Pint</i>. Headline. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-7553-1165-5" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-7553-1165-5"><bdi>0-7553-1165-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=Beer%3A+The+Story+of+the+Pint&rft.pub=Headline&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7553-1165-5&rft.au=Cornell+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFMatonJean_HopkinsCharles_William_McLaughlinSusan_Johnson1993" class="citation book cs1">Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins; Charles William McLaughlin; Susan Johnson; Maryanna Quon Warner; David LaHart; Jill D. Wright (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyheal00scho"><i>Human Biology and Health</i></a>. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-13-981176-1" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-13-981176-1"><bdi>0-13-981176-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=Human+Biology+and+Health&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey%2C+USA&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-13-981176-1&rft.aulast=Maton&rft.aufirst=Anthea&rft.au=Jean+Hopkins&rft.au=Charles+William+McLaughlin&rft.au=Susan+Johnson&rft.au=Maryanna+Quon+Warner&rft.au=David+LaHart&rft.au=Jill+D.+Wright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumanbiologyheal00scho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ogorevc-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ogorevc_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFOgorevc1996" class="citation book cs1">Ogorevc, Blaž (1996). <i>Pivo je božji dar</i>. Mladina.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=Pivo+je+bo%C5%BEji+dar&rft.pub=Mladina&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Ogorevc&rft.aufirst=Bla%C5%BE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, Michael. Encyklopedie piva. 1. vyd. Praha : Volvox Globator, 1988. <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/8085769379" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 80-85769-37-9</a>. str. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alabev.com/ingredie.htm">alabev.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160123045417/http://www.alabev.com/ingredie.htm">Arhivirano</a> 2016-01-23 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>The Ingredients of Beer</i>. Dostopano 29. septembra 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldammer T. (1. januar 2002). <i>The Brewers Handbook</i>, Chapter 6 - Beer Adjuncts, Apex Pub (1. januar 2000), <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0967521203" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-9675212-0-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beer-brewing.com/apex/beer_chapters/ch06_beer_adjuncts.htm">beer-brewing.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071027063059/http://www.beer-brewing.com/apex/beer_chapters/ch06_beer_adjuncts.htm">Arhivirano</a> 2007-10-27 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., pridobljeno 29.9.2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-geot-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-geot_19-0">19,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-geot_19-1">19,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agiweb.org/geotimes/aug04/resources.html">»Geology and Beer«</a>. <i>Geotimes</i>. Avgust 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 5. novembra 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Geotimes&rft.atitle=Geology+and+Beer&rft.date=2004-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agiweb.org%2Fgeotimes%2Faug04%2Fresources.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson M., BeerHunter, 19. oktober 1991, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beerhunter.com/documents/19133-000098.html">Brewing a good glass of water</a></i>. Pridobljeno 13.9.2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pivopis.si/pivovarske-sestavine-slad/">»www.pivopis.si«</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=www.pivopis.si&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpivopis.si%2Fpivovarske-sestavine-slad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://sl.wikisource.org/wiki/en:1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Brewing/Chemistry" class="extiw" title="s:en:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Brewing/Chemistry">Brewing Chemistry</a> 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. Pridobljeno 29.9.2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farm-direct.co.uk/farming/stockcrop/barley/malt.html">Farm-direct</a> Oz, <i>Barley Malt</i>, 6. februar 2002. Pridobljeno 29.9.2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Burgess A.H. (1964). <i>Hops: Botany, Cultivation and Utilization</i>. Leonard Hill, <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0471123501" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-471-12350-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fraoch.com/historicales.htm">»Heatherale.co.uk«</a>. Fraoch.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 28. septembra 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=Heatherale.co.uk&rft.pub=Fraoch.