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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>National character</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-National_character-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle National character subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-National_character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Meritocracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meritocracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Meritocracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meritocracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racial_harmony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial_harmony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Racial harmony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial_harmony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democracy,_peace,_progress,_justice_and_equality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democracy,_peace,_progress,_justice_and_equality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Democracy, peace, progress, justice and equality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democracy,_peace,_progress,_justice_and_equality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ethnic areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultural policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creative_writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creative_writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Creative writing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creative_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Murals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Murals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Murals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Murals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Performing arts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Performing arts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stand-up_comedy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stand-up_comedy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Stand-up comedy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stand-up_comedy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UNESCO_Cultural_World_Heritage_Sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UNESCO_Cultural_World_Heritage_Sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>UNESCO Cultural World Heritage Sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UNESCO_Cultural_World_Heritage_Sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Culture of Singapore</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="ثقافة سنغافورة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثقافة سنغافورة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_de_Singapur" title="Cultura de Singapur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cultura de Singapur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1" title="فرهنگ در سنگاپور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرهنگ در سنگاپور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_de_Singapour" title="Culture de Singapour – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culture de Singapour" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="सिंगापुर की संस्कृति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिंगापुर की संस्कृति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya_Singapura" title="Budaya Singapura – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Budaya Singapura" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="სინგაპურის კულტურა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სინგაპურის კულტურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="सिंगापूरची संस्कृती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सिंगापूरची संस्कृती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebudayaan_Singapura" title="Kebudayaan Singapura – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kebudayaan Singapura" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_de_Singapura" title="Cultura de Singapura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cultura de Singapura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Культура Сингапура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Культура Сингапура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporen_kulttuuri" title="Singaporen kulttuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Singaporen kulttuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83" title="Культура Сінгапуру – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Культура Сінгапуру" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_h%C3%B3a_Singapore" title="Văn hóa Singapore – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Văn hóa Singapore" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="新加坡文化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="新加坡文化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2661018#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Culture+of+Singapore%22">"Culture of Singapore"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Culture+of+Singapore%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Culture+of+Singapore%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Culture+of+Singapore%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Culture+of+Singapore%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Culture+of+Singapore%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raffles_Place.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Raffles_Place.jpg/250px-Raffles_Place.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Raffles_Place.jpg/375px-Raffles_Place.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Raffles_Place.jpg/500px-Raffles_Place.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption>Centre square of Raffles Place</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OldSupremeCourtBuilding-Singapore-20070409.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/OldSupremeCourtBuilding-Singapore-20070409.jpg/220px-OldSupremeCourtBuilding-Singapore-20070409.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/OldSupremeCourtBuilding-Singapore-20070409.jpg/330px-OldSupremeCourtBuilding-Singapore-20070409.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/OldSupremeCourtBuilding-Singapore-20070409.jpg/440px-OldSupremeCourtBuilding-Singapore-20070409.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1199" /></a><figcaption>Old Supreme Court of Singapore</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>culture of Singapore</b> has changed greatly over the millennia. Its contemporary modern culture consists of a combination of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Asia" title="Culture of Asia">Asian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)#Culture" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tamil_culture" title="Tamil culture">Tamil</a> / <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese</a>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and European cultures, mainly by <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay</a>, South Asian, East Asian and Eurasian influences. Singapore has been dubbed as a country where "East meets West", "Gateway to Asia" and a "Garden city".