LoKI | ESS

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href="/science-using-neutrons/chemistry-materials-magnetic-electronic-phenomena" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/25">Chemistry of Materials, Magnetic & Electronic Phenomena</a> <a href="/science-using-neutrons/engineering-materials-geosciences-archeology-heritage-conservation" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/41">Engineering Materials, Geosciences, Archeology & Heritage Conservation and Fast Neutron Applications</a> <a href="/science-using-neutrons/life-science-soft-condensed-matter" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/40">Life Science & Soft Condensed Matter</a> <a href="/science-using-neutrons/particle-physics" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/300">Particle Physics</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="instrument__header-wrapper col-12"> <div class="instrument__header-left"> <h1>LoKI</h1> <h3>Broadband SANS</h3> <div><p>LoKI is a SANS instrument that will enable scientists to answer the challenging materials science questions of tomorrow in fields from health and aging, to sustainability and energy security. One of the first instrument concepts to be proposed and moved into construction, LoKI will be part of the early science programme at ESS.</p> </div> <div class="instrument__header-info"> <div class="instrument__info-item"> <h4 class="instrument__info-label">Instrument Class</h4> <div class="instrument__info-divider"></div> <div class="instrument__info-body">Large-Scale Structures</div> </div> <div class="instrument__info-item"> <h4 class="instrument__info-label">Beam Port</h4> <div class="instrument__info-divider"></div> <div class="instrument__info-body">N7</div> </div> <div class="instrument__info-item"> <h4 class="instrument__info-label">Lead Scientist</h4> <div class="instrument__info-divider"></div> <div class="instrument__info-body"><a href="https://europeanspallationsource.se/profile/judith-houston">Judith Houston</a></div> </div> <div class="instrument__info-item"> <h4 class="instrument__info-label">Lead Engineer</h4> <div class="instrument__info-divider"></div> <div class="instrument__info-body">Kevin Jones & Jim Nightingale</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="instrument__header-right"> <div class="instrument__map"> <img class="image" src="/sites/default/files/images/instruments/2023-12/LOKI%20copy.svg" alt="loki instrument map" loading="lazy" /> <div class="partners"> <div class="partner-grid__item"> <a class="partner-grid__aligner"> <img class="image" class="partner-grid__image" src="/sites/default/files/styles/logo/public/images/media/2017-09/2473_web_1.jpg?itok=onof0Ynu" width="440" height="95" alt="stfc logo" loading="lazy" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="instrument__content"> <div class="instrument__content-container container"> <div class="instrument__content-row row"> <div class="instrument__content-wrapper col-sm-12 col-md-10 offset-md-1"><div> <div class="tabs" id="tabs-instruments"> <ul class="tabs__nav"> <li class="tabs__nav-item"><a class="tabs__nav-link" href="#science-case"> Science Case </a></li> <li class="tabs__nav-item"><a class="tabs__nav-link" href="#instrument-description"> Instrument Description </a></li> <li class="tabs__nav-item"><a class="tabs__nav-link" href="#instrument-team"> Instrument Team </a></li> </ul> <div class="tabs__pane" id="science-case"> <p class="lead">Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) is a technique that is applied across a spectrum of scientific disciplines, with users from chemistry, physics, biology, materials science, engineering and geoscience. LoKI is designed primarily with the needs of the soft matter, biophysics and materials science communities in mind and the trend in all of these fields is towards complexity and heterogeneity.</p> <h4>Complexity</h4> <p>Complexity manifests itself in the study of multi-component systems studied as a function of multiple environmental conditions (e.g. pressure, temperature, shear, magnetic field) simultaneously. In order to be able to examine the possible parameter space, a combination of faster measurements, measurements on smaller sample volumes, and measurements with good signal-to-noise is required.