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Oxford, New York, Los Angeles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile:_Oxford,_New_York,_Los_Angeles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Postwar Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Return_to_Frankfurt_University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Frankfurt_University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Return to Frankfurt University</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Frankfurt_University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Essays_on_fascism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Essays_on_fascism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Essays on fascism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Essays_on_fascism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Public events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-More_essays_on_mass_culture_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#More_essays_on_mass_culture_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.4</span> <span>More essays on mass culture and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-More_essays_on_mass_culture_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_figure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_figure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.5</span> <span>Public figure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_figure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_German_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_German_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.6</span> <span>Post-war German culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_German_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confrontations_with_students" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confrontations_with_students"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.7</span> <span>Confrontations with students</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confrontations_with_students-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.8</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intellectual_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectual_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Intellectual influences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Intellectual_influences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Intellectual influences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Intellectual_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hegel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hegel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Hegel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hegel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karl_Marx" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karl_Marx"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Karl Marx</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karl_Marx-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sigmund_Freud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sigmund_Freud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Sigmund Freud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sigmund_Freud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Theory</span> </div> </a> <button 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id="toc-The_five_components_of_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marxist_criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marxist_criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Marxist criticisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marxist_criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standardization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Standardization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Standardization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Standardization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Standardization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adorno's_responses_to_his_critics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adorno's_responses_to_his_critics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Adorno's responses to his critics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adorno's_responses_to_his_critics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adorno's_sociological_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adorno's_sociological_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Adorno's sociological methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adorno's_sociological_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adorno_translated_into_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adorno_translated_into_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Adorno translated into English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adorno_translated_into_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Musical_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Musical works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Online_works_by_Adorno" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_works_by_Adorno"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Online works by Adorno</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_works_by_Adorno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Theodor W. Adorno</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88" title="تيودور أدورنو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تيودور أدورنو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodor_Adorno" title="Teodor Adorno – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Teodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88" title="تئودور آدورنو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تئودور آدورنو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Тэадор Адорна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэадор Адорна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Теодор Адорно – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Теодор Адорно" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%AD%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81_%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Τέοντορ Αντόρνο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τέοντορ Αντόρνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Wiesengrund_Adorno" title="Theodor Wiesengrund Adorno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Theodor Wiesengrund Adorno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88" title="تئودور آدورنو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تئودور آدورنو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%8C%EC%98%A4%EB%8F%84%EC%96%B4_%EC%95%84%EB%8F%84%EB%A5%B4%EB%85%B8" title="테오도어 아도르노 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="테오도어 아도르노" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%80_%D4%B1%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%B8" title="Թեոդոր Ադոռնո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թեոդոր Ադոռնո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B" title="थियोडोर वी० एडोर्नो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="थियोडोर वी० एडोर्नो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%95" title="תאודור אדורנו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תאודור אדורנו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D" title="თეოდორ ადორნო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თეოდორ ადორნო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Теодор Адорно – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Теодор Адорно" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Теодор Адорно – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Теодор Адорно" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodorus_Adorno" title="Theodorus Adorno – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Theodorus Adorno" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodors_Adorno" title="Teodors Adorno – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Teodors Adorno" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Теодор Адорно – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Теодор Адорно" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8B" title="തിയഡോർ അഡോണോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തിയഡോർ അഡോണോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B" title="टेओडोर आडोर्नो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टेओडोर आडोर्नो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88" title="تيودور ادورنو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تيودور ادورنو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%82%AA%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8E" title="テオドール・アドルノ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テオドール・アドルノ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B" title="ਥਿਓਡੋਰ ਐਡੋਰਨੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਥਿਓਡੋਰ ਐਡੋਰਨੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%89%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88._%D8%A7%DA%89%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88" title="تيودور ډبليو. اډورنو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تيودور ډبليو. اډورنو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE,_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Адорно, Теодор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Адорно, Теодор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Wiesengrund_Adorno" title="Theodor Wiesengrund Adorno – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Theodor Wiesengrund Adorno" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Теодор Адорно – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Теодор Адорно" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Теодор Адорно – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Теодор Адорно" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Theodor W. Adorno" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A4%9A%E8%AF%BA" title="狄奥多·阿多诺 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="狄奥多·阿多诺" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Theodor Adorno" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A4%9A%E8%AB%BE" title="狄奧多·阿多諾 – Cantonese" 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searchaux" style="display:none">German philosopher, sociologist, and theorist (1903–1969)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Adorno" redirects here. For the surname, see <a href="/wiki/Adorno_(surname)" title="Adorno (surname)">Adorno (surname)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Theodor W. Adorno</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodor_W._Adorno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Theodor_W._Adorno.jpg/220px-Theodor_W._Adorno.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Theodor_W._Adorno.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="405" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Adorno in Heidelberg in April 1964</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1903-09-11</span>)</span>11 September 1903<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hesse-Nassau_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesse-Nassau Province">Hesse-Nassau</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">6 August 1969<span style="display:none">(1969-08-06)</span> (aged 65)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Visp" title="Visp">Visp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a>, Switzerland<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Goethe_University_Frankfurt" title="Goethe University Frankfurt">Goethe University Frankfurt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gretel_Adorno" title="Gretel Adorno">Gretel Adorno</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1937)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a> <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Cornelius" title="Hans Cornelius">Hans Cornelius</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Krahl" title="Hans-Jürgen Krahl">Hans-Jürgen Krahl</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Schmidt_(philosopher)" title="Alfred Schmidt (philosopher)">Alfred Schmidt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gorsen" title="Peter Gorsen">Peter Gorsen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Musicology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div><ul><li>Criticism of left-wing <a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">anti-intellectualism</a> (actionism) <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Criticism of the "<a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">culture industry</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Maturity</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Mündigkeit</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_Dialectics" title="Negative Dialectics">Negative dialectics</a></li><li>Paradox of aesthetics<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Social totality</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Frankfurt_School" title="Category:Frankfurt School">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png/180px-AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png/270px-AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png/360px-AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="696" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Major works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dialectic_of_Enlightenment" title="Dialectic of Enlightenment">Dialectic of Enlightenment</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_of_Reason_(Horkheimer)" title="Eclipse of Reason (Horkheimer)">Eclipse of Reason</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eros_and_Civilization" title="Eros and Civilization">Eros and Civilization</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Freedom" title="Escape from Freedom">Escape from Freedom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minima_Moralia" title="Minima Moralia">Minima Moralia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Negative_Dialectics" title="Negative Dialectics">Negative Dialectics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reason_and_Revolution" title="Reason and Revolution">Reason and Revolution</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Structural_Transformation_of_the_Public_Sphere" title="The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere">The Structural Transformation of<br /> the Public Sphere</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_Communicative_Action" title="The Theory of Communicative Action">The Theory of Communicative Action</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the<br /> Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>"</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Notable theorists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Otto_Apel" title="Karl-Otto Apel">Apel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Forst" title="Rainer Forst">Forst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Carl Grünberg">Grünberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Geuss" title="Raymond Geuss">Geuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axel_Honneth" title="Axel Honneth">Honneth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Horkheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahel_Jaeggi" title="Rahel Jaeggi">Jaeggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kluge" title="Alexander Kluge">Kluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Kracauer" title="Siegfried Kracauer">Kracauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Kirchheimer" title="Otto Kirchheimer">Kirchheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolas_Kompridis" title="Nikolas Kompridis">Kompridis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Kuhlmann" title="Wolfgang Kuhlmann">Kuhlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_L%C3%B6wenthal" title="Leo Löwenthal">Löwenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._McCarthy" title="Thomas A. McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Negt" title="Oskar Negt">Negt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Neumann_(political_scientist)" title="Franz Neumann (political scientist)">Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Offe" title="Claus Offe">Offe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Pollock" title="Friedrich Pollock">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Schmidt_(philosopher)" title="Alfred Schmidt (philosopher)">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sohn-Rethel" title="Alfred Sohn-Rethel">Sohn-Rethel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Wellmer" title="Albrecht Wellmer">Wellmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Wingert" title="Lutz Wingert">Wingert</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Important concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipositivism" title="Antipositivism">Antipositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communicative_rationality" title="Communicative rationality">Communicative rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">Dialectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimation_crisis" title="Legitimation crisis">Legitimation crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Non-identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture_studies" title="Popular culture studies">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_(process)" title="Praxis (process)">Praxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatism" title="Privatism">Privatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Psychoanalysis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Marxist humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recognition_(sociology)" title="Recognition (sociology)">Recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" 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href="/wiki/Template:Frankfurt_School_sidebar" title="Template:Frankfurt School sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Frankfurt_School_sidebar" title="Template talk:Frankfurt School sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Frankfurt_School_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Frankfurt School sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Theodor W. Adorno</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">ə-<span style="font-size:90%">DOR</span>-noh</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈteːodoːɐ̯<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔaˈdɔʁno]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/18\/Theodor_Adorno_Pronunciation.ogg\/Theodor_Adorno_Pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Theodor Adorno Pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Theodor_Adorno_Pronunciation.ogg/Theodor_Adorno_Pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodor_Adorno_Pronunciation.ogg" title="File:Theodor Adorno Pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> born <b>Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund</b>; 11 September 1903 – 6 August 1969) was a German <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">musicologist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">social theorist</a>. </p><p>He was a leading member of the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a> of critical theory, whose work has come to be associated with thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bloch" title="Ernst Bloch">Ernst Bloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Max Horkheimer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a>, for whom the works of <a href="/wiki/Freud" class="mw-redirect" title="Freud">Freud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx">Marx</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a> were essential to a critique of <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modern society</a>. As a critic of both fascism and what he called the <a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">culture industry</a>, his writings—such as <i><a href="/wiki/Dialectic_of_Enlightenment" title="Dialectic of Enlightenment">Dialectic of Enlightenment</a></i> (1947), <i><a href="/wiki/Minima_Moralia" title="Minima Moralia">Minima Moralia</a></i> (1951), and <i><a href="/wiki/Negative_Dialectics" title="Negative Dialectics">Negative Dialectics</a></i> (1966)—strongly influenced the European <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a>. </p><p>Amidst the vogue enjoyed by <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivism</a> in early 20th-century Europe, Adorno advanced a <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectical</a> conception of natural history that critiqued the twin temptations of <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricism</a> through studies of <a href="/wiki/Kierkegaard" class="mw-redirect" title="Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Husserl" class="mw-redirect" title="Husserl">Husserl</a>. As a classically trained pianist whose sympathies with the <a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">twelve-tone technique</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a> resulted in his studying composition with <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a>, Adorno's commitment to <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">avant-garde music</a> formed the backdrop of his subsequent writings and led to his collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a> on the latter's novel <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Faustus_(Thomas_Mann_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor Faustus (Thomas Mann novel)">Doctor Faustus</a></i>, while the two men lived in California as exiles during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>. Working for the newly relocated <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Social_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for Social Research">Institute for Social Research</a>, Adorno collaborated on influential studies of <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> that would later serve as models for sociological studies the Institute carried out in post-war Germany. </p><p>Upon his return to Frankfurt, Adorno was involved with the reconstitution of German intellectual life through debates with <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> on the limitations of positivist science, critiques of <a href="/wiki/Heidegger" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidegger">Heidegger</a>'s language of <a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">authenticity</a>, writings on German responsibility for <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, and continued interventions into matters of public policy. As a writer of <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemics</a> in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kraus_(writer)" title="Karl Kraus (writer)">Karl Kraus</a>, Adorno delivered scathing critiques of contemporary Western culture. Adorno's posthumously published <i><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Theory" title="Aesthetic Theory">Aesthetic Theory</a></i>, which he planned to dedicate to <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a>, is the culmination of a lifelong commitment to modern art, which attempts to revoke the "fatal separation" of feeling and understanding long demanded by the <a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">history of philosophy</a>, and explode the privilege <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> accords to content over form and contemplation over immersion. Adorno was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/1965_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1965 Nobel Prize in Literature">1965 Nobel Prize in Literature</a> by Helmut Viebrock.