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Singapore" title="History of Singapore">History of Singapore</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Singapore" title="Demographics of Singapore">Demographics of Singapore</a></div> <p>Singapore's indigenous culture originates primarily from the <a href="/wiki/Austronesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesians">Austronesian people</a> that arrived from the island of <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, settling between 1500 and 1000 BCE. It was then influenced during the Middle Ages primarily by multiple Chinese dynasties such as the <a href="/wiki/Ming" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming">Ming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing">Qing</a>, as well as by other Asian countries such as the <a href="/wiki/Majapahit_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Majapahit Empire">Majapahit Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu Kingdom</a>. In the near-contemporary history after the British colonised Singapore, <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">western countries</a> also took influence. Repeated influence, absorption and selection in various ways have added to the development of a distinct and unique culture. </p><p>It has a diverse populace of over 5.47 million people<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is made up of Chinese, Malays, Indians, and Eurasians (plus other mixed groups) and Asians of different origins such as the <a href="/wiki/Peranakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakan">Peranakan</a> people, descendants of Chinese immigrants with Malay or Indonesian heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_character">National character</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: National character"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Meritocracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ministry of Education claims that "The system of <a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">meritocracy</a> in Singapore ensures that the best and brightest, regardless of race, religion and socio-economic background, are encouraged to develop to their fullest potential. Everyone has access to education, which equips them with skills and knowledge to earn a better living."<sup id="cite_ref-Ministry_of_Education_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ministry_of_Education-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">Primary education</a> is compulsory for all children of age 7 to 12. Parents have to apply for exemptions from the Ministry of Education in Singapore to excuse their children with valid reasons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racial_harmony">Racial harmony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Racial harmony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Singapore is a secular immigrant country. The main religions in Singapore are <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. Respect for different religions and personal beliefs is heavily emphasised by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, critics assert that the ethnic Chinese majority, which forms nearly 75% of the population, enjoys <a href="/wiki/Chinese_privilege" title="Chinese privilege">Chinese privilege</a> over other races.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To demonstrate the importance of imparting racial harmony knowledge to the youths, schools in Singapore celebrate <a href="/wiki/Racial_Harmony_Day" title="Racial Harmony Day">Racial Harmony Day</a> on 21 July annually. Students come to school dressed in different ethnic costumes, and some classes prepare performances regarding racial harmony. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democracy,_peace,_progress,_justice_and_equality"><span id="Democracy.2C_peace.2C_progress.2C_justice_and_equality"></span>Democracy, peace, progress, justice and equality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Democracy, peace, progress, justice and equality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Singapore" title="Politics of Singapore">Politics of Singapore</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Singapore" title="Human rights in Singapore">Human rights in Singapore</a></div> <p>The concepts of democracy, peace, progress, justice and equality are enshrined as stars in the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Singapore" title="Flag of Singapore">Singapore national flag</a>. <a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">Freedom in the World</a> ranked Singapore 4 out of 7 for political freedom, and 4 out of 7 for civil liberties (where 1 is the most free), with an overall ranking of "partly free". <a href="/wiki/Reporters_without_Borders" class="mw-redirect" title="Reporters without Borders">Reporters without Borders</a> ranked Singapore 153rd out of 180 countries in their <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a> for 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic_areas">Ethnic areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ethnic areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Singapore has several distinct ethnic neighbourhoods, including <a href="/wiki/Katong" title="Katong">Katong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kampong_Glam" title="Kampong Glam">Kampong Glam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geylang_East" title="Geylang East">Geylang Serai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Singapore" title="Chinatown, Singapore">Chinatown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Little_India,_Singapore" title="Little India, Singapore">Little India</a>. </p><p>Both Geylang Serai and Kampong Glam are the focal points of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Singaporeans" title="Malay Singaporeans">Malays in Singapore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Malay_Heritage_Centre" title="Malay Heritage Centre">Malay Heritage Centre</a> in Kampung Glam showcases the history and cultural exposure of the Malays,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who are indigenous to the land.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both areas feature an annual month long <i>Hari Raya Bazaar</i>, during the fasting month of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>. This is patronised by Malays and also other races.