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fraoch.com%2Fhistoricales.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080819030220/http://www.brasserie-lancelot.com/brasserie-lancelot.php">»La Brasserie Lancelot est située au coeur de la Bretagne, dans des bâtiments rénovés de l'ancienne mine d'Or du Roc St-André, construits au 19 ème siècle sur des vestiges néolithiques«</a>. Brasserie-lancelot.com. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brasserie-lancelot.com/brasserie-lancelot.php">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 19. avgusta 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 28. septembra 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=La+Brasserie+Lancelot+est+situ%C3%A9e+au+coeur+de+la+Bretagne%2C+dans+des+b%C3%A2timents+r%C3%A9nov%C3%A9s+de+l%27ancienne+mine+d%27Or+du+Roc+St-Andr%C3%A9%2C+construits+au+19+%C3%A8me+si%C3%A8cle+sur+des+vestiges+n%C3%A9olithiques&rft.pub=Brasserie-lancelot.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brasserie-lancelot.com%2Fbrasserie-lancelot.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brewwiki.com/index.php/Head_Retention">»Head Retention«</a>. BrewWiki<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 5. novembra 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=Head+Retention&rft.pub=BrewWiki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brewwiki.com%2Findex.php%2FHead_Retention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011212319/http://hopsteiner.com/isopg1.htm">»Hop Products: Iso-Extract«</a>. Hopsteiner. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hopsteiner.com/isopg1.htm">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 11. oktobra 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 5. novembra 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=Hop+Products%3A+Iso-Extract&rft.pub=Hopsteiner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hopsteiner.com%2Fisopg1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beer.pdqguides.com/beer-ingredient-hops.html">Hops: Clever Use For a Useless Plan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081016111537/http://beer.pdqguides.com/beer-ingredient-hops.html">Arhivirano</a> 2008-10-16 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</i>. PDQ Guides. Pridobljeno 13.9.2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Blanco C.A. s sod. (2006). »A better control of beer properties by predicting acidity of hop iso-α-acids« <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=17772625">[3]</a>, <i>Trends in food science & technology</i> <b>17</b>(7): 373-377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ostergaard S., Olsson L., Nielsen J. (2000). »<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/64/1/34">Metabolic Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a>«. <i>Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.</i> <b>64</b>: 34-50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dittmer P.R., Desmond J. (2005). <i>Principles of Food, Beverage, and Labor Cost Controls</i>, John Wiley and Sons, <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0471429929" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-471-42992-9</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0kefSj0_i9sC&pg=PA376&dq=types+of+yeast+used+to+make+beer&client=firefox-a&sig=ACfU3U3MoveTthnLMs94MsIoa2B8EU-lAQ">Google Books</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hornsey I.S. (1999). <i>Brewing</i>, str. 221-222, Royal Society of Chemistry, <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0854045686" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-85404-568-6</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DvNhR0xfHtMC&pg=PA221&dq=Brettanomyces+lambic&client=firefox-a&sig=ACfU3U3PmukrkBNIO7fkkHMIit43n9l7Bg">Google Books</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Horwitz D. <i>Torulaspora delbrueckii</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mst.edu/~microbio/BIO221_2001/torulospora_delbrueckii.htm">Web.mst.edu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110809212726/http://web.mst.edu/~microbio/BIO221_2001/torulospora_delbrueckii.htm">Arhivirano</a> 2011-08-09 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Pridobljeno 30.9.2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hui Y.H. & Khachatourians G.G. (1994). <i>Food Biotechnology</i>, str. 847-848, Wiley-IEEE, <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0471185701" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-471-18570-1</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TxCQlmasQh8C&pg=PA847&dq=beer+yeast+history&client=firefox-a&sig=ACfU3U3I5rdHZa4dvHSF6rH3E5mt9ddqbg#PPA847,M1">Google Books</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pivo-lasko.si/blagovne-znamke/o-pivu/kako-nastane-pivo/">Kako nastane pivo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090620165726/http://www.pivo-lasko.si/blagovne-znamke/o-pivu/kako-nastane-pivo/">Arhivirano</a> 2009-06-20 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Pivovarna Laško.