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years:_Frankfurt">Early years: Frankfurt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years: Frankfurt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Theodor W. Adorno (alias: Theodor Adorno-Wiesengrund) was born as Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> on 11 September 1903, the only child of Maria Calvelli-Adorno della Piana (1865–1952) and Oscar Alexander Wiesengrund (1870–1946). His mother, a <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> from <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, was once a professional singer, while his father, an <a href="/wiki/Assimilated_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilated Jew">assimilated Jew</a> who had <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">converted</a> to <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, ran a successful wine-export business. Proud of her origins, Maria wanted her son's paternal surname to be supplemented by the addition of her name, Adorno. Thus his earliest publications carried the name Theodor Wiesengrund-Adorno. Upon his application for <a href="/wiki/US_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="US citizenship">US citizenship</a>, his name was modified to Theodor W. Adorno. </p><p>His childhood was marked by the musical life provided by his mother and aunt. Maria was a singer who could boast of having performed in Vienna at the Imperial Court, while her sister, Agathe, who lived with them, had made a name for herself as both a singer and pianist. He was not only a precocious child but, as he recalled later in life, a child prodigy who could play pieces by <a href="/wiki/Beethoven" class="mw-redirect" title="Beethoven">Beethoven</a> on the piano by the time he was twelve.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm200528_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm200528-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the age of six, he attended the Deutschherren Middle School, before transferring to the Kaiser-Wilhelm <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(Germany)" title="Gymnasium (Germany)">Gymnasium</a>, where he studied from 1913 to 1921. Before his graduation at the top of his class, Adorno was already swept up by the revolutionary mood of the time, as is evidenced by his reading of <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a>'s <i>The Theory of the Novel</i> that year, as well as by his fascination with <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bloch" title="Ernst Bloch">Ernst Bloch</a>'s <i>The Spirit of Utopia</i>, of which he would later write: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Bloch's was a philosophy that could hold its head high before the most advanced literature; a philosophy that was not calibrated to the abominable resignation of methodology ... I took this motif so much as my own that I do not believe I have ever written anything without reference to it, either implicit or explicit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdorno1992212_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdorno1992212-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Adorno's intellectual nonconformism was also shaped by the repugnance he felt towards the nationalism that swept through the Reich during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>. Along with future collaborators <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Max Horkheimer</a>, and Bloch, Adorno was profoundly disillusioned by the ease with which Germany's intellectual and spiritual leaders—among them <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Max Scheler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Georg Simmel</a>, as well as his friend <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Kracauer" title="Siegfried Kracauer">Siegfried Kracauer</a>—came out in support of the war. The younger generation's distrust for traditional knowledge arose from how this tradition had discredited itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaussen200866–69_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaussen200866–69-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, Oscar Wiesengrund's firm established close professional and personal ties with the factory of Karplus & Herzberger in Berlin. The eldest daughter of the Karplus family, <a href="/wiki/Gretel_Adorno" title="Gretel Adorno">Margarete</a>, or Gretel, moved into the intellectual circles of Berlin, where she became acquainted with Benjamin, <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a>, and Bloch, each of whom Adorno would become familiar with during the mid-1920s. After fourteen years, Gretel Karplus and Adorno were married in 1937. </p><p>At the end of his schooldays, Adorno not only benefited from the rich concert offerings of Frankfurt—where one could hear performances of works by Schoenberg, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schreker" title="Franz Schreker">Schreker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stravinsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bart%C3%B3k" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartók">Bartók</a>, <a href="/wiki/Busoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Busoni">Busoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Delius" title="Frederick Delius">Delius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hindemith" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindemith">Hindemith</a>—but also began studying music composition at the <a href="/wiki/Hoch_Conservatory" title="Hoch Conservatory">Hoch Conservatory</a> while taking private lessons with well-respected composers <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Sekles" title="Bernhard Sekles">Bernhard Sekles</a> and Eduard Jung. At around the same time, he befriended Siegfried Kracauer, the <i><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Zeitung">Frankfurter Zeitung</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s literary editor, of whom he would later write: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For years Kracauer read [Kant's] <i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Critique of Pure Reason</a></i> with me regularly on Saturday afternoons. I am not exaggerating in the slightest when I say that I owe more to this reading than to my academic teachers ... Under his guidance, I experienced the work from the beginning not as mere epistemology, not as an analysis of the conditions of scientifically valid judgments, but as a kind of coded text from which the historical situation of spirit could be read, with the vague expectation that in doing so one could acquire something of truth itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdorno199258–59_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdorno199258–59-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Leaving gymnasium to study philosophy, psychology and sociology at <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_Goethe_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Wolfgang Goethe University">Johann Wolfgang Goethe University</a> in Frankfurt, Adorno continued his readings with Kracauer, turning now to <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kierkegaard" class="mw-redirect" title="Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a>, and began publishing concert reviews and pieces of music for distinguished journals like the <i>Zeitschrift für Musik</i>, the <i>Neue Blätter für Kunst und Literatur</i> and later for the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musikbl%C3%A4tter_des_Anbruch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musikblätter des Anbruch (page does not exist)">Musikblätter des Anbruch</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikbl%C3%A4tter_des_Anbruch" class="extiw" title="de:Musikblätter des Anbruch">de</a>]</span></i>. In these articles, Adorno championed avant-garde music at the same time as he critiqued the failings of musical modernity, as in the case of Stravinsky's <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Histoire_du_soldat" title="L'Histoire du soldat">The Soldier's Tale</a></i>, which in 1923 he called a "dismal Bohemian prank".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm200546_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm200546-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these early writings he was unequivocal in his condemnation of performances that either sought or pretended to achieve a transcendence that Adorno, in line with many intellectuals of the time, regarded as impossible. "No cathedral", he wrote, "can be built if no community desires one."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm200548_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm200548-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 1924 Adorno received his doctorate with a study of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a> under the direction of the unorthodox <a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Kantian">neo-Kantian</a> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Cornelius" title="Hans Cornelius">Hans Cornelius</a>. Before his graduation, Adorno had already met his most important intellectual collaborators, Horkheimer and Benjamin. It was through Cornelius's seminars that Adorno met Horkheimer, through whom he was then introduced to <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Pollock" title="Friedrich Pollock">Friedrich Pollock</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vienna,_Frankfurt,_and_Berlin"><span id="Vienna.2C_Frankfurt.2C_and_Berlin"></span>Vienna, Frankfurt, and Berlin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vienna, Frankfurt, and Berlin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the summer of 1924, the Viennese composer <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a>'s Three Fragments from <i><a href="/wiki/Wozzeck" title="Wozzeck">Wozzeck</a></i>, premiered in Frankfurt, at which time Adorno introduced himself to Berg, and both agreed the young philosopher and composer would study with Berg in Vienna. Upon moving to Vienna in February 1925, Adorno immersed himself in the musical culture that had grown up around <a href="/wiki/Schoenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a>. In addition to his twice-weekly sessions with Berg, Adorno continued his studies on piano with <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Steuermann" title="Eduard Steuermann">Eduard Steuermann</a> and befriended the violinist <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kolisch" title="Rudolf Kolisch">Rudolf Kolisch</a>. In Vienna he and Berg attended public lectures by the satirist <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kraus_(writer)" title="Karl Kraus (writer)">Karl Kraus</a>, and he met Lukács, who had been living in Vienna after the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a>. Berg, whom Adorno called "my master and teacher", was among the most prescient of his young pupil's early friends: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[I am] convinced that, in the sphere of the deepest understanding of music ... you are capable of supreme achievements and will undoubtedly fulfill this promise in the shape of great philosophical works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm200598_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm200598-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After leaving Vienna, Adorno traveled through Italy, where he met with Kracauer, Benjamin, and the economist <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sohn-Rethel" title="Alfred Sohn-Rethel">Alfred Sohn-Rethel</a>, with whom he developed a lasting friendship, before returning to Frankfurt. In December 1926 Adorno's Two Pieces for string quartet, Op. 2, was performed in Vienna, which provided a welcome interruption from his preparations for the <a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">habilitation</a>. After writing the Piano Pieces in strict twelve-tone technique, as well as songs later integrated into the Six Bagatelles for voice and piano, Op. 6, Adorno presented his habilitation manuscript, <i>The Concept of the Unconscious in the Transcendental Theory of the Psyche</i> (<i>Der Begriff des Unbewußten in der transzendentalen Seelenlehre</i>), to Cornelius in November 1927. Cornelius advised Adorno to withdraw his application because the manuscript was too close to his own way of thinking. In the manuscript, Adorno attempted to underline the epistemological status of the <a href="/wiki/Unconsciousness" title="Unconsciousness">unconscious</a> as it emerged from <a href="/wiki/Freud" class="mw-redirect" title="Freud">Freud</a>'s early writings. Against the function of the unconscious in both <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a>, Adorno argued that Freud's notion of the unconscious serves as a "sharp weapon ... against every attempt to create a metaphysics of the instincts and to deify full, organic nature."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005105_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005105-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Undaunted by his academic prospects, Adorno threw himself once again into composition. In addition to publishing numerous reviews of opera performances and concerts, Adorno's Four Songs for medium voice and piano, Op. 3, was performed in Berlin in January 1929. Between 1928 and 1930 Adorno took on a greater role within the editorial committee of the <i>Musikblätter des Anbruch</i>. In a proposal for transforming the journal, he sought to use <i>Anbruch</i> to champion radical modern music against what he called the "stabilized music" of <a href="/wiki/Hans_Pfitzner" title="Hans Pfitzner">Pfitzner</a>, the later <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">neoclassicism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stravinsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindemith" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindemith">Hindemith</a>. During this period he published the essays "Night Music", "On Twelve-Tone Technique" and "Reaction and Progress". Yet his reservations about twelve-tone orthodoxy became steadily more pronounced. According to Adorno, <a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">twelve-tone technique</a>'s use of <a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">atonality</a> can no more be regarded as an authoritative canon than can <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonality</a> be relied on to provide instructions for the composer. </p><p>At this time Adorno struck up a correspondence with the composer <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek">Ernst Krenek</a>, discussing problems of atonality and the twelve-tone technique. In a 1934 letter, he sounded a related criticism of Schoenberg: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Twelve-tone technique alone is nothing but the principle of <a href="/wiki/Motif_(music)" title="Motif (music)">motivic</a> elaboration and variation, as developed in the sonata, but elevated now to a comprehensive principle of construction, namely transformed into an <i>a priori</i> form and, by that token, detached from the surface of the composition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005118_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005118-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>At this point Adorno reversed his earlier priorities: now his musical activities came second to the development of a philosophical theory of aesthetics. Thus, in the middle of 1929, he accepted <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a>'s offer to present a habilitation on <a href="/wiki/Kierkegaard" class="mw-redirect" title="Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a>, which Adorno eventually submitted under the title <i>The Construction of the Aesthetic</i>. At the time, Kierkegaard's philosophy exerted a strong influence, chiefly through its claim to pose an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a>'s philosophy of history. Yet when Adorno turned his attention to Kierkegaard, watchwords like "anxiety", "inwardness", and "leap"—instructive for <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialist philosophy</a>—were detached from their theological origins and posed, instead, as problems for aesthetics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005123_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005123-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the work proceeded—and Kierkegaard's overcoming of Hegel's idealism was revealed to be a mere interiorization—Adorno excitedly remarked in a letter to Berg that he was writing without looking over his shoulder at the faculty who would soon evaluate his work. Receiving favorable reports from Professors Tillich and Horkheimer, as well as Benjamin and Kracauer, the university conferred on Adorno the <i><a href="/wiki/Venia_legendi" class="mw-redirect" title="Venia legendi">venia legendi</a></i> in February 1931. On the very day his revised study was published, 23 March 1933, <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> seized dictatorial powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005129_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005129-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several months after qualifying as a lecturer in philosophy, Adorno delivered an inaugural lecture at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Social_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for Social Research">Institute for Social Research</a>, an independent organization that had recently appointed Horkheimer as its director and, with the arrival of the literary scholar <a href="/wiki/Leo_L%C3%B6wenthal" title="Leo Löwenthal">Leo Löwenthal</a>, social psychologist <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a>, and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a>, sought to exploit recent theoretical and methodological advances in the social sciences. His lecture "The Actuality of Philosophy" created a scandal. In it Adorno not only deviated from the theoretical program Horkheimer had laid out a year earlier but challenged philosophy's very capacity for comprehending reality as such: "For the mind", Adorno announced, "is indeed not capable of producing or grasping the totality of the real, but it may be possible to penetrate the detail, to explode in miniature the mass of merely existing reality."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdorno200038_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdorno200038-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In line with <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_German_Tragic_Drama" title="The Origin of German Tragic Drama">The Origin of German Tragic Drama</a></i> and preliminary sketches of the <a href="/wiki/Arcades_Project" title="Arcades Project">Arcades Project</a>, Adorno likened philosophical interpretation to experiments that should be conducted "until they arrive at figurations in which the answers are legible, while the questions themselves vanish." Having lost its position as the Queen of the Sciences, philosophy must now radically transform its approach to objects so that it might "construct keys before which reality springs open."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdorno200035_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdorno200035-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Horkheimer's taking up the directorship of the Institute, a new journal, <i>Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung</i>, was produced to publish the research of Institute members both before and after its relocation to the United States. Though Adorno was not an Institute member, the journal published many of his essays, including "The Social Situation of Music" (1932), "On Jazz" (1936), "On the Fetish-Character in Music and the Regression of Listening" (1938), and "Fragments on Wagner" (1938). In his new role as a social theorist, Adorno's philosophical analysis of cultural phenomena heavily relied on the language of <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">historical materialism</a>, as concepts like <a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">reification</a>, <a href="/wiki/False_consciousness" title="False consciousness">false consciousness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> came to play an ever more prominent role in his work. At the same time, however, and owing to both the presence of another prominent sociologist at the institute, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Karl Mannheim</a>, as well as the methodological problem posed by treating objects—like "musical material"—as ciphers of social contradictions, Adorno was compelled to abandon any notion of "value-free" sociology in favor of a form of ideology critique that held on to an idea of truth. Before his emigration in the autumn of 1934, Adorno began work on a <i><a href="/wiki/Singspiel" title="Singspiel">Singspiel</a></i> based on <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tom_Sawyer" title="The Adventures of Tom Sawyer">The Adventures of Tom Sawyer</a></i> titled <i>The Treasure of Indian Joe</i>, which he never completed. By the time he fled Hitler's Germany Adorno had already written over 100 opera or concert reviews and 50 critiques of music composition. </p><p>As the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> party became the largest party in the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a>, Horkheimer's 1932 observation proved typical for his milieu: "Only one thing is certain", he wrote, "the irrationality of society has reached a point where only the gloomiest predictions have any plausibility."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005175_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005175-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September Adorno's right to teach was revoked. In March, as the <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a> was run up the flagpole of the town hall, the Frankfurt criminal police searched the Institute's offices. Adorno's house on Seeheimer Strasse was similarly searched in July and his application for membership in the Reich Chamber of Literature was denied on the grounds that membership was limited to "persons who belong to the German nation by profound ties of character and blood. As a "non-<a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan</a>", he was informed, "you are unable to feel and appreciate such an obligation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005178_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005178-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon afterward Adorno was forced into 15 years of exile. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exile:_Oxford,_New_York,_Los_Angeles"><span id="Exile:_Oxford.2C_New_York.2C_Los_Angeles"></span>Exile: Oxford, New York, Los Angeles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Exile: Oxford, New York, Los Angeles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the possibility of transferring his <a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">habilitation</a> to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a> came to nothing, Adorno considered relocating to Britain upon his father's suggestion. With the help of the <a href="/wiki/Academic_Assistance_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic Assistance Council">Academic Assistance Council</a>, Adorno registered as an advanced student at <a href="/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford" title="Merton College, Oxford">Merton College, Oxford</a>, in June 1934. During the next four years at Oxford, Adorno made repeated trips to Germany to see both his parents and Gretel, who was still working in Berlin. Under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a>, Adorno worked on a dialectical critique of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Husserl</a>'s epistemology. By this time, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Social_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for Social Research">Institute for Social Research</a> had relocated to New York City and begun making overtures to Adorno. After months of strained relations, Horkheimer and Adorno reestablished their essential theoretical alliance during meetings in Paris. Adorno continued writing on music, publishing, "The Form of the Phonograph Record" and "Crisis of Music Criticism" in the Viennese musical journal <i>23</i>, "On Jazz" in the institute's <i>Zeitschrift</i>, "Farewell to Jazz" in <i>Europäische Revue</i>. But Adorno's attempts to break out of the sociology of music were twice thwarted: neither the study of Mannheim he had been working on for years nor extracts from his study of Husserl were accepted by the <i>Zeitschrift</i>. Impressed by Horkheimer's book of aphorisms, <i>Dawn and Decline</i>, Adorno began working on his own book of aphorisms, which later became <i>Minima Moralia</i>. While at Oxford, Adorno suffered two great losses: his Aunt Agathe died in June 1935, and Berg died in December of the same year. To the end of his life, Adorno never abandoned the hope of completing Berg's unfinished opera <a href="/wiki/Lulu_(opera)" title="Lulu (opera)">Lulu</a>. </p><p>At this time Adorno was in intense correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a> about the latter's <i><a href="/wiki/Arcades_Project" title="Arcades Project">Arcades Project</a></i>. After receiving an invitation from Horkheimer to visit the Institute in New York, Adorno sailed for New York on 9 June 1937 and stayed for two weeks. While he was in New York, Horkheimer's essays "The Latest Attack on Metaphysics" and "Traditional and Critical Theory", which would soon become instructive for the institute's self-understanding, were the subject of intense discussion. Soon after his return to Europe, Gretel moved to Britain, where she and Adorno were married on 8 September 1937. A little over a month later, Horkheimer telegrammed from New York with news of a position Adorno could take with the <a href="/wiki/Radio_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Project">Princeton Radio Project</a>, then under the directorship of the Austrian sociologist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lazarsfeld" title="Paul Lazarsfeld">Paul Lazarsfeld</a>. Yet Adorno's work continued with studies of Beethoven and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> (published in 1939 as "Fragments on Wagner"), drafts of which he read to Benjamin during their final meeting, in December on the Italian Riviera. According to Benjamin, these drafts were astonishing for "the precision of their materialist deciphering" as well as the way in which "musical facts ... had been made socially transparent in a way that was completely new to me."