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Katong" title="Katong">Katong</a> is home of the Peranakans, and the neighbourhood's identity is shaped by its unique architecture – colourful two-storey shophouses, colonial bungalows, intricate motifs and ceramic tiles. It was designated as a national heritage conservation area by the Singapore Government in 1993. </p><p>Little India is known and patronised by all races within the population for its <a href="/wiki/Thali" title="Thali">thalis</a> – <a href="/wiki/South_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="South Indian">South Indian</a> "<a href="/wiki/Buffet" title="Buffet">buffets</a>" that are vegetarian and served on the traditional banana <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a>. These neighbourhoods are accessible by public transport, especially by the <a href="/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_(Singapore)" title="Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)">Mass Rapid Transit</a> (MRT). </p><p>Singapore's <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Singapore" title="Chinatown, Singapore">Chinatown</a> is an ethnic neighbourhood featuring distinctly <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese</a> cultural elements and a historically concentrated <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">ethnic Chinese population</a>. Chinatown is located within the larger district of <a href="/wiki/Outram,_Singapore" title="Outram, Singapore">Outram</a>. </p><p>Ethnic enclaves from the British colonial era, akin to those seen in major cities in many Western countries, are largely non-existent. The remnant "enclaves" such as Little India, Chinatown and Kampong Glam are now mainly business hubs for their respective ethnic groups and preserved for historic and cultural reasons. The <a href="/wiki/Housing_Development_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing Development Board">Housing Development Board</a> enforces the Ethnic Integration Policy (EIP) to "preserve Singapore’s multi-cultural identity and promote racial integration and harmony" and sets proportions for each ethnic group in each housing estate.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_Singapore" title="Visual art of Singapore">Visual art of Singapore</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgette_Chen,_Sweet_Rambutans,_1965,_Painting_oil_on_canvas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/30/Georgette_Chen%2C_Sweet_Rambutans%2C_1965%2C_Painting_oil_on_canvas.jpg/220px-Georgette_Chen%2C_Sweet_Rambutans%2C_1965%2C_Painting_oil_on_canvas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/30/Georgette_Chen%2C_Sweet_Rambutans%2C_1965%2C_Painting_oil_on_canvas.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Georgette_Chen" title="Georgette Chen">Georgette Chen</a>, <i>Sweet Rambutans</i>, 1965, Oil on canvas, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_Singapore" title="National Gallery Singapore">National Gallery Singapore</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From its precolonial history to present, the history of Singaporean art may include artistic traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a>, the diverse visual practices of itinerant artists and migrants from China, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, and Europe arriving in the colonial period, such as sculpture, <a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">Portraiture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">landscapes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a> drawings, as well as <a href="/wiki/Ink_wash_painting" title="Ink wash painting">Chinese ink painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Style" title="Nanyang Style">Nanyang Style</a> paintings, <a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">social realist art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">abstract art</a>, photography, and <a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">printmaking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:63_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:63-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also includes the <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">contemporary art</a> practices of today, such as performance art, <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">conceptual art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">installation art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_art" title="Video art">video art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sound_art" title="Sound art">sound art</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">new media art</a>. Due to Singapore and Malaysia's long shared history as <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a>, there are many overlaps in the art histories of both countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The emergence of <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">modern art</a> in Singapore is often tied to the rise of art associations, art schools, and exhibitions in the 20th century, though this has since been expanded to include earlier forms of visual representation, such as from Singapore's early colonial period.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the most well-known works are of the migrant Chinese artists who painted in the <a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Style" title="Nanyang Style">Nanyang Style</a> from the 1950s to 60s, such as <a href="/wiki/Georgette_Chen" title="Georgette Chen">Georgette Chen</a>. The Nanyang artists characteristically depicted Southeast Asian subject matter such as tropical fruit, <a href="/wiki/Kampung_(village)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampung (village)"><i>kampung</i></a> scenes, and <i><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">batik</a></i> fabric while drawing upon a synthesis of Western <a href="/wiki/Watercolor_painting" title="Watercolor painting">watercolor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">oil painting</a> techniques with <a href="/wiki/Ink_wash_painting" title="Ink wash painting">Chinese ink</a> traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:63_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:63-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:022_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of the movement draws from "<a href="/wiki/Nanyang_(region)" title="Nanyang (region)">Nanyang</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">南洋</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">nán yáng</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Southern Ocean'), a <a href="/wiki/Sinocentrism" title="Sinocentrism">sinocentric</a> Chinese term used to refer to Southeast Asia from the geographical perspective of China.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary art</a> in Singapore tends to examine themes of "hyper-modernity and the built environment; alienation and changing social mores; post-colonial identities and multiculturalism."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Across these tendencies, "the exploration of performance and the performative body" is a common running thread.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singapore carries a notable history of performance art, with the state having enacted a no-funding rule for the art form for a decade from 1994 to 2003, following a controversial performance artwork at the <a href="/wiki/5th_Passage" title="5th Passage">5th Passage</a> art space in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent Singaporean contemporary artists include, for example, <a href="/wiki/Tang_Da_Wu" title="Tang Da Wu">Tang Da Wu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Heng" title="Amanda Heng">Amanda Heng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Wen" title="Lee Wen">Lee Wen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ho_Tzu_Nyen" title="Ho Tzu Nyen">Ho Tzu Nyen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shubigi_Rao" title="Shubigi Rao">Shubigi Rao</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_policy">Cultural policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cultural policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Singapore maintains tight restrictions on arts and cultural performances. Most artistic works have to be vetted by the government in advance, and topics that breach so-called out of bounds markers (<a href="/wiki/OB_marker" title="OB marker">OB markers</a>) are not permitted. While the OB markers are not publicly defined, they are generally assumed to include sensitive topics such as race, religion, and allegations of corruption or nepotism in government. Nudity and other forms of loosely defined "obscenity" are also banned. Singaporean film director <a href="/wiki/Royston_Tan" title="Royston Tan">Royston Tan</a> has produced movies which challenge these policies, including a movie called <i>Cut</i> in reference to censorship of the arts.