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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perpetrators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Perpetrators </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perpetrators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purpose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purpose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Purpose </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Purpose-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Purpose subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Punishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Punishment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deterrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deterrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Deterrence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deterrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Confession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interrogation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interrogation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Interrogation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interrogation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Public opinion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prohibition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prohibition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Prohibition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prohibition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Prevention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_chapters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_chapters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Book chapters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_chapters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Journal articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Torture</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" > 77 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marteling" title="Marteling – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Marteling" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="تعذيب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تعذيب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortura" title="Tortura – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tortura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9Fg%C9%99nc%C9%99" title="İşgəncə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İşgəncə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Катаванні – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Катаванні" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Изтезание – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Изтезание" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boureverezh" title="Boureverezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Boureverezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortura" title="Tortura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tortura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C4%8Den%C3%AD" title="Mučení – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mučení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaith" title="Artaith – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Artaith" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortur" title="Tortur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tortur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folter" title="Folter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Folter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piinamine" title="Piinamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Piinamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Βασανιστήριο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασανιστήριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortura" title="Tortura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tortura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torturo" title="Torturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Torturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortura" title="Tortura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tortura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%87" title="شکنجه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شکنجه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture" title="Torture – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Torture" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marteling" title="Marteling – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Marteling" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9asadh" title="Céasadh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Céasadh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cur_fo_chr%C3%A0dh" title="Cur fo chràdh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cur fo chràdh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortura" title="Tortura – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tortura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%AC%B8" title="고문 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고문" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallazawa" title="Gallazawa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Gallazawa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C4%8Denje" title="Mučenje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mučenje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyiksaan" title="Penyiksaan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyiksaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortura" title="Tortura – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tortura" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyntingar" title="Pyntingar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pyntingar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortura" title="Tortura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tortura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="עינויים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עינויים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ಚಿತ್ರಹಿಂಸೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಿತ್ರಹಿಂಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="წამება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წამება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Азаптау – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Азаптау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8E%C5%9Fkence" title="Îşkence – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îşkence" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruciatus" title="Cruciatus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cruciatus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C4%ABdzin%C4%81%C5%A1ana" title="Spīdzināšana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Spīdzināšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kankinimas" title="Kankinimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kankinimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnz%C3%A1s" title="Kínzás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kínzás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Мачење – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мачење" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="تعذيب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تعذيب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%87" title="شکنجه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="شکنجه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyeksaan" title="Penyeksaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penyeksaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BE%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ညှဉ်းပန်းနှိပ်စက်ခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ညှဉ်းပန်းနှိပ်စက်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marteling" title="Marteling – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Marteling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%B7%E5%95%8F" title="拷問 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="拷問" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortur" title="Tortur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tortur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortur" title="Tortur – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tortur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortura" title="Tortura – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tortura" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A6" title="ਤਸ਼ੱਦਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਸ਼ੱਦਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortura" title="Tortura – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tortura" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortura" title="Tortura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tortura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortur%C4%83" title="Tortură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tortură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipachiy" title="Hipachiy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hipachiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Пытка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пытка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%8D%D2%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Эрэйдээһин – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эрэйдээһин" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortura" title="Tortura – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tortura" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortur" title="Tortur – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tortur" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortura" title="Tortura – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tortura" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B0_%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="වධ හිංසාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වධ හිංසාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture" title="Torture – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Torture" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C4%8Denie" title="Mučenie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mučenie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C4%8Denje" title="Mučenje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mučenje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortura" title="Tortura – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Tortura" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortura" title="Tortura – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tortura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidutus" title="Kidutus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kidutus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortyr" title="Tortyr – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tortyr" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88" 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lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тортури" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B0%D8%A7_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ایذا رسانی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایذا رسانی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tra_t%E1%BA%A5n" title="Tra tấn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tra tấn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boureataedje" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-spoken-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Torture-article.ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Deliberate infliction of suffering on a person</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Torture_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Torture (disambiguation)">Torture (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietconginterrogation1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Vietconginterrogation1967.jpg/240px-Vietconginterrogation1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Vietconginterrogation1967.jpg/360px-Vietconginterrogation1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Vietconginterrogation1967.jpg/480px-Vietconginterrogation1967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1605" /></a><figcaption>Captured <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a> soldier, blindfolded and tied in a <a href="/wiki/Stress_position" title="Stress position">stress position</a> by American forces during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, 1967</figcaption></figure> Torture is the deliberate infliction of severe pain or suffering on a person for reasons including <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">punishment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_confession" title="Forced confession">extracting a confession</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interrogational_torture" title="Interrogational torture">interrogation for information</a>, or intimidating third parties. <a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_torture" title="Definitions of torture">Some definitions</a> restrict torture to acts carried out by the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>, while others include non-state organizations. Most victims of torture are poor and marginalized people suspected of crimes, although torture against <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a>, or during armed conflict, has received disproportionate attention. <a href="/wiki/Judicial_corporal_punishment" title="Judicial corporal punishment">Judicial corporal punishment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a> are sometimes seen as forms of torture, but this label is internationally controversial. A variety of <a href="/wiki/Methods_of_torture" class="mw-redirect" title="Methods of torture">methods of torture</a> are used, often in combination; the most common form of physical torture is beatings. Beginning in the twentieth century, many torturers have preferred non-<a href="/wiki/Scarring" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarring">scarring</a> or <a href="/wiki/Psychological_torture" title="Psychological torture">psychological</a> methods to maintain deniability. Torturers more commonly act out of <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a>, or due to limited resources, rather than <a href="/wiki/Sadomasochism" title="Sadomasochism">sadism</a>. Although most torturers are thought to learn about torture techniques informally and rarely receive explicit orders, they are enabled by organizations that facilitate and encourage their behavior. Once a torture program begins, it usually escalates beyond what is intended initially and often leads to involved agencies losing effectiveness. Torture aims to break the victim's <a href="/wiki/Volition_(psychology)" title="Volition (psychology)">will</a>, destroy their <a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">agency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Personality" title="Personality">personality</a>, and is cited as one of the most damaging experiences that a person can undergo. Many victims suffer