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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verve_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Verve years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verve_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Film and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collaborations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collaborations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Collaborations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collaborations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illness_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illness_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Illness and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illness_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discography_and_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discography_and_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Discography and collections</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Discography_and_collections-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Discography and collections subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Discography_and_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Awards,_citations_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards,_citations_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Awards, citations and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards,_citations_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tributes_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tributes_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Tributes and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tributes_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ella Fitzgerald</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF" title="إلا فيتزجيرالد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إلا فيتزجيرالد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitscerald" title="Ella Fitscerald – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ella Fitscerald" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF" title="الا فیتزجرالد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الا فیتزجرالد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Эла Фіцджэральд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эла Фіцджэральд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Ела Фицджералд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ела Фицджералд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgeraldov%C3%A1" title="Ella Fitzgeraldová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ella Fitzgeraldová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1_%CE%A6%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Έλλα Φιτζέραλντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έλλα Φιτζέραλντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF" title="الا فیتزجرالد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الا فیتزجرالد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%98%EB%9D%BC_%ED%94%BC%EC%B8%A0%EC%A0%9C%EB%9F%B4%EB%93%9C" title="엘라 피츠제럴드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="엘라 피츠제럴드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A1_%D5%96%D5%AB%D6%81%D5%BB%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A4" title="Էլլա Ֆիցջերալդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլլա Ֆիցջերալդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%92%27%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%93" title="אלה פיצג'רלד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלה פיצג'רלד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ელა ფიცჯერალდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელა ფიცჯერალდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Элла Фицджеральд – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Элла Фицджеральд" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Ficd%C5%BEeralda" title="Ella Ficdžeralda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ella Ficdžeralda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Ела Фицџералд – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ела Фицџералд" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="എല്ല ഫിറ്റ്സ്‌ജെറാൾഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എല്ല ഫിറ്റ്സ്‌ജെറാൾഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF" title="الا فيتزجيرالد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الا فيتزجيرالد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84" title="الا فیتزجرال – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="الا فیتزجرال" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%84%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89" title="エラ・フィッツジェラルド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エラ・フィッツジェラルド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4,_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Фицджеральд, Элла – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фицджеральд, Элла" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgeraldov%C3%A1" title="Ella Fitzgeraldová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ella Fitzgeraldová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Ела Фицџералд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ела Фицџералд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="เอลลา ฟิตซ์เจอรัลด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอลลา ฟิตซ์เจอรัลด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Елла Фіцджеральд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Елла Фіцджеральд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%B9%D8%B2%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%88" title="ایلا فٹزجیرالڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایلا فٹزجیرالڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficd%C5%BEeral%27d_Ella" title="Ficdžeral'd Ella – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ficdžeral'd Ella" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E8%8F%B2%E8%8C%A8%E6%9D%B0%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7" title="埃拉·菲茨杰拉德 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="埃拉·菲茨杰拉德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ella Fitzgerald" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E8%8C%B2%E6%BD%94%E6%8B%89" title="艾拉·費茲潔拉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="艾拉·費茲潔拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1768#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Ella Fitzgerald</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ella_Fitzgerald_1962.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ella_Fitzgerald_1962.JPG/220px-Ella_Fitzgerald_1962.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ella_Fitzgerald_1962.JPG/330px-Ella_Fitzgerald_1962.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ella_Fitzgerald_1962.JPG/440px-Ella_Fitzgerald_1962.JPG 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="945" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Fitzgerald, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1962</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ella Jane Fitzgerald</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1917-04-25</span>)</span>April 25, 1917<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Newport_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Newport News">Newport News</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 15, 1996<span style="display:none">(1996-06-15)</span> (aged 79)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California" title="Beverly Hills, California">Beverly Hills, California</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Inglewood_Park_Cemetery" title="Inglewood Park Cemetery">Inglewood Park Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Singer, songwriter, composer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Benny Kornegay</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1941; <abbr title="annulled">ann.</abbr> 1942)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Brown_(musician)" title="Ray Brown (musician)">Ray Brown</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1947; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1953)<wbr /></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Brown_Jr." title="Ray Brown Jr.">Ray Brown Jr.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Williams_(singer)" title="Christopher Williams (singer)">Christopher Williams</a> (nephew)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Musical career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genres</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_pop" title="Traditional pop">traditional pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doo-wop" title="Doo-wop">doo-wop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-bop" title="Post-bop">post-bop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Instrument</th><td class="infobox-data note">Vocals</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discography</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald_discography" title="Ella Fitzgerald discography">Ella Fitzgerald discography</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Years active</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1934–1993</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Labels</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decca_Records" title="Decca Records">Decca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verve_Records" title="Verve Records">Verve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records" title="Capitol Records">Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reprise_Records" title="Reprise Records">Reprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Records" title="Pablo Records">Pablo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ellafitzgerald.com">ellafitzgerald<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Musical artist</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ella_Fitzgerald_Signature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ella_Fitzgerald_Signature.png/150px-Ella_Fitzgerald_Signature.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ella_Fitzgerald_Signature.png/225px-Ella_Fitzgerald_Signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ella_Fitzgerald_Signature.png/300px-Ella_Fitzgerald_Signature.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ella Jane Fitzgerald</b> (April 25, 1917 – June 15, 1996) was an American singer, songwriter and composer, sometimes referred to as the "First Lady of Song", "Queen of Jazz", and "Lady Ella". She was noted for her purity of tone, impeccable <a href="/wiki/Diction" title="Diction">diction</a>, phrasing, timing, <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(music)" title="Intonation (music)">intonation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Absolute_pitch" title="Absolute pitch">absolute pitch</a>, and a "horn-like" improvisational ability, particularly in her <a href="/wiki/Scat_singing" title="Scat singing">scat singing</a>. </p><p>After a tumultuous adolescence, Fitzgerald found stability in musical success with the <a href="/wiki/Chick_Webb" title="Chick Webb">Chick Webb</a> Orchestra, performing across the country but most often associated with the <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Ballroom" title="Savoy Ballroom">Savoy Ballroom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a>. Her rendition of the nursery rhyme "<a href="/wiki/A-Tisket,_A-Tasket" title="A-Tisket, A-Tasket">A-Tisket, A-Tasket</a>" helped boost both her and Webb to national fame. After taking over the band when Webb died, Fitzgerald left it behind in 1942 to start her solo career. Her manager was Moe Gale, co-founder of the Savoy,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until she turned the rest of her career over to <a href="/wiki/Norman_Granz" title="Norman Granz">Norman Granz</a>, who founded <a href="/wiki/Verve_Records" title="Verve Records">Verve Records</a> to produce new records by Fitzgerald. With Verve, she recorded some of her more widely noted works, particularly her interpretations of the <a href="/wiki/Great_American_Songbook" title="Great American Songbook">Great American Songbook</a>. </p><p>Fitzgerald also appeared in films and as a guest on popular television shows in the second half of the twentieth century. Outside her solo career, she created music with <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Ink_Spots" title="The Ink Spots">The Ink Spots</a>. These partnerships produced songs such as "<a href="/wiki/Dream_a_Little_Dream_of_Me" title="Dream a Little Dream of Me">Dream a Little Dream of Me</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Cheek_to_Cheek" title="Cheek to Cheek">Cheek to Cheek</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Into_Each_Life_Some_Rain_Must_Fall" title="Into Each Life Some Rain Must Fall">Into Each Life Some Rain Must Fall</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/It_Don%27t_Mean_a_Thing_(If_It_Ain%27t_Got_That_Swing)" title="It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)">It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)</a>". In 1993, after a career of nearly sixty years, she gave her last public performance. Three years later, she died at age 79 after years of declining health. Her <a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_received_by_Ella_Fitzgerald" class="mw-redirect" title="List of awards received by Ella Fitzgerald">accolades</a> included 14 <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Awards" title="Grammy Awards">Grammy Awards</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Arts" title="National Medal of Arts">National Medal of Arts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>'s inaugural <a href="/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_President%27s_Award" title="NAACP Image Award – President's Award">President's Award</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ella_Fitzgerald&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ella_Fitzgerald&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ella Jane Fitzgerald was born on April 25, 1917, in <a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News</a>, Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was the daughter of William Ashland Fitzgerald, a transfer wagon driver from <a href="/wiki/Blackstone,_Virginia" title="Blackstone, Virginia">Blackstone, Virginia</a>, and Temperance "Tempie" Henry, both described as <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulatto</a> in the 1920 census.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson19964_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson19964-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her parents were unmarried but lived together in the <a href="/wiki/East_End_(Newport_News,_Virginia)" title="East End (Newport News, Virginia)">East End section</a> of Newport News<sup id="cite_ref-Whitaker_2011_p._302_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitaker_2011_p._302-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for at least two and a half years after she was born. In the early 1920s, Fitzgerald's mother and her new partner, a Portuguese immigrant named Joseph da Silva,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson19964_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson19964-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> moved to <a href="/wiki/Yonkers,_New_York" title="Yonkers, New York">Yonkers, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson19964_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson19964-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her half-sister, Frances da Silva, was born in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson19965_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson19965-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1925, Fitzgerald and her family had moved to nearby School Street, a poor Italian area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson19965_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson19965-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She began her formal education at the age of six and was an outstanding student, moving through a variety of schools before attending Benjamin Franklin Junior High School in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson19967,_13_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson19967,_13-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She and her family were <a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a> and were active in the Bethany <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a>, where she attended worship services, <a href="/wiki/Bible_study_(Christianity)" title="Bible study (Christianity)">Bible study</a>, and Sunday school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson19966_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson19966-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church provided Fitzgerald with her earliest experiences in music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson19967_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson19967-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in third grade, Fitzgerald loved dancing and admired <a href="/wiki/Earl_Snakehips_Tucker" title="Earl Snakehips Tucker">Earl Snakehips Tucker</a>. She performed for her peers on the way to school and at lunchtime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson19966_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson19966-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fitzgerald listened to jazz recordings by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Boswell_Sisters" title="The Boswell Sisters">The Boswell Sisters</a>. She loved the Boswell Sisters' lead singer <a href="/wiki/Connee_Boswell" title="Connee Boswell">Connee Boswell</a>, later saying: "My mother brought home one of her records, and I fell in love with it...I tried so hard to sound just like her."<sup id="cite_ref-nyobit_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyobit-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1932, when Fitzgerald was 15 years old, her mother died from injuries sustained in a car accident.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fitzgerald's stepfather took care of her until April 1933 when she moved to Harlem to live with her aunt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson199614_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson199614-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This seemingly swift change in her circumstances, reinforced by what Fitzgerald biographer <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Nicholson_(jazz_historian)" title="Stuart Nicholson (jazz historian)">Stuart Nicholson</a> describes as rumors of "ill treatment" by her stepfather, leaves him to speculate that Da Silva might have abused her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson199614_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson199614-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fitzgerald began skipping school, and her grades suffered. She worked as a lookout at a <a href="/wiki/Brothel" title="Brothel">bordello</a> and with a Mafia-affiliated <a href="/wiki/Numbers_game" title="Numbers game">numbers</a> runner.<sup id="cite_ref-rich_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rich-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She never talked publicly about this time in her life.<sup id="cite_ref-ThisDay_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThisDay-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the authorities caught up with her, she was placed in the <a href="/wiki/Colored_Orphan_Asylum" title="Colored Orphan Asylum">Colored Orphan Asylum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Riverdale,_Bronx" title="Riverdale, Bronx">Riverdale</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">The Bronx</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the orphanage proved too crowded, she was moved to the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Training_School_for_Girls" title="New York Training School for Girls">New York Training School for Girls</a>, a state reformatory school in Hudson, New York.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career">Early career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ella_Fitzgerald&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ella_Fitzgerald_(1940).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ella_Fitzgerald_%281940%29.jpg/170px-Ella_Fitzgerald_%281940%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ella_Fitzgerald_%281940%29.jpg/255px-Ella_Fitzgerald_%281940%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ella_Fitzgerald_%281940%29.jpg/340px-Ella_Fitzgerald_%281940%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="2838" /></a><figcaption>A young Fitzgerald, photographed by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Van_Vechten" title="Carl Van Vechten">Carl Van Vechten</a> in January 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>While she seems to have survived during 1933 and 1934 in part by singing on the streets of <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a>, Fitzgerald debuted at the age of 17 on November 21, 1934, in one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Theater#Amateur_Night_at_the_Apollo" title="Apollo Theater">Amateur Nights</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Theater" title="Apollo Theater">Apollo Theater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FrittsVail2003_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FrittsVail2003-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oliver2005_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliver2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She had intended to go on stage and dance, but she was intimidated by a local dance duo called the Edwards Sisters and opted to sing instead.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliver2005_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliver2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemmingHajdu199197_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemmingHajdu199197-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Performing in the style of <a href="/wiki/Connee_Boswell" title="Connee Boswell">Connee Boswell</a>, she sang "Judy" and "The Object of My Affection" and won first prize.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She won the chance to perform at the Apollo for a week but, seemingly because of her disheveled appearance, the theater never gave her that part of her prize.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson199619_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson199619-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1935, Fitzgerald won the chance to perform for a week with the <a href="/wiki/Tiny_Bradshaw" title="Tiny Bradshaw">Tiny Bradshaw</a> band at the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Opera_House" title="Harlem Opera House">Harlem Opera House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FrittsVail2003_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FrittsVail2003-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year, she was introduced to drummer and bandleader <a href="/wiki/Chick_Webb" title="Chick Webb">Chick Webb</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bardu_Ali" title="Bardu Ali">Bardu Ali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although "reluctant to sign her...because she was gawky and unkempt, a 'diamond in the rough,'"<sup id="cite_ref-nyobit_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyobit-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after some convincing by Ali, Webb offered her the opportunity to test with his band at a dance at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FrittsVail2003_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FrittsVail2003-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Met with approval by both audiences and her fellow musicians, Fitzgerald was asked to join Webb's orchestra and gained acclaim as part of the group's performances at Harlem's <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Ballroom" title="Savoy Ballroom">Savoy Ballroom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FrittsVail2003_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FrittsVail2003-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fitzgerald recorded several hit songs, including "Love and Kisses" and "<a href="/wiki/(If_You_Can%27t_Sing_It)_You%27ll_Have_to_Swing_It_(Mr._Paganini)" title="(If You Can't Sing It) You'll Have to Swing It (Mr. Paganini)">(If You Can't Sing It) You'll Have to Swing It (Mr. Paganini)</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FrittsVail2003_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FrittsVail2003-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But it was her 1938 version of the nursery rhyme, "<a href="/wiki/A-Tisket,_A-Tasket" title="A-Tisket, A-Tasket">A-Tisket, A-Tasket</a>", a song she co-wrote, that brought her public acclaim. "A-Tisket, A-Tasket" became a major hit on the radio and was also one of the biggest-selling records of the decade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemmingHajdu199197_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemmingHajdu199197-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Webb died of <a href="/wiki/Spinal_tuberculosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal tuberculosis">spinal tuberculosis</a> on June 16, 1939,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his band was renamed Ella Fitzgerald and Her Famous Orchestra, with Fitzgerald taking on the role of bandleader.