</p> <div data-embed-button="block_browse" data-entity-embed-display="view_mode:block_content.full" data-entity-type="block_content" data-entity-uuid="eb57c17c-7643-400a-956f-e15c4afd43ad" class="align-right embedded-entity embedded-block-content embedded-block-content-call-to-action embedded-block-content-call-to-action--full" data-langcode="en" data-entity-embed-display-settings="[]"> <div class="call-to-action call-to-action--"> <p>Read more about the science with LOKI</p> <a href="https://europeanspallationsource.se/publications/future-science/lighting-way-next-generation-energy" class="button button--primary">Lighting the Way to Next-Generation Solar Energy</a> </div> </div> <h4>Heterogeneity</h4> <p>Heterogeneity is seen both spatially and temporally. Spatial heterogeneity is manifested as different structure at different length scales, from the nanometre scale to the millimetre scale. This can be driven by applied stimuli such as shear, flow, electrical or magnetic fields, or by intrinsic structural features of the material. Examples of the former are shear banding in surfactant systems and the flow re-orientation of polymers. Examples of the latter are nano-composite materials, multi-component gels, and porosity in rocks. To address this spatial heterogeneity requires a wide Q range to examine the sub-micrometre length scales and small beams to examine the heterogeneity on the millimetre scale. Furthermore, since these heterogeneities are often driven by non-equilibrium conditions, the accessible Q range must be measured simultaneously. Temporal heterogeneity is seen in the form of stimulus-response experiments (e.g. shear relaxation), in the kinetics of formation of materials when the components of the material are mixed (e.g. mixed micelle formation) and in the growth of biomolecule aggregates such as fibrils. In order to examine these systems with sufficient time resolution a high neutron flux is required and a wide simultaneous Q range is needed.</p> <h4>Smaller Samples</h4> <p>Not only are the systems of interest becoming more complex and heterogeneous, but they are also becoming smaller in volume. Examples of this are the small amounts of protein complexes that can be purified and deuterated, thin film systems such as organic photovoltaics, and bio-mimetic or polymer membranes.</p> <h4>Not So Small Angles</h4> <p>The ability to reach Q values above the typical 0.8 to 1.0 Å<sup>-1</sup> opens up significant areas of new science when combined with wide-angle scattering studies and the rapidly advancing fields of materials simulation. The study of, for example, ionic liquids and their ordering in the presence of solutes calls for the combination of SANS, wide-angle scattering and atomistic or coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. The analysis techniques used in biological solution scattering, such as ab-initio shape reconstruction, require data out to high Q as do studies of nano-composite materials where the size of the particles or domains may be only a few nanometres.</p> </div> <div class="tabs__pane" id="instrument-description"> <div data-embed-button="media" data-entity-embed-display="view_mode:media.panoramic_wide" data-entity-type="media" data-entity-uuid="ab10c19e-6270-4b10-acdc-f0d3f3a84172" class="align-center embedded-entity embedded-media embedded-media-image embedded-media-image--panoramic-wide" data-langcode="en" data-entity-embed-display-settings="[]"> <div class="media media-image media-image--panoramic-wide"> <div class="media__content"> <picture><source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/panoramic_wide/public/images/media/2020-10/ESS_LoKI_drawing_neg_Internal%20use%20_%20for%20web%20and%20print.png?itok=KzzzVYT_ 1x" media="(min-width: 576px)" type="image/png" width="1920" height="731"></source><img class="image" loading="eager" src="/sites/default/files/styles/panoramic_wide/public/images/media/2020-10/ESS_LoKI_drawing_neg_Internal%20use%20_%20for%20web%20and%20print.png?itok=KzzzVYT_" width="1920" height="731" alt="Schematic drawing of ESS LoKI instrument. " /></picture></div> <footer class="media__footer"><div class="caption"><p>Schematic drawing of ESS LoKI instrument. </p> </div> </footer></div> </div> <p class="lead">LoKI is the shorter of the two SANS instruments being built at ESS. The sample position is located at 23.5 m from the source and the maximum sample-to-detector distance is 10 m.