both physical damage—<a href="/wiki/Chronic_pain" title="Chronic pain">chronic pain</a> is particularly common—and mental <a href="/wiki/Sequelae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequelae">sequelae</a>. Although torture survivors have some of the highest rates of <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>, many are psychologically resilient. Torture has been carried out since ancient times. However, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, many Western countries abolished the official use of torture in the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial system">judicial system</a>, although it continued to be used throughout the world. Public opinion research shows general opposition to torture. It is <a href="/wiki/Torture_in_international_law" title="Torture in international law">prohibited under international law</a> for all states <a href="/wiki/Peremptory_norm" title="Peremptory norm">under all circumstances</a> and is explicitly forbidden by several treaties. Opposition to torture stimulated the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_movement" title="Human rights movement">human rights movement</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and it continues to be an important <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> issue. Although prevention efforts have been of mixed effectiveness, institutional reforms and the elimination of <a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearance" title="Enforced disappearance">enforced disappearance</a> have had positive effects. Despite its decline, torture is still practiced in or by most countries. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Torture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_torture" title="Definitions of torture">Definitions of torture</a></div> Torture<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> is defined as the deliberate infliction of severe pain or suffering on someone under the control of the perpetrator.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak2014396–397-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201638-4">[3]</a> The treatment must be inflicted for a specific purpose, such as punishment and forcing the victim to confess or provide information.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak2014394–395-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez-Sales201696–97-6">[5]</a> The definition put forth by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Torture" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Torture">United Nations Convention against Torture</a> only considers torture carried out by the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201637–38-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak2014392-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar201340-9">[8]</a> Most legal systems include agents acting on behalf of the state, and some definitions add <a href="/wiki/Non-state_armed_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-state armed groups">non-state armed groups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a>, or private individuals working in state-monitored facilities (<a href="/wiki/Patient_abuse" title="Patient abuse">such as hospitals</a>). The most expansive definitions encompass anyone as a potential perpetrator.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez-Sales2016279–280-10">[9]</a> Although torture is usually classified as more severe than <a href="/wiki/Cruel,_inhuman,_or_degrading_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment">cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment</a> (CIDT), the threshold at which treatment can be classified as torture is the most controversial aspect of its definition; the interpretation of torture has broadened over time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar201340-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201637–38-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaulFlanagan2020364–365-11">[10]</a> Another approach, preferred by scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Nowak" title="Manfred Nowak">Manfred Nowak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Evans_(academic_lawyer)" title="Malcolm Evans (academic lawyer)">Malcolm Evans</a>, distinguishes torture from CIDT by considering only the torturer's purpose, and not the severity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201637-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak2014391-13">[12]</a> Other definitions, such as that in the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Convention_to_Prevent_and_Punish_Torture" title="Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture">Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture</a>, focus on the torturer's aim "to obliterate the personality of the victim".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez-Sales20163,_281-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisnewski201073–74-15">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Torture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-abolition">Pre-abolition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Torture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-abolition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:History_of_Egypt,_Chaldea,_Syria,_Babylonia_and_Assyria_(1903)_(14761195044).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/History_of_Egypt%2C_Chaldea%2C_Syria%2C_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281903%29_%2814761195044%29.jpg/290px-History_of_Egypt%2C_Chaldea%2C_Syria%2C_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281903%29_%2814761195044%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/History_of_Egypt%2C_Chaldea%2C_Syria%2C_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281903%29_%2814761195044%29.jpg/435px-History_of_Egypt%2C_Chaldea%2C_Syria%2C_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281903%29_%2814761195044%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/History_of_Egypt%2C_Chaldea%2C_Syria%2C_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281903%29_%2814761195044%29.jpg/580px-History_of_Egypt%2C_Chaldea%2C_Syria%2C_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281903%29_%2814761195044%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1288" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite</a> chiefs flayed alive after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulai" title="Battle of Ulai">Battle of Ulai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian relief">Assyrian relief</a></figcaption></figure> Torture was legally and morally acceptable in most ancient, medieval, and early modern societies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2007104-16">[15]</a> There is archaeological evidence of torture in <a href="/wiki/Early_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Neolithic">Early Neolithic</a> Europe, about 7,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer_''et_al.''201511217-17">[16]</a> Torture is commonly mentioned in historical sources on <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid Persia">Achaemenid Persia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrahm200681-19">[18]</a> Societies used torture both as part of the judicial process and as punishment, although some historians make a distinction between torture and painful punishments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar201314-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes201726–27-21">[20]</a> Historically, torture was seen as a reliable way to elicit the truth, a suitable punishment, and deterrence against future offenses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2020History_of_Torture-22">[21]</a> When torture was legally regulated, there were restrictions on the allowable methods;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2020History_of_Torture-22">[21]</a> common methods in Europe included <a href="/wiki/The_rack" class="mw-redirect" title="The rack">the rack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strappado" title="Strappado">strappado</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeam2020393-23">[22]</a> In most societies, citizens could be judicially tortured only under exceptional circumstances and for a serious crime such as <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>, often only when some evidence already existed. In contrast, non-citizens such as foreigners and slaves were commonly tortured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2007107-24">[23]</a> Torture was rare in <a href="/wiki/Early_medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Early medieval Europe">early medieval Europe</a> but became more common between 1200 and 1400.