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ella and the band recorded for <a href="/wiki/Decca_Records" title="Decca Records">Decca</a> and appeared at the <a href="/wiki/Roseland_Ballroom" title="Roseland Ballroom">Roseland Ballroom</a>, where they received national exposure on <a href="/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="National Broadcasting Company">NBC</a> radio broadcasts. </p><p>She recorded nearly 150 songs with Webb's orchestra between 1935 and 1942. In addition to her work with Webb, Fitzgerald performed and recorded with the Benny Goodman Orchestra. She had her own side project, too, known as Ella Fitzgerald and Her Savoy Eight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson200444_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson200444-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decca_years">Decca years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ella_Fitzgerald&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Decca years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ella_Fitzgerald_in_September_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ella_Fitzgerald_in_September_1947.jpg/220px-Ella_Fitzgerald_in_September_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ella_Fitzgerald_in_September_1947.jpg/330px-Ella_Fitzgerald_in_September_1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ella_Fitzgerald_in_September_1947.jpg/440px-Ella_Fitzgerald_in_September_1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption>Fitzgerald with <a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie">Dizzy Gillespie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Brown_(musician)" title="Ray Brown (musician)">Ray Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milt_Jackson" title="Milt Jackson">Milt Jackson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timme_Rosenkrantz" title="Timme Rosenkrantz">Timme Rosenkrantz</a> in New York City, 1947</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1942, with increasing dissent and money concerns in Fitzgerald's band, Ella Fitzgerald and Her Famous Orchestra, she started to work as lead singer with The Three Keys, and in July her band played their last concert at Earl Theatre in Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While working for <a href="/wiki/Decca_Records" title="Decca Records">Decca Records</a>, she had hits with <a href="/wiki/Bill_Kenny_(singer)" title="Bill Kenny (singer)">Bill Kenny</a> & <a href="/wiki/The_Ink_Spots" title="The Ink Spots">the Ink Spots</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-goldberg_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goldberg-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jordan" title="Louis Jordan">Louis Jordan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-tyler_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tyler-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/The_Delta_Rhythm_Boys" title="The Delta Rhythm Boys">the Delta Rhythm Boys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-billboard07Dec46_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-billboard07Dec46-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Producer <a href="/wiki/Norman_Granz" title="Norman Granz">Norman Granz</a> became her manager in the mid-1940s after she began singing for <a href="/wiki/Jazz_at_the_Philharmonic" title="Jazz at the Philharmonic">Jazz at the Philharmonic</a>, a concert series begun by Granz. </p><p>With the demise of the <a href="/wiki/Swing_era" title="Swing era">swing era</a> and the decline of the great touring <a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">big bands</a>, a major change in jazz music occurred. The advent of <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a> led to new developments in Fitzgerald's vocal style, influenced by her work with <a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie">Dizzy Gillespie</a>'s big band. It was in this period that Fitzgerald started including <a href="/wiki/Scat_singing" title="Scat singing">scat singing</a> as a major part of her performance repertoire. While singing with Gillespie, Fitzgerald recalled: "I just tried to do [with my voice] what I heard the horns in the band doing."<sup id="cite_ref-cnn_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her 1945 scat recording of "<a href="/wiki/Flying_Home" title="Flying Home">Flying Home</a>" arranged by <a href="/wiki/Vic_Schoen" title="Vic Schoen">Vic Schoen</a> would later be described by <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> as "one of the most influential vocal jazz records of the decade....Where other singers, most notably Louis Armstrong, had tried similar improvisation, no one before Miss Fitzgerald employed the technique with such dazzling inventiveness."<sup id="cite_ref-nyobit_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyobit-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her bebop recording of "<a href="/wiki/Oh,_Lady_Be_Good!" title="Oh, Lady Be Good!">Oh, Lady Be Good!</a>" (1947) was similarly popular and increased her reputation as one of the leading jazz vocalists.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verve_years">Verve years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ella_Fitzgerald&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Verve years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ella_Fitzgerald.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ella_Fitzgerald.jpg/220px-Ella_Fitzgerald.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ella_Fitzgerald.jpg/330px-Ella_Fitzgerald.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ella_Fitzgerald.jpg/440px-Ella_Fitzgerald.jpg 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption>Fitzgerald at the Paul Masson Winery, <a href="/wiki/Saratoga,_California" title="Saratoga, California">Saratoga, California</a>, in 1986</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Ella_Fitzgerald_in_Montreux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Statue_of_Ella_Fitzgerald_in_Montreux.jpg/220px-Statue_of_Ella_Fitzgerald_in_Montreux.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Statue_of_Ella_Fitzgerald_in_Montreux.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Ella_Fitzgerald_in_Montreux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Statue_of_Ella_Fitzgerald_in_Montreux.jpg/440px-Statue_of_Ella_Fitzgerald_in_Montreux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Statue in Montreux</figcaption></figure> <p>Fitzgerald made her first tour of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> in July 1954 for the Australian-based American promoter <a href="/wiki/Lee_Gordon_(promoter)" title="Lee Gordon (promoter)">Lee Gordon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first of Gordon's famous "Big Show" promotions and the "package" tour also included <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Rich" title="Buddy Rich">Buddy Rich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artie_Shaw" title="Artie Shaw">Artie Shaw</a> and comedian <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Colonna_(entertainer)" title="Jerry Colonna (entertainer)">Jerry Colonna</a>. </p><p>Although the tour was a big hit with audiences and set a new box office record for Australia, it was marred by an incident of racial discrimination that caused Fitzgerald to miss the first two concerts in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, and Gordon had to arrange two later free concerts to compensate ticket holders. Although the four members of Fitzgerald's entourage – Fitzgerald, her pianist <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_(pianist)" title="John Lewis (pianist)">John Lewis</a>, her assistant (and cousin) Georgiana Henry, and manager Norman Granz – all had first-class tickets on their scheduled <a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-American Airlines">Pan-American Airlines</a> flight from Honolulu to Australia, they were ordered to leave the aircraft after they had already boarded and were refused permission to re-board the aircraft to retrieve their luggage and clothing. As a result, they were stranded in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a> for three days before they could get another flight to Sydney. Although a contemporary Australian press report<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> quoted an Australian Pan-Am spokesperson who denied that the incident was racially based, Fitzgerald, Henry, Lewis and Granz filed a civil suit for racial discrimination against <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am" title="Pan Am">Pan-Am</a> in December 1954<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in a 1970 television interview Fitzgerald confirmed that they had won the suit and received what she described as a "nice settlement".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fitzgerald was still performing at Granz's <a href="/wiki/Jazz_at_the_Philharmonic" title="Jazz at the Philharmonic">Jazz at the Philharmonic</a> (JATP) concerts by 1955. She left Decca, and Granz, now her manager, created <a href="/wiki/Verve_Records" title="Verve Records">Verve Records</a> around her. She later described the period as strategically crucial, saying: "I had gotten to the point where I was only singing be-bop. I thought be-bop was 'it', and that all I had to do was go some place and sing bop. But it finally got to the point where I had no place to sing. I realized then that there was more to music than bop. Norman ... felt that I should do other things, so he produced <i><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald_Sings_the_Cole_Porter_Song_Book" title="Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Cole Porter Song Book">Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Cole Porter Song Book</a></i> with me. It was a turning point in my life."<sup id="cite_ref-nyobit_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyobit-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 15, 1955, Ella Fitzgerald opened her initial engagement at the <a href="/wiki/Mocambo_(nightclub)" title="Mocambo (nightclub)">Mocambo</a> nightclub in Hollywood,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a> lobbied the owner for the booking.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson2004149_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson2004149-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The booking was instrumental in Fitzgerald's career. <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Greer" title="Bonnie Greer">Bonnie Greer</a> dramatized the incident as the musical drama, <i><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_and_Ella" title="Marilyn and Ella">Marilyn and Ella</a></i>, in 2008. It had previously been widely reported that Fitzgerald was the first black performer to play the Mocambo, following Monroe's intervention, but this is not true. African-American singers <a href="/wiki/Herb_Jeffries" title="Herb Jeffries">Herb Jeffries</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eartha_Kitt" title="Eartha Kitt">Eartha Kitt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Bryant" title="Joyce Bryant">Joyce Bryant</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all played the Mocambo in 1952 and 1953, according to stories published at the time in <i><a href="/wiki/Jet_(magazine)" title="Jet (magazine)">Jet</a></i> magazine and <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald_Sings_the_Cole_Porter_Song_Book" title="Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Cole Porter Song Book">Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Cole Porter Song Book</a></i>, released in 1956, was the first of eight "Song Book" sets Fitzgerald would record for Verve at irregular intervals from 1956 to 1964. The composers and lyricists spotlighted on each set, taken together, represent the greatest part of the cultural canon known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Great_American_Songbook" title="Great American Songbook">Great American Songbook</a></i>. Her song selections ranged from standards to rarities and represented an attempt by Fitzgerald to cross over into a non-jazz audience. The sets are the most well-known items in her discography and by 1956 Fitzgerald's recordings were showcased nationally by <a href="/wiki/Ben_Selvin" title="Ben Selvin">Ben Selvin</a> within the <a href="/wiki/RCA_Thesaurus" title="RCA Thesaurus">RCA Thesaurus</a> transcription library.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ella_Fitzgerald_1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ella_Fitzgerald_1968.jpg/170px-Ella_Fitzgerald_1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ella_Fitzgerald_1968.jpg/255px-Ella_Fitzgerald_1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ella_Fitzgerald_1968.jpg/340px-Ella_Fitzgerald_1968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>Fitzgerald in 1968, courtesy of the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_MacPherson" title="Fraser MacPherson">Fraser MacPherson</a> estate</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald_Sings_the_Duke_Ellington_Song_Book" title="Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Song Book">Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Song Book</a></i> was the only Song Book on which the composer she interpreted played with her. <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a> and his longtime collaborator <a href="/wiki/Billy_Strayhorn" title="Billy Strayhorn">Billy Strayhorn</a> both appeared on exactly half the set's 38 tracks and wrote two new pieces of music for the album: "The E and D Blues" and a four-movement musical portrait of Fitzgerald. The Song Book series ended up becoming Fitzgerald's most critically acclaimed and commercially successful work, and probably her most significant offering to American culture. <i>The New York Times</i> wrote in 1996, "These albums were among the first pop records to devote such serious attention to individual songwriters, and they were instrumental in establishing the pop album as a vehicle for serious musical exploration."<sup id="cite_ref-nyobit_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyobit-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Days after Fitzgerald's death, <i>The New York Times</i> columnist <a href="/wiki/Frank_Rich" title="Frank Rich">Frank Rich</a> wrote that in the Song Book series Fitzgerald "performed a cultural transaction as extraordinary as <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis</a>' contemporaneous integration of white and <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> soul. Here was a black woman popularizing urban songs often written by immigrant Jews to a national audience of predominantly white Christians."<sup id="cite_ref-rich_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rich-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a>, out of respect for Fitzgerald, prohibited <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records" title="Capitol Records">Capitol Records</a> from re-releasing his own recordings in separate albums for individual composers in the same way.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Fitzgerald also recorded albums exclusively devoted to the songs of Porter and <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">Gershwin</a> in 1972 and 1983; the albums being, respectively, <i><a href="/wiki/Ella_Loves_Cole" title="Ella Loves Cole">Ella Loves Cole</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Nice_Work_If_You_Can_Get_It_(album)" title="Nice Work If You Can Get It (album)">Nice Work If You Can Get It</a></i>. A later collection devoted to a single composer was released during her time with <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Records" title="Pablo Records">Pablo Records</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ella_Abra%C3%A7a_Jobim" title="Ella Abraça Jobim">Ella Abraça Jobim</a></i>, featuring the songs of <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Jobim" title="Antônio Carlos Jobim">Antônio Carlos Jobim</a>. </p><p>While recording the Song Books and the occasional studio album, Fitzgerald toured 40 to 45 weeks per year in the United States and internationally, under the tutelage of Norman Granz. Granz helped solidify her position as one of the leading live jazz performers.<sup id="cite_ref-nyobit_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyobit-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1961 Fitzgerald bought a house in the <a href="/wiki/Klampenborg" title="Klampenborg">Klampenborg</a> district of Copenhagen, Denmark, after she began a relationship with a Danish man. Though the relationship ended after a year, Fitzgerald regularly returned to Denmark over the next three years and even considered buying a jazz club there. The house was sold in 1963, and Fitzgerald permanently returned to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson1996198_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson1996198-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ella-Fitzgerald-in-Helsinki-1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ella-Fitzgerald-in-Helsinki-1963.jpg/220px-Ella-Fitzgerald-in-Helsinki-1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ella-Fitzgerald-in-Helsinki-1963.jpg/330px-Ella-Fitzgerald-in-Helsinki-1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ella-Fitzgerald-in-Helsinki-1963.jpg/440px-Ella-Fitzgerald-in-Helsinki-1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1267" /></a><figcaption>Fitzgerald performing at the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Culture_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Helsinki Culture Hall">Helsinki Culture Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki,_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Helsinki, Finland">Helsinki, Finland</a>, in April 1963</figcaption></figure> <p>There are several live albums on Verve that are highly regarded by critics. <i><a href="/wiki/At_the_Opera_House" title="At the Opera House">At the Opera House</a></i> shows a typical Jazz at the Philharmonic set from Fitzgerald. <i><a href="/wiki/Ella_in_Rome:_The_Birthday_Concert" title="Ella in Rome: The Birthday Concert">Ella in Rome</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Nights_in_Hollywood" title="Twelve Nights in Hollywood">Twelve Nights in Hollywood</a></i> display her vocal jazz canon. <i><a href="/wiki/Ella_in_Berlin:_Mack_the_Knife" title="Ella in Berlin: Mack the Knife">Ella in Berlin</a></i> is still one of her best-selling albums; it includes a Grammy-winning performance of "<a href="/wiki/Mack_the_Knife" title="Mack the Knife">Mack the Knife</a>" in which she forgets the lyrics but improvises to compensate. </p><p>Verve Records was sold to <a href="/wiki/MGM_Records" title="MGM Records">MGM</a> in 1960 for $3 million and in 1967 MGM failed to renew Fitzgerald's contract. Over the next five years she flitted between <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Records" title="Atlantic Records">Atlantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records" title="Capitol Records">Capitol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reprise_Records" title="Reprise Records">Reprise</a>. Her material at this time represented a departure from her typical jazz repertoire. For Capitol she recorded <i><a href="/wiki/Brighten_the_Corner" title="Brighten the Corner">Brighten the Corner</a></i>, an album of <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald%27s_Christmas" title="Ella Fitzgerald's Christmas">Ella Fitzgerald's Christmas</a></i>, an album of traditional <a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Christmas carols</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Misty_Blue_(album)" title="Misty Blue (album)">Misty Blue</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Country_and_western" class="mw-redirect" title="Country and western">country and western</a>-influenced album, and <i><a href="/wiki/30_by_Ella" title="30 by Ella">30 by Ella</a></i>, a series of six medleys that fulfilled her obligations for the label. During this period, she had her last US chart single with a cover of <a href="/wiki/Smokey_Robinson" title="Smokey Robinson">Smokey Robinson</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Get_Ready_(The_Temptations_song)" title="Get Ready (The Temptations song)">Get Ready</a>", previously a hit for <a href="/wiki/The_Temptations" title="The Temptations">the Temptations</a>, and some months later a top-five hit for <a href="/wiki/Get_Ready_(The_Temptations_song)#Rare_Earth_version" title="Get Ready (The Temptations song)">Rare Earth</a>. </p><p>The surprise success of the 1972 album <i><a href="/wiki/Jazz_at_Santa_Monica_Civic_%2772" title="Jazz at Santa Monica Civic '72">Jazz at Santa Monica Civic '72</a></i> led Granz to found <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Records" title="Pablo Records">Pablo Records</a>, his first record label since the sale of Verve. Fitzgerald recorded some 20 albums for the label. <i><a href="/wiki/Ella_in_London" title="Ella in London">Ella in London</a></i> recorded live in 1974 with pianist <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Flanagan" title="Tommy Flanagan">Tommy Flanagan</a>, guitarist Joe Pass, bassist Keter Betts and drummer Bobby Durham, was considered by many to be some of her best work. The following year she again performed with Joe Pass on German television station <a href="/wiki/Norddeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Norddeutscher Rundfunk">NDR</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>. Her years with Pablo Records also documented the decline in her voice. "She frequently used shorter, stabbing phrases, and her voice was harder, with a wider vibrato", one biographer wrote.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholson_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholson-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plagued by health problems, Fitzgerald made her last recording in 1991 and her last public performances in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ella_Fitzgerald&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Film and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Ella_Fitzgerald.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Ella_Fitzgerald.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Ella_Fitzgerald.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Ella_Fitzgerald.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Ella_Fitzgerald.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Ella_Fitzgerald.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Ella_Fitzgerald.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2649" /></a><figcaption>Fitzgerald shakes hands with <a href="/wiki/President_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="President the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> after performing in the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, 1981</figcaption></figure> <p>Fitzgerald played the part of singer Maggie Jackson in <a href="/wiki/Jack_Webb" title="Jack Webb">Jack Webb</a>'s 1955 jazz film <i><a href="/wiki/Pete_Kelly%27s_Blues_(film)" title="Pete Kelly's Blues (film)">Pete Kelly's Blues</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film costarred <a href="/wiki/Janet_Leigh" title="Janet Leigh">Janet Leigh</a> and singer <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Lee" title="Peggy Lee">Peggy Lee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though she had already worked in the movies (she sang two songs in the 1942 <a href="/wiki/Abbott_and_Costello" title="Abbott and Costello">Abbott and Costello</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/Ride_%27Em_Cowboy_(1942_film)" title="Ride 'Em Cowboy (1942 film)">Ride 'Em Cowboy</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she was "delighted" when Norman Granz negotiated the role for her, and, "at the time ... considered her role in the <a href="/wiki/Warner_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Brothers">Warner Brothers</a> movie the biggest thing ever to have happened to her."<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholson_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholson-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amid <i>The New York Times</i> pan of the film when it opened in August 1955, the reviewer wrote, "About five minutes (out of ninety-five) suggest the picture this might have been. Take the ingenious prologue ... [or] take the fleeting scenes when the wonderful Ella Fitzgerald, allotted a few spoken lines, fills the screen and sound track with her strong mobile features and voice."<sup id="cite_ref-Webb_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webb-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <i>Pete Kelly's Blues</i>, she appeared in sporadic movie cameos, in <i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Blues_(1958_film)" title="St. Louis Blues (1958 film)">St. Louis Blues</a></i> (1958)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald_Sings_Songs_from_%22Let_No_Man_Write_My_Epitaph%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Ella Fitzgerald Sings Songs from "Let No Man Write My Epitaph"">Let No Man Write My Epitaph</a></i> (1960).