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The country's first pre-tertiary arts school, <a href="/wiki/School_of_the_Arts,_Singapore" title="School of the Arts, Singapore">School of the Arts</a>, is now completed and stands along the country's prominent Orchard Road. Commenced in 2008, the school aims to provide an environment for nurturing young artists aged between 13 and 18 years. There has been much <a href="/wiki/Public_rhetoric" title="Public rhetoric">public rhetoric</a> about liberalisation and its association with the development of a creative economy in Singapore. The response from artists, academics, public intellectuals, and civil society activists has ranged from strongly optimistic to deeply pessimistic, as reflected in the chapters written for edited book <i>Renaissance Singapore: Economy, Culture, and Politics</i>. The difference between what is "culture" and what makes up "the arts" has been a matter of some debate in Singapore. For an attempt at defining what is artistic, see, for example, the Report of the Censorship Review Committee 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singaporean cuisine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gastronomy_in_Singapore" title="Gastronomy in Singapore">Gastronomy in Singapore</a></div> <p>In Singapore's <a href="/wiki/Hawker_centre" title="Hawker centre">hawker centres</a>, for example, traditionally <a href="/wiki/Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay people">Malay</a> <a href="/wiki/Hawker_(trade)" title="Hawker (trade)">hawker</a> stalls also sell Chinese and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil</a> food. <a href="/wiki/Chinese_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese food">Chinese</a> stalls may introduce Malay ingredients, cooking techniques or entire dishes into their range of catering. </p><p>Singaporeans also enjoy a wide variety of seafood including crabs, clams, squid, and oysters. One favourite dish is the <a href="/wiki/Chili_crab" class="mw-redirect" title="Chili crab">chili crab</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Festivals">Festivals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Singapore" title="Public holidays in Singapore">Public holidays in Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Singapore" title="List of festivals in Singapore">List of festivals in Singapore</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Singapore_International_Festival_of_Arts" title="Singapore International Festival of Arts">Singapore International Festival of Arts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_India-_Serangoon_Road_Singapore_Diwali_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Little_India-_Serangoon_Road_Singapore_Diwali_2009.jpg/220px-Little_India-_Serangoon_Road_Singapore_Diwali_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Little_India-_Serangoon_Road_Singapore_Diwali_2009.jpg/330px-Little_India-_Serangoon_Road_Singapore_Diwali_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Little_India-_Serangoon_Road_Singapore_Diwali_2009.jpg/440px-Little_India-_Serangoon_Road_Singapore_Diwali_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Deepavali</a> decorations in Singapore.</figcaption></figure> <p>The major public holidays reflect the mentioned racial diversity, including <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a> Day, <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitr" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid ul-Fitr">Eid ul-Fitr</a> (known locally by its <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> name <a href="/wiki/Hari_Raya_Puasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hari Raya Puasa">Hari Raya Puasa</a>), Hindu <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a> (known locally by its <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> name <a href="/wiki/Deepavali" class="mw-redirect" title="Deepavali">Deepavali</a>) and Christmas, <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a> (By Christians), and New Year's Day are also public holidays. </p><p>On 9 August, Singapore celebrates the anniversary of its independence with a series of events, including the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_National_Day_Parade" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore National Day Parade">National Day Parade</a> which is the main ceremony. The first National Day Parade, which was held in 1966, was held at the <a href="/wiki/Padang,_Singapore" title="Padang, Singapore">Padang</a> in the city centre. </p><p>In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Esplanade_%E2%80%93_Theatres_on_the_Bay" title="Esplanade – Theatres on the Bay">Esplanade – "Theatres on the Bay"</a>, a centre for performing arts, was opened. The Esplanade is also known as "The <a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">Durian</a>", due to its resemblance to the fruit. The Arts House at Old Parliament Lane has also been supportive of local performing arts in recent years. <a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Academy_of_Fine_Arts" title="Nanyang Academy of Fine Arts">Nanyang Academy of Fine Arts</a> (NAFA) and <a href="/wiki/LASALLE_College_of_the_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="LASALLE College of the Arts">LASALLE College of the Arts</a> are the two main arts institutions offering full-time programmes for the performing arts in Singapore. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore" title="Languages of Singapore">Languages of Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore English</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danger_sign_in_Singapore_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Danger_sign_in_Singapore_2.jpg/220px-Danger_sign_in_Singapore_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Danger_sign_in_Singapore_2.jpg/330px-Danger_sign_in_Singapore_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Danger_sign_in_Singapore_2.jpg/440px-Danger_sign_in_Singapore_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2877" data-file-height="2204" /></a><figcaption>Sign board with warnings in Singapore's four main languages: English, Chinese, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many Singaporeans are <a href="/wiki/Bilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual">bilingual</a>. Most speak <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Standard_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore Standard English">Singaporean English</a> and another language, most commonly <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> or <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Colloquial_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore Colloquial English">Singapore Colloquial English</a> (Singlish). Singapore Standard English is virtually the same as <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British</a>, Malaysian, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian Standard English</a> in most aspects of grammar and spelling, though there are some differences in vocabulary as well as minor ones in spelling; for example, the word 'swap' is commonly spelled 'swop', as is standard in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Straits_Times" title="The Straits Times">The Straits Times</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All Singaporeans study English as their first language in schools, under the compulsory local education system, and their mother-tongue language as their second language. Thus, most Singaporeans are effectively bilingual, especially the youths in today's society. There are four main languages in usage in Singapore. The 'national' language of Singapore is <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Melayu">Bahasa Melayu</a>. This is in recognition of the Malay people as the indigenous community in Singapore. 85% of Singaporeans do not speak Malay. Malay is used in the national anthem, national motto and military parade drill commands. Tamil is an official language as a majority of South Asians in Singapore are ethnic Tamils from India and Sri Lanka. While most Chinese Singaporeans are descendants of southern Chinese migrants who spoke a variety of regional languages, it is the northern Chinese language of Mandarin that is official in Singapore, though dialects such as Hokkien and Cantonese are still prevalent in the older generation of Chinese. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Singapore" title="Music of Singapore">Music of Singapore</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Singapore" title="Censorship in Singapore">Censorship in Singapore</a></div> <p>Singapore has a diverse music culture that ranges from rock and pop to folk and classical. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creative_writing">Creative writing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Creative writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Singapore">Literature of Singapore</a></div> <p>Singaporean literature, also called "SingLit", is influenced by the multiracial nature of the country. Its development has been hampered by the strong focus on maths and science in Singaporean schools, and a preference for foreign works, which generally sell more. Some grants are provided by the government, although they are dependent on the content of the works. Notable authors include <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Wong" title="Cyril Wong">Cyril Wong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topaz_Winters" title="Topaz Winters">Topaz Winters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balli_Kaur_Jaswal" title="Balli Kaur Jaswal">Balli Kaur Jaswal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Tiang" title="Jeremy Tiang">Jeremy Tiang</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Liew" title="Sonny Liew">Sonny Liew</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Singapore">Media of Singapore</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Singapore" title="Cinema of Singapore">Cinema of Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Singapore" title="Censorship in Singapore">Censorship in Singapore</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murals">Murals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Murals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Murals in Singapore have been encouraged by the government in recent years as part of Singapore's efforts to recast itself as a "Renaissance City" and global arts city. These public art works require permission from the government; unauthorised public art and <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> are subject to legal penalties under the <a href="/wiki/Vandalism_Act" title="Vandalism Act">Vandalism Act</a> in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-chang_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chang-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">murals</a> depict scenes common to Singapore's cultural heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-overton_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overton-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, Singapore launched the PubliCity program, which designated two blank walls along the <a href="/wiki/Rail_trail#Singapore" title="Rail trail">Rail Corridor</a> for <a href="/wiki/Urban_art" title="Urban art">urban art</a>. The Rail Corridor, once a 24 kilometres (15 mi) railway line between Singapore and Malaysia, had closed in 2011. Artwork along the walls of the Rail Corridor is curated by RSCLS, a local art collective. In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/National_Arts_Council,_Singapore" title="National Arts Council, Singapore">National Arts Council</a> set up the Public Art Trust which provided both a public spaces program in which artists' proposals and willing site owners are matched up, as well as six walls at Goodman Arts Centre, Aliwal Arts Centre, and *Scape youth centre for practice spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-chang_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chang-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parks">Parks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_in_Singapore" title="List of parks in Singapore">List of parks in Singapore</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gardens_by_the_Bay" title="Gardens by the Bay">Gardens by the Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Botanic_Gardens" title="Singapore Botanic Gardens">Singapore Botanic Gardens</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supertree_Grove,_Gardens_by_the_Bay,_Singapore_-_20120712-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Supertree_Grove%2C_Gardens_by_the_Bay%2C_Singapore_-_20120712-02.jpg/200px-Supertree_Grove%2C_Gardens_by_the_Bay%2C_Singapore_-_20120712-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Supertree_Grove%2C_Gardens_by_the_Bay%2C_Singapore_-_20120712-02.jpg/300px-Supertree_Grove%2C_Gardens_by_the_Bay%2C_Singapore_-_20120712-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Supertree_Grove%2C_Gardens_by_the_Bay%2C_Singapore_-_20120712-02.jpg/400px-Supertree_Grove%2C_Gardens_by_the_Bay%2C_Singapore_-_20120712-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>The Supertree Grove at <a href="/wiki/Gardens_by_the_Bay" title="Gardens by the Bay">Gardens by the Bay</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Gardens and gardening have a special place in Singaporean culture as well as in politics. Historically this is all officially attributed to <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a> who apparently spearheaded this philosophy in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a rare interview with <a href="/wiki/Monty_Don" title="Monty Don">Monty Don</a> shown in the TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Around_the_World_in_80_Gardens" title="Around the World in 80 Gardens">Around the World in 80 Gardens</a></i>, Lee Kuan Yew