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeam2020392-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2007107–108-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar201316-27">[26]</a> Because medieval judges used an exceptionally high standard of proof, they would sometimes authorize torture when <a href="/wiki/Circumstantial_evidence" title="Circumstantial evidence">circumstantial evidence</a> tied a person to a <a href="/wiki/Capital_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital crime">capital crime</a> if there were fewer than the <a href="/wiki/Unus_testis,_nullus_testis" title="Unus testis, nullus testis">two eyewitnesses required</a> to convict someone in the absence of a confession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2007107–108-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar201316-27">[26]</a> Torture was still a labor-intensive process reserved for the most severe crimes;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeam2020398,_405-28">[27]</a> most torture victims were men accused of murder, treason, or theft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeam2020394-29">[28]</a> Medieval <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical courts">ecclesiastical courts</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Inquisition" class="mw-redirect" title="The Inquisition">the Inquisition</a> used torture under the same procedural rules as secular courts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisnewski201034-30">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a> used torture in cases where circumstantial evidence tied someone to a crime, although <a href="/wiki/Islamic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic law">Islamic law</a> has traditionally considered <a href="/wiki/Evidence_obtained_under_torture" class="mw-redirect" title="Evidence obtained under torture">evidence obtained under torture</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Admissible_evidence" title="Admissible evidence">inadmissible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2007108-31">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abolition_and_continued_use">Abolition and continued use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Torture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Abolition and continued use">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goya_y_Lucientes,_Francisco_de_-_The_custody_of_a_criminal_does_not_require_torture_-_Google_Art_Project_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Goya_y_Lucientes%2C_Francisco_de_-_The_custody_of_a_criminal_does_not_require_torture_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Goya_y_Lucientes%2C_Francisco_de_-_The_custody_of_a_criminal_does_not_require_torture_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Goya_y_Lucientes%2C_Francisco_de_-_The_custody_of_a_criminal_does_not_require_torture_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-Goya_y_Lucientes%2C_Francisco_de_-_The_custody_of_a_criminal_does_not_require_torture_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Goya_y_Lucientes%2C_Francisco_de_-_The_custody_of_a_criminal_does_not_require_torture_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Goya_y_Lucientes%2C_Francisco_de_-_The_custody_of_a_criminal_does_not_require_torture_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1684" data-file-height="2167" /></a><figcaption>"The custody of a criminal does not require torture" by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1812</figcaption></figure> Torture remained legal in Europe during the seventeenth century, but its practice declined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2007109-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeam2020400-33">[32]</a> Torture was already of marginal importance to European <a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal justice system">criminal justice systems</a> by its formal abolition in the 18th and early 19th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2007104,_109-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeam2020404-35">[34]</a> Theories for why torture was abolished include the rise of <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> ideas about the value of the human person,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar201319-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisnewski201025-37">[36]</a> the lowering of the standard of proof in criminal cases, popular views that no longer saw pain as morally redemptive,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2007109-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisnewski201025-37">[36]</a> and the expansion of imprisonment as an alternative to executions or painful punishments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar201319-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeam2020399–400-38">[37]</a> It is not known if torture also declined in non-Western states or European colonies during the nineteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2007111-39">[38]</a> In China, judicial torture, which had been practiced for more than two millennia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2020History_of_Torture-22">[21]</a> was banned in 1905 along with flogging and <a href="/wiki/Lingchi" title="Lingchi">lingchi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">dismemberment</a>) as a means of execution,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourgon2003851-40">[39]</a> although <a href="/wiki/Torture_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Torture in China">torture in China</a> continued throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez-Sales2016155-41">[40]</a> Torture was widely used by <a href="/wiki/Colonial_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial powers">colonial powers</a> to subdue resistance and reached a peak during the anti-colonial wars in the twentieth century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2007112-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar201324-43">[42]</a> An estimated 300,000 people <a href="/wiki/Torture_during_the_Algerian_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Torture during the Algerian War of Independence">were tortured</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian War of Independence">Algerian War of Independence</a> (1954–1962),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez-Sales2016148–149-44">[43]</a> and the United Kingdom and Portugal also used torture in attempts to retain their respective empires.