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005237,_239_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005237,_239-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his Wagner study, the thesis later to characterize <i><a href="/wiki/Dialectic_of_Enlightenment" title="Dialectic of Enlightenment">Dialectic of Enlightenment</a></i>—man's domination of nature—first emerges. Adorno sailed for New York on 16 February 1938. Soon after settling into his new home on Riverside Drive, Adorno met with Lazarsfeld in <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a>, to discuss the Project's plans for investigating the impact of broadcast music. </p><p>Although he was expected to embed the Project's research within a wider theoretical context, it soon became apparent that the Project was primarily concerned with <a href="/wiki/Data_collection" title="Data collection">data collection</a> to be used by administrators for establishing whether groups of listeners could be targeted by broadcasts specifically aimed at them. Expected to make use of devices with which listeners could press a button to indicate whether they liked or disliked a particular piece of music, Adorno bristled with distaste and astonishment: "I reflected that culture was simply the condition that precluded a mentality that tried to measure it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005247_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005247-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus Adorno suggested using individual interviews to determine listener reactions and, only three months after meeting Lazarsfeld, completed a 160-page memorandum on the Project's topic, "Music in Radio." Adorno was primarily interested in how musical material was affected by its distribution through the medium of radio and thought it imperative to understand how music was affected by its becoming part of daily life. "The meaning of a Beethoven symphony", he wrote, "heard while the listener is walking around or lying in bed is very likely to differ from its effect in a concert hall where people sit as if they were in church."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005249_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005249-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In essays published by the institute's <i>Zeitschrift</i>, Adorno dealt with the atrophy of musical culture that had become instrumental in accelerating tendencies—toward conformism, trivialization, and standardization—already present in the larger culture. Unsurprisingly, Adorno's studies found little resonance among members of the Project. At the end of 1939, when Lazarsfeld submitted a second application for funding, the musical section of the study was left out. Yet during the two years during which he worked on the Project, Adorno was prolific, publishing "The Radio Symphony", "A Social Critique of Radio Music", and "On Popular Music", texts that, along with the draft memorandum and other unpublished writings, are found in Robert Hullot-Kentor's translation, <i>Current of Music</i>. In light of this situation, Horkheimer soon found a permanent post for Adorno at the Institute. </p><p>In addition to helping with the <i>Zeitschrift</i>, Adorno was expected to be the institute's liaison with Benjamin, who soon passed on to New York the study of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a> he hoped would serve as a model of the larger <i>Arcades Project</i>. In correspondence, the two men discussed the difference in their conceptions of the relationship between critique and artworks that had become manifest through Benjamin's "<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of its Technical Reproducibility</a>". At around the same time, Adorno and Horkheimer began planning for a joint work on "dialectical logic", which would later become <i>Dialectic of Enlightenment</i>. Alarmed by reports from Europe, where Adorno's parents suffered increasing discrimination and Benjamin was interned in <a href="/wiki/Colombes" title="Colombes">Colombes</a>, they entertained few delusions about their work's practical effects. "In view of what is now threatening to engulf Europe", Horkheimer wrote, "our present work is essentially destined to pass things down through the night that is approaching: a kind of message in a bottle."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005262_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005262-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Adorno continued his work in New York with radio talks on music and a lecture on Kierkegaard's doctrine of love, Benjamin fled Paris and attempted to make an illegal border crossing. After learning that his Spanish visa was invalid and fearing deportation back to France, Benjamin took an overdose of morphine tablets. In light of recent events, the Institute set about formulating a theory of antisemitism and fascism. On one side were those who supported <a href="/wiki/Franz_Leopold_Neumann" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Leopold Neumann">Franz Leopold Neumann</a>'s thesis according to which <a href="/wiki/National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialism">National Socialism</a> was a form of "<a href="/wiki/Monopoly_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Monopoly capitalism">monopoly capitalism</a>"; on the other were those who supported <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Pollock" title="Friedrich Pollock">Friedrich Pollock</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/State_capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="State capitalist">state capitalist</a> theory." Horkheimer's contributions to this debate, in the form of the essays "The Authoritarian State", "The End of Reason", and "The Jews and Europe", served as a foundation for what he and Adorno planned to do in their book on dialectical logic. </p><p>In November 1941 Adorno followed Horkheimer to what <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a> called "German California",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaussen2008116_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaussen2008116-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> setting up house in a <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Palisades,_Los_Angeles" title="Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles">Pacific Palisades</a> neighborhood of German émigrés that included Bertolt Brecht and Schoenberg. Adorno arrived with a draft of his <i>Philosophy of New Music</i>, a dialectical critique of twelve-tone music that Adorno felt, while writing it, was a departure from the theory of art he had spent the previous decades elaborating. Horkheimer's reaction to the manuscript was wholly positive: "If I have ever in the whole of my life felt enthusiasm about anything, then I did on this occasion", he wrote after reading the manuscript.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005275_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005275-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two set about completing their joint work, which transformed from a book on dialectical logic to a rewriting of the history of rationality and the Enlightenment. First published in a small mimeographed edition in May 1944 as <i>Philosophical Fragments</i>, the text waited another three years before achieving book form when it was published with its definitive title, <i>Dialectic of Enlightenment</i>, by the Amsterdam publisher Querido Verlag. This "reflection on the destructive aspect of progress" proceeded through the chapters that treated rationality as both the liberation from and further domination of nature, interpretations of both <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a>, as well as analyses of the culture industry and antisemitism. </p><p>With their joint work completed, the two turned their attention to studies on antisemitism and authoritarianism in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/Nevitt_Sanford" title="Nevitt Sanford">Nevitt Sanford</a>-led Public Opinion Study Group and the <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Committee" title="American Jewish Committee">American Jewish Committee</a>. In line with these studies, Adorno produced an analysis of the Californian radio preacher Martin Luther Thomas. Fascist propaganda of this sort, Adorno wrote, "simply takes people for what they are: genuine children of today's standardized mass culture who have been robbed to a great extent of their autonomy and spontaneity".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005293_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005293-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result of these labors, the 1950 study <i><a href="/wiki/The_Authoritarian_Personality" title="The Authoritarian Personality">The Authoritarian Personality</a></i>, was pioneering in its combination of quantitative and qualitative methods of collecting and evaluating data as well as its development of the <a href="/wiki/F-scale_personality_test" class="mw-redirect" title="F-scale personality test">F-scale personality test</a>. </p><p>After the USA entered the war in 1941, the situation of the émigrés, now classed "<a href="/wiki/Enemy_aliens" class="mw-redirect" title="Enemy aliens">enemy aliens</a>", became increasingly restricted. Forbidden from leaving their homes between 8pm and 6am and from going more than five miles from their houses, émigrés like Adorno, who was not naturalized until November 1943, were severely restricted in their movements. </p><p>In addition to the aphorisms that conclude <i>Dialectic of Enlightenment</i>, Adorno put together a collection of aphorisms in honor of Horkheimer's 50th birthday that was later published as <i>Minima Moralia: Reflections from Damaged Life</i>. These fragmentary writings, inspired by a renewed reading of Nietzsche, treated issues like <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">emigration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Individuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Individuality">individuality</a>, as well as everyday matters such as giving presents, dwelling, and the impossibility of love. In California Adorno made the acquaintance of <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> and became friends with <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Eisler" title="Hanns Eisler">Hanns Eisler</a>, with whom he completed a study of film music in 1944. In this study the authors pushed for the greater usage of avant-garde music in film, urging that music be used to supplement, not simply accompany, films' visual aspects. Adorno also assisted <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a> with his novel <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Faustus_(novel)" title="Doctor Faustus (novel)">Doktor Faustus</a></i> after the latter asked for his help. "Would you be willing", Mann wrote, "to think through with me how the work—I mean Leverkühn's work—might look; how you would do it if you were in league with the Devil?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005316_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005316-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of October 1949, Adorno left America for Europe just as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Authoritarian_Personality" title="The Authoritarian Personality">The Authoritarian Personality</a></i> was being published. Before his return, Adorno had reached an agreement with a Tübingen publisher to print an expanded version of <i>Philosophy of New Music</i> and completed two compositions: <i>Four Songs for Voice and Piano by Stefan George, op.7</i>, and <i>Three Choruses for Female Voices from the Poems of Theodor Däubler, op. 8</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_Europe">Postwar Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Postwar Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Return_to_Frankfurt_University">Return to Frankfurt University</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Return to Frankfurt University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon his return, Adorno helped shape the political culture of West Germany. Until his death in 1969, twenty years after his return, Adorno contributed to the intellectual foundations of the Federal Republic, as a professor at <a href="/wiki/Goethe_University_Frankfurt" title="Goethe University Frankfurt">Frankfurt University</a>, critic of the vogue enjoyed by Heideggerian philosophy, partisan of critical sociology, and teacher of music at the <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt_International_Summer_Courses_for_New_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Darmstadt International Summer Courses for New Music">Darmstadt International Summer Courses for New Music</a>. Adorno resumed his teaching duties at the university soon after his arrival,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2012)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> with seminars on "Kant's Transcendental Dialectic", aesthetics, Hegel, "Contemporary Problems in the Theory of Knowledge", and "The Concept of Knowledge". Adorno's surprise at his students' passionate interest in intellectual matters did not, however, blind him to continuing problems within Germany: The literary climate was dominated by writers who had remained in Germany during Hitler's rule, the government re-employed people who had been active in the Nazi apparatus and people were generally loath to own up to their own collaboration or the guilt they thus incurred. Instead, the ruined city of Frankfurt continued as if nothing had happened,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> holding on to ideas of the true, the beautiful, and the good despite the atrocities, hanging on to a culture that had itself been lost in rubble or killed off in the concentration camps. All the enthusiasm Adorno's students showed for intellectual matters could not erase the suspicion that, in the words of <a href="/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch">Max Frisch</a>, culture had become an "alibi" for the absence of political consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005332_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005332-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet the foundations for what would come to be known as "The Frankfurt School" were soon laid: Horkheimer resumed his chair in social philosophy and the Institute for Social Research, rebuilt, became a lightning rod for critical thought. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Essays_on_fascism">Essays on fascism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Essays on fascism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting with his 1947 essay <i>Wagner, Nietzsche and Hitler</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adorno produced a series of influential works to describe psychological fascist traits. One of these works was <i><a href="/wiki/The_Authoritarian_Personality" title="The Authoritarian Personality">The Authoritarian Personality</a></i> (1950),<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published as a contribution to the <i>Studies in Prejudice</i> performed by multiple research institutes in the US, and consisting of '<a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">qualitative interpretations</a>' that uncovered the <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> character of test persons through indirect questions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The books have had a major influence on sociology and remain highly discussed and debated. In 1951 he continued on the topic with his essay <i>Freudian Theory and the Pattern of Fascist Propaganda</i>, in which he said that "Psychological dispositions do not actually cause fascism; rather, fascism defines a psychological area which can be successfully exploited by the forces which promote it for entirely non-psychological reasons of self-interest."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1952 Adorno participated in a group experiment, revealing residual National Socialist attitudes among the recently democratized Germans. He then published two influential essays, <i>The Meaning of Working Through the Past</i> (1959) and <i>Education after Auschwitz</i> (1966), in which he argued on the survival of the uneradicated <a href="/wiki/National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialism">National Socialism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mindset" title="Mindset">mindsets</a> and institutions of the post-1945 Germany, and that there is still a real risk that it could rise again.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on, however, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Am%C3%A9ry" title="Jean Améry">Jean Améry</a>—who had been tortured at Auschwitz—would sharply object that Adorno, rather than addressing such political concerns, was exploiting Auschwitz for his metaphysical phantom "absolute negativity" ("absolute Negativität"), using a language intoxicated by itself ("von sich selber bis zur Selbstblendung entzückte Sprache").<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_events">Public events</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Public events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 1951 Adorno returned to the United States for a six-week visit, during which he attended the opening of the Hacker Psychiatry Foundation in Beverly Hills, met <a href="/wiki/Leo_L%C3%B6wenthal" title="Leo Löwenthal">Leo Löwenthal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a> in New York, and saw his mother for the last time. After stopping in Paris, where he met <a href="/wiki/Daniel-Henry_Kahnweiler" title="Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler">Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Leiris" title="Michel Leiris">Michel Leiris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Leibowitz" title="René Leibowitz">René Leibowitz</a>, Adorno delivered a lecture entitled "The Present State of Empirical Social Research in Germany" at a conference on opinion research. Here he emphasized the importance of data collection and statistical evaluation while asserting that such empirical methods have only an auxiliary function and must lead to the formation of theories which would "raise the harsh facts to the level of consciousness."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005338_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005338-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Horkheimer as dean of the Arts Faculty, then rector of the university, responsibilities for the institute's work fell upon Adorno. At the same time, however, Adorno renewed his musical work: with talks at the Kranichsteiner Musikgesellschaft, another in connection with a production of <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek">Ernst Krenek</a>'s opera <i><a href="/wiki/Leben_des_Orest" title="Leben des Orest">Leben des Orest</a></i>, and a seminar on "Criteria of New Music" at the Fifth International Summer Course for New Music at Kranichstein. Adorno also became increasingly involved with the publishing house of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Suhrkamp" title="Peter Suhrkamp">Peter Suhrkamp</a>, inducing the latter to publish Benjamin's <i>Berlin Childhood Around 1900</i>, Kracauer's writings and a two-volume edition of Benjamin's writings. Adorno's own recently published <i>Minima Moralia</i> was not only well received in the press, but also met with great admiration from Thomas Mann, who wrote to Adorno from America in 1952: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have spent days attached to your book as if by a magnet. Every day brings new fascination ... concentrated nourishment. It is said that the companion star to Sirius, white in colour, is made of such dense material that a cubic inch of it would weigh a tonne here. This is why it has such an extremely powerful gravitational field; in this respect it is similar to your book.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005343_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005343-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Yet Adorno was no less moved by other public events: protesting the publication of <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Mann" title="Heinrich Mann">Heinrich Mann</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Professor_Unrat" title="Professor Unrat">Professor Unrat</a></i> with its film title, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Angel" title="The Blue Angel">The Blue Angel</a></i>; declaring his sympathy with those who protested the scandal of big-game hunting; and, penning a defense of prostitutes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="More_essays_on_mass_culture_and_literature">More essays on mass culture and literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: More essays on mass culture and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because Adorno's American citizenship would have been forfeited by the middle of 1952 had he continued to stay outside the country, he returned once again to <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Monica">Santa Monica</a> to survey his prospects at the Hacker Foundation. While there he wrote a content analysis of <a href="/wiki/Western_astrology" title="Western astrology">newspaper horoscopes</a> (now collected in <i>The Stars Down to Earth</i>), and the essays "Television as Ideology" and "Prologue to Television"; even so, he was pleased when, at the end of ten months, he was enjoined to return as co-director of the Institute. </p><p>Back in Frankfurt, he renewed his academic duties and, from 1952 to 1954, completed three essays: "Notes on Kafka", "Valéry Proust Museum", and an essay on Schoenberg following the composer's death, all of which were included in the 1955 essay collection <i>Prisms</i>. In response to the publication of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Swan_(Mann_novella)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Black Swan (Mann novella)">The Black Swan</a></i>, Adorno penned a long letter to the author, who then approved its publication in the literary journal <i>Akzente</i>. A second collection of essays, <i>Notes to Literature</i>, appeared in 1958. After meeting <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a> while delivering a series of lectures in Paris the same year, Adorno set to work on "Trying to Understand Endgame", which, along with studies of <a href="/wiki/Proust" class="mw-redirect" title="Proust">Proust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Valéry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Balzac" class="mw-redirect" title="Balzac">Balzac</a>, formed the central texts of the 1961 publication of the second volume of his <i>Notes to Literature</i>. Adorno's entrance into literary discussions continued in his June 1963 lecture at the annual conference of the Hölderlin Society. At the Philosophers' Conference of October 1962 in Münster, at which <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a> wrote that Adorno was "A writer among bureaucrats", Adorno presented "Progress".