reveals that after visits to other big Asian cities such as Hong Kong and <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> he feared that Singapore would turn into another concrete jungle, and he decided that gardens and parks should be established everywhere and made this a priority of the government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Performing arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cinemas_in_Singapore" title="List of cinemas in Singapore">List of cinemas in Singapore</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Singapore" title="Music of Singapore">Music of Singapore</a></div> <p>Singapore is also known as a cultural centre for arts and culture, including theatre and music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stand-up_comedy">Stand-up comedy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Stand-up comedy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Singapore has a growing comedy scene with three active rooms. The three comedy rooms in Singapore are weekly, starting with <a href="/wiki/Comedy_Masala" title="Comedy Masala">Comedy Masala</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on Tuesdays, Talk Cock Comedy<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on Wednesdays and Comedy Hub Singapore<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on Mondays and Thursdays. Every month, The Comedy Club Asia features leading international comics such as <a href="/wiki/Shazia_Mirza" title="Shazia Mirza">Shazia Mirza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imran_Yusuf" title="Imran Yusuf">Imran Yusuf</a>. Comedy Masala also brings in international comedians, such as <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ogata" title="Paul Ogata">Paul Ogata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kumar_(drag_queen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumar (drag queen)">Kumar</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Drag_queen" title="Drag queen">drag queen</a> who has performed in Singapore for more than 17 years, is one of Singapore's leading stand-up comedians.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_Singapur,_Chinatown,_%C5%9Awi%C4%85tynia_i_Muzeum_Relikwi_Z%C4%99ba_Buddy_(04).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/2016_Singapur%2C_Chinatown%2C_%C5%9Awi%C4%85tynia_i_Muzeum_Relikwi_Z%C4%99ba_Buddy_%2804%29.jpg/220px-2016_Singapur%2C_Chinatown%2C_%C5%9Awi%C4%85tynia_i_Muzeum_Relikwi_Z%C4%99ba_Buddy_%2804%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/2016_Singapur%2C_Chinatown%2C_%C5%9Awi%C4%85tynia_i_Muzeum_Relikwi_Z%C4%99ba_Buddy_%2804%29.jpg/330px-2016_Singapur%2C_Chinatown%2C_%C5%9Awi%C4%85tynia_i_Muzeum_Relikwi_Z%C4%99ba_Buddy_%2804%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/2016_Singapur%2C_Chinatown%2C_%C5%9Awi%C4%85tynia_i_Muzeum_Relikwi_Z%C4%99ba_Buddy_%2804%29.jpg/440px-2016_Singapur%2C_Chinatown%2C_%C5%9Awi%C4%85tynia_i_Muzeum_Relikwi_Z%C4%99ba_Buddy_%2804%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4885" data-file-height="3257" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Buddha_Tooth_Relic_Temple_and_Museum" title="Buddha Tooth Relic Temple and Museum">Buddha Tooth Relic Temple and Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Religion in Singapore</a></div> <p>Religion in Singapore is characterised by a diversity of religious beliefs and practices due to its diverse ethnic mix of peoples originating from various countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="UNESCO_Cultural_World_Heritage_Sites">UNESCO Cultural World Heritage Sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: UNESCO Cultural World Heritage Sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Singapore">List of World Heritage Sites in Singapore</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Singapore" title="Geography of Singapore">Geography of Singapore</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Botanic_Gardens" title="Singapore Botanic Gardens">Singapore Botanic Gardens</a> is one of three gardens, and the only tropical garden, to be honoured as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity">UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LavenderFoodSquare-Singapore-20050617.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/LavenderFoodSquare-Singapore-20050617.jpg/220px-LavenderFoodSquare-Singapore-20050617.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/LavenderFoodSquare-Singapore-20050617.jpg/330px-LavenderFoodSquare-Singapore-20050617.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/LavenderFoodSquare-Singapore-20050617.jpg/440px-LavenderFoodSquare-Singapore-20050617.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A hawker centre in <a href="/wiki/Lavender" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender">Lavender</a>, Singapore</figcaption></figure> <p>Hawker culture in Singapore was added to the UNESCO list in December 2020, unanimously accepted by a 24-member international committee on 16 December 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>National Geographic described Singapore's hawker culture as an endangered food tradition due to a halt in construction of hawker centres since Singapore's rapid development in the seventies and eighties, and an increase in difficulty to get young people into the hawker profession.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Singapore" title="Architecture of Singapore">Architecture of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Courtesy_Campaign_(Singapore)" title="National Courtesy Campaign (Singapore)">National Courtesy Campaign (Singapore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_Defence_(Singapore)" title="Total Defence (Singapore)">Total Defence (Singapore)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150124165252/http://www.scp.gov.sg/content/scp/about_us/about_singapore.html">"Singapore Cooperation Program"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scp.gov.sg/content/scp/about_us/about_singapore.html">the original</a> on 24 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Singapore+Cooperation+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scp.gov.sg%2Fcontent%2Fscp%2Fabout_us%2Fabout_singapore.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150901152332/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/browse-by-theme/population-and-population-structure">"SingStat"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/browse-by-theme/population-and-population-structure">the original</a> on 1 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Travel&rft.atitle=How+Singapore+street+food+got+recognized+as+a+UNESCO+treasure&rft.date=2021-01-29&rft.aulast=Ng&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Fwhy-unesco-is-honoring-singapore-street-food&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trulysingapore.com/culture-of-singapore/">Singapore 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Singapore">Japanese occupation (1942–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Malaya)" title="British Military Administration (Malaya)">British Military Administration (1945–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Post-war Singapore (1946–1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance_of_Singapore" title="Self-governance of Singapore">Self-governance of Singapore (1955–1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Merger with Malaysia (1962–1965)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore" title="History of the Republic of Singapore">Republic of Singapore (1965–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Singapore" title="Geography of Singapore">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="List of beaches of Singapore">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Singapore" title="Environmental issues in Singapore">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Singapore" title="Geology of Singapore">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Singapore" title="List of islands of Singapore">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_in_Singapore" title="List of parks in Singapore">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Singapore" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Singapore">Reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Singapore" title="List of rivers of Singapore">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Singapore" title="Urban planning in Singapore">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal_in_Singapore" title="Urban renewal in Singapore">Urban renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterways_in_Singapore" title="List of waterways in Singapore">Waterways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Singapore" title="Wildlife of Singapore">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Singapore" title="Politics of Singapore">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Singapore" title="Administrative divisions of Singapore">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Town_Council_(Singapore)" title="Town Council (Singapore)">Town Councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Constitution of Singapore">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Singapore" title="Elections in Singapore">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Singapore" title="Foreign relations of Singapore">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Singapore" title="Cabinet of Singapore">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Singapore" title="Human rights in Singapore">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Singapore" title="Law of Singapore">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Armed_Forces" title="Singapore Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_service_in_Singapore" title="National service in Singapore">Conscription</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Parliament of Singapore">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Police_Force" title="Singapore Police Force">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Singapore" title="List of political parties in Singapore">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Singapore" title="Economy of Singapore">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics_of_Singapore" title="Economic statistics of Singapore">Economic statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Singapore" title="Agriculture in Singapore">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Singapore" title="Aviation in Singapore">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore" title="Monetary Authority of Singapore">Monetary Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Singapore_Suzhou_Industrial_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park">China–Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">Dollar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Singapore" title="Energy in Singapore">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement_of_Singapore" title="Labour movement of Singapore">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_developments_in_Singapore" title="Future developments in Singapore">Proposed developments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserves_of_the_Government_of_Singapore" title="Reserves of the Government of Singapore">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Exchange" title="Singapore Exchange">Singapore Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Standard_(SS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore Standard (SS)">Singapore Standard (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Singapore" title="Telecommunications in Singapore">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Singapore" title="Tourism in Singapore">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Singapore" title="Transport in Singapore">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Singapore" title="Category:Society of Singapore">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_communitarianism" title="Singaporean communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_in_Singapore" title="Caning in Singapore">Caning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Singapore" title="Crime in Singapore">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_Singapore" title="Driving in Singapore">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Singapore" title="Disability in Singapore">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Singapore" title="Women in Singapore">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Singapore" title="Demographics of Singapore">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eat_Frozen_Pork" title="Eat Frozen Pork">Eat Frozen Pork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Cs_of_Singapore" title="Five Cs of Singapore">Five Cs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Singapore" title="Healthcare in Singapore">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_hair_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Long hair in Singapore">Long hair in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Courtesy_Campaign_(Singapore)" title="National Courtesy Campaign (Singapore)">National Courtesy Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Marathon" title="Singapore Marathon">Singapore Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_National_Day_Parade" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore National Day Parade">National Day Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_U-turn_syndrome" title="No U-turn syndrome">No U-turn syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OB_marker" title="OB marker">OB marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_planning_in_Singapore" title="Population planning in Singapore">Population planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Singapore" title="Prostitution in Singapore">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Singapore" title="Public housing in Singapore">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holidays_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Holidays in Singapore">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Singapore" title="Sex trafficking in Singapore">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Singapore" title="Smoking in Singapore">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Provident_Fund" title="Central Provident Fund">Social fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Singapore" title="Water supply and sanitation in Singapore">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_Singapore" title="Visual art of Singapore">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Singapore" title="Architecture