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes201794-45">[44]</a> Independent states in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia often used torture in the twentieth century, but it is unknown whether their use of torture increased or decreased compared to nineteenth-century levels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2007112-42">[41]</a> During the first half of the twentieth century, torture became more prevalent in Europe with the advent of <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisnewski201038-46">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2007104-16">[15]</a> Torture was also used by both communist and anti-communist governments during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> in Latin America, with an estimated 100,000 to 150,000 victims of torture by United States–backed regimes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2007111–112-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar201327–28-48">[47]</a> The only countries in which torture was rare during the twentieth century were the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal democracies">liberal democracies</a> of the West, but torture was still used there, against ethnic minorities or criminal suspects from marginalized classes, and during overseas wars against foreign populations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2007112-42">[41]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, the US government embarked on <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">an overseas torture program</a> as part of its <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar20131–2-49">[48]</a> It is disputed whether torture increases, decreases, or remains constant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2023-50">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalence">Prevalence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Torture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prevalence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protesters_use_tennis_rackets_to_bat_away_tear_gas._(50267655062).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Protesters_use_tennis_rackets_to_bat_away_tear_gas._%2850267655062%29.jpg/220px-Protesters_use_tennis_rackets_to_bat_away_tear_gas._%2850267655062%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Protesters_use_tennis_rackets_to_bat_away_tear_gas._%2850267655062%29.jpg/330px-Protesters_use_tennis_rackets_to_bat_away_tear_gas._%2850267655062%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Protesters_use_tennis_rackets_to_bat_away_tear_gas._%2850267655062%29.jpg/440px-Protesters_use_tennis_rackets_to_bat_away_tear_gas._%2850267655062%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5282" data-file-height="3521" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">Tear gas</a> used during the <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</a>. The use of tear gas on protestors is sometimes considered a form of torture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201639-51">[50]</a></figcaption></figure> Most countries practice torture, although few acknowledge it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly20192-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar201342-53">[52]</a> The international prohibition of torture has not completely stopped torture; instead, states have changed which techniques are used and denied, covered up, or <a href="/wiki/Torture_by_proxy" title="Torture by proxy">outsourced</a> torture programs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2017182-54">[53]</a> Measuring the rate at which torture occurs is difficult because it is typically committed in secrecy, and abuses are likelier to come to light in <a href="/wiki/Open_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Open societies">open societies</a> where there is a commitment to protecting human rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201636-55">[54]</a> Many torture survivors, especially those from poor or marginalized populations, are unwilling to report.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly_''et_al.''202073,_79-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensena_''et_al.''2017406–407-57">[56]</a> Monitoring has focused on police stations and prisons, although torture can also occur in other facilities such as <a href="/wiki/Immigration_detention" title="Immigration detention">immigration detention</a> and <a href="/wiki/Youth_detention_center" title="Youth detention center">youth detention centers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali202084–85-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly_''et_al.''202065-59">[58]</a> Torture that occurs outside of custody—including extrajudicial punishment, intimidation, and <a href="/wiki/Crowd_control" title="Crowd control">crowd control</a>—has traditionally not been counted, even though some studies have suggested it is more common than torture in places of detention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly20193–4-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly_''et_al.''202073,_79-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensena_''et_al.''2017406–407-57">[56]</a> There is even less information on the prevalence of torture before the twentieth century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2007104-16">[15]</a> Although it is often assumed that men suffer torture at a higher rate than women, there is a lack of evidence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilewski_''et_al.''2023-61">[60]</a> Some quantitative research has estimated that torture rates are either stagnant or increasing over time, but this may be a measurement effect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2023-50">[49]</a> Although liberal democracies are less likely to abuse their citizens, they may practice torture against marginalized citizens and non-citizens to whom they are not democratically accountable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2007106-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar201324-43">[42]</a> Voters may support violence against out-groups seen as threatening; <a href="/wiki/Majoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Majoritarian">majoritarian</a> institutions are ineffective at preventing torture against minorities or foreigners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2020Political_and_Institutional_Influences_on_the_Practice_of_Torture-63">[62]</a> Torture is more likely when a society feels threatened because of wars or crises,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2007106-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2020Political_and_Institutional_Influences_on_the_Practice_of_Torture-63">[62]</a> but studies have not found a consistent relationship between the use of torture and terrorist attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali202082-64">[63]</a> Torture is directed against certain segments of the population, who are denied the protection against torture given to others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfendale201989-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECelermajer2018161–162-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2020Political_and_Institutional_Influences_on_the_Practice_of_Torture-63">[62]</a> Torture of <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners" class="mw-redirect" title="Political prisoners">political prisoners</a> and torture during armed conflicts receive more attention compared to torture of the poor or criminal suspects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOette2021307-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201636-55">[54]</a> Most victims of torture are suspected of crimes; a disproportionate number of