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She made numerous guest appearances on television shows, singing on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Frank_Sinatra_Show_(1950_TV_series)" title="The Frank Sinatra Show (1950 TV series)">The Frank Sinatra Show</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Carol_Burnett_Show" title="The Carol Burnett Show">The Carol Burnett Show</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Andy_Williams_Show" title="The Andy Williams Show">The Andy Williams Show</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pat_Boone_Chevy_Showroom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom (page does not exist)">The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom</a> </i><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7756311#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q7756311"><span title=""The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom" in other languages">d</span></a>]</span>, and alongside other greats <a href="/wiki/Nat_King_Cole" title="Nat King Cole">Nat King Cole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dean_Martin" title="Dean Martin">Dean Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mel_Torm%C3%A9" title="Mel Tormé">Mel Tormé</a>, and many others. She was also frequently featured on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ed_Sullivan_Show" title="The Ed Sullivan Show">The Ed Sullivan Show</a></i>. Perhaps her most unusual and intriguing performance was of the "Three Little Maids" song from <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a>'s comic <a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">operetta</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mikado" title="The Mikado">The Mikado</a></i> alongside <a href="/wiki/Joan_Sutherland" title="Joan Sutherland">Joan Sutherland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dinah_Shore" title="Dinah Shore">Dinah Shore</a> on Shore's weekly variety series in 1963. A performance at <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Scott%27s_Jazz_Club" title="Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club">Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club</a> in London was filmed and shown on the BBC. Fitzgerald also made a one-off appearance alongside <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Vaughan" title="Sarah Vaughan">Sarah Vaughan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Bailey" title="Pearl Bailey">Pearl Bailey</a> on a 1979 television special honoring Bailey. In 1980, she performed a medley of standards in a duet with <a href="/wiki/Karen_Carpenter" title="Karen Carpenter">Karen Carpenter</a> on the Carpenters' television special <a href="/wiki/The_Carpenters:_Music,_Music,_Music" title="The Carpenters: Music, Music, Music"><i>Music, Music, Music</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fitzgerald also appeared in TV commercials, including an ad for <a href="/wiki/Memorex" title="Memorex">Memorex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stamp_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stamp-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the commercials, she sang a note that shattered a glass while being recorded on a Memorex cassette tape.<sup id="cite_ref-Memorex_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memorex-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tape was played back and the recording also broke another glass, asking: "Is it live, or is it Memorex?"<sup id="cite_ref-Memorex_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memorex-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also appeared in a number of commercials for <a href="/wiki/KFC_(Kentucky_Fried_Chicken)" class="mw-redirect" title="KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken)">Kentucky Fried Chicken</a>, singing and scatting to the fast-food chain's longtime slogan: "We do chicken right!"<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her last commercial campaign was for <a href="/wiki/American_Express" title="American Express">American Express</a>, in which she was photographed by <a href="/wiki/Annie_Leibovitz" title="Annie Leibovitz">Annie Leibovitz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Ella Fitzgerald Just One of Those Things</i> is a film about her life including interviews with many famous singers and musicians who worked with her and her son. It was directed by Leslie Woodhead and produced by Reggie Nadelson. It was released in the UK in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collaborations">Collaborations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ella_Fitzgerald&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Collaborations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fitzgerald's most famous collaborations were with the vocal quartet <a href="/wiki/Bill_Kenny_(singer)" title="Bill Kenny (singer)">Bill Kenny</a> & <a href="/wiki/The_Ink_Spots" title="The Ink Spots">the Ink Spots</a>, trumpeter <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a>, the guitarist <a href="/wiki/Joe_Pass" title="Joe Pass">Joe Pass</a>, and the bandleaders <a href="/wiki/Count_Basie" title="Count Basie">Count Basie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a>. </p> <ul><li>From 1943 to 1950, Fitzgerald recorded seven songs with the Ink Spots featuring Bill Kenny. Of the seven, four reached the top of the pop charts, including "<a href="/wiki/I%27m_Making_Believe" title="I'm Making Believe">I'm Making Believe</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Into_Each_Life_Some_Rain_Must_Fall" title="Into Each Life Some Rain Must Fall">Into Each Life Some Rain Must Fall</a>", which both reached No. 1.</li> <li>Fitzgerald recorded three Verve studio albums with Louis Armstrong, two albums of standards (1956's <i><a href="/wiki/Ella_and_Louis" title="Ella and Louis">Ella and Louis</a></i> and 1957's <i><a href="/wiki/Ella_and_Louis_Again" title="Ella and Louis Again">Ella and Louis Again</a></i>), and a third album featured music from the <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">Gershwin</a> opera <i><a href="/wiki/Porgy_and_Bess_(Ella_Fitzgerald_and_Louis_Armstrong_album)" title="Porgy and Bess (Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong album)">Porgy and Bess</a></i>. Fitzgerald also recorded a number of sides with Armstrong for Decca in the early 1950s.</li> <li>Fitzgerald is sometimes referred to as the quintessential swing singer, and her meetings with Count Basie are highly regarded by critics. Fitzgerald features on one track on Basie's 1957 album <i><a href="/wiki/One_O%27Clock_Jump_(album)" title="One O'Clock Jump (album)">One O'Clock Jump</a></i>, while her 1963 album <i><a href="/wiki/Ella_and_Basie!" title="Ella and Basie!">Ella and Basie!</a></i> is remembered as one of her greatest recordings. With the 'New Testament' Basie band in full swing, and arrangements written by a young <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a>, this album proved a respite from the 'Song Book' recordings and constant touring that Fitzgerald was engaged in during this period. Fitzgerald and Basie also collaborated on the 1972 album <i><a href="/wiki/Jazz_at_Santa_Monica_Civic_%2772" title="Jazz at Santa Monica Civic '72">Jazz at Santa Monica Civic '72</a></i>, and on the 1979 albums <i><a href="/wiki/Digital_III_at_Montreux" title="Digital III at Montreux">Digital III at Montreux</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Classy_Pair" title="A Classy Pair">A Classy Pair</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Perfect_Match_(Ella_Fitzgerald_album)" title="A Perfect Match (Ella Fitzgerald album)">A Perfect Match</a></i>.</li> <li>Fitzgerald and Joe Pass recorded four albums together toward the end of Fitzgerald's career. She recorded several albums with piano accompaniment, but a guitar proved the perfect melodic foil for her. Fitzgerald and Pass appeared together on the albums <i><a href="/wiki/Take_Love_Easy" title="Take Love Easy">Take Love Easy</a></i> (1973), <i><a href="/wiki/Easy_Living_(Ella_Fitzgerald_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Easy Living (Ella Fitzgerald album)">Easy Living</a></i> (1986), <i><a href="/wiki/Speak_Love" title="Speak Love">Speak Love</a></i> (1983) and <i><a href="/wiki/Fitzgerald_and_Pass..._Again" title="Fitzgerald and Pass... Again">Fitzgerald and Pass... Again</a></i> (1976).</li> <li>Fitzgerald and Duke Ellington recorded two live albums and two studio albums. Her <i>Duke Ellington Song Book</i> placed Ellington firmly in the canon known as the Great American Songbook, and the 1960s saw Fitzgerald and the 'Duke' meet on the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur" class="mw-redirect" title="Côte d'Azur">Côte d'Azur</a> for the 1966 album <i><a href="/wiki/Ella_and_Duke_at_the_Cote_D%27Azur" title="Ella and Duke at the Cote D'Azur">Ella and Duke at the Cote D'Azur</a></i>, and in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Stockholm_Concert,_1966" title="The Stockholm Concert, 1966">The Stockholm Concert, 1966</a></i>. Their 1965 album <i><a href="/wiki/Ella_at_Duke%27s_Place" title="Ella at Duke's Place">Ella at Duke's Place</a></i> is also extremely well received.</li></ul> <p>Fitzgerald had a number of famous jazz musicians and soloists as sidemen over her long career. The trumpeters <a href="/wiki/Roy_Eldridge" title="Roy Eldridge">Roy Eldridge</a> and Dizzy Gillespie, the guitarist <a href="/wiki/Herb_Ellis" title="Herb Ellis">Herb Ellis</a>, and the pianists Tommy Flanagan, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Peterson" title="Oscar Peterson">Oscar Peterson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lou_Levy_(pianist)" title="Lou Levy (pianist)">Lou Levy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Smith_(pianist)" title="Paul Smith (pianist)">Paul Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Rowles" title="Jimmy Rowles">Jimmy Rowles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Larkins" title="Ellis Larkins">Ellis Larkins</a> all worked with Fitzgerald mostly in live, small group settings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Illness_and_death">Illness and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ella_Fitzgerald&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Illness and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fitzgerald had <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> for several years of her later life, which led to numerous <a href="/wiki/Complications_of_diabetes" title="Complications of diabetes">complications</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyobit_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyobit-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fitzgerald was hospitalized in 1985 briefly for respiratory problems,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1986 for <a href="/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestive heart failure">congestive heart failure</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1990 for exhaustion.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1990, she appeared at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a> in London, England, with the <a href="/wiki/Count_Basie_Orchestra" title="Count Basie Orchestra">Count Basie Orchestra</a> for the launch of <a href="/wiki/Jazz_FM_(UK)" title="Jazz FM (UK)">Jazz FM</a>, plus a gala dinner at the <a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_House_Hotel" title="Grosvenor House Hotel">Grosvenor House Hotel</a> at which she performed.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993, she had to have both of her legs <a href="/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation">amputated</a> below the knee due to the effects of diabetes.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her eyesight was affected as well.<sup id="cite_ref-nyobit_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyobit-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She died in her home from a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> on June 15, 1996, at the age of 79.<sup id="cite_ref-nyobit_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyobit-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few hours after her death, the <a href="/wiki/Playboy_Jazz_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Playboy Jazz Festival">Playboy Jazz Festival</a> was launched at the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Bowl" title="Hollywood Bowl">Hollywood Bowl</a>. In tribute, the marquee read: "Ella We Will Miss You."<sup id="cite_ref-Latimesobit_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latimesobit-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her funeral was private,<sup id="cite_ref-Latimesobit_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latimesobit-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and she was buried at <a href="/wiki/Inglewood_Park_Cemetery" title="Inglewood Park Cemetery">Inglewood Park Cemetery</a> in Inglewood, California.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ella_Fitzgerald&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fitzgerald married at least twice, and there is evidence that suggests that she may have married a third time. Her first marriage was in 1941, to Benny Kornegay, a convicted drug dealer and local dockworker. The marriage was <a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">annulled</a> in 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson200467–68_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson200467–68-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her second marriage was in December 1947, to the famous <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">bass</a> player <a href="/wiki/Ray_Brown_(musician)" title="Ray Brown (musician)">Ray Brown</a>, whom she had met while on tour with <a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie">Dizzy Gillespie</a>'s band a year earlier. Together they adopted a child born to Fitzgerald's half-sister, Frances, whom they christened <a href="/wiki/Ray_Brown_Jr." title="Ray Brown Jr.">Ray Brown Jr.</a> With Fitzgerald and Brown often busy touring and recording, the child was largely raised by his mother's aunt, Virginia. Fitzgerald and Brown divorced in 1953, due to the various career pressures both were experiencing at the time, though they would continue to perform together.<sup id="cite_ref-nyobit_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyobit-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1957, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> reported that Fitzgerald had secretly married Thor Einar Larsen, a young Norwegian, in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>. She had even gone as far as furnishing an apartment in Oslo, but the affair was quickly forgotten when Larsen was sentenced to five months' hard labor in Sweden for stealing money from a young woman to whom he had previously been engaged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson2004173–175_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson2004173–175-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fitzgerald was notoriously shy. <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">Trumpet</a> player <a href="/wiki/Mario_Bauz%C3%A1" title="Mario Bauzá">Mario Bauzá</a>, who played behind Fitzgerald in her early years with <a href="/wiki/Chick_Webb" title="Chick Webb">Chick Webb</a>, remembered that "she didn't hang out much. When she got into the band, she was dedicated to her music...She was a lonely girl around New York, just kept herself to herself, for the gig."<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholson_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholson-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When, later in her career, the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Singers" title="Society of Singers">Society of Singers</a> named an award after her, Fitzgerald explained, "I don't want to say the wrong thing, which I always do but I think I do better when I sing."<sup id="cite_ref-cnn_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1949 to 1956, Fitzgerald resided in the <a href="/wiki/St._Albans,_Queens" title="St. Albans, Queens">St. Albans</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Queens,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Queens, New York">Queens, New York</a>, an enclave of prosperous African Americans where she counted among her neighbors <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Jacquet" title="Illinois Jacquet">Illinois Jacquet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_Basie" title="Count Basie">Count Basie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a>, and other jazz luminaries.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fitzgerald was a civil rights activist. She was awarded the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a> Equal Justice Award and the American Black Achievement Award.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1949, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Granz" title="Norman Granz">Norman Granz</a> recruited Fitzgerald for the <a href="/wiki/Jazz_at_the_Philharmonic" title="Jazz at the Philharmonic">Jazz at the Philharmonic</a> tour.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jazz at the Philharmonic tour would specifically target segregated venues. Granz required promoters to ensure that there was no "colored" or "white" seating. He ensured Fitzgerald was to receive equal pay and accommodations regardless of her sex and race. If the conditions were not met shows were cancelled.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bill Reed, author of <i>Hot from Harlem: Twelve African American Entertainers</i>, referred to Fitzgerald as the "Civil Rights Crusader", facing discrimination throughout her career.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1954 on her way to one of her concerts in Australia she was unable to board the Pan American flight due to racial discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although she faced several obstacles and racial barriers, she was recognized as a "cultural ambassador", receiving the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Arts" title="National Medal of Arts">National Medal of Arts</a> in 1987 and America's highest non-military honor, the Presidential Medal of Freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993, Fitzgerald established the Ella Fitzgerald Charitable Foundation focusing on charitable grants for four major categories: academic opportunities for children, music education, basic care needs for the less fortunate, medical research revolving around diabetes, heart disease, and vision impairment.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her goals were to give back and provide opportunities for those "at risk" and less fortunate. In addition, she supported several nonprofit organizations like the <a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Association" title="American Heart Association">American Heart Association</a>, City of Hope, and the <a href="/wiki/Retina_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Retina Foundation">Retina Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discography_and_collections">Discography and collections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ella_Fitzgerald&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Discography and collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald_discography" title="Ella Fitzgerald discography">Ella Fitzgerald discography</a></div> <p>The primary collections of Fitzgerald's media and memorabilia reside at and are shared between the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">US Library of Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards,_citations_and_honors"><span id="Awards.2C_citations_and_honors"></span>Awards, citations and honors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ella_Fitzgerald&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Awards, citations and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Ella_Fitzgerald" title="List of awards and nominations received by Ella Fitzgerald">List of awards and nominations received by Ella Fitzgerald</a></div> <p>Fitzgerald won 13 <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Awards</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Grammy_Awards_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grammy_Awards-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and received the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" title="Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award">Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award</a> in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-Grammy_Awards_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grammy_Awards-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1958 Fitzgerald became the first African-American woman to win at the inaugural show.<sup id="cite_ref-Grammy_Awards_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grammy_Awards-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other major awards and honors she received during her career were the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors" title="Kennedy Center Honors">Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts Medal of Honor Award</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Arts" title="National Medal of Arts">National Medal of Art</a>, first <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Singers" title="Society of Singers">Society of Singers</a> Lifetime Achievement Award (named "Ella" in her honor), <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/UCLA_Spring_Sing_The_George_and_Ira_Gershwin_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA Spring Sing The George and Ira Gershwin Award">George and Ira Gershwin Award</a> for Lifetime Musical Achievement, <a href="/wiki/UCLA_Spring_Sing" title="UCLA Spring Sing">UCLA Spring Sing</a>, and the UCLA Medal (1987).<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Across town at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>, she received the USC "Magnum Opus" Award, which hangs in the office of the Ella Fitzgerald Charitable Foundation. In 1986, she received an honorary doctorate of music from Yale University.<sup id="cite_ref-Rockwell_1986_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rockwell_1986-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990, she received an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_doctorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary doctorate">honorary doctorate</a> of Music from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tributes_and_legacy">Tributes and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ella_Fitzgerald&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tributes and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ella_Fitzgerald_(1960)_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ella_Fitzgerald_%281960%29_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg/170px-Ella_Fitzgerald_%281960%29_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ella_Fitzgerald_%281960%29_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg/255px-Ella_Fitzgerald_%281960%29_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Ella_Fitzgerald_%281960%29_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg 2x" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Fitzgerald in 1960 by <a href="/wiki/Erling_Mandelmann" title="Erling Mandelmann">Erling Mandelmann</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The career history and archival material from Fitzgerald's long career are housed in the Archives Center at the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian">Smithsonian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">National Museum of American History</a>, while her personal music arrangements are at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. Her extensive <a href="/wiki/Cookbook" title="Cookbook">cookbook</a> collection was donated to the Schlesinger Library at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, and her extensive collection of published sheet music was donated to UCLA. Harvard gave her an honorary degree in music in 1990. </p><p>In 1997, <a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News, Virginia</a> created a week-long music festival with <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Newport_University" title="Christopher Newport University">Christopher Newport University</a> to honor Fitzgerald in her birth city. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ann_Hampton_Callaway" title="Ann Hampton Callaway">Ann Hampton Callaway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dee_Dee_Bridgewater" title="Dee Dee Bridgewater">Dee Dee Bridgewater</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Patti_Austin" title="Patti Austin">Patti Austin</a> have all recorded albums in tribute to Fitzgerald. Callaway's album <i>To Ella with Love</i> (1996) features 14 jazz standards made popular by Fitzgerald, and the album also features the trumpeter <a href="/wiki/Wynton_Marsalis" title="Wynton Marsalis">Wynton Marsalis</a>. Bridgewater's album <i><a href="/wiki/Dear_Ella" title="Dear Ella">Dear Ella</a></i> (1997) featured many musicians that were closely associated with Fitzgerald during her career, including the pianist <a href="/wiki/Lou_Levy_(pianist)" title="Lou Levy (pianist)">Lou Levy</a>, the trumpeter Benny Powell, and Fitzgerald's second husband, double bassist Ray Brown. Bridgewater's following album, <i><a href="/wiki/Live_at_Yoshi%27s_(Dee_Dee_Bridgewater_album)" title="Live at Yoshi's (Dee Dee Bridgewater album)">Live at Yoshi's</a></i>, was recorded live on April 25, 1998, what would have been Fitzgerald's 81st birthday. </p><p>Austin's album, <i>For Ella</i> (2002) features 11 songs most immediately associated with Fitzgerald, and a twelfth song, "Hearing Ella Sing" is Austin's tribute to Fitzgerald. The album was nominated for a <a href="/wiki/Grammy" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy">Grammy</a>. In 2007, <i><a href="/wiki/We_All_Love_Ella:_Celebrating_the_First_Lady_of_Song" title="We All Love Ella: Celebrating the First Lady of Song">We All Love Ella</a></i>, was released, a tribute album recorded for Fitzgerald's 90th birthday. It featured artists such as <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bubl%C3%A9" title="Michael Bublé">Michael Bublé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Cole" title="Natalie Cole">Natalie Cole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaka_Khan" title="Chaka Khan">Chaka Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gladys_Knight" title="Gladys Knight">Gladys Knight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diana_Krall" title="Diana Krall">Diana Krall</a>, <a href="/wiki/K.d._lang" title="K.d. lang">k.d. lang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Latifah" title="Queen Latifah">Queen Latifah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ledisi" title="Ledisi">Ledisi</a>, Dianne Reeves, <a href="/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt" title="Linda Ronstadt">Linda Ronstadt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lizz_Wright" title="Lizz Wright">Lizz Wright</a>, collating songs most readily associated with the "First Lady of Song". Folk singer <a href="/wiki/Odetta" title="Odetta">Odetta</a>'s album <i><a href="/wiki/To_Ella" title="To Ella">To Ella</a></i> (1998) is dedicated to Fitzgerald, but features no songs associated with her. Her accompanist Tommy Flanagan affectionately remembered Fitzgerald on his album <i>Lady be Good ... For Ella</i> (1994). </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/Ella,_elle_l%27a" title="Ella, elle l'a">Ella, elle l'a</a>", a tribute to Fitzgerald written by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Berger" title="Michel Berger">Michel Berger</a> and performed by French singer <a href="/wiki/France_Gall" title="France Gall">France Gall</a>, was a hit in Europe in 1987 and 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fitzgerald is also referred to in the 1976 <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a> hit "<a href="/wiki/Sir_Duke" title="Sir Duke">Sir Duke</a>" from his album <i><a href="/wiki/Songs_in_the_Key_of_Life" title="Songs in the Key of Life">Songs in the Key of Life</a></i>, and the song "I Love Being Here With You", written by <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Lee" title="Peggy Lee">Peggy Lee</a> and Bill Schluger. Sinatra's 1986 recording of "<a href="/wiki/Mack_the_Knife" title="Mack the Knife">Mack the Knife</a>" from his album <i><a href="/wiki/L.A._Is_My_Lady" title="L.A. Is My Lady">L.A. Is My Lady</a></i> (1984) includes a homage to some of the song's previous performers, including 'Lady Ella' herself. She is also honored in the song "First Lady" by Canadian artist <a href="/wiki/Nikki_Yanofsky" title="Nikki Yanofsky">Nikki Yanofsky</a>. </p><p>In 2008, the Downing-Gross Cultural Arts Center in Newport News named its new 276-seat theater the Ella Fitzgerald Theater. The theater is located several blocks away from her birthplace on Marshall Avenue. The Grand Opening performers (October 11 and 12, 2008) were <a href="/wiki/Roberta_Flack" title="Roberta Flack">Roberta Flack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Esther_Marrow" title="Queen Esther Marrow">Queen Esther Marrow</a>. </p><p>In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Rod_Stewart" title="Rod Stewart">Rod Stewart</a> performed a "virtual duet" with Ella Fitzgerald on his Christmas album <i>Merry Christmas, Baby</i>, and his television special of the same name.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is <a href="/wiki/The_First_Lady_of_Jazz_(sculpture)" title="The First Lady of Jazz (sculpture)">a bronze sculpture of Fitzgerald</a> in Yonkers, the city in which she grew up, created by American artist Vinnie Bagwell. It is located southeast of the main entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a>/<a href="/wiki/Metro-North_Railroad" title="Metro-North Railroad">Metro-North Railroad</a> station in front of the city's <a href="/wiki/Yonkers_Trolley_Barn" title="Yonkers Trolley Barn">old trolley barn</a>. The statue's location is one of 14 tour stops on the <a href="/wiki/African_American_Heritage_Trail_of_Westchester_County" title="African American Heritage Trail of Westchester County">African American Heritage Trail of Westchester County</a>. A bust of Fitzgerald is on the campus of <a href="/wiki/Chapman_University" title="Chapman University">Chapman University</a> in Orange, California. <a href="/wiki/Ed_Dwight" title="Ed Dwight">Ed Dwight</a> created a series of over 70 bronze sculptures at the St. Louis Arch Museum at the request of the National Park Service; the series, "Jazz: An American Art Form", depicts the evolution of jazz and features various jazz performers, including Fitzgerald.<sup id="cite_ref-edstudios-bio_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edstudios-bio-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 9, 2007, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> announced that Fitzgerald would be honored with her own postage stamp.<sup id="cite_ref-Stamp_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stamp-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stamp was released in April 2007 as part of the Postal Service's Black Heritage series.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2013, she was featured in <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Google Doodle</a>, depicting her performing on stage. It celebrated what would have been her 96th birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 25, 2017, the centenary of her birth, UK's <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_2" title="BBC Radio 2">BBC Radio 2</a> broadcast three programmes as part of an "Ella at 100" celebration: <i>Ella Fitzgerald Night</i>, introduced by <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Cullum" title="Jamie Cullum">Jamie Cullum</a>; <i>Remembering Ella</i>; introduced by <a href="/wiki/Leo_Green" title="Leo Green">Leo Green</a>; and <i>Ella Fitzgerald – the First Lady of Song</i>, introduced by <a href="/wiki/Petula_Clark" title="Petula Clark">Petula Clark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, <i>Ella Fitzgerald: Just One of Those Things</i>, a documentary by <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Woodhead" title="Leslie Woodhead">Leslie Woodhead</a>, was released in the UK. It featured rare footage, radio broadcasts and interviews with Jamie Cullum, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Previn" title="André Previn">Andre Previn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Mathis" title="Johnny Mathis">Johnny Mathis</a>, and other musicians, plus a long interview with Fitzgerald's son, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Brown_Jr." title="Ray Brown Jr.">Ray Brown Jr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i> ranked Fitzgerald at No. 45 on their list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ella_Fitzgerald&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/the-savoy-ballroom-opens">"The Savoy Ballroom opens"</a>. <i>African American Registry</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=African+American+Registry&rft.atitle=The+Savoy+Ballroom+opens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaregistry.org%2Fhistoric_events%2Fview%2Fthe-savoy-ballroom-opens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ellafitzgerald.com/about/biography">"Biography"</a>. <i>Ella Fitzgerald</i>. March 11, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ella+Fitzgerald&rft.atitle=Biography&rft.date=2015-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ellafitzgerald.com%2Fabout%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson19964-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson19964_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson19964_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson19964_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholson1996">Nicholson 1996</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitaker_2011_p._302-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whitaker_2011_p._302_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitaker2011" class="citation book cs1">Whitaker, Matthew (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSGhEUq5bp0C&pg=PA302"><i>Icons of Black America: Breaking Barriers and Crossing Boundaries</i></a>. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, CA, US: Greenwood. p. 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37643-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37643-6"><bdi>978-0-313-37643-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/781709336">781709336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Icons+of+Black+America%3A+Breaking+Barriers+and+Crossing+Boundaries&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA%2C+US&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F781709336&rft.isbn=978-0-313-37643-6&rft.aulast=Whitaker&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRSGhEUq5bp0C%26pg%3DPA302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson19965-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson19965_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson19965_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholson1996">Nicholson 1996</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson19967,_13-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson19967,_13_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholson1996">Nicholson 1996</a>, p. 7, 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson19966-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson19966_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson19966_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholson1996">Nicholson 1996</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson19967-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson19967_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholson1996">Nicholson 1996</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyobit-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyobit_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyobit_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyobit_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyobit_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyobit_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyobit_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyobit_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyobit_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyobit_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyobit_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolden1996" class="citation news cs1">Holden, Stephen (June 16, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/16/nyregion/ella-fitzgerald-the-voice-of-jazz-dies-at-79.html">"Ella Fitzgerald, the Voice of Jazz, Dies at 79"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230626155432/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/16/nyregion/ella-fitzgerald-the-voice-of-jazz-dies-at-79.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 26, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ella+Fitzgerald%2C+the+Voice+of+Jazz%2C+Dies+at+79&rft.date=1996-06-16&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F06%2F16%2Fnyregion%2Fella-fitzgerald-the-voice-of-jazz-dies-at-79.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ellafitzgerald.com/about/biography">"Biography"</a>. EllaFitzgerald.com (Official website). March 11, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography&rft.pub=EllaFitzgerald.com+%28Official+website%29&rft.date=2015-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ellafitzgerald.com%2Fabout%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson199614-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson199614_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson199614_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholson1996">Nicholson 1996</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rich-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rich_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rich_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich1996" class="citation news cs1">Rich, Frank (June 19, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/19/opinion/journal-how-high-the-moon.html">"Journal; How High the Moon"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Journal%3B+How+High+the+Moon&rft.date=1996-06-19&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F06%2F19%2Fopinion%2Fjournal-how-high-the-moon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ThisDay-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ThisDay_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/ella-fitzgerald-is-born">"Ella Fitzgerald is born"</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (U.S. TV network)">History</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ella+Fitzgerald+is+born&rft.pub=History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fella-fitzgerald-is-born&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernstein-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bernstein_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bernstein_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein1996" class="citation news cs1">Bernstein, Nina (June 23, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/23/weekinreview/ward-of-the-state-the-gap-in-ella-fitzgerald-s-life.html">"Ward of the State; The Gap in Ella Fitzgerald's Life"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ward+of+the+State%3B+The+Gap+in+Ella+Fitzgerald%27s+Life&rft.date=1996-06-23&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F06%2F23%2Fweekinreview%2Fward-of-the-state-the-gap-in-ella-fitzgerald-s-life.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FrittsVail2003-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FrittsVail2003_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FrittsVail2003_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FrittsVail2003_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FrittsVail2003_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FrittsVail2003_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrittsVail2003" class="citation book cs1">Fritts, Ron; Vail, Ken (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W13y4UwnHIcC&pg=PA4"><i>Ella Fitzgerald: The Chick Webb Years & Beyond</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. pp. 4–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4881-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4881-8"><bdi>978-0-8108-4881-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ella+Fitzgerald%3A+The+Chick+Webb+Years+%26+Beyond&rft.pages=4-6&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-4881-8&rft.aulast=Fritts&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft.au=Vail%2C+Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW13y4UwnHIcC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oliver2005-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oliver2005_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliver2005_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorton2005" class="citation book cs1">Horton, James Oliver (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gVBrIZLlqcMC&pg=PA143"><i>Landmarks of African American History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514118-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514118-4"><bdi>978-0-19-514118-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landmarks+of+African+American+History&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514118-4&rft.aulast=Horton&rft.aufirst=James+Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgVBrIZLlqcMC%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemmingHajdu199197-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemmingHajdu199197_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemmingHajdu199197_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemmingHajdu1991">Hemming & Hajdu 1991</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cnn_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnn_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnn_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoret1996" class="citation news cs1">Moret, Jim (June 15, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061129231320/http://www.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/9606/15/fitzgerald.obit/index.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'First Lady of Song' passes peacefully, surrounded by family"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/9606/15/fitzgerald.obit/index.html">the original</a> on November 29, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Vol. 17, no. 1. pp. 131–132, 139. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9011">0012-9011</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ebony&rft.atitle=First+Lady+of+Jazz&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=131-132%2C+139&rft.date=1961-11&rft.issn=0012-9011&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Louie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D89YDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtfinoski2010" class="citation book cs1">Otfinoski, Steven (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gnXQSqTx2h0C&pg=PT251"><i>African Americans in the Performing Arts</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2855-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2855-9"><bdi>978-1-4381-2855-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Routledge. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78814-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78814-7"><bdi>978-1-136-78814-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ella+Fitzgerald%3A+A+Biography+of+the+First+Lady+of+Jazz&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-136-78814-7&rft.au=Stuart+Nicholson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM1QSBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphrey1942" class="citation magazine cs1">Humphrey, Harold (April 4, 1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HAwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT66">"New Notes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">The Billboard</a></i>. Vol. 54, no. 14. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510">0006-2510</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Billboard&rft.atitle=New+Notes&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=67&rft.date=1942-04-04&rft.issn=0006-2510&rft.aulast=Humphrey&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHAwEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPT66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goldberg-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-goldberg_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg1998" class="citation book cs1">Goldberg, Marv (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WXLGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA125"><i>More Than Words Can Say: The Ink Spots and Their Music</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-6972-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-6972-2"><bdi>978-1-4616-6972-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=More+Than+Words+Can+Say%3A+The+Ink+Spots+and+Their+Music&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-4616-6972-2&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Marv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWXLGAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tyler-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tyler_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyler2007" class="citation book cs1">Tyler, Don (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hSCfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA304"><i>Hit Songs, 1900–1955: American Popular Music of the Pre-Rock Era</i></a>. McFarland. p. 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2946-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2946-2"><bdi>978-0-7864-2946-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hit+Songs%2C+1900%E2%80%931955%3A+American+Popular+Music+of+the+Pre-Rock+Era&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2946-2&rft.aulast=Tyler&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhSCfBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-billboard07Dec46-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-billboard07Dec46_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vBoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT27">"Coming Up"</a>. <i>The Billboard</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jazz+Standards%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Repertoire&rft.pages=307&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-993739-4&rft.aulast=Gioia&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdVwGAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStratton2007" class="citation journal cs1">Stratton, Jon (September 2007). 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July 24, 1954. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2018</span> – via <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" title="National Library of Australia">National Library of Australia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Argus&rft.atitle=%27Stop+the+music%2C%27+said+Artie+Shaw&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1954-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F23419892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/documented-rights/exhibit/section4/detail/fitzgerald-complaint-transcript.html">"Complaint, <i>Ella Fitzgerald et al v. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Complaint%2C+Ella+Fitzgerald+et+al+v.+Pan+American%2C+December+23%2C+1954&rft.pub=National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fdocumented-rights%2Fexhibit%2Fsection4%2Fdetail%2Ffitzgerald-complaint-transcript.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2bnuByFa1M">"Ella Fitzgerald Sues Airline for Discrimination (1970)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. April 25, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/V2bnuByFa1M">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ella+Fitzgerald+Sues+Airline+for+Discrimination+%281970%29&rft.pub=CBC+News&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DV2bnuByFa1M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mx4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA24">"Talent topics"</a>. <i>The Billboard</i>. March 12, 1955. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510">0006-2510</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Billboard&rft.atitle=Talent+topics&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1955-03-12&rft.issn=0006-2510&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmx4EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-bEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA60">"Ella Fitzgerald a big hit"</a>. <i>Jet</i>. Vol. 7, no. 22. April 7, 1955. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-5996">0021-5996</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jet&rft.atitle=Ella+Fitzgerald+a+big+hit&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=60&rft.date=1955-04-07&rft.issn=0021-5996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-bEDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson2004149-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson2004149_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholson2004">Nicholson 2004</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nEIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA60">"Jet"</a>. <i>Jet</i>. August 13, 1953. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-5996">0021-5996</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jet&rft.atitle=Jet&rft.pages=60&rft.date=1953-08-13&rft.issn=0021-5996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnEIDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=078DAAAAMBAJ">"Jet"</a>. <i>Jet</i>. December 10, 1953. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-5996">0021-5996</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jet&rft.atitle=Jet&rft.date=1953-12-10&rft.issn=0021-5996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D078DAAAAMBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0L8DAAAAMBAJ">"Jet"</a>. <i>Jet</i>. November 12, 1953. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-5996">0021-5996</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jet&rft.atitle=Jet&rft.date=1953-11-12&rft.issn=0021-5996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0L8DAAAAMBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iwoEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Ben+Selvin+RCA+Thesaurus&pg=PA39">"Billboard"</a>. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. August 18, 1956 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Billboard&rft.pub=Nielsen+Business+Media%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1956-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiwoEAAAAMBAJ%26dq%3DBen%2BSelvin%2BRCA%2BThesaurus%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson1996198-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson1996198_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholson1996">Nicholson 1996</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicholson-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholson_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholson_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholson_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholson2004">Nicholson 2004</a> <i>"For many years Fitzgerald's birthdate was thought to be on the same date one year later in 1918 – and it is still listed as such in some sources – but research by Nicholson and another biographer, Tanya Lee Stone, established 1917 as the correct year of birth."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2005" class="citation news cs1">Davies, Hugh (December 31, 2005). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1506681/Sir-Johnny-up-there-with-the-Count-and-the-Duke.html">"Sir Johnny up there with the Count and the Duke"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1506681/Sir-Johnny-up-there-with-the-Count-and-the-Duke.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Sir+Johnny+up+there+with+the+Count+and+the+Duke&rft.date=2005-12-31&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1506681%2FSir-Johnny-up-there-with-the-Count-and-the-Duke.