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617160531/http://pivopis.si/kisla-piva/">»Kisla piva - pivopis.si«</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pivopis.si/kisla-piva/">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 17. junija 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=Kisla+piva+-+pivopis.si&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpivopis.si%2Fkisla-piva%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFPattinson_R.2007" class="citation cs2">Pattinson R. (6. julij 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europeanbeerguide.net/eustats.htm#gravity"><i>European Beer Statistics: Beer production by strength</i></a>, European Beer Guide<span class="reference-accessdate">, pridobljeno 23. decembra 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=European+Beer+Statistics%3A+Beer+production+by+strength&rft.pub=European+Beer+Guide&rft.date=2007-07-06&rft.au=Pattinson+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europeanbeerguide.net%2Feustats.htm%23gravity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bendbrewfest.com/index.php?page=glossary">»Fourth Annual Bend Brew Fest«</a>. Bendbrewfest.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 28. septembra 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=Fourth+Annual+Bend+Brew+Fest&rft.pub=Bendbrewfest.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbendbrewfest.com%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dglossary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227092024/http://www.brewersofeurope.org/docs/publications/beerfacts2003.pdf"><i>Beer Facts 2003</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, The Brewers of Europe, 6. januar 2004, arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brewersofeurope.org/docs/publications/beerfacts2003.pdf">prvotnega spletišča</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> dne 27. februarja 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, pridobljeno 23. decembra 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=Beer+Facts+2003&rft.pub=The+Brewers+of+Europe&rft.date=2004-01-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brewersofeurope.org%2Fdocs%2Fpublications%2Fbeerfacts2003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFOsborn_A.2001" class="citation cs2">Osborn A. (21. junij 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,3604,510202,00.html"><i>School dinner? Mine's a lager, please</i></a>, Guardian Unlimited<span class="reference-accessdate">, pridobljeno 23. decembra 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=School+dinner%3F+Mine%27s+a+lager%2C+please&rft.pub=Guardian+Unlimited&rft.date=2001-06-21&rft.au=Osborn+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Finternational%2Fstory%2F0%2C3604%2C510202%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation cs2">»Spinning Cone Column distillation-Innovative technology for beer dealcoholisation«, <i>The Brewer & Distiller International</i>, zv. 3, št. 12, <span dir="ltr">december 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=The+Brewer+%26+Distiller+International&rft.atitle=Spinning+Cone+Column+distillation-Innovative+technology+for+beer+dealcoholisation&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=12&rft.date=2007-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Predloga:Citation" class="mw-redirect" title="Predloga:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: Vzdrževanje CS1: samodejni prevod datuma (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Vzdr%C5%BEevanje_CS1:_samodejni_prevod_datuma" title="Kategorija:Vzdrževanje CS1: samodejni prevod datuma">povezava</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://recipes.howstuffworks.com/question446.htm">»How does the widget in a beer can work?«</a>. HowStuffWorks<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 5. novembra 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=How+does+the+widget+in+a+beer+can+work%3F&rft.pub=HowStuffWorks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frecipes.howstuffworks.com%2Fquestion446.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080703165922/http://www.cask-marque.co.uk/pdf/caskcellarcard.pdf">»Cask Cellar Card — TimH«</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cask-marque.co.uk/pdf/caskcellarcard.pdf">prvotnega spletišča</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> dne 3. julija 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 28. septembra 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=Cask+Cellar+Card+%E2%80%94+TimH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cask-marque.co.uk%2Fpdf%2Fcaskcellarcard.