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005362_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005362-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the <i>Zeitschrift</i> was never revived, the Institute nevertheless published a series of important sociological books, including <i>Sociologica</i> (1955), a collection of essays, <i>Gruppenexperiment</i> (1955), <i>Betriebsklima</i>, a study of work satisfaction among workers in Mannesmann, and <i>Soziologische Exkurse</i>, a textbook-like anthology intended as an introductory work about the discipline. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_figure">Public figure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Public figure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout the fifties and sixties, Adorno became a <a href="/wiki/Public_figure" title="Public figure">public figure</a>, not simply through his books and essays, but also through his appearances in radio and newspapers. In talks, interviews, and round-table discussions broadcast on Hessen Radio, South-West Radio, and Radio Bremen, Adorno discussed topics as diverse as "The Administered World" (September 1950), "What is the Meaning of 'Working Through the Past?"' (February 1960), and "The Teaching Profession and its Taboos" (August 1965). Additionally, he frequently wrote for <i>Frankfurter Allgemeine</i>, <i>Frankfurter Rundschau</i>, and the weekly <i>Die Zeit</i>. </p><p>At the invitation of <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Steinecke" title="Wolfgang Steinecke">Wolfgang Steinecke</a>, Adorno took part in the Darmstadt Summer Courses for New Music in Kranichstein from 1951 to 1958. Yet conflicts between the so-called <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Darmstadt school">Darmstadt school</a>, which included composers like <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Luigi Nono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Maderna" title="Bruno Maderna">Bruno Maderna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karel_Goeyvaerts" title="Karel Goeyvaerts">Karel Goeyvaerts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Luciano Berio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Michael_Koenig" title="Gottfried Michael Koenig">Gottfried Michael Koenig</a>, soon arose, receiving explicit expression in Adorno's 1954 lecture, "The Aging of the New Music", where he argued that atonality's freedom was being restricted to serialism in much the same way as it was once restricted by twelve-tone technique. With his friend <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Steuermann" title="Eduard Steuermann">Eduard Steuermann</a>, Adorno feared that music was being sacrificed to stubborn rationalization. During this time Adorno not only produced a significant series of notes on Beethoven (which was never completed and only published posthumously), but also published <i>Mahler: A Musical Physiognomy</i> in 1960. In his 1961 return to Kranichstein, Adorno called for what he termed a "musique informelle", which would possess the ability "really and truly to be what it is, without the ideological pretense of being something else. Or rather, to admit frankly the fact of non-identity and to follow through its logic to the end."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005397_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005397-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-war_German_culture">Post-war German culture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Post-war German culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the same time Adorno struck up relationships with contemporary German-language poets such as <a href="/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan">Paul Celan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_Bachmann" title="Ingeborg Bachmann">Ingeborg Bachmann</a>. Adorno's 1949 dictum—"To write poetry after Auschwitz is barbaric"—posed the question of what German culture could mean after Auschwitz; his own continual revision of this dictum—in <i>Negative Dialectics</i>, for example, he wrote that "Perennial suffering has as much right to expression as a tortured man has to scream"; while in "Commitment", he wrote in 1962 that the dictum "expresses in negative form the impulse which inspires committed literature"—was part of post-war Germany's struggle with history and culture. Adorno additionally befriended the writer and poet <a href="/wiki/Hans_Magnus_Enzensberger" title="Hans Magnus Enzensberger">Hans Magnus Enzensberger</a> as well as the film-maker <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kluge" title="Alexander Kluge">Alexander Kluge</a>. </p><p>In 1963, Adorno was elected to the post of chairman of the German Sociological Society, where he presided over two important conferences: in 1964, on "Max Weber and Sociology" and, in 1968, on "Late Capitalism or Industrial Society". A debate launched in 1961 by Adorno and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a>, later published as the <i><a href="/wiki/Positivist_Dispute_in_German_Sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Positivist Dispute in German Sociology">Positivist Dispute in German Sociology</a></i>, arose out of disagreements at the 1959 14th German Sociology Conference in Berlin. </p><p>Adorno's critique of the dominant climate of post-war Germany was also directed against the pathos that had grown up around Heideggerianism, as practiced by writers like <a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Karl Jaspers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Friedrich_Bollnow" title="Otto Friedrich Bollnow">Otto Friedrich Bollnow</a>, and which had subsequently seeped into public discourse. His 1964 publication of <i>The Jargon of Authenticity</i> took aim at the halo such writers had attached to words like "angst", "decision", and "leap". After seven years of work, Adorno completed <i><a href="/wiki/Negative_Dialectics" title="Negative Dialectics">Negative Dialectics</a></i> in 1966, after which, during the summer semester of 1967 and the winter semester of 1967–68, he offered regular philosophy seminars to discuss the book chapter by chapter. Among the students at these seminars were the Americans <a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a> and Irving Wohlfarth. One objection, which would soon take on ever greater importance, was that critical thought must adopt the standpoint of the oppressed, to which Adorno replied that negative dialectics was concerned "with the dissolution of standpoint thinking itself." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Confrontations_with_students">Confrontations with students</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Confrontations with students"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time of <i>Negative Dialectics</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> publication, <a href="/wiki/Student_protest" title="Student protest">student protests</a> fragilized West German democracy. Trends in the media, an educational crisis in the universities, the Shah of Iran's 1967 state visit, German support for the war in Vietnam, and the emergency laws combined to create a highly unstable situation. Like many of his students, Adorno too opposed the <a href="/wiki/German_Emergency_Acts" title="German Emergency Acts">emergency laws</a>, as well as the war in Vietnam, which, he said, proved the continued existence of the "world of torture that had begun in Auschwitz".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005451_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005451-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation only deteriorated with the police shooting of <a href="/wiki/Benno_Ohnesorg" class="mw-redirect" title="Benno Ohnesorg">Benno Ohnesorg</a> at a protest against the Shah's visit. This death, as well as the subsequent acquittal of the responsible officer, were both commented upon in Adorno's lectures. As politicization increased, rifts developed within both the Institute's relationship with its students as well as within the Institute itself. Soon Adorno himself would become an object of the students' ire. At the invitation of <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Szondi" title="Péter Szondi">Péter Szondi</a>, Adorno was invited to the <a href="/wiki/Free_University_of_Berlin" title="Free University of Berlin">Free University of Berlin</a> to give a lecture on <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Iphigenia_in_Tauris_(Goethe)" title="Iphigenia in Tauris (Goethe)">Iphigenie in Tauris</a></i>. After a group of students marched to the lectern, unfurling a banner that read "Berlin's left-wing fascists greet Teddy the Classicist", a number of those present left the lecture in protest after Adorno refused to abandon his talk in favor of discussing his attitude on the current political situation. Adorno shortly thereafter participated in a meeting with the Berlin <a href="/wiki/Sozialistischer_Deutscher_Studentenbund" title="Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund">Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund</a> (SDS) and discussed "Student Unrest" with Szondi on West German Radio. But as 1968 progressed, Adorno became increasingly critical of the students' disruptions to university life. His isolation was only compounded by articles published in the magazine <i>alternative</i>, which, following the lead of <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>'s articles in <i>Merkur</i>, claimed Adorno had subjected Benjamin to pressure during his years of exile in Berlin and compiled Benjamin's <i>Writings</i> and <i>Letters</i> with a great deal of bias. In response, Benjamin's longtime friend <a href="/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem">Gershom Scholem</a>, wrote to the editor of <i>Merkur</i> to express his disapproval of the "in part, shameful, not to say disgraceful" remarks by Arendt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005458_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005458-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relations between students and the West German state continued deteriorating. In spring 1968, a prominent SDS spokesman, <a href="/wiki/Rudi_Dutschke" title="Rudi Dutschke">Rudi Dutschke</a>, was gunned down in the streets; in response, massive demonstrations took place, directed in particular against the <a href="/wiki/Springer_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Press">Springer Press</a>, which had led a campaign to vilify the students. An open appeal published in <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a></i>, signed by Adorno, called for an inquiry into the social reasons that gave rise to this assassination attempt as well as an investigation into the Springer Press' manipulation of public opinion. At the same time, however, Adorno protested against disruptions of his own lectures and refused to express his solidarity with their political goals, maintaining instead his autonomy as a theoretician. Adorno rejected the so-called unity of theory and praxis advocated by the students and argued that the students' actions were premised upon a mistaken analysis of the situation. The building of barricades, he wrote to Marcuse, is "ridiculous against those who administer the bomb."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005463_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005463-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adorno would refer to the radical students as "stormtroopers (<a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a>) in jeans."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1968 Adorno went to Vienna for the publication of <i>Alban Berg: Master of the Smallest Link</i>. Upon his return to Frankfurt, events prevented his concentrating upon the book on aesthetics he wished to write: "Valid student claims and dubious actions", he wrote to Marcuse, "are all so mixed up together that all productive work and even sensible thought are scarcely possible any more."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005464_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005464-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After striking students threatened to strip the Institute's sociology seminar rooms of their furnishings and equipment, the police were brought in to close the building. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_years">Later years</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adorno began writing an introduction to a collection of poetry by Rudolf Borchardt, which was connected with a talk entitled "Charmed Language", delivered in Zürich, followed by a talk on aesthetics in Paris where he met Beckett again. Beginning in October 1966, Adorno took up work on <i>Aesthetic Theory</i>. In June 1969 he completed <i>Catchwords: Critical Models</i>. During the winter semester of 1968–69 Adorno was on sabbatical leave from the university and thus able to dedicate himself to the completion of his book of aesthetics. </p><p>For the summer semester Adorno planned a lecture course entitled "An Introduction to Dialectical Thinking", as well as a seminar on the dialectics of subject and object. But at the first lecture, Adorno's attempt to open up the lecture and invite questions whenever they arose degenerated into a disruption from which he quickly fled. After a student wrote on the blackboard "If Adorno is left in peace, capitalism will never cease", three women students approached the lectern, bared their breasts and scattered flower petals over his head.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005475_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005475-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet Adorno continued to resist blanket condemnations of the protest movement which would have only strengthened the conservative thesis according to which political irrationalism was the result of Adorno's teaching. After further disruptions to his lectures, Adorno cancelled the lectures for the rest of the seminar, continuing only with his philosophy seminar. In the summer of 1969, weary from these activities, Adorno returned once again to <a href="/wiki/Zermatt" title="Zermatt">Zermatt</a>, Switzerland, at the foot of Matterhorn to restore his strength. On 6 August he died of a <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intellectual_influences">Intellectual influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Intellectual influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like most theorists of the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a>, Adorno was influenced by the works of <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx">Marx</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freud" class="mw-redirect" title="Freud">Freud</a>. Their major theories fascinated many left-wing intellectuals in the first half of the 20th century. <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_J%C3%A4ger" title="Lorenz Jäger">Lorenz Jäger</a> speaks critically of Adorno's "<a href="/wiki/Achilles%27_heel" title="Achilles' heel">Achilles' heel</a>" in his political biography: that Adorno placed "almost unlimited trust in finished teachings, in Marxism, psychoanalysis, and the teachings of the Second Viennese School."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hegel">Hegel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hegel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adorno's adoption of Hegelian philosophy can be traced back to his inaugural lecture in 1931, in which he postulated, "only dialectically does philosophical interpretation seem possible to me" (<i>Gesammelte Schriften</i> 1: 338). Hegel rejected the idea of separating methods and content, because thinking is always thinking of something; dialectics for him is "the comprehended movement of the object itself."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Schweppenh%C3%A4user&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Schweppenhäuser (page does not exist)">Gerhard Schweppenhäuser</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Schweppenh%C3%A4user" class="extiw" title="de:Gerhard Schweppenhäuser">de</a>]</span>, Adorno adopted this claim as his own, and based his thinking on one of the Hegelian basic categories, determinate negation,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweppenhäuser200930–38_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweppenhäuser200930–38-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to which something is not abstractly negated and dissolved into zero, but is preserved in a new, richer concept through its opposite.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adorno understood his <i>Three Studies of Hegel</i> as "preparation of a changed definition of dialectics" and that they stop "where the start should be" (<i>Gesammelte Schriften</i> 5: 249 f.). Adorno dedicated himself to this task in one of his later major works, the <i>Negative Dialectics</i> (1966). The title expresses "tradition and rebellion in equal measure."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drawing from Hegelian reason's speculative dialectic, Adorno developed his own "negative" dialectic of the "non-identical".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karl_Marx">Karl Marx</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Karl Marx"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marx's <i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Political_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Critique of Political Economy">Critique of Political Economy</a></i> clearly shaped Adorno's thinking. As described by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a>, Marxist critique is, for Adorno, a "silent orthodoxy, whose categories [are revealed] in Adorno's <a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">cultural critique</a>, although their influence is not explicitly named."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marx's influence on Adorno first came by way of <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a>'s <i>History and Class Consciousness</i> (<i>Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein</i>). From this text, Adorno took the Marxist categories of <a href="/wiki/Commodity_fetishism" title="Commodity fetishism">commodity fetishism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">reification</a>. These are closely related to Adorno's concept of <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a>, which stands in the center of his philosophy, not exclusively restricted to economic theory. Adorno's "exchange society" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Tauschgesellschaft</i></span>), with its "insatiable and destructive appetite for expansion", is easily decoded as a description of capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the Marxist concept of <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> is central for Adorno.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Class theory</a>, which appears less frequently in Adorno's work, also has its origins in Marxist thinking. Adorno made explicit reference to class in two of his texts: the first, the subchapter "Classes and Strata" (<i>Klassen und Schichten</i>), from his <i>Introduction to the Sociology of Music</i>; the second, an unpublished 1942 essay, "Reflections on Class Theory", published postmortem in his <i>Collected Works</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sigmund_Freud">Sigmund Freud</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sigmund Freud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a> is a constitutive element of critical theory.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adorno read <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>'s work early on, although, unlike Horkheimer, he never underwent analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He first read Freud while working on his initial (withdrawn) habilitation thesis, <i>The Concept of the Unconscious in the Transcendental Theory of Mind</i> (1927). In it Adorno argued that "the healing of all neuroses is synonymous with the complete understanding of the meaning of their symptoms by the patient". In his essay "On the Relationship between Sociology and Psychology" (1955), he justified the need to "supplement the theory of society with psychology, especially analytically oriented social psychology" in the face of fascism. Adorno emphasized the necessity of researching prevailing <a href="/wiki/Drive_theory" title="Drive theory">psychological drives</a> in order to explain the cohesion of a repressive society acting against fundamental human interests.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adorno always remained a supporter and defender of Freudian orthodox doctrine, "psychoanalysis in its strict form".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this position, he attacked <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later <a href="/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney">Karen Horney</a> because of their revisionism. He expressed reservations about sociologized psychoanalysis<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as about its reduction to a therapeutic procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005590_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005590-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adorno's work sets out from a central insight he shares with all early 20th century avant-garde art: the recognition of what is primitive in ourselves and the world itself. Neither <a href="/wiki/Picasso" class="mw-redirect" title="Picasso">Picasso</a>'s fascination with African sculpture nor <a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Mondrian</a>'s reduction of painting to its most elementary component—the line—is comprehensible outside this concern with <a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">primitivism</a>, which Adorno shared with the century's most radical art. At that time, the Western world, beset by world-wars, colonialist consolidation, and accelerating <a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">commodification</a>, sank into the very barbarism civilization had prided itself in overcoming. According to Adorno, society's self-preservation had become indistinguishable from socially sanctioned self-sacrifice: of "primitive" peoples, primitive aspects of the ego and those primitive, mimetic desires found in imitation and sympathy. Adorno's theory proceeds from an understanding of this primitive quality of reality that seeks to counteract whatever aims either to repress this primitive aspect or to further those systems of domination set in place by this return to barbarism. From this perspective, Adorno's writings on politics, philosophy, music, and literature are a lifelong critique of the ways in which each tries to justify self-mutilation as the necessary price of self-preservation. According to Adorno's translator Robert Hullot-Kentor, the central motive of Adorno's work thus consists in determining "how life could be more than the struggle for self-preservation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurão2008_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurão2008-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this sense, the principle of self-preservation, Adorno writes in <i>Negative Dialectics</i>, is nothing but "the law of doom thus far obeyed by history."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdorno2003167_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdorno2003167-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its most basic, Adorno's thought is motivated by a fundamental critique of this law. </p><p>Adorno was chiefly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>'s critique of <a href="/wiki/Disenchantment" title="Disenchantment">disenchantment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a>'s Hegelian interpretation of Marxism, and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a>'s philosophy of history. Adorno, along with the other major Frankfurt School theorists, <a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Max Horkheimer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a>, argued that advanced capitalism had managed to contain or liquidate the forces that would bring about its collapse and that the revolutionary moment, when it would have been possible to transform it into socialism, had passed. As he put it at the beginning of his <i><a href="/wiki/Negative_Dialectics" title="Negative Dialectics">Negative Dialectics</a></i> (1966), philosophy is still necessary because the time to realize it was missed. Adorno argued that capitalism had become more entrenched through its attack on the objective basis of revolutionary consciousness and through liquidation of the individualism that had been the basis of critical consciousness. Adorno, as well as Horkheimer, critiqued all forms of <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivism</a> as responsible for <a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">technocracy</a> and disenchantment and sought to produce a theory that both rejected positivism and avoided reinstating traditional <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>. Adorno and Horkheimer have been criticized for over-applying the term "positivism", especially in their interpretations of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> as positivists.