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vbEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA62">"Movie of the week: Pete Kelly's Blues"</a>. <i>Jet</i>. August 25, 1955. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-5996">0021-5996</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jet&rft.atitle=Movie+of+the+week%3A+Pete+Kelly%27s+Blues&rft.pages=62&rft.date=1955-08-25&rft.issn=0021-5996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvbEDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapua2013" class="citation book cs1">Capua, Michelangelo (March 8, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NRlfe8948H4C&pg=PA176"><i>Janet Leigh: A Biography</i></a>. McFarland. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7022-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7022-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-7022-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Janet+Leigh%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2013-03-08&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-7022-8&rft.aulast=Capua&rft.aufirst=Michelangelo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNRlfe8948H4C%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuriaPatterson2010" class="citation book cs1">Furia, Philip; Patterson, Laurie (March 10, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1NVcYC2cHk4C&pg=PA174"><i>The Songs of Hollywood</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979266-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979266-5"><bdi>978-0-19-979266-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Songs+of+Hollywood&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010-03-10&rft.isbn=978-0-19-979266-5&rft.aulast=Furia&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1NVcYC2cHk4C%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webb-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Webb_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManohla1955" class="citation news cs1">Manohla, Dargis (August 10, 1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1955/08/19/archives/webb-plays-the-blues.html">"Webb Plays the Blues"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Webb+Plays+the+Blues&rft.date=1955-08-10&rft.aulast=Manohla&rft.aufirst=Dargis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1955%2F08%2F19%2Farchives%2Fwebb-plays-the-blues.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorb2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Storb, Ilse (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=40FU7dEiB78C&pg=PA61"><i>Jazz Meets the World – The World Meets Jazz</i></a> (in German). LIT Verlag Münster. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-3748-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-3748-8"><bdi>978-3-8258-3748-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jazz+Meets+the+World+%E2%80%93+The+World+Meets+Jazz&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-3748-8&rft.aulast=Storb&rft.aufirst=Ilse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D40FU7dEiB78C%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroix2012" class="citation book cs1">Croix, St. Sukie de la (July 11, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=44lheqlq-jYC&pg=PA213"><i>Chicago Whispers: A History of LGBT Chicago before Stonewall</i></a>. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-28693-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-28693-4"><bdi>978-0-299-28693-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chicago+Whispers%3A+A+History+of+LGBT+Chicago+before+Stonewall&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2012-07-11&rft.isbn=978-0-299-28693-4&rft.aulast=Croix&rft.aufirst=St.+Sukie+de+la&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D44lheqlq-jYC%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jquc8iFj6sY">"Ella on Special 1980 Duet with Karen Carpenter"</a>. YouTube. December 25, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/Jquc8iFj6sY">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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January 1, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=The+200+Greatest+Singers+of+All+Time&rft.date=2023-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-lists%2Fbest-singers-all-time-1234642307%2Fella-fitzgerald-2-1234643126%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ella_Fitzgerald&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGourse1998" class="citation book cs1">Gourse, Leslie (1998). <i>The Ella Fitzgerald Companion</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Press" title="Omnibus Press">Omnibus Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7119-6916-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7119-6916-7"><bdi>0-7119-6916-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ella+Fitzgerald+Companion&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Omnibus+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7119-6916-7&rft.aulast=Gourse&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemmingHajdu1991" class="citation book cs1">Hemming, Roy; Hajdu, David (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=Discovering%20great%20singers%20of%20classic%20pop&and%5b%5d=creator%3A%22hemming%2C+roy%22&and%5b%5d=year%3A%221991%22"><i>Discovering great singers of classic pop : a new listener's guide to the sounds and lives of the top performers and their recordings, movies, and videos</i></a>. New York: Newmarket Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55704-148-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55704-148-7"><bdi>978-1-55704-148-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1033645473">1033645473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovering+great+singers+of+classic+pop+%3A+a+new+listener%27s+guide+to+the+sounds+and+lives+of+the+top+performers+and+their+recordings%2C+movies%2C+and+videos&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Newmarket+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1033645473&rft.isbn=978-1-55704-148-7&rft.aulast=Hemming&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft.au=Hajdu%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fsearch.php%3Fquery%3DDiscovering%2520great%2520singers%2520of%2520classic%2520pop%26and%5B%5D%3Dcreator%253A%2522hemming%252C%2Broy%2522%26and%5B%5D%3Dyear%253A%25221991%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2001" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, J. Wilfred (2001). <i>Ella Fitzgerald: An Annotated Discography</i>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0906-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-0906-1"><bdi>0-7864-0906-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ella+Fitzgerald%3A+An+Annotated+Discography&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7864-0906-1&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=J.+Wilfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson1996" class="citation book cs1">Nicholson, Stuart (1996). <i>Ella Fitzgerald: 1917–1996</i>. London: Indigo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-575-40032-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-575-40032-0"><bdi>978-0-575-40032-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ella+Fitzgerald%3A+1917%E2%80%931996&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Indigo&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-575-40032-0&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson2004" class="citation book cs1">Nicholson, Stuart (2004). <i>Ella Fitzgerald : the complete biography</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78813-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78813-0"><bdi>978-1-136-78813-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/884745086">884745086</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1033559908">1033559908</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/884645602">884645602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ella+Fitzgerald+%3A+the+complete+biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F884745086&rft.isbn=978-1-136-78813-0&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElla+Fitzgerald" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ella_Fitzgerald&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Ella Fitzgerald</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=6148211">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=6148211&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Ella Fitzgerald</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=6148211">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=6148211&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li>Gourse, Leslie (1998), <i>The Ella Fitzgerald Companion: Seven Decades of Commentary</i>. Music Sales Ltd; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-864625-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-864625-8">0-02-864625-8</a></li> <li>Yazza, Houria (2000), <i>Ella and Marilyn, the perfect friendship</i>. NY 2000</li> <li>Johnson, J. Wilfred (2001), <i>Ella Fitzgerald: A Complete Annotated Discography</i>. McFarland & Co Inc.; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0906-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-0906-1">0-7864-0906-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ella_Fitzgerald&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/eadmus.mu010023">Ella Fitzgerald collection, 1956–1992</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.4em; padding-bottom:0.4em; border-top:1px solid #E0E0E0;"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Archival_material" title="Help:Archival material">How to use archival material</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/15px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/20px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ellafitzgerald.com">Ella Fitzgerald</a></span></span> – official site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/artist/31615">Ella Fitzgerald</a> discography at <a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1768#P1953" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/104118">Ella Fitzgerald</a> recordings at the <a href="/wiki/Discography_of_American_Historical_Recordings" title="Discography of American Historical Recordings">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0280228/">Ella Fitzgerald</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/89862">Ella Fitzgerald</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database" title="Internet Broadway Database">Internet Broadway Database</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1768#P1220" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/1328">Ella Fitzgerald</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/9708/ella.html">Ella Fitzgerald</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pitt.edu/~atteberr/jazz/articles/ella.html">"Remembering Ella"</a> by Phillip D. Atteberry (originally published in <i>The Mississippi Rag</i>, April 1996)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.libraries.rutgers.edu/repositories/6/resources/493">Ella Fitzgerald</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Jazz_Studies" title="Institute of Jazz Studies">Institute of Jazz Studies</a>, Rutgers University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/video/ella-fitzgerald-just-one-of-those-things-7xbobh/">Ella Fitzgerald: Just One of Those Things (documentary)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220613091902/https://www.pbs.org/video/ella-fitzgerald-just-one-of-those-things-7xbobh/">Archived</a> June 13, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Template:Ella Fitzgerald"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Template talk:Ella Fitzgerald"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ella Fitzgerald"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ella_Fitzgerald" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ella Fitzgerald</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald_discography" title="Ella Fitzgerald discography">Discography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Ella_Fitzgerald" title="List of awards and nominations received by Ella Fitzgerald">Awards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Studio<br />albums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_Sings_Gershwin" title="Ella Sings Gershwin">Ella Sings Gershwin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songs_in_a_Mellow_Mood" title="Songs in a Mellow Mood">Songs in a Mellow Mood</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lullabies_of_Birdland" title="Lullabies of Birdland">Lullabies of Birdland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_Sentimental_Reasons_(Ella_Fitzgerald_album)" title="For Sentimental Reasons (Ella Fitzgerald album)">For Sentimental Reasons</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miss_Ella_Fitzgerald_%26_Mr_Gordon_Jenkins_Invite_You_to_Listen_and_Relax" title="Miss Ella Fitzgerald & Mr Gordon Jenkins Invite You to Listen and Relax">Miss Ella Fitzgerald & Mr Gordon Jenkins Invite You to Listen and Relax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweet_and_Hot_(album)" title="Sweet and Hot (album)">Sweet and Hot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald_Sings_the_Cole_Porter_Song_Book" title="Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Cole Porter Song Book">Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Cole Porter Song Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_and_Louis" title="Ella and Louis">Ella and Louis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald_Sings_the_Rodgers_%26_Hart_Song_Book" title="Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Rodgers & Hart Song Book">Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Rodgers & Hart Song Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_and_Louis_Again" title="Ella and Louis Again">Ella and Louis Again</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald_Sings_the_Duke_Ellington_Song_Book" title="Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Song Book">Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Song Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Like_Someone_in_Love_(Ella_Fitzgerald_album)" title="Like Someone in Love (Ella Fitzgerald album)">Like Someone in Love</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_Swings_Lightly" title="Ella Swings Lightly">Ella Swings Lightly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Porgy_and_Bess_(Ella_Fitzgerald_and_Louis_Armstrong_album)" title="Porgy and Bess (Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong album)">Porgy and Bess</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald_Sings_the_Irving_Berlin_Song_Book" title="Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Irving Berlin Song Book">Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Irving Berlin Song Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Get_Happy!_(Ella_Fitzgerald_album)" title="Get Happy! (Ella Fitzgerald album)">Get Happy!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald_Sings_Sweet_Songs_for_Swingers" title="Ella Fitzgerald Sings Sweet Songs for Swingers">Ella Fitzgerald Sings Sweet Songs for Swingers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald_Sings_the_George_and_Ira_Gershwin_Song_Book" title="Ella Fitzgerald Sings the George and Ira Gershwin Song Book">Ella Fitzgerald Sings the George and Ira Gershwin Song Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_Wishes_You_a_Swinging_Christmas" title="Ella Wishes You a Swinging Christmas">Ella Wishes You a Swinging Christmas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hello,_Love_(Ella_Fitzgerald_album)" title="Hello, Love (Ella Fitzgerald album)">Hello, Love</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald_Sings_Songs_from_the_Soundtrack_of_%22Let_No_Man_Write_My_Epitaph%22" title="Ella Fitzgerald Sings Songs from the Soundtrack of "Let No Man Write My Epitaph"">Ella Fitzgerald Sings Songs from "Let No Man Write My Epitaph"</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald_Sings_the_Harold_Arlen_Song_Book" title="Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Harold Arlen Song Book">Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Harold Arlen Song Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clap_Hands,_Here_Comes_Charlie!" title="Clap Hands, Here Comes Charlie!">Clap Hands, Here Comes Charlie!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_Is_My_Business" title="Rhythm Is My Business">Rhythm Is My Business</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_Swings_Brightly_with_Nelson" title="Ella Swings Brightly with Nelson">Ella Swings Brightly with Nelson</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_Swings_Gently_with_Nelson" title="Ella Swings Gently with Nelson">Ella Swings Gently with Nelson</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_Sings_Broadway" title="Ella Sings Broadway">Ella Sings Broadway</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald_Sings_the_Jerome_Kern_Song_Book" title="Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Jerome Kern Song Book">Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Jerome Kern Song Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_and_Basie!" title="Ella and Basie!">Ella and Basie!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/These_Are_the_Blues" title="These Are the Blues">These Are the Blues</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hello,_Dolly!_(Ella_Fitzgerald_album)" title="Hello, Dolly! (Ella Fitzgerald album)">Hello, Dolly!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald_Sings_the_Johnny_Mercer_Song_Book" title="Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Johnny Mercer Song Book">Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Johnny Mercer Song Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_at_Duke%27s_Place" title="Ella at Duke's Place">Ella at Duke's Place</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whisper_Not_(Ella_Fitzgerald_album)" title="Whisper Not (Ella Fitzgerald album)">Whisper Not</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brighten_the_Corner" title="Brighten the Corner">Brighten the Corner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald%27s_Christmas" title="Ella Fitzgerald's Christmas">Ella Fitzgerald's Christmas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/30_by_Ella" title="30 by Ella">30 by Ella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Misty_Blue_(album)" title="Misty Blue (album)">Misty Blue</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_(Ella_Fitzgerald_album)" title="Ella (Ella Fitzgerald album)">Ella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Things_Ain%27t_What_They_Used_to_Be_(And_You_Better_Believe_It)" title="Things Ain't What They Used to Be (And You Better Believe It)">Things Ain't What They Used to Be (And You Better Believe It)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_Loves_Cole" title="Ella Loves Cole">Ella Loves Cole</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Take_Love_Easy" title="Take Love Easy">Take Love Easy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fine_and_Mellow_(Ella_Fitzgerald_album)" title="Fine and Mellow (Ella Fitzgerald album)">Fine and Mellow</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_and_Oscar" title="Ella and Oscar">Ella and Oscar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fitzgerald_and_Pass..._Again" title="Fitzgerald and Pass... Again">Fitzgerald and Pass... Again</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Time" title="Lady Time">Lady Time</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dream_Dancing_(Ella_Fitzgerald_album)" title="Dream Dancing (Ella Fitzgerald album)">Dream Dancing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Classy_Pair" title="A Classy Pair">A Classy Pair</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_Abra%C3%A7a_Jobim" title="Ella Abraça Jobim">Ella Abraça Jobim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Best_Is_Yet_to_Come_(Ella_Fitzgerald_album)" title="The Best Is Yet to Come (Ella Fitzgerald album)">The Best Is Yet to Come</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Speak_Love" title="Speak Love">Speak Love</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nice_Work_If_You_Can_Get_It_(album)" title="Nice Work If You Can Get It (album)">Nice Work If You Can Get It</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Easy_Living_(Ella_Fitzgerald_and_Joe_Pass_album)" title="Easy Living (Ella Fitzgerald and Joe Pass album)">Easy Living</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_That_Jazz_(Ella_Fitzgerald_album)" title="All That Jazz (Ella Fitzgerald album)">All That Jazz</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live<br />albums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/At_the_Opera_House" title="At the Opera House">At the Opera House</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald_and_Billie_Holiday_at_Newport" title="Ella Fitzgerald and Billie Holiday at Newport">Ella Fitzgerald and Billie Holiday at Newport</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_in_Rome:_The_Birthday_Concert" title="Ella in Rome: The Birthday Concert">Ella in Rome: The Birthday Concert</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald_Live_at_Mister_Kelly%27s" title="Ella Fitzgerald Live at Mister Kelly's">Ella Fitzgerald Live at Mister Kelly's</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_in_Berlin:_Mack_the_Knife" title="Ella in Berlin: Mack the Knife">Ella in Berlin: Mack the Knife</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_in_Hollywood" title="Ella in Hollywood">Ella in Hollywood</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_Returns_to_Berlin" title="Ella Returns to Berlin">Ella Returns to Berlin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Nights_in_Hollywood" title="Twelve Nights in Hollywood">Twelve Nights in Hollywood</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_at_Juan-Les-Pins" title="Ella at Juan-Les-Pins">Ella at Juan-Les-Pins</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_in_Hamburg" title="Ella in Hamburg">Ella in Hamburg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_and_Duke_at_the_Cote_D%27Azur" title="Ella and Duke at the Cote D'Azur">Ella and Duke at the Cote D'Azur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunshine_of_Your_Love_(album)" title="Sunshine of Your Love (album)">Sunshine of Your Love</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Newport_Jazz_Festival:_Live_at_Carnegie_Hall" title="Newport Jazz Festival: Live at Carnegie Hall">Newport Jazz Festival: Live at Carnegie Hall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stockholm_Concert,_1966" title="The Stockholm Concert, 1966">The Stockholm Concert, 1966</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_in_Budapest" title="Ella in Budapest">Ella in Budapest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_%C3%A0_Nice" title="Ella à Nice">Ella à Nice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jazz_at_Santa_Monica_Civic_%2772" title="Jazz at Santa Monica Civic '72">Jazz at Santa Monica Civic '72</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ella_in_London" title="Ella in London">Ella in London</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Montreux_%2775" title="Montreux '75">Montreux '75</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Montreux_%2777_(Ella_Fitzgerald_album)" title="Montreux '77 (Ella Fitzgerald album)">Montreux '77</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Digital_III_at_Montreux" title="Digital III at Montreux">Digital III at Montreux</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Perfect_Match_(Ella_Fitzgerald_album)" title="A Perfect Match (Ella Fitzgerald album)">A Perfect Match</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophisticated_Lady_(Ella_Fitzgerald_and_Joe_Pass_album)" title="Sophisticated Lady (Ella Fitzgerald and Joe Pass album)">Sophisticated Lady</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />albums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Songs_from_Pete_Kelly%27s_Blues" title="Songs from Pete Kelly's Blues">Songs from Pete Kelly's Blues</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_O%27Clock_Jump_(album)" title="One O'Clock Jump (album)">One O'Clock Jump</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Back_on_the_Block" title="Back on the Block">Back on the Block</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Ella_Fitzgerald_Song_Books" title="The Complete Ella Fitzgerald Song Books">The Complete Ella Fitzgerald Song Books</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pure_Ella" title="Pure Ella">Pure Ella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Ella_Fitzgerald_%26_Louis_Armstrong_on_Verve" title="The Complete Ella Fitzgerald & Louis Armstrong on Verve">The Complete Ella Fitzgerald & Louis Armstrong on Verve</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_Ella:_The_Complete_Verve_Singles,_Vol._1" title="Jukebox Ella: The Complete Verve Singles, Vol. 1">Jukebox Ella: The Complete Verve Singles, Vol. 