victims are from poor or marginalized communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly20195,_7-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201636-55">[54]</a> Groups especially vulnerable to torture include unemployed young men, the <a href="/wiki/Urban_poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban poverty">urban poor</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_people" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT people">LGBT people</a>, refugees and migrants, ethnic and racial minorities, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people">indigenous people</a>, and <a href="/wiki/People_with_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="People with disabilities">people with disabilities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOette2021321-69">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Relative_poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative poverty">Relative poverty</a> and the resulting <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">inequality</a> in particular leave poor people vulnerable to torture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly_''et_al.''202070-70">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_poverty" title="Criminalization of poverty">Criminalization of the poor</a>, through laws targeting <a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homelessness" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminalization of homelessness">homelessness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_sex_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminalization of sex work">sex work</a>, or working in the <a href="/wiki/Informal_economy" title="Informal economy">informal economy</a>, can lead to violent and arbitrary policing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOette2021329–330-71">[70]</a> Routine violence against poor and marginalized people is often not seen as torture, and its perpetrators justify the violence as a legitimate policing tactic;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECelermajer2018164–165-72">[71]</a> victims lack the resources or standing to seek redress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly_''et_al.''202070-70">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perpetrators">Perpetrators</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Torture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Perpetrators">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AbuGhraibScandalGraner55.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/AbuGhraibScandalGraner55.jpg/170px-AbuGhraibScandalGraner55.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/AbuGhraibScandalGraner55.jpg/255px-AbuGhraibScandalGraner55.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/AbuGhraibScandalGraner55.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Graner" title="Charles Graner">Charles Graner</a> poses over <a href="/wiki/Manadel_al-Jamadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Manadel al-Jamadi">Manadel al-Jamadi</a>'s corpse, after he was tortured to death by CIA personnel.</figcaption></figure> Since most research has focused on torture victims, less is known about the perpetrators of torture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin202219-73">[72]</a> Many torturers see their actions as serving a higher political or ideological goal that justifies torture as a legitimate means of protecting the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisnewski2010192–193-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfendale201992-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2020Political_and_Institutional_Influences_on_the_Practice_of_Torture-63">[62]</a> Fear is often the motivation for torture, and it is typically not a rational response as it is usually ineffective or even counterproductive at achieving the desired aim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2023-50">[49]</a> Torture victims are often viewed by the perpetrators as severe threats and <a href="/wiki/Enemies_of_the_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Enemies of the state">enemies of the state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisnewski2010194–195-76">[75]</a> Studies of perpetrators do not support the common assumption that they are psychologically pathological.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2023-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin202229–31-77">[76]</a> Most perpetrators do not volunteer to be torturers;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2023-50">[49]</a> many have an innate reluctance to employ violence, and rely on <a href="/wiki/Coping_mechanisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Coping mechanisms">coping mechanisms</a>, such as alcohol or drugs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin202229–31-77">[76]</a> Psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Pau_P%C3%A9rez-Sales" title="Pau Pérez-Sales">Pau Pérez-Sales</a> finds that torturers act from a variety of motives such as ideological commitment, personal gain, group belonging, avoiding punishment, or avoiding guilt from previous acts of torture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez-Sales2016106-78">[77]</a> Although it is often assumed that torture is ordered from above at the highest levels of government,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin202222–23-79">[78]</a> sociologist <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Luke_Austin" title="Jonathan Luke Austin">Jonathan Luke Austin</a> argues that government authorization is a necessary but not sufficient condition for torture to occur, given that a specific order to torture rarely can be identified.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin202225-80">[79]</a> In many cases, a combination of dispositional and situational effects lead a person to become a torturer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez-Sales2016106-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin202223-81">[80]</a> In most cases of systematic torture, the torturers were desensitized to violence by being exposed to physical or <a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">psychological abuse</a> during training<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollard2018166-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisnewski2010191–192-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECelermajer2018173–174-84">[83]</a> which can be a deliberate tactic to create torturers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2023-50">[49]</a> Even when not explicitly ordered by the government to torture,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisnewski2010193–194-85">[84]</a> perpetrators may feel <a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">peer pressure</a> due to competitive masculinity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali202090-86">[85]</a> Elite and specialized police units are especially prone to torturing, perhaps because of their tight-knit nature and insulation from oversight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisnewski2010193–194-85">[84]</a> Although some torturers are formally trained, most are thought to learn about torture techniques informally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin202225–27-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2023-50">[49]</a> Torture can be a side effect of a broken criminal justice system in which underfunding, lack of <a href="/wiki/Judicial_independence" title="Judicial independence">judicial independence</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Police_corruption" title="Police