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_the_Culture_Industry">Music and the Culture Industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Music and the Culture Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adorno criticized <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>, viewing it as part of the <a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">culture industry</a>, that contributes to the present sustainability of capitalism by rendering it "aesthetically pleasing" and "agreeable".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated89_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated89-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his early essays for the Vienna-based journal <i>Anbruch</i>, Adorno claimed that musical progress is proportional to the composer's ability to constructively deal with the possibilities and limitations contained within what he called the "musical material". For Adorno, twelve-tone serialism constitutes a decisive, historically developed method of composition. The objective validity of composition, according to him, rests with neither the composer's genius nor the work's conformity with prior standards, but with the way in which the work coherently expresses the dialectic of the material. In this sense, the contemporary absence of composers of the status of Bach or Beethoven is not the sign of musical regression; instead, new music is to be credited with laying bare aspects of the musical material previously repressed: The musical material's liberation from number, the harmonic series and tonal harmony. Thus, historical progress is achieved only by the composer who "submits to the work and seemingly does not undertake anything active except to follow where it leads." Because historical experience and social relations are embedded within this musical material, it is to the analysis of such material that the critic must turn. In the face of this radical liberation of the musical material, Adorno came to criticize those who, like Stravinsky, withdrew from this freedom by taking recourse to forms of the past as well as those who turned twelve-tone composition into a technique that dictated the rules of composition. </p><p>Adorno saw the culture industry as an arena in which critical tendencies or potentialities were eliminated. He argued that the culture industry, which produced and circulated cultural commodities through the mass media, manipulated the population. Popular culture was identified as a reason why people become passive; the easy pleasures available through consumption of popular culture made people docile and content, no matter how terrible their economic circumstances. "Capitalist production so confines them, body and soul, that they fall helpless victims to what is offered them."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaughey2007123_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaughey2007123-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The differences among cultural goods make them appear different, but they are in fact just variations on the same theme. He wrote that "the same thing is offered to everybody by the standardized production of consumption goods", but this is concealed under "the manipulation of taste and the official culture's pretense of individualism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAratoGephart1982280_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAratoGephart1982280-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By doing so, the culture industry appeals to every single consumer in a unique and personalized way, all while maintaining minimal costs and effort on their behalf. Consumers purchase the illusion that every commodity or product is tailored to the individual's personal preference, by incorporating subtle modifications or inexpensive "add-ons" in order to keep the consumer returning for new purchases, and therefore more revenue for the corporation system. Adorno conceptualized this phenomenon as <i>pseudo-individualisation</i> and the <i>always-the-same</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Adorno's analysis allowed for a critique of mass culture from the left that balanced the critique of popular culture from the right. From both perspectives—left and right—the nature of cultural production was felt to be at the root of social and moral problems resulting from the consumption of culture. However, while the critique from the right emphasized moral degeneracy ascribed to sexual and racial influences within popular culture, Adorno located the problem, not with the content, but with the objective realities of the production of mass culture and its effects, for instance, as a form of <a href="/wiki/Reverse_psychology" title="Reverse psychology">reverse psychology</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Thinkers influenced by Adorno believe that today's society has evolved in a direction foreseen by him, especially in regard to the past (<a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>), morals, or the Culture Industry. The latter has become a particularly productive, yet highly contested term in <a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">cultural studies</a>. Many of Adorno's reflections on aesthetics and music have only just begun to be debated. A collection of essays on the subject, many of which had not previously been translated into English, has only recently been collected and published as <i>Essays on Music</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdorno2002_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdorno2002-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adorno's work in the years before his death was shaped by the idea of "negative dialectics", set out especially in his book of that title. A key notion in the work of the Frankfurt School since <i>Dialectic of Enlightenment</i> had been the idea of thought becoming an instrument of domination that subsumes all objects under the control of the (dominant) subject, especially through the notion of identity, that is, of identifying as real in nature and society only that which harmonized or fit with dominant concepts, and regarding as unreal or non-existent everything that did not. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Adorno's "negative dialectics" was an attempt to articulate a non-dominating thought that would recognize its limitations and accept the non-identity and reality of that which could not be subsumed under the subject's concepts. Indeed, Adorno sought to ground the critical bite of his sociological work in his critique of identity, which he took to be a reification in thought of the commodity form or exchange relation which always presumes a false identity between different things. The potential to criticize arises from the gap between the concept and the object, which can never go into the former without remainder. This gap, this non-identity in identity, was the secret to a critique of both material life and conceptual reflection.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Adorno's reputation as a musicologist remains controversial. His sweeping criticisms of jazz and championing of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a> in opposition to Stravinsky have caused him to fall out of favor.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distinguished American scholar <a href="/wiki/Richard_Taruskin" title="Richard Taruskin">Richard Taruskin</a><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> declared Adorno to be "preposterously over-rated." The eminent pianist and critic <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Charles Rosen</a> saw Adorno's book <i>The Philosophy of New Music</i> as "largely a fraudulent presentation, a work of polemic that pretends to be an objective study."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even a fellow Marxist such as the historian and jazz critic <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a> saw Adorno's writings as containing "some of the stupidest pages ever written about jazz".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British philosopher <a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Roger Scruton</a> saw Adorno as producing "reams of turgid nonsense devoted to showing that the American people are just as alienated as Marxism requires them to be, and that their cheerful life-affirming music is a 'fetishized' commodity, expressive of their deep spiritual enslavement to the capitalist machine."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated89_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated89-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irritation with Adorno's <a href="/wiki/Tunnel_vision_(metaphor)" title="Tunnel vision (metaphor)">tunnel vision</a> started even while he was alive. He may have championed Schoenberg, but the composer notably failed to return the compliment: "I have never been able to bear the fellow [...] It is disgusting, by the way, how he treats Stravinsky."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another composer, <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Luciano Berio</a> said, in interview, "It's not easy to completely refute anything that Adorno writes – he was, after all, one of the most acute, and also one of the most negative intellects to excavate the creativity of the past 150 years... He forgets that one of the most cunning and interesting aspects of consumer music, the mass media, and indeed of capitalism itself, is their fluidity, their unending capacity for adaptation and assimilation."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, the scholar <a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Slavoj Žižek</a> has written a foreword to Adorno's <i>In Search of Wagner</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which Žižek attributes an "emancipatory impulse" to the same book—although Žižek also suggests that fidelity to this impulse demands "a betrayal of the explicit theses of Adorno's Wagner study".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing in the New Yorker in 2014, <a href="/wiki/Music_critic" class="mw-redirect" title="Music critic">music critic</a> <a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Alex Ross</a>, argued that Adorno's work has a renewed importance in the digital age: "The pop hegemony is all but complete, its superstars dominating the media and wielding the economic might of tycoons ... Culture appears more monolithic than ever, with a few gigantic corporations—Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon—presiding over unprecedented monopolies".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adorno's critique of commercial media capitalism continues to be influential. There is much scholarship influenced by Adorno on how Western entertainment industries strengthen transnational capitalism and reinforce a Western cultural dominance.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adornean critique can be found in works such as Tanner Mirrlees' "The US Empire's Culture Industry" which focus upon how Western commercial entertainment is artificially reinforced by transnational media corporations rather than being a local culture.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_five_components_of_recognition">The five components of recognition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The five components of recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adorno states that a start to understand the recognition in respect of any particular song hit may be made by drafting a scheme which divides the experience of recognition into its different components. All the factors people enumerate are interwoven to a degree that would be impossible to separate from one another in reality. Adorno's scheme is directed towards the different objective elements involved in the experience of recognition:<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Vague remembrance</li> <li>Actual identification</li> <li>Subsumption by label</li> <li>Self-reflection and act of recognition</li> <li>Psychological transfer of recognition-authority to the object</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marxist_criticisms">Marxist criticisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Marxist criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adorno posits social totality as an automatic system.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Horst Müller's <i>Kritik der kritischen Theorie</i> ("Critique of Critical Theory"), this assumption is consistent with Adorno's idea of society as a self-regulating system, from which one must escape (but from which nobody <i>can</i> escape). For him it was existent, but inhuman. Müller argues against the existence of such a system and claims that critical theory provides no practical solution for societal change. He concludes that <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a>, in particular, and the Frankfurt School in general, misconstrue Marx.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standardization">Standardization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Standardization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The phenomenon of standardization is "a concept used to characterize the formulaic products of capitalist-driven mass media and mass culture that appeal to the lowest common denominator in pursuit of maximum profit".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaughey2007204_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaughey2007204-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Adorno we inhabit a media culture driven society which has product consumption as one of its main characteristics. Mass media is employed to deliver messages about products and services to consumers in order to convince these individuals to purchase the commodity they are advertising. Standardization consists of the production of large amounts of commodities to then pursue consumers in order to gain the maximum profit possible. </p><p>They do this by individualizing products to give the illusion to consumers that they are in fact purchasing a product or service that was specifically designed for them. Adorno highlights the issues created with the construction of popular music, where different samples of music used in the creation of today's chart-topping songs are put together in order to create, re-create, and modify numerous tracks by using the same variety of samples from one song to another. He makes a distinction between "Apologetic music" and "Critical music". Apologetic music is defined as the highly produced and promoted music of the "pop music" industry: music that is composed of variable parts and interchanged to create several different songs. "The social and psychological functions of popular music [are that it] acts like a social cement"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdorno1990[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2015]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2015)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdorno1990[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2015]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2015)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "to keep people obedient and subservient to the status quo of existing power structures."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaughey2007125_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaughey2007125-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Serious music, according to Adorno, achieves excellence when its whole is greater than the sum of its parts. The example he gives is that of Beethoven's symphonies: "[his] greatness shows itself in the complete subordination of the accidentally private melodic elements to the form as a whole."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaughey2007125_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaughey2007125-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Standardization not only refers to the products of the culture industry but to the consumers as well. Many times every day consumers are bombarded by media advertising. Consumers are pushed and shoved into consuming products and services presented to them by a media system that takes advantage of musical hooks mass produced via electronic media. The masses have become conditioned by the culture industry, which makes the impact of standardization far more widespread. Not recognizing the impact of social media and commercial advertising, the individual is caught in a situation where conformity is the norm: "During consumption the masses become characterized by the commodities which they use and exchange among themselves."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaughey2007124_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaughey2007124-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tony Waters and David Philhour have tested Adorno's ideas and used musical intros from pop songs, and asked students in The United States, Germany, the United States, and Thailand what they recognize. They found that indeed, as Adorno hypothesized, the song intro recognition has spread around the world for some specific commercial pop songs. But they also demonstrate that there are still national differences in recognition. <sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adorno's_responses_to_his_critics"><span id="Adorno.27s_responses_to_his_critics"></span>Adorno's responses to his critics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Adorno's responses to his critics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a pioneer of a self-reflexive sociology who prefigured <a href="/wiki/Bourdieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a>'s ability to factor in the effect of reflection on the societal object, Adorno realized that some criticism (including deliberate disruption of his classes in the 1960s) could never be answered in a dialogue between equals if, as he seems to have believed, what the naive ethnographer or sociologist thinks of a human essence is always changing over time.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ffm-adorno-ampel001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ffm-adorno-ampel001.jpg/276px-Ffm-adorno-ampel001.jpg" decoding="async" width="276" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ffm-adorno-ampel001.jpg/414px-Ffm-adorno-ampel001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ffm-adorno-ampel001.jpg/552px-Ffm-adorno-ampel001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>The "<a href="/wiki/Adorno-Ampel" title="Adorno-Ampel">Adorno-Ampel</a>" (Adorno-traffic light) on Senckenberganlage, a street which divides the Institute for Social Research from <a href="/wiki/Goethe_University_Frankfurt" title="Goethe University Frankfurt">Goethe University Frankfurt</a>—Adorno requested its construction after a pedestrian death in 1962, and it was finally installed 25 years later.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adorno's_sociological_methods"><span id="Adorno.27s_sociological_methods"></span>Adorno's sociological methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Adorno's sociological methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adorno believed that the language the sociologist uses, like the language of the ordinary person, is a political construct in large measure that uses, often unreflectingly, concepts installed by dominant classes and social structures. He felt that those at the top of the Institute needed to be the source primarily of theories for evaluation and empirical testing, as well as people who would process the "facts" discovered ... including revising theories that were found to be false. For example, in an essay published in Germany on Adorno's return from the US, and reprinted in the <i>Critical Models</i> essays collection, Adorno praised the <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a> and openness of US society based on his sojourn in New York and the Los Angeles area between 1935 and 1955: "Characteristic for the life in America [...] is a moment of peacefulness, kindness and generosity".<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One example of the clash of intellectual culture and Adorno's methods can be found in <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lazarsfeld" title="Paul Lazarsfeld">Paul Lazarsfeld</a>, the American sociologist for whom Adorno worked in the late 1930s after fleeing Hitler. As Rolf Wiggershaus recounts in <i>The Frankfurt School, Its History, Theories and Political Significance</i> (MIT 1995), Lazarsfeld was the director of a project, funded and inspired by David Sarnoff (the head of <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a>), to discover both the sort of music that listeners of radio liked and ways to improve their "taste", so that RCA could profitably air more classical music. Lazarsfeld, however, had trouble both with the prose style of the work Adorno handed in and what Lazarsfeld thought was Adorno's "lack of discipline in ... presentation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggershaus1995242_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggershaus1995242-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adorno himself provided the following personal anecdote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What I mean by reified consciousness, I can illustrate—without elaborate philosophical contemplation—most simply with an American experience. Among the frequently changing colleagues which the Princeton Project provided me with, was a young lady. After a few days, she had gained confidence in me, and asked most kindly: "Dr Adorno, would you mind a personal question?". I said, "It depends on the question, but just go ahead", and she went on: "Please tell me: are you an extrovert or an introvert?" It was as if she, as a living being, already thought according to the model of multi-choice questions in questionnaires.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adorno_translated_into_English">Adorno translated into English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Adorno translated into English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While even German readers can find Adorno's work difficult to understand, an additional problem for English readers is that his German idiom is particularly difficult to translate into English. A similar difficulty of translation is true of <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heidegger" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidegger">Heidegger</a>, and a number of other German philosophers and poets. As a result, some early translators tended toward over-literalness. In recent years, Edmund Jephcott and <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a> have published new translations of some of Adorno's lectures and books, including <i>Introduction to Sociology</i>, <i>Problems of Moral Philosophy</i>, his transcribed lectures on Kant's <i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Critique of Pure Reason</a></i> and Aristotle's "Metaphysics", and a new translation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Dialectic_of_Enlightenment" title="Dialectic of Enlightenment">Dialectic of Enlightenment</a></i>. Professor Henry Pickford, of the University of Colorado at Boulder, has translated many of Adorno's works such as "The Meaning of Working Through the Past." A new translation has also appeared of <i><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Theory" title="Aesthetic Theory">Aesthetic Theory</a></i> and the <i>Philosophy of New Music</i> by Robert Hullot-Kentor, from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. Hullot-Kentor is also currently working on a new translation of <i>Negative Dialectics</i>. Adorno's correspondence with Alban Berg, <i>Towards a Theory of Musical Reproduction</i>, and the letters to Adorno's parents, have been translated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wieland_Hoban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wieland Hoban (page does not exist)">Wieland Hoban</a> and published by <a href="/wiki/Polity_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Polity Press">Polity Press</a>. These fresh translations are slightly less literal in their rendering of German sentences and words, and are more accessible to English readers. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Group Experiment, which had been unavailable to English readers, is now available in an accessible translation by Jeffrey K. Olick and Andrew J. Perrin on Harvard University Press, along with introductory material explaining its relation to the rest of Adorno's work and 20th-century public opinion research. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankfurt_Adorno_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Frankfurt_Adorno_2019.jpg/220px-Frankfurt_Adorno_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Frankfurt_Adorno_2019.jpg/330px-Frankfurt_Adorno_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Frankfurt_Adorno_2019.jpg/440px-Frankfurt_Adorno_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Adorno mural in Frankfurt</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno_bibliography" title="Theodor W. Adorno bibliography">Theodor W. Adorno bibliography</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Special:EditPage/Theodor W. Adorno">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><i>Kierkegaard: Construction of the Aesthetic</i> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dialectic_of_Enlightenment" title="Dialectic of Enlightenment">Dialectic of Enlightenment</a></i> (with <a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Max Horkheimer</a>, 1944)</li> <li><i>Composing for the Films</i> (1947)</li> <li><i>Philosophy of New Music</i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Authoritarian_Personality" title="The Authoritarian Personality">The Authoritarian Personality</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minima_Moralia:_Reflections_from_Damaged_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Minima Moralia: Reflections from Damaged Life">Minima Moralia: Reflections from Damaged Life</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i>In Search of Wagner</i> (1952)</li> <li><i>Prisms</i> (1955)</li> <li><i>Against Epistemology: A Metacritique; Studies in Husserl and the Phenomenological Antinomies</i> (1956)</li> <li><i>Dissonanzen. Musik in der verwalteten Welt</i> (1956)</li> <li><i>Notes to Literature I</i> (1958)</li> <li><i>Sound Figures</i> (1959)</li> <li><i>Mahler: A Musical Physiognomy</i> (1960)</li> <li><i>Notes to Literature II</i> (1961)</li> <li><i>Introduction to the Sociology of Music</i> (1962)</li> <li><i>Hegel: Three Studies</i> (1963)</li> <li><i>Critical Models: Interventions and Catchwords</i> (1963)</li> <li><i>Quasi una Fantasia</i> (1963)</li> <li><i>The Jargon of Authenticity</i> (1964)</li> <li><i>Night Music: Essays on Music 1928–1962</i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Negative_Dialectics" title="Negative Dialectics">Negative Dialectics</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i>Alban Berg: Master of the Smallest Link</i> (1968)</li> <li><i>Critical Models: Interventions and Catchwords</i> (1969)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Posthumously published</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Theory" title="Aesthetic Theory">Aesthetic Theory</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i>The Stars Down to Earth and Other Essays on the Irrational in Culture</i> (1975)</li> <li><i>Beethoven: The Philosophy of Music; Fragments and Texts</i> (1993)</li> <li><i>The Psychological Technique of Martin Luther Thomas' Radio Addresses</i> (2000)</li> <li><i>Kant's 'Critique of Pure Reason'</i> (2002)</li> <li><i>Current of Music</i> (2006)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musical_works">Musical works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Musical works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Für Sebastian Wedler (1919)</li> <li>6 Studies for string quartet (1920)</li> <li>Piano piece (1921)</li> <li>String quartet (1921)</li> <li>3 stories by Theodor Däubler for female chorus (1923–1945)</li> <li>2 Pieces for string quartet, Op. 2 (1925/26)</li> <li>7 short works for orchestra, Op.4 (1929)</li> <li>3 Short Pieces for piano (1934)</li> <li>2 songs for voice & orchestra after Mark Twain's "Indian Joe" (1932/33)</li> <li>Kinderjahr – Six Piano pieces from op. 68 of Robert Schumann (1941)</li> <li>2 songs with orchestra</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Positivism_dispute" title="Positivism dispute">Positivism dispute</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSwift2010" class="citation journal cs1">Swift, Christopher (2010). "Herbert Marcuse on the New Left: Dialectic and Rhetoric". <i>Rhetoric Society Quarterly</i>. <b>40</b> (2): 151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02773941003614472">10.1080/02773941003614472</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1930-322X">1930-322X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40647345">40647345</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144076949">144076949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rhetoric+Society+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Herbert+Marcuse+on+the+New+Left%3A+Dialectic+and+Rhetoric&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=151&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1930-322X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144076949%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40647345%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02773941003614472&rft.aulast=Swift&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+W.+Adorno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristine_Fillion2012" class="citation journal cs1">Christine Fillion (Fall 2012). "Adorno's <i>Marginalien zu Theorie und Praxis</i>: In Praise of Discontinuity". <i><a href="/wiki/Humanitas_(journal)" title="Humanitas (journal)">Humanitas</a></i>. <b>2</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humanitas&rft.atitle=Adorno%27s+Marginalien+zu+Theorie+und+Praxis%3A+In+Praise+of+Discontinuity&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Christine+Fillion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+W.+Adorno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adorno/Horkheimer, <i>The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodor W. Adorno (trans. Francis McDonagh), "Commitment" [based on a March 1962 radio broadcast under the title "Engagement oder künstlerische Autonomie"] in <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Arato" title="Andrew Arato">Andrew Arato</a>, Eike Gebhardt (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lMKWPss41rgC"><i>The Essential Frankfurt School Reader</i></a>, Continuum, 1978, pp. 300–318 (<a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernist</a> art as an opposition to the conventional experience of the mass media).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gary Day, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3fllNYqKmWsC"><i>Literary Criticism: A New History</i></a>, Edinburgh University Press, 2008, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adorno defined maturity as the courage and the ability to use one's own understanding independently of dominant heteronomous patterns of thought; see Macdonald, Iain (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psc.sagepub.com/content/37/6/669.abstract">"Cold, cold, warm: Autonomy, intimacy and maturity in Adorno"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_%26_Social_Criticism" title="Philosophy & Social Criticism">Philosophy & Social Criticism</a></i>, <b>37</b>(6), 669–689.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"[Art's] paradoxical task is to attest to the lack of <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectical synthesis">concord</a> while at the same time working to abolish discordance" (Adorno quoted by James Martin Harding in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TuQALDWeLyYC"><i>Adorno and "a Writing of the Ruins"</i></a>, SUNY Press, 1997, p. 30); variant translation by Robert Hullot-Kentor in Adorno, <i><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Theory" title="Aesthetic Theory">Aesthetic Theory</a></i>, 1997, University of Minnesota Press, p. 168: "Paradoxically, art must testify to the unreconciled and at the same time envision its reconciliation; this is a possibility only for its nondiscursive language."<br />(Original German: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Paradox hat sie das Unversöhnte zu bezeugen und gleichwohl tendenziell zu versöhnen; möglich ist das nur ihrer nicht-diskursiven Sprache.</i></span>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrarotti1994" class="citation journal cs1">Ferrarotti, Franco (September 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02199308">"Beyond the authoritarian personality: Adorno's demon and its liberation"</a>. <i>International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 105–127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02199308">10.1007/bf02199308</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0891-4486">0891-4486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Politics%2C+Culture+and+Society&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+authoritarian+personality%3A+Adorno%27s+demon+and+its+liberation&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=105-127&rft.date=1994-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf02199308&rft.issn=0891-4486&rft.aulast=Ferrarotti&rft.aufirst=Franco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2Fbf02199308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+W.+Adorno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrechStockHirschfeldAnders2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Krech, Eva-Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz Christian (2009). <i>Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch</i> [<i>German Pronunciation Dictionary</i>] (in German). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018202-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018202-6"><bdi>978-3-11-018202-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsches+Aussprachew%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-11-018202-6&rft.aulast=Krech&rft.aufirst=Eva-Maria&rft.au=Stock%2C+Eberhard&rft.au=Hirschfeld%2C+Ursula&rft.au=Anders%2C+Lutz+Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+W.+Adorno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Adorno">"Duden | Adorno | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Duden" title="Duden">Duden</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Duden&rft.atitle=Duden+%7C+Adorno+%7C+Rechtschreibung%2C+Bedeutung%2C+Definition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duden.de%2Frechtschreibung%2FAdorno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+W.+Adorno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=13742">"NobelPrize.org"</a>. April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.date=2020-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnomination%2Farchive%2Fshow_people.php%3Fid%3D13742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+W.+Adorno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm200528-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm200528_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller-Doohm2005">Müller-Doohm 2005</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdorno1992212-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdorno1992212_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdorno1992">Adorno 1992</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaussen200866–69-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaussen200866–69_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClaussen2008">Claussen 2008</a>, pp. 66–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdorno199258–59-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdorno199258–59_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdorno1992">Adorno 1992</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm200546-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm200546_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller-Doohm2005">Müller-Doohm 2005</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm200548-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm200548_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller-Doohm2005">Müller-Doohm 2005</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm200598-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm200598_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller-Doohm2005">Müller-Doohm 2005</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005105-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005105_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller-Doohm2005">Müller-Doohm 2005</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005118-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005118_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller-Doohm2005">Müller-Doohm 2005</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005123-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005123_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller-Doohm2005">Müller-Doohm 2005</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005129-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005129_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller-Doohm2005">Müller-Doohm 2005</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdorno200038-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdorno200038_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdorno2000">Adorno 2000</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdorno200035-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdorno200035_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdorno2000">Adorno 2000</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005175-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005175_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller-Doohm2005">Müller-Doohm 2005</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005178-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005178_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller-Doohm2005">Müller-Doohm 2005</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005237,_239-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005237,_239_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller-Doohm2005">Müller-Doohm 2005</a>, pp. 237, 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005247-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005247_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller-Doohm2005">Müller-Doohm 2005</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005249-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005249_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller-Doohm2005">Müller-Doohm 2005</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005262-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005262_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller-Doohm2005">Müller-Doohm 2005</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaussen2008116-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaussen2008116_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClaussen2008">Claussen 2008</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005275-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005275_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller-Doohm2005">Müller-Doohm 2005</a>, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005293-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005293_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller-Doohm2005">Müller-Doohm 2005</a>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005316-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005316_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller-Doohm2005">Müller-Doohm 2005</a>, p. 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005332-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005332_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller-Doohm2005">Müller-Doohm 2005</a>, p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adorno, T. (1947). Wagner, Nietzsche and Hitler. 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Yale University Press, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005464-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005464_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller-Doohm2005">Müller-Doohm 2005</a>, p. 464.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005475-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005475_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller-Doohm2005">Müller-Doohm 2005</a>, p. 475.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lorenz Jäger: <i>Adorno. Eine politische Biographie</i>. Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich 2005, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweppenhäuser2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Schweppenh%C3%A4user" class="extiw" title="de:Gerhard Schweppenhäuser">Schweppenhäuser, Gerhard</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (2009). <i>Theodor W. Adorno zur Einführung</i> (in German) (5th ed.). Hamburg: Junius. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodor+W.+Adorno+zur+Einf%C3%BChrung&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pages=31&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Junius&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Schweppenh%C3%A4user&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+W.+Adorno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweppenhäuser200930–38-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweppenhäuser200930–38_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchweppenhäuser2009">Schweppenhäuser 2009</a>, pp. 30–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a conversation between Horkheimer, Adorno and Gadamer about Nietzsche's moral criticism, Adorno complained that Nietzsche "lacked the concept of definite negation," that is, "the fact that when one opposes something that is recognized as negative with another, the negated in this other is in a new form must be included". Max Horkheimer: <i>Gesammelte Schriften</i>. Vol. 13: <i>Nachgelassene Schriften 1949–1972</i>. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1989, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tilo Wesche: <i>Negative Dialektik: Kritik an Hegel.</i> In: Richard Klein, Johann Kreuzer, Stefan Müller-Doohm (Hrsg.): <i>Adorno-Handbuch. Leben – Werk – Wirkung.</i> J. B. Metzler Verlag, Stuttgart 2011, p. 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albrecht Wellmer: <i>Adorno, Anwalt des Nicht-Identischen.</i> In: id.: <i>Zur Dialektik von Moderne und Postmoderne. Vernunftkritik nach Adorno</i>. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1985, pp. 135–166. In German.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a>: <i>Theorie und Praxis. Sozialphilosophische Studien</i>. Luchterhand, Neuwied 1963, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gesammelte Schriften</i>, vol. 5, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Rehmann: "Ideologiekritik. Die Ideologiekritik der Kritischen Theorie". In: Uwe H. Bittlingmayer / Alex Demirović / Tatjana Freytag (eds.): <i>Handbuch Kritische Theorie</i>. Vol. 1. Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2019, pp. 663–700, here p. 664.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Jay" title="Martin Jay">Martin Jay</a>: <i>III. Die Integration der Psychoanalyse</i>. In: id.: <i>Dialektische Phantasie. Die Geschichte der Frankfurter Schule und des Instituts für Sozialforschung 1923–1950</i>. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1976, pp. 113–142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian Schneider: <i>Die Wunde Freud.</i> In: Richard Klein, Johann Kreuzer, Stefan Müller-Doohm (Hrsg.): <i>Adorno-Handbuch. Leben – Werk – Wirkung.</i> J. B. Metzler Verlag, Stuttgart 2011, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdorno1997" class="citation book cs1">Adorno, Theodor W. (1997). <i>Gesammelte Schriften</i>. Vol. 8. Suhrkamp Taschenbuch. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/890842414">890842414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gesammelte+Schriften&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Suhrkamp+Taschenbuch&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F890842414&rft.aulast=Adorno&rft.aufirst=Theodor+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+W.+Adorno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodor W. Adorno: "Probleme der Moralphilosophie". Nachgelassene Schriften, section 4, vol. 10: <i>Vorlesungen</i>. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1996, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodor W. Adorno, Max Horkheimer: <i>Briefwechsel</i>. Vol. I: 1927–1937. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 2003, pp. 129 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He summarizes this in the seemingly paradoxical formulation: "The more psychoanalysis is sociologized, the duller its organ for recognizing socially caused conflicts becomes". (GS 8: 28).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What or who is GS? Gesammelte Schriften? (August 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005590-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller-Doohm2005590_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller-Doohm2005">Müller-Doohm 2005</a>, p. 590.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurão2008-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurão2008_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDurão2008">Durão 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdorno2003167-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdorno2003167_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdorno2003">Adorno 2003</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephson-Storm2017" class="citation book cs1">Josephson-Storm, Jason (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xZ5yDgAAQBAJ"><i>The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences</i></a>. 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September 7, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Naysayers&rft.date=2014-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2014%2F09%2F15%2Fnaysayers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+W.+Adorno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee Artz (2015). Global Entertainment Media: A Critical Introduction. 188-200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hearts and Mines: The US Empire's Culture Industry Tanner Mirrlees . Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2016. 103-130 pp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdorno1941" class="citation journal cs1">Adorno, Theodor (1941). "Popular Music". <i>Essays on Music</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Essays+on+Music&rft.atitle=Popular+Music&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Adorno&rft.aufirst=Theodor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+W.+Adorno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuidervaart" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Zuidervaart, Lambert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/adorno/">"Theodor W. Adorno"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theodor+W.+Adorno&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Zuidervaart&rft.aufirst=Lambert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fadorno%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+W.+Adorno" class="Z3988"></span> According to Adorno, society and culture form a sociohistorical totality, such that the pursuit of freedom in society is inseparable from the pursuit of enlightenment in culture.