of Singapore">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Singapore" title="Cinema of Singapore">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Singapore" title="Dance in Singapore">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Singapore" title="Gambling in Singapore">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore" title="Languages of Singapore">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Singapore">LGBT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Singapore">culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Singapore">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Singapore">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Singapore" title="Mass media in Singapore">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Singapore" title="Music of Singapore">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Singapore" title="Sport in Singapore">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporeans" title="Singaporeans">Singaporeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Singapore" title="National symbols of Singapore">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Majulah_Singapura" title="Majulah Singapura">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Singapore" title="Coat of arms of Singapore">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Singapore" title="Flag of Singapore">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanda_%27Miss_Joaquim%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanda 'Miss Joaquim'">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_head_symbol_of_Singapore" title="Lion head symbol of Singapore">Lion head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlion" title="Merlion">Merlion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_National_Pledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore National Pledge">Pledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Singapore" title="Outline of Singapore">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Singapore-related_articles" title="Index of Singapore-related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Singapore" title="Bibliography of Singapore">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Singapore" title="Category:Singapore">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Singapore" title="Portal:Singapore">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture_of_Southeast_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Southeast_Asia_topic" title="Template:Southeast Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Southeast_Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Southeast Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southeast_Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Southeast Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_Southeast_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Southeast Asia">Culture of Southeast Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brunei" title="Culture of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cambodia" title="Culture of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Culture of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_East_Timor" title="Culture of East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia" title="Culture of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Laos" title="Culture of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malaysia" title="Culture of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Myanmar" title="Culture of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Thailand" title="Culture of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vietnam" title="Culture of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Asia" title="Culture of Asia">Culture of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Afghanistan" title="Culture of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Armenia" title="Culture of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Culture of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bahrain" title="Culture of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bangladesh" title="Culture of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bhutan" title="Culture of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brunei" title="Culture of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cambodia" title="Culture of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_East_Timor" title="Culture of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt" title="Culture of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia" title="Culture of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iraq" title="Culture of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Israel" title="Culture of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jordan" title="Culture of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kazakhstan" title="Culture of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Korea" title="Culture of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Korea" title="Culture of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kuwait" title="Culture of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Culture of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Laos" title="Culture of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lebanon" title="Culture of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malaysia" title="Culture of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Maldives" title="Culture of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mongolia" title="Culture of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Myanmar" title="Culture of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nepal" title="Culture of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Oman" title="Culture of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Culture of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Qatar" title="Culture of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Culture of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Culture of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Syria" title="Culture of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tajikistan" title="Culture of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Thailand" title="Culture of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkmenistan" title="Culture of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Culture of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Uzbekistan" title="Culture of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vietnam" title="Culture of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Yemen" title="Culture of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Abkhazia" title="Culture of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Culture of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Taiwan" title="Culture of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culture of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Culture of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hong_Kong" title="Culture of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Macau" title="Culture of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 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