</p> <p>The initial chopper system consists of four choppers in two pairs with variable phasing, and operating at 14 Hz or 7 Hz (“pulse-skipping”), to control the neutron spectrum delivered to the sample. These parameters provide for a wide wavelength bandwidth of up to 20 Å when the instrument is operated at 7 Hz.</p> <p>The detector system on LoKI is designed to cover a wide, and as continuous as possible, angular coverage. The initial scope provides for 0 to 45 degrees in scattering angle (theta) and 0 to 180 degrees of azimuthal angle coverage (phi).</p> <p>The combination of the wide bandwidth and detector coverage gives access to the wide simultaneous Q-range required for the study of non-equilibrium and multi-scale structures.</p> <p class="lead">Sample Environment</p> <p>LOKI will have access to the common pool of sample-environment equipment provided by ESS.</p> <div data-embed-button="block_browse" data-entity-embed-display="view_mode:block_content.full" data-entity-type="block_content" data-entity-uuid="f7dff5d4-d6ba-4de6-8f5f-8461e7a3e643" data-langcode="en" data-entity-embed-display-settings="[]" class="embedded-entity embedded-block-content embedded-block-content-puff embedded-block-content-puff--full"><div class="puff-grid"><div class="puff-grid-small"> <div class="card card--push"> <div class="card__block"> <h3 class="card__title"><a href="/science-support-systems/fluco"> <span>Sample Environment Systems for Fluids Including Gases, Liquids and Complex Fluids (FLUCO)</span> </a></h3> <p class="card__text">The FLUCO platform will provide sample environment for fluids in neutron scattering experiments in soft matter and life science at ESS.</p> <a class="button-link button-link--primary" href="/science-support-systems/fluco"> Read More </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="references"><strong>Publications</strong><br /><br /> Andersen, K. H.<em> </em><em>et al.</em> The instrument suite of the European Spallation Source. <em>Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section a-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment</em> <strong>957</strong>, 39, doi:10.1016/j.nima.2020.163402 (2020). <ul class="list"><li>A. Jackson et al. "LoKI - A Broad Band High Flux SANS Instrument for the ESS", Proc ICANS XXI (2016) DOI:10.11484/jaea-conf-2015-002<br /><br /> Jackson, Andrew et al. (2014) "ESS Construction Proposal : LoKI - A broad-band SANS Instrument", ZENODO, DOI:10.5281/zenodo.13302</li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="tabs__pane" id="instrument-team"> <p><strong>Lead Scientist</strong><br /> Judith Houston, ESS</p> <p><strong>Lead Engineers</strong><br /> Kevin Jones, STFC, UK<br /> Jim Nightingale, STFC, UK</p> <p><strong>Installation Package Leader</strong><br /> Clara Lopez, ESS</p> <p><strong>Scientist</strong><br /> Richard Heenan, STFC, UK</p> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="relevant-links"> <div class="relevant-links--instrument"> <h2>Relevant links</h2> <div class="relevant-links--items"> <div class="relevant-links--item"><a href="https://www.isis.stfc.ac.uk/Pages/Loki.aspx">LoKI Webpage at STFC</a></div> <div class="relevant-links--item"><a href="/science-using-neutrons/life-science-soft-condensed-matter">Life Science & Soft Condensed Matter at ESS</a></div> <div class="relevant-links--item"><a href="/science-support-systems/demax">Deuteration and Macromolecular Crystallisation at ESS</a></div> <div class="relevant-links--item"><a href="/sites/default/files/files/document/2017-09/loki_proposal_stc_sept2013.pdf">LoKI Proposal rev. 2013</a></div> <div class="relevant-links--item"><a href="https://europeanspallationsource.se/sites/default/files/files/document/2018-08/108139_v8_Proof_ESS_4_x_4pp_LOKI_DIGITAL.pdf">Lighting the Way to Next-Generation Solar Energy</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="instrument__footer"> <div class="instrument__footer-wrapper container"><section class="views-element-container instrument__related-articles-wrapper"> <h2>Instrument Feature Stories</h2> <div> <div class="instrument__slider-arrow instrument__slider-arrow--left"><i class="icon icon--arrow-right"></i></div> <div class="js-view-dom-id-d1190d080f045e1c91d0fab2f76f267ecca5db79041b44a572b2d9cda9172324"> <div class="instrument__related-articles owl-carousel"> 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