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaughey2007204-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaughey2007204_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaughey2007">Laughey 2007</a>, 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdorno1990[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2015]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2015)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdorno1990[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2015]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2015)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdorno1990">Adorno 1990</a>, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaughey2007125-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaughey2007125_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaughey2007125_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaughey2007">Laughey 2007</a>, 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaughey2007124-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaughey2007124_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaughey2007">Laughey 2007</a>, 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tony Waters and David Philhour (2019). Cross-National Attunement to Popular Songs across Time and Place: A Sociology of Popular Music in the United States, Germany, Thailand, and Tanzania Social Sciences, 8(11), 305; <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8110305">https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8110305</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a comparison of Adorno's and Bourdieu's rather divergent conceptions of reflexivity, see: Karakayali, Nedim (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0038038504040869">"Reading Bourdieu with Adorno: The Limits of Critical Theory and Reflexive Sociology"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sociology_(journal)" title="Sociology (journal)">Sociology</a></i> (Journal of the British Sociological Association), <b>38</b>(2), pp. 351–368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger,_FrankSetzepfandt,_Christian2011" class="citation web cs1">Berger, Frank; Setzepfandt, Christian (May 7, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rezensionen.ch/buchbesprechungen/frank-berger-christian-setzepfandt-101-unorte-in-frankfurt/3797312482.html">"Frankfurt gnadenlos entdecken"</a>. <i>rezensionen.ch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rezensionen.ch&rft.atitle=Frankfurt+gnadenlos+entdecken&rft.date=2011-05-07&rft.au=Berger%2C+Frank&rft.au=Setzepfandt%2C+Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rezensionen.ch%2Fbuchbesprechungen%2Ffrank-berger-christian-setzepfandt-101-unorte-in-frankfurt%2F3797312482.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+W.+Adorno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodor W. Adorno, <i>Stichworte. Kritische Modelle 2</i>, 2nd edition. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1969, p.145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggershaus1995242-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggershaus1995242_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiggershaus1995">Wiggershaus 1995</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodor W. Adorno, <i>Stichworte. Kritische Modelle</i>, 2nd edition. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1969, p. 122 (also cited in Friedemann Grenz, <i>Adornos Philosophie in Grundbegriffen. Auflösung einiger Deutungsprobleme</i>. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1974, p. 43.).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFAdorno1990">Adorno, Theodor (1990). "On Popular Music", translated by George Simpson. In <i>On Record: Rock, Pop, and the Written Word</i>, edited by Simon Frith and Andrew Goodwin, 301–14. London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-05306-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-05306-4">0-415-05306-4</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-05305-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-05305-6">0-415-05305-6</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-72288-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-72288-2">0-679-72288-2</a>; New York: Pantheon. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-05305-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-05305-6">0-415-05305-6</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-56475-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-56475-3">978-0-394-56475-3</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-05306-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-05306-4">0-415-05306-4</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-72288-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-72288-2">0-679-72288-2</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdorno1992" class="citation book cs1">Adorno, Theodor (1992). <i>Notes to Literature: Volume two</i>. New York: Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+to+Literature%3A+Volume+two&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Adorno&rft.aufirst=Theodor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+W.+Adorno" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdorno2000" class="citation book cs1">Adorno, Theodor (2000). Brian O'Connor (ed.). <i>The Adorno Reader</i>. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Adorno+Reader&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Adorno&rft.aufirst=Theodor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+W.+Adorno" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdorno2002" class="citation book cs1">Adorno, Theodor (2002). <i>Essays on Music</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Music&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Adorno&rft.aufirst=Theodor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+W.+Adorno" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdorno2003" class="citation book cs1">Adorno, Theodor (2003). <i>Negative Dialectics</i>. New York: Continuum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negative+Dialectics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Adorno&rft.aufirst=Theodor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+W.+Adorno" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAratoGephart1982" class="citation book cs1">Arato, Andrew; Gephart, Eike, eds. (1982). <i>The Essential Frankfurt School Reader</i>. New York: Continuum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Frankfurt+School+Reader&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=1982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+W.+Adorno" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaussen2008" class="citation book cs1">Claussen, Detlev (2008). <i>Theodor W. Adorno: One Last Genius</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodor+W.+Adorno%3A+One+Last+Genius&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Claussen&rft.aufirst=Detlev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+W.+Adorno" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurão2008" class="citation web cs1">Durão, Fabio Akcelrud (July–August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brooklynrail.org/2008/07/art/robert-hullot-kentor-in-conversation-with-fabio-ackelrud-durao">"Robert Hullot-Kentor in Conversation with Fabio Akcelrud Durão"</a>. <i>The Brooklyn Rail: Critical Perspectives on Art, Politics and Culture</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Brooklyn+Rail%3A+Critical+Perspectives+on+Art%2C+Politics+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Robert+Hullot-Kentor+in+Conversation+with+Fabio+Akcelrud+Dur%C3%A3o&rft.date=2008-07%2F2008-08&rft.aulast=Dur%C3%A3o&rft.aufirst=Fabio+Akcelrud&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brooklynrail.org%2F2008%2F07%2Fart%2Frobert-hullot-kentor-in-conversation-with-fabio-ackelrud-durao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+W.+Adorno" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaughey2007" class="citation book cs1">Laughey, Dan (2007). <i>Key Themes in Media Theory</i>. England: Open University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Key+Themes+in+Media+Theory&rft.place=England&rft.pub=Open+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Laughey&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+W.+Adorno" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller-Doohm2005" class="citation book cs1">Müller-Doohm, Stefan (2005). <i>Adorno: A Biography</i>. Malden, MA: Polity Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adorno%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller-Doohm&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+W.+Adorno" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiggershaus1995" class="citation book cs1">Wiggershaus, Rolf (1995). <i>The Frankfurt School, Its History, Theories and Political Significance</i>. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Frankfurt+School%2C+Its+History%2C+Theories+and+Political+Significance&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Wiggershaus&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+W.+Adorno" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bowie_(philosopher)" title="Andrew Bowie (philosopher)">Bowie, Andrew</a>. <i>Adorno and the Ends of Philosophy</i>, Cambridge: Polity 2013</li> <li>Brunger, Jeremy (5 May 2015). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://numerocinqmagazine.com/2015/05/05/the-administered-world-of-theodor-adorno-jeremy-brunger/">The Administered World of Theodor Adorno</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro_Cinq" title="Numéro Cinq">Numéro Cinq</a></i> magazine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Delanty" title="Gerard Delanty">Delanty, Gerard</a> (ed.) <i>Theodor W. Adorno</i>. London: SAGE, 2004.</li> <li>Edwards, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ml/article-abstract/96/2/228/1006437/Convergences-and-Discord-in-the-Correspondence?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"Convergences and Discord in the Correspondence Between Ligeti and Adorno"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Music_%26_Letters" title="Music & Letters">Music & Letters</a></i>, 96/2, 2015.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manoa.hawaii.edu/llea/german/faculty/christina-gerhardt/">Gerhardt, Christina</a> (ed.). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngc.dukejournals.org/content/33/1_97.toc">Adorno and Ethics</a>". <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngc.dukejournals.org/">New German Critique</a></i> 97 (2006): 1–3.</li> <li>Hogh, Philip. Communication and Expression: Adorno's Philosophy of Language. Translated by Antonia Hofstätter. London and New York: Rowman & Littlefield International, 2017.</li> <li>Gordon, Peter. Adorno and Existence. Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 2016.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohendahl,_Peter_Uwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hohendahl, Peter Uwe">Hohendahl, Peter Uwe</a>. <i>Prismatic Thought: Theodor W. Adorno</i>. Lincoln, Nebr.: University of Nebraska Press, 1995.</li> <li>Jarvis, Simon. <i>Adorno: A Critical Introduction</i>. Cambridge: Polity, 1998.</li> <li>Jay, Martin. <i>The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute for Social Research 1923–1950</i>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1996.</li> <li>Jay, Martin. <i>Adorno</i>. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1984.</li> <li>Jeffries, Stuart. <i>Grand Hotel Abyss: The Lives of the Frankfurt School</i>. New York: Verso, 2016.</li> <li>Morgan, Ben. "The project of the Frankfurt School", <i><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></i>, Nr. 119 (2001), 75–98</li> <li>Paddison, Max. <i>Adorno, Modernism and Mass Culture: Essays on Critical Theory</i>. London: Kahn & Averill, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-871-08281-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-871-08281-1">1-871-08281-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton, Roger</a>. <i>Fools, Frauds and Firebrands: Thinkers of the New Left</i>. New York: Bloomsbury US, 2015.</li> <li>Sherer, Daniel. "Adorno's Reception of Loos: Modern Architecture, Aesthetic Theory, and the Critique of Ornament," Potlatch 3 (Spring 2014), 19-31</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" class="extiw" title="q:Theodor Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Theodor_W._Adorno" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Adorno, Theodor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upress.umn.edu/Books/A/adorno_aestheticpb.html"><i>Aesthetic Theory.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upress.umn.edu">University of Minnesota Press</a>, 1996</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/adorno">"Theodor Adorno"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theodor+Adorno&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fadorno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+W.+Adorno" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Zuidervaart, Lambert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/adorno/">"Theodor W. Adorno"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theodor+W.+Adorno&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Zuidervaart&rft.aufirst=Lambert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fadorno%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+W.+Adorno" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uta.edu/huma/illuminations/">Illuminations – The Critical Theory Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.othervoices.org/cubowman/siren.html">Odysseus and the Siren Call of Reason: The Frankfurt School Critique of Enlightenment</a> published in Other Voices, n.1 v.1, 1997.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.logosjournal.com/habermas.htm">"Adorno during the 1950s" by Juergen Habermas</a></li> <li>Daniel Sherer, "Adorno's Reception of Loos: Modern Architecture, Aesthetic Theory, and the Critique of Ornament", Potlatch 3 (Spring 2014), 19–31.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mediathek.at/redirect.json?hash=VEW7IeRy&no_cache=1&searchQuery=1951&cHash=cac95884712549f7c203c4bb47ae7f96">Sound recordings with Theodor W. Adorno</a> in the Online Archive of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichische_Mediathek" title="Österreichische Mediathek">Österreichische Mediathek</a> (Scientific lectures) <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/artist/599746">Theodor W. Adorno</a> discography at <a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152388#P1953" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_boston-phoenix_1982-05-25_11_21/page/n73/mode/1up">Review of <i>Prisms</i> (1955)</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phoenix_(newspaper)" title="The Phoenix (newspaper)"> The Boston Phoenix</a></i> (1982)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_works_by_Adorno">Online works by Adorno</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Online works by Adorno"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Adorno%2C%20Theodor%20W.%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Adorno%2C%20Theodor%20W%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Adorno%2C%20T%2E%20W%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Theodor%20W.%20Adorno%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Theodor%20W%2E%20Adorno%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22T%2E%20W%2E%20Adorno%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Adorno%2C%20Theodor%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Theodor%20Adorno%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Theodor%20W.%20Adorno%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Theodor%20W%2E%20Adorno%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22T%2E%20W%2E%20Adorno%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22T%2E%20W.%20Adorno%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Adorno%2C%20Theodor%20W.%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Adorno%2C%20Theodor%20W%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Adorno%2C%20T%2E%20W%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Adorno%2C%20T%2E%20W.%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Theodor%20Adorno%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Adorno%2C%20Theodor%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Theodor%20W.%20Adorno%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Theodor%20W%2E%20Adorno%22%20OR%20title%3A%22T%2E%20W%2E%20Adorno%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Theodor%20Adorno%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Theodor%20W.%20Adorno%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Theodor%20W%2E%20Adorno%22%20OR%20description%3A%22T%2E%20W%2E%20Adorno%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Adorno%2C%20Theodor%20W.%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Adorno%2C%20Theodor%20W%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Theodor%20Adorno%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Adorno%2C%20Theodor%22%29%20OR%20%28%221903-1969%22%20AND%20Adorno%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Theodor W. Adorno</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/adorno/index.htm">The Adorno Reference Archive</a> at Marxists.org. Contains complete texts of <i>Enlightenment as Mass Deception</i>, <i>Supramundane Character of the Hegelian World Spirit</i> and <i>Minima Moralia</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070826232635/http://www.efn.org/~dredmond/ndtrans.html"><i>Negative Dialectics</i></a> at efn.org.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theodor_W._Adorno" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Template:Theodor W. 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Adorno bibliography">Bibliography</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dialectic_of_Enlightenment" title="Dialectic of Enlightenment">Dialectic of Enlightenment</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Authoritarian_Personality" title="The Authoritarian Personality">The Authoritarian Personality</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minima_Moralia" title="Minima Moralia">Minima Moralia</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Negative_Dialectics" title="Negative Dialectics">Negative Dialectics</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Theory" title="Aesthetic Theory">Aesthetic Theory</a></i> (1970)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_and_topics_related_to_Theodor_W._Adorno" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_and_topics_related_to_Theodor_W._Adorno" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles and topics related to Theodor W. Adorno</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Continental_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_philosophy" title="Template:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="View this 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href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bachelard" title="Gaston Bachelard">Bachelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Bataille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blanchot" title="Maurice Blanchot">Blanchot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Cioran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Cixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Dilthey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Ingarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Jaspers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koj%C3%A8ve" title="Alexandre Kojève">Kojève</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koyr%C3%A9" title="Alexandre Koyré">Koyré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Latour" title="Bruno Latour">Latour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Levinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Ricœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Serres" title="Michel Serres">Serres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">Absurdism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo-Kantianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-philosophy" title="Non-philosophy">Non-philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-representational_theory" title="Non-representational theory">Non-representational theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_realism" title="Speculative realism">Speculative realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">Alterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Always_already" title="Always already">Always already</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_and_Dionysian" title="Apollonian and Dionysian">Apollonian and Dionysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_in_itself" title="Being in itself">Being in itself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_oppositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary oppositions">Binary oppositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique" title="Critique">Critique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immanent_critique" title="Immanent critique">Immanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_criticism" title="Ideological criticism">Ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dasein" title="Dasein">Dasein</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of God">Death of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diff%C3%A9rance" title="Différance">Différance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_(philosophy)" title="Difference (philosophy)">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_precedes_essence" title="Existence precedes essence">Existence precedes essence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_crisis" title="Existential crisis">Existential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facticity" title="Facticity">Facticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_(philosophy)" title="Genealogy (philosophy)">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)" title="Habitus (sociology)">Habitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauntology" title="Hauntology">Hauntology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpellation_(philosophy)" title="Interpellation (philosophy)">Interpellation (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersubjectivity" title="Intersubjectivity">Intersubjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">Leap of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_dialectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Master–slave dialectic">Master–slave dialectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_morality" title="Master–slave morality">Master–slave morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontic">Ontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontopoetics" title="Ontopoetics">Ontopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-deception" title="Self-deception">Self-deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_(deconstruction)" title="Trace (deconstruction)">Trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaluation_of_values" title="Transvaluation of values">Transvaluation of values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence#Philosophical_perspectives" title="Violence">Violence § Philosophical perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertkritik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_to_power" title="Will to power">Will to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics_of_suspicion" title="Hermeneutics of suspicion">Hermeneutics of suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic theory">Linguistic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_determinism" title="Linguistic determinism">Linguistic determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_theory" title="Film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_turn" title="Linguistic turn">Linguistic turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Continental_philosophy" title="Category:Continental philosophy">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_continental_philosophy_articles" title="Index of continental philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aesthetics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aesthetics" title="Template:Aesthetics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aesthetics" title="Template talk:Aesthetics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aesthetics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aesthetics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aesthetics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_aesthetics" title="Ancient aesthetics">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_aesthetic" title="African aesthetic">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_aesthetic" title="Internet aesthetic">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_aesthetics" title="Medieval aesthetics">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_nature" title="Aesthetics of nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_science" title="Aesthetics of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_aesthetics" title="Theological aesthetics">Theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Aesthetics" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Realism" title="Aesthetic Realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Theosophy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Alberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bal%C3%A1zs" title="Béla Balázs">Balázs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gottlieb_Baumgarten" title="Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten">Baumgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Bell" title="Clive Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Coomaraswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Danto" title="Arthur Danto">Danto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Hanslick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer">Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Lipps" title="Theodor Lipps">Lipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xie" title="Liu Xie">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%27ichir%C5%8D_Tanizaki" title="Jun'ichirō Tanizaki">Tanizaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Winckelmann</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_aestheticians" title="List of aestheticians">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art%27s_sake" title="Art for art's sake">Art for art's sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_merit" title="Artistic merit">Artistic merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_beauty_ideal" title="Feminine beauty ideal">Feminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_beauty_ideal" title="Masculine beauty ideal">Masculine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuteness" title="Cuteness">Cuteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction" title="Depiction">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun" title="Fun">Fun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment">Judgment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imitating_art" title="Life imitating art">Life imitating art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">Recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 390 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 335 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Mind_and_the_Carving_of_Dragons" title="The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons">The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 100)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sublime" title="On the Sublime">On the Sublime</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 500)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Philosophical_Enquiry_into_the_Origin_of_Our_Ideas_of_the_Sublime_and_Beautiful" title="A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful">A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1757)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Aesthetics" title="Lectures on Aesthetics">Lectures on Aesthetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Critic_as_Artist" title="The Critic as Artist">The Critic as Artist</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1891)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Shadows" title="In Praise of Shadows">In Praise of Shadows</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1933)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Art_as_Experience" title="Art as Experience">Art as Experience</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Avant-Garde_and_Kitsch" title="Avant-Garde and Kitsch">Avant-Garde and Kitsch</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critical_Essays_(Orwell)" title="Critical Essays (Orwell)">Critical Essays</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Aesthetic_Dimension" title="The Aesthetic Dimension">The Aesthetic Dimension</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1977)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Beauty_Matters" title="Why Beauty Matters">Why Beauty Matters</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_aesthetics" title="Applied aesthetics">Applied aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_criticism" title="Arts criticism">Arts criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">Mathematical beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_film" title="Philosophy of film">Philosophy of film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_art" title="Psychology of art">Psychology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_art" title="Theory of art">Theory of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aesthetics_articles" title="Index of aesthetics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_aesthetics" title="Outline of aesthetics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aesthetics" title="Category:Aesthetics">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(44 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1486)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1756)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1949)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1967)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_culture" title="Template:Media culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_culture" title="Template talk:Media culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">Media culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">24-hour news cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_media" title="Electronic media">Electronic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_media" title="Independent media">Independent media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_media" title="Lost media">Lost media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_media" title="Mainstream media">Mainstream media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">New media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_media" title="Old media">Old media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">State media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_development" title="Media development">Media development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_policy" title="Media policy">Media policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Media independence">Media independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_pluralism" title="Media pluralism">Media pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Media transparency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipartisanship_as_an_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipartisanship as an ideology">Bipartisanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pens%C3%A9e_unique" title="Pensée unique">Pensée unique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deception</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbing_down" title="Dumbing down">Dumbing down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_circus" title="Media circus">Media circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_event" title="Media event">Media event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotizing_dysfunction" title="Narcotizing dysfunction">Narcotizing dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperation_(politics)" title="Recuperation (politics)">Recuperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">Viral phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_kill" title="Catch and kill">Catch and kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing the news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theodor W. Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Jacques Rancière</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call-out_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-out culture">Call-out culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_satire" title="Political satire">Political satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_bomb" title="Review bomb">Review bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Influence of mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatization_(media)" title="Mediatization (media)">Mediatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_democracy" title="Semiotic democracy">Semiotic democracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lonely_Crowd" title="The Lonely Crowd">The Lonely Crowd</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Concentration of media ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_women_in_mass_media" title="Exploitation of women in mass media">Exploitation of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_violence_in_mass_media" title="Effects of violence in mass media">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synonyms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_society" title="Mass society">Mass society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Fordism" title="Post-Fordism">Post-Fordism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacle_(critical_theory)" title="Spectacle (critical theory)">Society of the Spectacle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Positivism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Positivism" title="Template:Positivism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Positivism" title="Template talk:Positivism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Positivism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Positivism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Positivism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Perspectives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Antihumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Declinations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_positivism" title="Legal positivism">Legal positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivist_school_(criminology)" title="Positivist school (criminology)">Positivist school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpositivism" title="Postpositivism">Postpositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociological_positivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociological positivism">Sociological positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mach" title="Ernst Mach">Machian positivism (empirio-criticism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankean_historical_positivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rankean historical positivism">Rankean historical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Positivism in Poland">Polish positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Machism" title="Russian Machism">Russian Machism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Principal concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consilience" title="Consilience">Consilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">Demarcation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence" title="Evidence">Evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">Induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(epistemology)" title="Justification (epistemology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle#Critique_of_metaphysics" title="Vienna Circle">Critique of metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_of_science" title="Unity of science">Unity of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Antitheses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipositivism" title="Antipositivism">Antipositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_holism" title="Confirmation holism">Confirmation holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Geisteswissenschaft" title="Geisteswissenschaft">Geisteswissenschaft</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_science" title="Human science">Human science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodological_dualism" title="Methodological dualism">Methodological dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_induction" title="Problem of induction">Problem of induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflectivism" title="Reflectivism">Reflectivism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Related <a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">paradigm shifts</a><br />in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">history of science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-Euclidean_geometry" title="Non-Euclidean geometry">Non-Euclidean geometry</a> (1830s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty_principle" title="Uncertainty principle">Uncertainty principle</a> (1927)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioralism" title="Behavioralism">Behavioralism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-behavioralism" title="Post-behavioralism">Post-behavioralism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_rationalism" title="Critical rationalism">Critical rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_science" title="Criticism of science">Criticism of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistemological anarchism">anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_idealism" title="Epistemological idealism">idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_nihilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistemological nihilism">nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_pluralism" title="Epistemological pluralism">pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_realism" title="Epistemological realism">realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentalism" title="Instrumentalism">Instrumentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(literature)" title="Naturalism (literature)">Naturalism in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomothetic_and_idiographic" title="Nomothetic and idiographic">Nomothetic–idiographic distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(science)" title="Objectivity (science)">Objectivity in science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operationalization" title="Operationalization">Operationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deductive-nomological_model" title="Deductive-nomological model">Deductive-nomological model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey_sentence" title="Ramsey sentence">Ramsey sentence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_data" title="Sense data">Sense-data theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">Philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">Structural functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuration_theory" title="Structuration theory">Structuration theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Positivist-related_debate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Positivist-related debate</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Method</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Methodenstreit" title="Methodenstreit">Methodenstreit</a></i></span> (1890s)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Werturteilsstreit" title="Werturteilsstreit">Werturteilsstreit</a></i></span> (1909–1959)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Positivism_dispute" title="Positivism dispute">Positivismusstreit</a></i></span> (1960s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Debates_(international_relations)#Fourth_Great_Debate" title="Great Debates (international relations)">Fourth Great Debate in international relations</a> (1980s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_wars" title="Science wars">Science wars</a> (1990s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Contributions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Course_in_Positive_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Course in Positive Philosophy">The Course in Positive Philosophy</a></i> (1830)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_General_View_of_Positivism" title="A General View of Positivism">A General View of Positivism</a></i> (1848)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critical_History_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical History of Philosophy">Critical History of Philosophy</a></i> (1869)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Idealism_and_Positivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Idealism and Positivism">Idealism and Positivism</a></i> (1879–1884)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Analysis_of_Sensations" class="mw-redirect" title="The Analysis of Sensations">The Analysis of Sensations</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Logic_of_Modern_Physics" title="The Logic of Modern Physics">The Logic of Modern Physics</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Language,_Truth,_and_Logic" title="Language, Truth, and Logic">Language, Truth, and Logic</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Cultures" title="The Two Cultures">The Two Cultures</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Universe_in_a_Nutshell" title="The Universe in a Nutshell">The Universe in a Nutshell</a></i> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Proponents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Avenarius" title="Richard Avenarius">Richard Avenarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Alexander Bogdanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Percy Williams Bridgman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_D%C3%BChring" title="Eugen Dühring">Eugen Dühring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Laas" title="Ernst Laas">Ernst Laas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mach" title="Ernst Mach">Ernst Mach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._P._Snow" title="C. P. Snow">C. P. Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Circle" title="Berlin Circle">Berlin Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Criticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Materialism_and_Empirio-criticism" title="Materialism and Empirio-criticism">Materialism and Empirio-criticism</a></i> (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness" title="History and Class Consciousness">History and Class Consciousness</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Logic_of_Scientific_Discovery" title="The Logic of Scientific Discovery">The Logic of Scientific Discovery</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Poverty_of_Historicism" title="The Poverty of Historicism">The Poverty of Historicism</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/World_Hypotheses" title="World Hypotheses">World Hypotheses</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Dogmas_of_Empiricism" title="Two Dogmas of Empiricism">Two Dogmas of Empiricism</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Method" title="Truth and Method">Truth and Method</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Structure_of_Scientific_Revolutions" title="The Structure of Scientific Revolutions">The Structure of Scientific Revolutions</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conjectures_and_Refutations" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjectures and Refutations">Conjectures and Refutations</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_and_Human_Interests" title="Knowledge and Human Interests">Knowledge and Human Interests</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Poverty_of_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="The Poverty of Theory">The Poverty of Theory</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scientific_Image" class="mw-redirect" title="The Scientific Image">The Scientific Image</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rhetoric_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rhetoric of Economics">The Rhetoric of Economics</a></i> (1986)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Critics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theodor W. Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bachelard" title="Gaston Bachelard">Gaston Bachelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Bunge" title="Mario Bunge">Mario Bunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Wilhelm Dilthey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Paul Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Hans-Georg Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deirdre_McCloskey" title="Deirdre McCloskey">Deirdre McCloskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pepper" title="Stephen Pepper">Stephen Pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Willard Van Orman Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">E. P. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas_van_Fraassen" title="Bas van Fraassen">Bas van Fraassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Concepts in contention</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis">Phronesis</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Verstehen" title="Verstehen">Verstehen</a></i></span></li></ul> 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/21px-Audio_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/32px-Audio_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/42px-Audio_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="460" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Classical music</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/21px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, 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mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152388#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152388#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Adorno, Theodor Wiesegrund"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121442113">ISNI</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/95247377">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/48481/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvd6Y9dFMJMQhr37r7fv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118500775">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80002956">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11888125w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11888125w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00431032">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Adorno, Theodor W."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV004888">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35001503">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990000039&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1727509">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/24900">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068468342">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90069741">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000010013&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000091452&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000036014">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=304002">Greece</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=61022">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000025485">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199600199">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/mkz12wb503zzh6d">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810546214905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/126783">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007257443105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000206523">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058520238006706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13927880">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00328105?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=26643656700">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ODdjS34AAAAJ">Google Scholar</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500225672">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/b2d80fb6-a565-421a-a04c-ebb3bc0c3167">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/363315">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brahms.ircam.fr/theodor-adorno">BRAHMS</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexm.uni-hamburg.de/object/lexm_lexmperson_00002537">LexM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmlo.de/a0578">BMLO</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/784992">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118500775.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118500775">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026678047">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64m93hn">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/40200366">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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