corruption">corruption</a> undermines effective investigations and <a href="/wiki/Fair_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair trial">fair trials</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECelermajer2018178-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarverHandley2016633-89">[88]</a> In this context, people who cannot afford bribes are likely to become victims of torture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECelermajer2018161-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarverHandley2016633-89">[88]</a> Understaffed or poorly trained police are more likely to resort to torture when interrogating suspects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201679-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECelermajer2018176-92">[91]</a> In some countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, suspects are more likely to be tortured at the end of the month because of performance quotas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201679-91">[90]</a> The contribution of bureaucracy to torture is under-researched and poorly understood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2023-50">[49]</a> Torturers rely on both active supporters and those who ignore it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuggins201247,_54-93">[92]</a> Military, intelligence, psychology, medical, and legal professionals can all be complicit in torture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfendale201992-75">[74]</a> Incentives can favor the use of torture on an institutional or individual level, and some perpetrators are motivated by the prospect of career advancement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuggins201262-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali202078–79,_90-95">[94]</a> Bureaucracy can diffuse responsibility for torture and help perpetrators excuse their actions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollard2018166-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuggins201261–62-96">[95]</a> Maintaining secrecy is often essential to maintaining a torture program, which can be accomplished in ways ranging from direct censorship, denial, or mislabeling torture as something else, to offshoring abuses to outside a state's territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuggins201257,_59–60-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2020Conclusion-98">[97]</a> Along with official denials, torture is enabled by <a href="/wiki/Moral_disengagement" title="Moral disengagement">moral disengagement</a> from the victims and <a href="/wiki/Impunity" title="Impunity">impunity</a> for the perpetrators.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2020Political_and_Institutional_Influences_on_the_Practice_of_Torture-63">[62]</a> Public demand for decisive action against crime or even support for torture against criminals can facilitate its use.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECelermajer2018161–162-66">[65]</a> Once a torture program is begun, it is difficult or impossible to prevent it from escalating to more severe techniques and expanding to larger groups of victims, beyond what is originally intended or desired by decision-makers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassner202018–20-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfendale201989–90,_92-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali202089–90-101">[100]</a> Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Christopher_J._Einolf" title="Christopher J. Einolf">Christopher J. Einolf</a> argues that "torture can create a vicious cycle in which a fear of <a href="/wiki/Internal_enemy" title="Internal enemy">internal enemies</a> leads to torture, torture creates <a href="/wiki/False_confession" title="False confession">false confessions</a>, and false confessions reinforce torturers' fears, leading to a spiral of paranoia and ever-increasing torture"—similar to a <a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">witch hunt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2023-50">[49]</a> Escalation of torture is especially difficult to contain in <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">counterinsurgency</a> operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali202090-86">[85]</a> Torture and specific techniques spread between different countries, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_boomerang" title="Imperial boomerang">especially by soldiers returning home from overseas wars</a>, although this process is poorly understood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollard2018158,_165-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali202075,_82–83,_85-103">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Torture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Purpose">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punishment">Punishment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Torture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Punishment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China;_the_mutilated_body_of_a_man_who_had_been_dismembered_Wellcome_V0031254.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/China%3B_the_mutilated_body_of_a_man_who_had_been_dismembered_Wellcome_V0031254.jpg/220px-China%3B_the_mutilated_body_of_a_man_who_had_been_dismembered_Wellcome_V0031254.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/China%3B_the_mutilated_body_of_a_man_who_had_been_dismembered_Wellcome_V0031254.jpg/330px-China%3B_the_mutilated_body_of_a_man_who_had_been_dismembered_Wellcome_V0031254.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/China%3B_the_mutilated_body_of_a_man_who_had_been_dismembered_Wellcome_V0031254.jpg/440px-China%3B_the_mutilated_body_of_a_man_who_had_been_dismembered_Wellcome_V0031254.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="2284" /></a><figcaption>The mutilated body of a man who was <a href="/wiki/Dismembered" class="mw-redirect" title="Dismembered">dismembered</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></figcaption></figure> Torture for punishment dates back to antiquity and is still employed in the twenty-first century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar201314-20">[19]</a> A common practice in countries with dysfunctional justice systems or overcrowded prisons is for police to apprehend suspects, torture them, and release them without a charge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOette2021331-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly_''et_al.''202073-105">[104]</a> Such torture could be performed in a police station,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECelermajer2018167–168-106">[105]</a> the victim's home, or a public place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensena_''et_al.''2017404,_408-107">[106]</a> In South Africa, the police have been observed handing suspects over to <a href="/wiki/Vigilantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigilantes">vigilantes</a> to be tortured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly_''et_al.''202075-108">[107]</a> This type of extrajudicial violence is often carried out in public to deter others. It discriminatorily targets minorities and marginalized groups and may be supported by the public, especially if people do not trust the official justice system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly_''et_al.''202074-109">[108]</a> The classification of <a href="/wiki/Judicial_corporal_punishment" title="Judicial corporal punishment">judicial corporal punishment</a> as torture is internationally controversial, although it is explicitly prohibited under the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak2014408–409-110">[109]</a> Some authors, such as <a href="/wiki/John_D._Bessler" class="mw-redirect" title="John D. Bessler">John D. Bessler</a>, argue that capital punishment is inherently a form of torture carried out for punishment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak2014393-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBessler20183-112">[111]</a> Executions may be carried out in brutal ways, such as <a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">stoning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">death by burning</a>, or dismemberment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuirogaModvig2020414,_422,_427-113">[112]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Death_row_phenomenon" title="Death row phenomenon">psychological harm of capital punishment</a> is sometimes considered a form of psychological torture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBessler201833-114">[113]</a> Others do not consider corporal punishment with a fixed penalty to be torture, as it does not seek to break the victim's will.