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bamforth C.W. (2003). <i>Beer: Tap Into the Art and Science of Brewing</i> str. 58-59, Oxford University Press US, <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0195154797" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-515479-7</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-FviAgcmo90C&pg=PA59&dq=beer+classification+ale+lager&lr=&client=firefox-a&sig=ACfU3U0GLvHLLvTVL_knmgkSWkPt3iz_eA#PPA58,M1">Google books</a>), pridobljeno 29.9.2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Boekhout T. & Robert V. (2003). <i>Yeasts in Food: Beneficial and Detrimental Aspects</i> str. 370-371, Behr's Verlag, <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/3860229613" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-86022-961-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GG-60Vtl81EC&pg=PA370&dq=beer+bottle+conditioned&lr=&client=firefox-a&sig=ACfU3U3zLu6ExkPefZvEj5NVqZxQFH3kcQ">Google Books</a>, pridobljeno 29.9.008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europeanbeerguide.net/eustats.htm#package">»European Beer Statistics—beer sales by package type«</a>. European Beer Guide<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 5. aprila 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=European+Beer+Statistics%E2%80%94beer+sales+by+package+type&rft.pub=European+Beer+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europeanbeerguide.net%2Feustats.htm%23package&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928060803/http://www.allaboutbeer.com/features/packaging.html">»Beer Packaging Secrets«</a>. All About Beer Magazine. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allaboutbeer.com/features/packaging.html">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 28. septembra 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 5. novembra 2007</span>. <q>S stališča kakovosti so pločevinke zelo podobne steklenicam.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=Beer+Packaging+Secrets&rft.pub=All+About+Beer+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allaboutbeer.com%2Ffeatures%2Fpackaging.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.packaging-technology.com/projects/holsten/">»Holsten-Brauerei Pet Line for Bottled Beer, Brunswick, Nemčija«</a>. Packaging-Gateway.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 5. novembra 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=Holsten-Brauerei+Pet+Line+for+Bottled+Beer%2C+Brunswick%2C+Nem%C4%8Dija&rft.pub=Packaging-Gateway.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.packaging-technology.com%2Fprojects%2Fholsten%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Foley R. & Dismore H. (2007). <i>Running a Bar For Dummies</i> str. 211-212, For Dummies, <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0470049197" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-470-04919-7</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xnLeJAPYzGkC&pg=PA211&dq=pouring+beer&client=firefox-a&sig=ACfU3U2vCrDBPoQzAIFMN2gjtxKYYQZW3Q">Google Books</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(21.9.2000). »<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realbeer.com/library/beerbreak/archives/beerbreak20000921.php">Beyond the coldest beer in town</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100511050203/http://www.realbeer.com/library/beerbreak/archives/beerbreak20000921.php">Arhivirano</a> 2010-05-11 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.« RealBeer. Pridobljeno 11.10.2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson M. (27.2.2000). <i>Michael Jackson's Beer Companion</i>; 2nd edition, Courage Books, <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0762407727" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7624-0772-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Blocker J.S., Fahey D.M., Tyrrell I.R. (2003). <i>Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History</i> str. 95, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 157607833 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BuzNzm-x0l8C&pg=PA95&lpg=PA95&dq=history+of+lager+refrigeration&source=web&ots=zuaFlbk79s&sig=aMrrvuq_XFnoXl8VjnOHBVIJtbY&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=8&ct=result">Google Books</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hillman H. (2003). <i>The New Kitchen Science</i>, str. 178. Houghton Mifflin Books, <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/061824963X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-618-24963-X</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BCLT3hH84GoC&pg=PA178&dq=temperature+on+taste&client=firefox-a&sig=ACfU3U2_XkPWtYEM5WdFhbTqZSpmjbneYg">Google Books</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrington R.J. (2007). <i>Food and Wine Pairing: A Sensory Experience</i> str. 27-28, John Wiley and Sons, <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0471794074" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-471-79407-4</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GepCDssW1FYC&pg=PA27&dq=taste+perception+temperature+below+50+F&client=firefox-a&sig=ACfU3U0yTTlPFkc4qAycbMILslryvNUYww">Google Books</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramer H. »<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ca.lifestyle.yahoo.com/food-entertaining/articles/drinks-desserts/cp/home_family-set_the_perfect_temperature_for_a_drink_and_enjoy_maximum_flavour">Set the perfect temperature for a drink and enjoy maximum flavour</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080830083557/http://ca.lifestyle.yahoo.com/food-entertaining/articles/drinks-desserts/cp/home_family-set_the_perfect_temperature_for_a_drink_and_enjoy_maximum_flavour">Arhivirano</a> 2008-08-30 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.