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gold_(Ella_Fitzgerald_album)" title="Gold (Ella Fitzgerald album)">Gold</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribute<br />albums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dear_Ella" title="Dear Ella">Dear Ella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_Ella" title="To Ella">To Ella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/We_All_Love_Ella:_Celebrating_the_First_Lady_of_Song" title="We All Love Ella: Celebrating the First Lady of Song">We All Love Ella: Celebrating the First Lady of Song</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Filmography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ride_%27Em_Cowboy_(1942_film)" title="Ride 'Em Cowboy (1942 film)">Ride 'Em Cowboy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pete_Kelly%27s_Blues_(film)" title="Pete Kelly's Blues (film)">Pete Kelly's Blues</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Blues_(1958_film)" title="St. Louis Blues (1958 film)">St. Louis Blues</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Brown_(musician)" title="Ray Brown (musician)">Ray Brown</a> (second husband)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Brown_Jr." title="Ray Brown Jr.">Ray Brown Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald_and_Louis_Armstrong_collaborations" title="Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong collaborations">Louis Armstrong collaborations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Man_and_His_Music_%2B_Ella_%2B_Jobim" title="A Man and His Music + Ella + Jobim">A Man and His Music + Ella + Jobim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_and_Ella" title="Marilyn and Ella">Marilyn and Ella</a></i> (2008 play)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Category:Ella Fitzgerald">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Awards_for_Ella_Fitzgerald" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Awards_for_Ella_Fitzgerald" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_received_by_Ella_Fitzgerald" class="mw-redirect" title="List of awards received by Ella Fitzgerald">Awards for Ella Fitzgerald</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Music_Award_of_Merit" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Music_Award_of_Merit" title="Template:American Music Award of Merit"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Music_Award_of_Merit" title="Template talk:American Music Award of Merit"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Music_Award_of_Merit" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Music Award of Merit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Music_Award_of_Merit" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Music_Award_of_Merit" title="American Music Award of Merit">American Music Award of Merit</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_Gordy" title="Berry Gordy">Berry Gordy</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a> (1977)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ella Fitzgerald</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Como" title="Perry Como">Perry Como</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Goodman" title="Benny Goodman">Benny Goodman</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenny_Rogers" title="Kenny Rogers">Kenny Rogers</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lynn" title="Loretta Lynn">Loretta Lynn</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">The Beach Boys</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Nelson" title="Willie Nelson">Willie Nelson</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Diamond" title="Neil Diamond">Neil Diamond</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merle_Haggard" title="Merle Haggard">Merle Haggard</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(promoter)" title="Bill Graham (promoter)">Bill Graham</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Houston" title="Whitney Houston">Whitney Houston</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammy_Wynette" title="Tammy Wynette">Tammy Wynette</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard">Little Richard</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Joel" title="Billy Joel">Billy Joel</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Estefan" title="Gloria Estefan">Gloria Estefan</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet Jackson</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garth_Brooks" title="Garth Brooks">Garth Brooks</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_(American_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama (American band)">Alabama</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon_Jovi" title="Bon Jovi">Bon Jovi</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Lennox" title="Annie Lennox">Annie Lennox</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sting_(musician)" title="Sting (musician)">Sting</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" title="Template:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" title="Template talk:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" title="Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award">Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1963–1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a></li></ul></li> <li>1965 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a></li></ul></li> <li>1966 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a></li></ul></li> <li>1967 <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ella Fitzgerald</a></li></ul></li> <li>1968 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a></li></ul></li> <li>1971 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a></li></ul></li> <li>1972 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahalia_Jackson" title="Mahalia Jackson">Mahalia Jackson</a></li></ul></li> <li>1984 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Parker" title="Charlie Parker">Charlie Parker</a></li></ul></li> <li>1985 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a></li></ul></li> <li>1986 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Goodman" title="Benny Goodman">Benny Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">The Rolling Stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Segovia" title="Andrés Segovia">Andrés Segovia</a></li></ul></li> <li>1987 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Acuff" title="Roy Acuff">Roy Acuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Carter" title="Benny Carter">Benny Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fats_Domino" title="Fats Domino">Fats Domino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Herman" title="Woody Herman">Woody Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Holiday" title="Billie Holiday">Billie Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B.B._King" class="mw-redirect" title="B.B. King">B.B. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Stern" title="Isaac Stern">Isaac Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini" title="Arturo Toscanini">Arturo Toscanini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_Williams" title="Hank Williams">Hank Williams</a></li></ul></li> <li>1989 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Astaire" title="Fred Astaire">Fred Astaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Casals" title="Pablo Casals">Pablo Casals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie">Dizzy Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jascha_Heifetz" title="Jascha Heifetz">Jascha Heifetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontyne_Price" title="Leontyne Price">Leontyne Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Tatum" title="Art Tatum">Art Tatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Vaughan" title="Sarah Vaughan">Sarah Vaughan</a></li></ul></li> <li>1990 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nat_King_Cole" title="Nat King Cole">Nat King Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz" title="Vladimir Horowitz">Vladimir Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1991–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1991 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitty_Wells" title="Kitty Wells">Kitty Wells</a></li></ul></li> <li>1992 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coltrane" title="John Coltrane">John Coltrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muddy_Waters" title="Muddy Waters">Muddy Waters</a></li></ul></li> <li>1993 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chet_Atkins" title="Chet Atkins">Chet Atkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard">Little Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk">Thelonious Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Monroe" title="Bill Monroe">Bill Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fats_Waller" title="Fats Waller">Fats Waller</a></li></ul></li> <li>1994 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Evans" title="Bill Evans">Bill Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rubinstein" title="Arthur Rubinstein">Arthur Rubinstein</a></li></ul></li> <li>1995 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Cline" title="Patsy Cline">Patsy Cline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Lee" title="Peggy Lee">Peggy Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Mancini" title="Henry Mancini">Henry Mancini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Mayfield" title="Curtis Mayfield">Curtis Mayfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a></li></ul></li> <li>1996 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Brubeck" title="Dave Brubeck">Dave Brubeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gaye" title="Marvin Gaye">Marvin Gaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti" title="Georg Solti">Georg Solti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a></li></ul></li> <li>1997 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Bland" title="Bobby Bland">Bobby "Blue" Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Everly_Brothers" title="The Everly Brothers">The Everly Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Grappelli" title="Stéphane Grappelli">Stéphane Grappelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Holly" title="Buddy Holly">Buddy Holly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus">Charles Mingus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Peterson" title="Oscar Peterson">Oscar Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Zappa" title="Frank Zappa">Frank Zappa</a></li></ul></li> <li>1998 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Diddley" title="Bo Diddley">Bo Diddley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mills_Brothers" title="The Mills Brothers">The Mills Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Orbison" title="Roy Orbison">Roy Orbison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li></ul></li> <li>1999 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Cooke" title="Sam Cooke">Sam Cooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otis_Redding" title="Otis Redding">Otis Redding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokey_Robinson" title="Smokey Robinson">Smokey Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Torm%C3%A9" title="Mel Tormé">Mel Tormé</a></li></ul></li> <li>2000 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Guthrie" title="Woody Guthrie">Woody Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lee_Hooker" title="John Lee Hooker">John Lee Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_Miller" title="Mitch Miller">Mitch Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Nelson" title="Willie Nelson">Willie Nelson</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">2001–2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">The Beach Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Bennett" title="Tony Bennett">Tony Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr." title="Sammy Davis Jr.">Sammy Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Marley" title="Bob Marley">Bob Marley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">The Who</a></li></ul></li> <li>2002 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Count_Basie" title="Count Basie">Count Basie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Clooney" title="Rosemary Clooney">Rosemary Clooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Como" title="Perry Como">Perry Como</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Green" title="Al Green">Al Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joni_Mitchell" title="Joni Mitchell">Joni Mitchell</a></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etta_James" title="Etta James">Etta James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Mathis" title="Johnny Mathis">Johnny Mathis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Miller" title="Glenn Miller">Glenn Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito_Puente" title="Tito Puente">Tito Puente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Garfunkel" title="Simon & Garfunkel">Simon & Garfunkel</a></li></ul></li> <li>2004 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Van_Cliburn" title="Van Cliburn">Van Cliburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Funk_Brothers" title="The Funk Brothers">The Funk Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Jenkins" title="Ella Jenkins">Ella Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonny_Rollins" title="Sonny Rollins">Sonny Rollins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artie_Shaw" title="Artie Shaw">Artie Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doc_Watson" title="Doc Watson">Doc Watson</a></li></ul></li> <li>2005 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_Arnold" title="Eddy Arnold">Eddy Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Blakey" title="Art Blakey">Art Blakey</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Carter_Family" title="Carter Family">Carter Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Gould" title="Morton Gould">Morton Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janis_Joplin" title="Janis Joplin">Janis Joplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelly_Roll_Morton" title="Jelly Roll Morton">Jelly Roll Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinetop_Perkins" title="Pinetop Perkins">Pinetop Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Staple_Singers" title="The Staple Singers">The Staple Singers</a></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cream_(band)" title="Cream (band)">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merle_Haggard" title="Merle Haggard">Merle Haggard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Johnson" title="Robert Johnson">Robert Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pryor" title="Richard Pryor">Richard Pryor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weavers" title="The Weavers">The Weavers</a></li></ul></li> <li>2007 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Baez" title="Joan Baez">Joan Baez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._%26_the_M.G.%27s" title="Booker T. & the M.G.'s">Booker T. & the M.G.'s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Callas" title="Maria Callas">Maria Callas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornette_Coleman" title="Ornette Coleman">Ornette Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Doors" title="The Doors">The Doors</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Grateful_Dead" title="Grateful Dead">Grateful Dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Wills" title="Bob Wills">Bob Wills</a></li></ul></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burt_Bacharach" title="Burt Bacharach">Burt Bacharach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Band" title="The Band">The Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cab_Calloway" title="Cab Calloway">Cab Calloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Day" title="Doris Day">Doris Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzhak_Perlman" title="Itzhak Perlman">Itzhak Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Roach" title="Max Roach">Max Roach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Scruggs" title="Earl Scruggs">Earl Scruggs</a></li></ul></li> <li>2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Autry" title="Gene Autry">Gene Autry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Boys_of_Alabama" title="The Blind Boys of Alabama">The Blind Boys of Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Tops" title="Four Tops">The Four Tops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_Jones" title="Hank Jones">Hank Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Lee" title="Brenda Lee">Brenda Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Martin" title="Dean Martin">Dean Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Paxton" title="Tom Paxton">Tom Paxton</a></li></ul></li> <li>2010 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Cohen" title="Leonard Cohen">Leonard Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Darin" title="Bobby Darin">Bobby Darin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_%22Honeyboy%22_Edwards" title="David "Honeyboy" Edwards">David "Honeyboy" Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lynn" title="Loretta Lynn">Loretta Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Previn" title="André Previn">André Previn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Terry" title="Clark Terry">Clark Terry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">2011–2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2011 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Andrews" title="Julie Andrews">Julie Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Haynes" title="Roy Haynes">Roy Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juilliard_String_Quartet" title="Juilliard String Quartet">Juilliard String Quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kingston_Trio" title="The Kingston Trio">The Kingston Trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolly_Parton" title="Dolly Parton">Dolly Parton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramones" title="Ramones">Ramones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Beverly_Shea" title="George Beverly Shea">George Beverly Shea</a></li></ul></li> <li>2012 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Allman_Brothers_Band" title="The Allman Brothers Band">The Allman Brothers Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Campbell" title="Glen Campbell">Glen Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Jobim" title="Antônio Carlos Jobim">Antônio Carlos Jobim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jones" title="George Jones">George Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Memphis_Horns" title="The Memphis Horns">The Memphis Horns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross" title="Diana Ross">Diana Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Scott-Heron" title="Gil Scott-Heron">Gil Scott-Heron</a></li></ul></li> <li>2013 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Gould" title="Glenn Gould">Glenn Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Haden" title="Charlie Haden">Charlie Haden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightnin%27_Hopkins" title="Lightnin' Hopkins">Lightnin' Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_King" title="Carole King">Carole King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patti_Page" title="Patti Page">Patti Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Temptations" title="The Temptations">The Temptations</a></li></ul></li> <li>2014 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_Chenier" title="Clifton Chenier">Clifton Chenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Isley_Brothers" title="The Isley Brothers">The Isley Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk">Kraftwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kris_Kristofferson" title="Kris Kristofferson">Kris Kristofferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armando_Manzanero" title="Armando Manzanero">Armando Manzanero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_Powell" title="Maud Powell">Maud Powell</a></li></ul></li> <li>2015 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bee_Gees" title="Bee Gees">Bee Gees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Guy" title="Buddy Guy">Buddy Guy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaco_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Flaco Jiménez">Flaco Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Louvin_Brothers" title="The Louvin Brothers">The Louvin Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Shorter" title="Wayne Shorter">Wayne Shorter</a></li></ul></li> <li>2016 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Brown" title="Ruth Brown">Ruth Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celia_Cruz" title="Celia Cruz">Celia Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth,_Wind_%26_Fire" title="Earth, Wind & Fire">Earth, Wind & Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbie_Hancock" title="Herbie Hancock">Herbie Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Airplane" title="Jefferson Airplane">Jefferson Airplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt" title="Linda Ronstadt">Linda Ronstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-DMC" title="Run-DMC">Run-DMC</a></li></ul></li> <li>2017 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Caesar" title="Shirley Caesar">Shirley Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Jamal" title="Ahmad Jamal">Ahmad Jamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charley_Pride" title="Charley Pride">Charley Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Rodgers_(country_singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)">Jimmie Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Simone" title="Nina Simone">Nina Simone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sly_Stone" title="Sly Stone">Sly Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground" title="The Velvet Underground">The Velvet Underground</a></li></ul></li> <li>2018 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Blaine" title="Hal Blaine">Hal Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Diamond" title="Neil Diamond">Neil Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmylou_Harris" title="Emmylou Harris">Emmylou Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Jordan" title="Louis Jordan">Louis Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Meters" title="The Meters">The Meters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tina_Turner" title="Tina Turner">Tina Turner</a></li></ul></li> <li>2019 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sabbath" title="Black Sabbath">Black Sabbath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(funk_musician)" title="George Clinton (funk musician)">George Clinton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliament-Funkadelic" title="Parliament-Funkadelic">Parliament-Funkadelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Eckstine" title="Billy Eckstine">Billy Eckstine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donny_Hathaway" title="Donny Hathaway">Donny Hathaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Iglesias" title="Julio Iglesias">Julio Iglesias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_%26_Dave" title="Sam & Dave">Sam & Dave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionne_Warwick" title="Dionne Warwick">Dionne Warwick</a></li></ul></li> <li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_(band)" title="Chicago (band)">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Flack" title="Roberta Flack">Roberta Flack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Hayes" title="Isaac Hayes">Isaac Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iggy_Pop" title="Iggy Pop">Iggy Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prine" title="John Prine">John Prine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Enemy" title="Public Enemy">Public Enemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Rosetta_Tharpe" title="Sister Rosetta Tharpe">Sister Rosetta Tharpe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">2021–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2021 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_Flash_and_the_Furious_Five" title="Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five">Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Hampton" title="Lionel Hampton">Lionel Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Horne" title="Marilyn Horne">Marilyn Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt-N-Pepa" title="Salt-N-Pepa">Salt-N-Pepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selena" title="Selena">Selena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_Heads" title="Talking Heads">Talking Heads</a></li></ul></li> <li>2022 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Raitt" title="Bonnie Raitt">Bonnie Raitt</a></li></ul></li> <li>2023 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_McFerrin" title="Bobby McFerrin">Bobby McFerrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Rainey" title="Ma Rainey">Ma Rainey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slick_Rick" title="Slick Rick">Slick Rick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Rodgers" title="Nile Rodgers">Nile Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Supremes" title="The Supremes">The Supremes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Wilson" title="Ann Wilson">Ann Wilson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Wilson_(rock_musician)" title="Nancy Wilson (rock musician)">Nancy Wilson</a></li></ul></li> <li>2024 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Anderson" title="Laurie Anderson">Laurie Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Clark_Sisters" title="The Clark Sisters">The Clark Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Knight" title="Gladys Knight">Gladys Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N.W.A" title="N.W.A">N.W.A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Summer" title="Donna Summer">Donna Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammy_Wynette" title="Tammy Wynette">Tammy Wynette</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hasty_Pudding_Woman_of_the_Year" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hasty_Pudding_Woman_of_the_Year" title="Template:Hasty Pudding Woman