«, The Associated press. Yahoo Lifestyle, pridobljeno 11.10.2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cask-marque.co.uk/cmoffer/standards.php">Standards & Charters</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081024050245/http://www.cask-marque.co.uk/cmoffer/standards.php">Arhivirano</a> 2008-10-24 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Cask Marque. Pridobljeno 11.10.2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFStampfer_M.J.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Stampfer M.J.; in sod. (Januar 2005). »Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on cognitive function in women«. <i>N Engl J Med</i>. <b>352</b> (3): 245–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa041152">10.1056/NEJMoa041152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifikator)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793">0028-4793</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15659724">15659724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=N+Engl+J+Med.&rft.atitle=Effects+of+moderate+alcohol+consumption+on+cognitive+function+in+women&rft.volume=352&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=245-53&rft.date=2005-01&rft.issn=0028-4793&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15659724&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMoa041152&rft.au=Stampfer+M.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFHines_L.M.Stampfer_M.J.Ma_J.2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hines L.M.; Stampfer M.J.; Ma J.; in sod. (Februar 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=11207350&promo=ONFLNS19">»Genetic variation in alcohol dehydrogenase and the beneficial effect of moderate alcohol consumption on myocardial infarction«</a>. <i>N Engl J Med</i>. <b>344</b> (8): 549–55. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11207350">11207350</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=N+Engl+J+Med.&rft.atitle=Genetic+variation+in+alcohol+dehydrogenase+and+the+beneficial+effect+of+moderate+alcohol+consumption+on+myocardial+infarction&rft.volume=344&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=549-55&rft.date=2001-02&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11207350&rft.au=Hines+L.M.&rft.au=Stampfer+M.J.&rft.au=Ma+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.nejm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dshort%26pmid%3D11207350%26promo%3DONFLNS19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFBerger_K.Ajani_U.A.Kase_C.S.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Berger K.; Ajani U.A.; Kase C.S.; in sod. (<span dir="ltr">november 1999</span>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=10564684&promo=ONFLNS19">»Light-to-moderate alcohol consumption and risk of stroke among U.S. male physicians«</a>. <i>N Engl J Med</i>. <b>341</b> (21): 1557–64. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10564684">10564684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=N+Engl+J+Med.&rft.atitle=Light-to-moderate+alcohol+consumption+and+risk+of+stroke+among+U.S.+male+physicians&rft.volume=341&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=1557-64&rft.date=1999-11&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10564684&rft.au=Berger+K.&rft.au=Ajani+U.A.&rft.au=Kase+C.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.nejm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dshort%26pmid%3D10564684%26promo%3DONFLNS19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Predloga:Navedi_%C4%8Dasopis" title="Predloga:Navedi časopis">navedi časopis</a>}}</code>: Vzdrževanje CS1: samodejni prevod datuma (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Vzdr%C5%BEevanje_CS1:_samodejni_prevod_datuma" title="Kategorija:Vzdrževanje CS1: samodejni prevod datuma">povezava</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFMukamal_K.J.Conigrave_K.M.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Mukamal K.J.; Conigrave K.M.; in sod. (Januar 2003). »Roles of drinking pattern and type of alcohol consumed in coronary heart disease in men«. <i>N Engl J Med</i>. <b>348</b> (2): 109–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa022095">10.1056/NEJMoa022095</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12519921">12519921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=N+Engl+J+Med.&rft.atitle=Roles+of+drinking+pattern+and+type+of+alcohol+consumed+in+coronary+heart+disease+in+men&rft.volume=348&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=109-18&rft.date=2003-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMoa022095&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12519921&rft.au=Mukamal+K.J.&rft.au=Conigrave+K.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6853732/">»Non-alcoholic beer may help mice fight cancer«</a>. Reuters. 21. januar 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.atitle=Non-alcoholic+beer+may+help+mice+fight+cancer&rft.date=2005-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F6853732%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pivo-lasko.si/blagovne-znamke/o-pivu/pivo-kot-zivilo/">Pivo kot živilo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090723075932/http://www.pivo-lasko.si/blagovne-znamke/o-pivu/pivo-kot-zivilo/">Arhivirano</a> 2009-07-23 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Pivovarna Laško. Pridobljeno 16.6.2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFBamforth_C.W.2006" class="citation conference cs1">Bamforth C.W. (17. september 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070328151921/http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/2006/abstracts/o-76.htm">»Beer as liquid bread: Overlapping science.«</a>. <i>World Grains Summit 2006: Foods and Beverages</i>. San Francisco, Kalifornija. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/2006/abstracts/o-76.htm">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 28. marca 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 6. septembra 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=konferenca&rft.atitle=Beer+as+liquid+bread%3A+Overlapping+science.&rft.btitle=World+Grains+Summit+2006%3A+Foods+and+Beverages&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+Kalifornija&rft.date=2006-09-17&rft.au=Bamforth+C.W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaccnet.org%2Fmeetings%2F2006%2Fabstracts%2Fo-76.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFHarden_AZilva_SS1924" class="citation journal cs1">Harden A; Zilva SS (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_biochemical-journal_1924_18_5/page/1129">»Investigation of Barley, Malt and Beer for Vitamins B and C«</a>. <i>Biochem J</i>. <b>18</b> (5): 1129–32. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifikator)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Prosto dostopno"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1259493">1259493</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16743343">16743343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Biochem+J.&rft.atitle=Investigation+of+Barley%2C+Malt+and+Beer+for+Vitamins+B+and+C&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1129-32&rft.date=1924&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1259493%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16743343&rft.au=Harden+A&rft.au=Zilva+SS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_biochemical-journal_1924_18_5%2Fpage%2F1129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070526183839/http://www.4front.com/brewery/beer%20-%20why%20ours%20is%20special.htm">»Why our beer is special and, dare we say, better; No filtering«</a>. Franconia Notch Brewing Company. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.4front.com/brewery/beer%20-%20why%20ours%20is%20special.htm">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 26. maja 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 6. novembra 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=Why+our+beer+is+special+and%2C+dare+we+say%2C+better%3B+No+filtering&rft.pub=Franconia+Notch+Brewing+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.4front.com%2Fbrewery%2Fbeer%2520-%2520why%2520ours%2520is%2520special.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APivo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zunanje_povezave">Zunanje povezave</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Uredi razdelek: Zunanje povezave" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivo&action=edit&section=27" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Zunanje povezave"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5916282">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5911185">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wiktionary-logo-sl.svg/33px-Wiktionary-logo-sl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wiktionary-logo-sl.svg/49px-Wiktionary-logo-sl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wiktionary-logo-sl.svg/66px-Wiktionary-logo-sl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="474" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Poglejte si besedo <i><b><a href="https://sl.wiktionary.org/wiki/pivo" class="extiw" title="wikt:pivo">pivo</a></b></i> ali <i><b><a href="https://sl.wiktionary.org/wiki/Pivo" class="extiw" title="wikt:Pivo">Pivo</a></b></i> v Wikislovarju, prostem slovarju.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5916282"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5911185"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedijina zbirka ponuja več predstavnostnega gradiva o temi: <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Beer" class="extiw" title="commons:Beer">Pivo</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Normativna_kontrola_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Uredite_to_na_Wikipodatkih&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Uredite_to_na_Wikipodatkih" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Normativna_kontrola_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Uredite_to_na_Wikipodatkih&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Uredite_to_na_Wikipodatkih" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Normativna_kontrola" title="Wikipedija:Normativna kontrola">Normativna kontrola</a> <span 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