of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hasty_Pudding_Woman_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Hasty Pudding Woman of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hasty_Pudding_Woman_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hasty Pudding Woman of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hasty_Pudding_Woman_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hasty_Pudding_Woman_of_the_Year" title="Hasty Pudding Woman of the Year">Hasty Pudding Woman of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Lawrence" title="Gertrude Lawrence">Gertrude Lawrence</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bel_Geddes" title="Barbara Bel Geddes">Barbara Bel Geddes</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamie_Eisenhower" title="Mamie Eisenhower">Mamie Eisenhower</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Booth" title="Shirley Booth">Shirley Booth</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Reynolds" title="Debbie Reynolds">Debbie Reynolds</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Ann_Garner" title="Peggy Ann Garner">Peggy Ann Garner</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_Baker" title="Carroll Baker">Carroll Baker</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn" title="Katharine Hepburn">Katharine Hepburn</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Woodward" title="Joanne Woodward">Joanne Woodward</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Lawrence" title="Carol Lawrence">Carol Lawrence</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_Laurie" title="Piper Laurie">Piper Laurie</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_MacLaine" title="Shirley MacLaine">Shirley MacLaine</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Russell" title="Rosalind Russell">Rosalind Russell</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Remick" title="Lee Remick">Lee Remick</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Merman" title="Ethel Merman">Ethel Merman</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bacall" title="Lauren Bacall">Lauren Bacall</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Lansbury" title="Angela Lansbury">Angela Lansbury</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Burnett" title="Carol Burnett">Carol Burnett</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionne_Warwick" title="Dionne Warwick">Dionne Warwick</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Channing" title="Carol Channing">Carol Channing</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Keeler" title="Ruby Keeler">Ruby Keeler</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liza_Minnelli" title="Liza Minnelli">Liza Minnelli</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Dunaway" title="Faye Dunaway">Faye Dunaway</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Harper" title="Valerie Harper">Valerie Harper</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bette_Midler" title="Bette Midler">Bette Midler</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Sills" title="Beverly Sills">Beverly Sills</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candice_Bergen" title="Candice Bergen">Candice Bergen</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meryl_Streep" title="Meryl Streep">Meryl Streep</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Tyler_Moore" title="Mary Tyler Moore">Mary Tyler Moore</a> (1981)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ella Fitzgerald</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Andrews" title="Julie Andrews">Julie Andrews</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Rivers" title="Joan Rivers">Joan Rivers</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cher" title="Cher">Cher</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Field" title="Sally Field">Sally Field</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Peters" title="Bernadette Peters">Bernadette Peters</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Turner" title="Kathleen Turner">Kathleen Turner</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Close" title="Glenn Close">Glenn Close</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Keaton" title="Diane Keaton">Diane Keaton</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodie_Foster" title="Jodie Foster">Jodie Foster</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whoopi_Goldberg" title="Whoopi Goldberg">Whoopi Goldberg</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meg_Ryan" title="Meg Ryan">Meg Ryan</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Pfeiffer" title="Michelle Pfeiffer">Michelle Pfeiffer</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Sarandon" title="Susan Sarandon">Susan Sarandon</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Roberts" title="Julia Roberts">Julia Roberts</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigourney_Weaver" title="Sigourney Weaver">Sigourney Weaver</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldie_Hawn" title="Goldie Hawn">Goldie Hawn</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamie_Lee_Curtis" title="Jamie Lee Curtis">Jamie Lee Curtis</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Barrymore" title="Drew Barrymore">Drew Barrymore</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Jessica_Parker" title="Sarah Jessica Parker">Sarah Jessica Parker</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjelica_Huston" title="Anjelica Huston">Anjelica Huston</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Bullock" title="Sandra Bullock">Sandra Bullock</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Zeta-Jones" title="Catherine Zeta-Jones">Catherine Zeta-Jones</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle_Berry" title="Halle Berry">Halle Berry</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarlett_Johansson" title="Scarlett Johansson">Scarlett Johansson</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlize_Theron" title="Charlize Theron">Charlize Theron</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Zellweger" title="Renée Zellweger">Renée Zellweger</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hathaway" title="Anne Hathaway">Anne Hathaway</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julianne_Moore" title="Julianne Moore">Julianne Moore</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Danes" title="Claire Danes">Claire Danes</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Cotillard" title="Marion Cotillard">Marion Cotillard</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Mirren" title="Helen Mirren">Helen Mirren</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Poehler" title="Amy Poehler">Amy Poehler</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Washington" title="Kerry Washington">Kerry Washington</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_Spencer" title="Octavia Spencer">Octavia Spencer</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mila_Kunis" title="Mila Kunis">Mila Kunis</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryce_Dallas_Howard" title="Bryce Dallas Howard">Bryce Dallas Howard</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Banks" title="Elizabeth Banks">Elizabeth Banks</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_Davis" title="Viola Davis">Viola Davis</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Garner" title="Jennifer Garner">Jennifer Garner</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Coolidge" title="Jennifer Coolidge">Jennifer Coolidge</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_Bening" title="Annette Bening">Annette Bening</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kennedy_Center_Honorees_(1970s)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1970s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1970s"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1970s" title="Template talk:Kennedy Center Honorees 1970s"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1970s" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1970s"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kennedy_Center_Honorees_(1970s)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors" title="Kennedy Center Honors">Kennedy Center Honorees</a> (1970s)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1978</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Astaire" title="Fred Astaire">Fred Astaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Balanchine" title="George Balanchine">George Balanchine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rubinstein" title="Arthur Rubinstein">Arthur Rubinstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ella Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams">Tennessee Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors" title="Kennedy Center Honors">Complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1970s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1970s">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1980s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1990s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_2000s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_2010s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 2010s">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_2020s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 2020s">2020s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NAACP_Image_Award_–_Hall_of_Fame_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Hall_of_Fame_Award" title="Template:NAACP Image Award – Hall of Fame Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Hall_of_Fame_Award" title="Template talk:NAACP Image Award – Hall of Fame Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Hall_of_Fame_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NAACP Image Award – Hall of Fame Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NAACP_Image_Award_–_Hall_of_Fame_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Hall_of_Fame_Award" title="NAACP Image Award – Hall of Fame Award">NAACP Image Award – Hall of Fame Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a> (1983)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ella Fitzgerald</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks">Gordon Parks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Hunter" title="Alberta Hunter">Alberta Hunter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Rolle" title="Esther Rolle">Esther Rolle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linda_Hopkins" title="Linda Hopkins">Linda Hopkins</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gaye" title="Marvin Gaye">Marvin Gaye</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr." title="Sammy Davis Jr.">Sammy Davis Jr.</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ossie_Davis" title="Ossie Davis">Ossie Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etta_James" title="Etta James">Etta James</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Tops" title="Four Tops">Four Tops</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_O%27Jays" title="The O'Jays">The O'Jays</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Temptations" title="The Temptations">The Temptations</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Dells" title="The Dells">The Dells</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_McRae" title="Carmen McRae">Carmen McRae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Butler" title="Jerry Butler">Jerry Butler</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth,_Wind_%26_Fire" title="Earth, Wind & Fire">Earth, Wind & Fire</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pryor" title="Richard Pryor">Richard Pryor</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(funk_musician)" title="George Clinton (funk musician)">George Clinton</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Wilson_(jazz_singer)" title="Nancy Wilson (jazz singer)">Nancy Wilson</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Isley_Brothers" title="The Isley Brothers">The Isley Brothers</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Battle" title="Kathleen Battle">Kathleen Battle</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard">Little Richard</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Santana" title="Carlos Santana">Carlos Santana</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Bill Cosby</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Avant" title="Clarence Avant">Clarence Avant</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Murphy" title="Eddie Murphy">Eddie Murphy</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NAACP_Image_Award_for_Outstanding_Jazz_Artist" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NAACP_Image_Award_for_Outstanding_Jazz_Artist" title="Template:NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Jazz Artist"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NAACP_Image_Award_for_Outstanding_Jazz_Artist" title="Template talk:NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Jazz Artist"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NAACP_Image_Award_for_Outstanding_Jazz_Artist" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Jazz Artist"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NAACP_Image_Award_for_Outstanding_Jazz_Artist" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award_for_Outstanding_Jazz_Artist" title="NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Jazz Artist">NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Jazz Artist</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Count_Basie" title="Count Basie">Count Basie</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Jarreau" title="Al Jarreau">Al Jarreau</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a> (1987)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ella Fitzgerald</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Cole" title="Natalie Cole">Natalie Cole</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wynton_Marsalis" title="Wynton Marsalis">Wynton Marsalis</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenny_G" title="Kenny G">Kenny G</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenny_G" title="Kenny G">Kenny G</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Washington,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Grover Washington, Jr.">Grover Washington, Jr.</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Cole" title="Natalie Cole">Natalie Cole</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Lewis" title="Ramsey Lewis">Ramsey Lewis</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Wilson_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nancy Wilson (singer)">Nancy Wilson</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najee" title="Najee">Najee</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Knight" title="Gladys Knight">Gladys Knight</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Jordan" title="Stanley Jordan">Stanley Jordan</a> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NAACP_Image_Award_–_President&#039;s_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_President%27s_Award" title="Template:NAACP Image Award – President's Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_President%27s_Award" title="Template talk:NAACP Image Award – President's Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_President%27s_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NAACP Image Award – President's Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NAACP_Image_Award_–_President&#039;s_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_President%27s_Award" title="NAACP Image Award – President's Award">NAACP Image Award – President's Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ella Fitzgerald</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Rev. Jesse Jackson</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jheryl_Busby" title="Jheryl Busby">Jheryl Busby</a> (1988)</li> <li>Antoinette Stroman & <a href="/wiki/Ryan_White" title="Ryan White">Ryan White</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Kent Amos & Carmen Amos (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryant_Gumbel" title="Bryant Gumbel">Bryant Gumbel</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Herman" title="Alexis Herman">Alexis Herman</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauryn_Hill" title="Lauryn Hill">Lauryn Hill</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavis_Smiley" title="Tavis Smiley">Tavis Smiley</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tom_Joyner" title="Tom Joyner">Tom Joyner</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Williams" title="Venus Williams">Venus</a> & <a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._D._Jakes" title="T. D. Jakes">T. D. Jakes</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_L._Taylor" title="Susan L. Taylor">Susan L. Taylor</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soledad_O%27Brien" title="Soledad O'Brien">Soledad O'Brien</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Jones" title="Van Jones">Van Jones</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Stuntmen%27s_Association" title="Black Stuntmen's Association">Black Stuntmen's Association</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Washington" title="Kerry Washington">Kerry Washington</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Legend" title="John Legend">John Legend</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Bunch" title="Lonnie Bunch">Lonnie Bunch</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Glover" title="Danny Glover">Danny Glover</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay-Z" title="Jay-Z">Jay-Z</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rihanna" title="Rihanna">Rihanna</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LeBron_James" title="LeBron James">LeBron James</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex">Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex</a> & <a href="/wiki/Meghan,_Duchess_of_Sussex" title="Meghan, Duchess of Sussex">Meghan, Duchess of Sussex</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabrielle_Union" title="Gabrielle Union">Gabrielle Union</a> & <a href="/wiki/Dwyane_Wade" title="Dwyane Wade">Dwyane Wade</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usher_(musician)" title="Usher (musician)">Usher</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_(1980s)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1980s" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 1980s"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1980s" title="Template talk:National Medal of Arts recipients 1980s"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1980s" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 1980s"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_(1980s)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Arts" title="National Medal of Arts">National Medal of Arts recipients</a> (1980s)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1985</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Carter" title="Elliott Carter">Elliott Carter Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ellison" title="Ralph Ellison">Ralph Ellison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferrer" title="José Ferrer">José Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Nevelson" title="Louise Nevelson">Louise Nevelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">Georgia O'Keeffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontyne_Price" title="Leontyne Price">Leontyne Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Buffum_Chandler" title="Dorothy Buffum Chandler">Dorothy Buffum Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Kirstein" title="Lincoln Kirstein">Lincoln Kirstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mellon" title="Paul Mellon">Paul Mellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Tully" title="Alice Tully">Alice Tully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallmark_Cards" title="Hallmark Cards">Hallmark Cards, Inc.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning" title="Willem de Kooning">Willem de Kooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_de_Mille" title="Agnes de Mille">Agnes de Mille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Le_Gallienne" title="Eva Le Gallienne">Eva Le Gallienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lomax" title="Alan Lomax">Alan Lomax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Mumford" title="Lewis Mumford">Lewis Mumford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Menil" title="Dominique de Menil">Dominique de Menil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">Exxon Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_H._Knox_II" title="Seymour H. Knox II">Seymour H. Knox II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1987</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romare_Bearden" title="Romare Bearden">Romare Bearden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ella Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Nemerov" title="Howard Nemerov">Howard Nemerov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alwin_Nikolais" title="Alwin Nikolais">Alwin Nikolais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isamu_Noguchi" title="Isamu Noguchi">Isamu Noguchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Schuman" title="William Schuman">William Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Penn_Warren" title="Robert Penn Warren">Robert Penn Warren</a></li> <li>J. W. Fisher</li> <li>Frances Fisher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Hammer" title="Armand Hammer">Armand Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Lewis" title="Sydney Lewis">Sydney Lewis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks">Gordon Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._M._Pei" title="I. M. Pei">I. M. Pei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Robbins" title="Jerome Robbins">Jerome Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Serkin" title="Rudolf Serkin">Rudolf Serkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Thomson" title="Virgil Thomson">Virgil Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Joseph_Freedberg" title="Sydney Joseph Freedberg">Sydney J. Freedberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_L._Stevens" title="Roger L. Stevens">Roger L. Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooke_Astor" title="Brooke Astor">Brooke Astor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Goelet" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Goelet">Francis Goelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obert_C._Tanner" title="Obert C. Tanner">Obert Clark Tanner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1989</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Leopold Adler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Dunham" title="Katherine Dunham">Katherine Dunham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Eisenstaedt" title="Alfred Eisenstaedt">Alfred Eisenstaedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Friedman_(museum_director)" title="Martin Friedman (museum director)">Martin Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_Gerdine" title="Leigh Gerdine">Leigh Gerdine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie">John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_Hancock" title="Walker Hancock">Walker Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz" title="Vladimir Horowitz">Vladimir Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz" title="Czesław Miłosz">Czesław Miłosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Motherwell" title="Robert Motherwell">Robert Motherwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Target_Corporation" title="Target Corporation">Dayton Hudson Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recipients_of_the_National_Medal_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of recipients of the National Medal of Arts">Complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1980s" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1990s" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_2000s" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_2010s" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 2010s">2010s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inductees_to_the_National_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inductees_to_the_National_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Inductees to the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1970–1979" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1970–1979</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1973</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackwell" title="Elizabeth Blackwell">Elizabeth Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Mary Cassatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Dickinson" title="Emily Dickinson">Emily Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Earhart" title="Amelia Earhart">Amelia Earhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Hamilton" title="Alice Hamilton">Alice Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_R._Sabin" title="Florence R. Sabin">Florence Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Margaret Chase Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_B._Taussig" title="Helen B. Taussig">Helen Brooke Taussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babe_Didrikson_Zaharias" title="Babe Didrikson Zaharias">Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Dix" title="Dorothea Dix">Dorothea Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliette_Gordon_Low" title="Juliette Gordon Low">Juliette Gordon Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Ann_Seton" title="Elizabeth Ann Seton">Elizabeth Bayley Seton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1980–1989" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1980–1989</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt" title="Carrie Chapman Catt">Carrie Chapman Catt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1983</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belva_Ann_Lockwood" title="Belva Ann Lockwood">Belva Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1984</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Mary "Mother" Harris Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Brooks" title="Gwendolyn Brooks">Gwendolyn Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Ride" title="Sally Ride">Sally Ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Risteau" title="Mary Risteau">Mary Risteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells-Barnett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1990–1999" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1990–1999</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bourke-White" title="Margaret Bourke-White">Margaret Bourke-White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_B._Seibert" title="Florence B. Seibert">Florence B. Seibert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude Belle Elion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Percy_Andrus" title="Ethel Percy Andrus">Ethel Percy Andrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell">Antoinette Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Blackwell" title="Emily Blackwell">Emily Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Cochran" title="Jacqueline Cochran">Jacqueline Cochran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Johnson_Colvin" title="Ruth Johnson Colvin">Ruth Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Wright_Edelman" title="Marian Wright Edelman">Marian Wright Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Catherine_Evans" title="Alice Catherine Evans">Alice Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">Martha Wright Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Huerta" title="Dolores Huerta">Dolores Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Putnam_Jacobi" title="Mary Putnam Jacobi">Mary Putnam Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Jemison" title="Mae Jemison">Mae Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eliza_Mahoney" title="Mary Eliza Mahoney">Mary Mahoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Mankiller" title="Wilma Mankiller">Wilma Mankiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Baker_Motley" title="Constance Baker Motley">Constance Baker Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">Georgia O'Keeffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Oakley" title="Annie Oakley">Annie Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Peterson" title="Esther Peterson">Esther Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Rankin" title="Jeannette Rankin">Jeannette Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Swallow_Richards" title="Ellen Swallow Richards">Ellen Swallow Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Roulet" title="Elaine Roulet">Elaine Roulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Siva_Saubel" title="Katherine Siva Saubel">Katherine Siva Saubel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Stephens" title="Helen Stephens">Helen Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madam_C._J._Walker" title="Madam C. J. Walker">Madam C. J. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Wattleton" title="Faye Wattleton">Faye Wattleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn S. Yalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Yerkovich" title="Gloria Yerkovich">Gloria Yerkovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Bella Abzug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra_Bradwell" title="Myra Bradwell">Myra Bradwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Jump_Cannon" title="Annie Jump Cannon">Annie Jump Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Cunningham_Croly" title="Jane Cunningham Croly">Jane Cunningham Croly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Shipe_East" title="Catherine Shipe East">Catherine East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Geraldine Ferraro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Charlotte Perkins Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_LaKelly_Hunt" title="Helen LaKelly Hunt">Helen LaKelly Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Zora Neale Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wisebart_Jacobs" title="Frances Wisebart Jacobs">Frances Wisebart Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susette_La_Flesche" title="Susette La Flesche">Susette La Flesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_McManus" title="Louise McManus">Louise McManus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Novello" title="Antonia Novello">Antonia Novello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Richards" title="Linda Richards">Linda Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Rudolph" title="Wilma Rudolph">Wilma Rudolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bone_Schiess" title="Betty Bone Schiess">Betty Bone Schiess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Siebert" title="Muriel Siebert">Muriel Siebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nettie_Stevens" title="Nettie Stevens">Nettie Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Winnemucca" title="Sarah Winnemucca">Sarah Winnemucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wright" title="Frances Wright">Fanny Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Apgar" title="Virginia Apgar">Virginia Apgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Bancroft" title="Ann Bancroft">Ann Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Bloomer" title="Amelia Bloomer">Amelia Bloomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Carson_Breckinridge" title="Mary Carson Breckinridge">Mary Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Collins" title="Eileen Collins">Eileen Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Hanford Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dallas_Dudley" title="Anne Dallas Dudley">Anne Dallas Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ella Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Moller_Gilbreth" title="Lillian Moller Gilbreth">Lillian Moller Gilbreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannerl_O._Keohane" title="Nannerl O. Keohane">Nannerl O. Keohane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Kuhn" title="Maggie Kuhn">Maggie Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_St._Pierre_Ruffin" title="Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin">Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Schroeder" title="Pat Schroeder">Pat Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_G._Solomon" title="Hannah G. Solomon">Hannah Greenebaum Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott" title="Louisa May Alcott">Louisa May Alcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bunch" title="Charlotte Bunch">Charlotte Anne Bunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Xavier_Cabrini" title="Frances Xavier Cabrini">Frances Xavier Cabrini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hallaren" title="Mary Hallaren">Mary A. Hallaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oveta_Culp_Hobby" title="Oveta Culp Hobby">Oveta Culp Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Holladay" title="Wilhelmina Holladay">Wilhelmina Cole Holladay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Morrow_Lindbergh" title="Anne Morrow Lindbergh">Anne Morrow Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_Rose" title="Ernestine Rose">Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Tallchief" title="Maria Tallchief">Maria Tallchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Bly" title="Nellie Bly">Nellie Bly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Moss_Bradley" title="Lydia Moss Bradley">Lydia Moss Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Calderone" title="Mary Calderone">Mary Steichen Calderone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Shadd" title="Mary Ann Shadd">Mary Ann Shadd Cary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Ganz_Cooney" title="Joan Ganz Cooney">Joan Ganz Cooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Moore_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Sarah Moore Grimké">Sarah Grimké</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe" title="Julia Ward Howe">Julia Ward Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Jackson" title="Shirley Ann Jackson">Shirley Ann Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Shannon Lucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_McCormick" title="Katharine McCormick">Katharine Dexter McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozanne_L._Ridgway" title="Rozanne L. Ridgway">Rozanne L. Ridgway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Nourse_Rogers" title="Edith Nourse Rogers">Edith Nourse Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Schwartz" title="Felice Schwartz">Felice Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Sills" title="Beverly Sills">Beverly Sills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Wald" title="Florence Wald">Florence Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelina_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Angelina Grimké">Angelina Grimké Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2000–2009" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2000–2009</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Glenn_Abdellah" title="Faye Glenn Abdellah">Faye Glenn Abdellah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Smith_DeVoe" title="Emma Smith DeVoe">Emma Smith DeVoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjory_Stoneman_Douglas" title="Marjory Stoneman Douglas">Marjory Stoneman Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer">Mary Dyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia A. Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman">Crystal Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_M._Holm" title="Jeanne M. Holm">Jeanne Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontine_T._Kelly" title="Leontine T. Kelly">Leontine T. Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Oldham_Kelsey" title="Frances Oldham Kelsey">Frances Oldham Kelsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Mullany" title="Kate Mullany">Kate Mullany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Howard_Shaw" title="Anna Howard Shaw">Anna Howard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Smith_(Smith_College)" title="Sophia Smith (Smith College)">Sophia Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Tarbell" title="Ida Tarbell">Ida Tarbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Vaught" title="Wilma Vaught">Wilma L. Vaught</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Edwards_Walker" title="Mary Edwards Walker">Mary Edwards Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Dodge_Wauneka" title="Annie Dodge Wauneka">Annie Dodge Wauneka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances E. Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hansine_Andersen" title="Dorothy Hansine Andersen">Dorothy H. Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Maria_Child" title="Lydia Maria Child">Lydia Maria Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Coleman" title="Bessie Coleman">Bessie Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_de_Forest" title="Marian de Forest">Marian de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Althea_Gibson" title="Althea Gibson">Althea Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Hicks" title="Beatrice Hicks">Beatrice A. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Holdridge" title="Barbara Holdridge">Barbara Holdridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Williams_Russell_Strong" title="Harriet Williams Russell Strong">Harriet Williams Russell Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howell_Warner" title="Emily Howell Warner">Emily Howell Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Victoria Woodhull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulina_Kellogg_Wright_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis">Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Graham" title="Katharine Graham">Katharine Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Holt" title="Bertha Holt">Bertha Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Engle_Pennington" title="Mary Engle Pennington">Mary Engle Pennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_Otis_Warren" title="Mercy Otis Warren">Mercy Otis Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linda_G._Alvarado" title="Linda G. Alvarado">Linda G. Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_de_Varona" title="Donna de Varona">Donna de Varona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Ederle" title="Gertrude Ederle">Gertrude Ederle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Matilda_Harper" title="Martha Matilda Harper">Martha Matilda Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Kwolek" title="Stephanie Kwolek">Stephanie L. Kwolek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Robbins_Leet" title="Mildred Robbins Leet">Mildred Robbins Leet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Mink" title="Patsy Mink">Patsy Takemoto Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacagawea" title="Sacagawea">Sacagawea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Sullivan" title="Anne Sullivan">Anne Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Widnall" title="Sheila Widnall">Sheila E. Widnall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_E._Allen" title="Florence E. Allen">Florence E. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Ruth Fulton Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bumpers" title="Betty Bumpers">Betty Bumpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_R._Colwell" title="Rita R. Colwell">Rita Rossi Colwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Cope" title="Marianne Cope">Mother Marianne Cope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Lin" title="Maya Lin">Maya Y. Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Locke" title="Patricia Locke">Patricia A. Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanche Scott">Blanche Stuart Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Burnett_Talbert" title="Mary Burnett Talbert">Mary Burnett Talbert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_K._Baum" title="Eleanor K. Baum">Eleanor K. Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Child" title="Julia Child">Julia Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Coffin_Wright" title="Martha Coffin Wright">Martha Coffin Pelham Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanee_Hunt" title="Swanee Hunt">Swanee Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winona_LaDuke" title="Winona LaDuke">Winona LaDuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_K%C3%BCbler-Ross" title="Elisabeth Kübler-Ross">Elisabeth Kübler-Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Pipher" title="Judith Pipher">Judith L. Pipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Filene_Shouse" title="Catherine Filene Shouse">Catherine Filene Shouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Szold" title="Henrietta Szold">Henrietta Szold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois" title="Louise Bourgeois">Louise Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cohn" title="Mildred Cohn">Mildred Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_DeCrow" title="Karen DeCrow">Karen DeCrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Kelly-Dreiss" title="Susan Kelly-Dreiss">Susan Kelly-Dreiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allie_B._Latimer" title="Allie B. Latimer">Allie B. Latimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Lazarus" title="Emma Lazarus">Emma Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Patrick" title="Ruth Patrick">Ruth Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Talbot_Perkins" title="Rebecca Talbot Perkins">Rebecca Talbot Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Solomon" title="Susan Solomon">Susan Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Stoneman" title="Kate Stoneman">Kate Stoneman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2010–2019" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2010–2019</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Drexel" title="Katharine Drexel">St. Katharine Drexel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Harrison_Eustis" title="Dorothy Harrison Eustis">Dorothy Harrison Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ford" title="Loretta Ford">Loretta C. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Kelley_Foster" title="Abby Kelley Foster">Abby Kelley Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Murray_Free" title="Helen Murray Free">Helen Murray Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Holiday" title="Billie Holiday">Billie Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter" title="Lilly Ledbetter">Lilly Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">Barbara A. Mikulski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Shalala" title="Donna Shalala">Donna E. Shalala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathrine_Switzer" title="Kathrine Switzer">Kathrine Switzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ina_May_Gaskin" title="Ina May Gaskin">Ina May Gaskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Krone" title="Julie Krone">Julie Krone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Kate Millett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Joseph_Rogers" title="Mary Joseph Rogers">Mary Joseph Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Sandler" title="Bernice Sandler">Bernice Sandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Schwartz" title="Anna Schwartz">Anna Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenley_Albright" title="Tenley Albright">Tenley Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Brinker" title="Nancy Brinker">Nancy Brinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Greenberger" title="Marcia Greenberger">Marcia Greenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Iglewski" title="Barbara Iglewski">Barbara Iglewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kilbourne" title="Jean Kilbourne">Jean Kilbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlotta_Walls_LaNier" title="Carlotta Walls LaNier">Carlotta Walls LaNier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Marrack" title="Philippa Marrack">Philippa Marrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Harriman_Rumsey" title="Mary Harriman Rumsey">Mary Harriman Rumsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Smeal" title="Eleanor Smeal">Eleanor Smeal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Cuomo" title="Matilda Cuomo">Matilda Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Temple Grandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Hansberry" title="Lorraine Hansberry">Lorraine Hansberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Jackson_(entrepreneur)" title="Victoria Jackson (entrepreneur)">Victoria Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Lansing" title="Sherry Lansing">Sherry Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Clare Boothe Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Mullins" title="Aimee Mullins">Aimee Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Mutter" title="Carol Mutter">Carol Mutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Waters" title="Alice Waters">Alice Waters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Allred" title="Gloria Allred">Gloria Allred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Deer" title="Sarah Deer">Sarah Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Malachowski" title="Nicole Malachowski">Nicole Malachowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_O%27Neill" title="Rose O'Neill">Rose O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">Louise Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Spiegel" title="Laurie Spiegel">Laurie Spiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossie_Wong-Staal" title="Flossie Wong-Staal">Flossie Wong-Staal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2020–2029" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020–2029</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hillary_(adventurer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Hillary (adventurer)">Barbara Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks">Henrietta Lacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Church_Terrell" title="Mary Church Terrell">Mary Church Terrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_E._Butler" title="Octavia E. Butler">Octavia E. Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Chicago" title="Judy Chicago">Judy Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_S._Halstead" title="Rebecca S. Halstead">Rebecca S. Halstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mia_Hamm" title="Mia Hamm">Mia Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Harjo" title="Joy Harjo">Joy Harjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howland" title="Emily Howland">Emily Howland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Johnson" title="Katherine Johnson">Katherine Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_Nooyi" title="Indra Nooyi">Indra Nooyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Bath" title="Patricia Bath">Patricia Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elouise_P._Cobell" title="Elouise P. Cobell">Elouise P. Cobell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw">Kimberlé Crenshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_McIntosh" title="Peggy McIntosh">Peggy McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Plaskow" title="Judith Plaskow">Judith Plaskow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ross" title="Loretta Ross">Loretta Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Stone_(artist)" title="Sandy Stone (artist)">Sandy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Wessels_Williams" title="Anna Wessels Williams">Anna Wessels Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1768#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1768#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1768#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108548546">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/6148211">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/108978/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJg4kcYHgbFBDRqDrGXrv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118691554">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83021406">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13893960w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13893960w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620660">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Fitzgerald, Ella"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/TO0V268247">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35320267">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700537&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX852316">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070807485">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/99041459">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000037099&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000419387&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000227234">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2019F2119">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/vs68894d5vgwt4p">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810533520005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007429572105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000185462">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058616292706706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14056057">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA16296959?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500355437">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/54799c0e-eb45-4eea-996d-c4d71a63c499">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/104118">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grammy.com/artists/ella-fitzgerald/16685">Grammy Awards</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/910549">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118691554.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118691554">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02945333X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10569307">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6h23r0d">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ella_Fitzgerald&oldid=1256930332">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ella_Fitzgerald&oldid=1256930332</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Category:Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1917_births" title="Category:1917 births">1917 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1996_deaths" title="Category:1996 deaths">1996 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_singer-songwriters" title="Category:20th-century American singer-songwriters">20th-century American singer-songwriters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_African-American_women_singers" title="Category:20th-century African-American women singers">20th-century African-American women singers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_women_singers" title="Category:20th-century American women singers">20th-century American women singers</a></li><li><a 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