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2020The_Definition_of_Torture-115">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deterrence">Deterrence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Torture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Deterrence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Deterrence_(penology)" title="Deterrence (penology)">Deterrence (penology)</a></div> Torture may also be used indiscriminately to terrorize people other than the direct victim or to deter opposition to the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar201323-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez-Sales2016270-117">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">In the United States</a>, torture was used to deter slaves from escaping or rebelling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungKearns20207-118">[117]</a> Some defenders of judicial torture prior to its abolition argued that it deterred crime; reformers contended that because torture was carried out in secret, it could not be an effective deterrent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes201726,_38,_41-119">[118]</a> In the twentieth century, well-known examples include the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar201323-116">[115]</a> and anti-communist regimes in Latin America, who tortured and murdered their victims as part of <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">forced disappearance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar201328-120">[119]</a> Authoritarian regimes often resort to indiscriminate repression because they cannot accurately identify potential opponents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlakeley2007392-121">[120]</a> Many insurgencies lack the necessary infrastructure for a torture program and instead intimidate by killing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali200938-122">[121]</a> Research has found that state torture can extend the lifespan of terrorist organizations, increase incentives for insurgents to use violence, and radicalize the opposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassner202021–22-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2023-50">[49]</a> Another form of torture for deterrence is violence against migrants, as has been reported during <a href="/wiki/Pushback_(migration)" title="Pushback (migration)">pushbacks</a> on the European Union's external borders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuarch-Rubio_''et_al''.202069,_78-124">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confession">Confession</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Torture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Confession">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Forced_confession" title="Forced confession">Forced confession</a></div> Torture has been used throughout history to extract confessions from detainees. In 1764, Italian reformer <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Cesare Beccaria</a> denounced torture as "a sure way to acquit robust scoundrels and to condemn weak but innocent people".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2020History_of_Torture-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisnewski201026-125">[124]</a> Similar doubts about torture's effectiveness had been voiced for centuries previously, including by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisnewski201026–27-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes201740-127">[126]</a> Despite the abolition of judicial torture, it sees continued use to elicit confessions, especially in judicial systems placing a high value on confessions in criminal matters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar201322-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf202211-129">[128]</a> The use of torture to force suspects to confess is facilitated by laws allowing extensive <a href="/wiki/Pre-trial_detention" title="Pre-trial detention">pre-trial detention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali200950–51-130">[129]</a> Research has found that coercive interrogation is slightly more effective than <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_interview" title="Cognitive interview">cognitive interviewing</a> for extracting a confession from a suspect, but presents a higher risk of false confession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez-Sales2016327-131">[130]</a> Many torture victims will say whatever the torturer wants to hear to end the torture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassner202016-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali2009461–462-133">[132]</a> Others who are guilty refuse to confess,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali2009362-134">[133]</a> especially if they believe it would only bring more torture or punishment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf202211-129">[128]</a> Medieval justice systems attempted to counteract the risk of false confession under torture by requiring confessors to provide <a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">falsifiable</a> details about the crime, and only allowing torture if there was already some evidence against the accused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes201728-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeam2020394-29">[28]</a> In some countries, political opponents are tortured to force them to confess publicly as a form of <a href="/wiki/State_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="State propaganda">state propaganda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar201322-128">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interrogation">Interrogation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Torture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Interrogation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Interrogational_torture" title="Interrogational torture">Interrogational torture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waterboarding_a_captured_North_Vietnamese_soldier_near_Da_Nang.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/98/Waterboarding_a_captured_North_Vietnamese_soldier_near_Da_Nang.jpeg/220px-Waterboarding_a_captured_North_Vietnamese_soldier_near_Da_Nang.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/98/Waterboarding_a_captured_North_Vietnamese_soldier_near_Da_Nang.jpeg/330px-Waterboarding_a_captured_North_Vietnamese_soldier_near_Da_Nang.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/98/Waterboarding_a_captured_North_Vietnamese_soldier_near_Da_Nang.jpeg/440px-Waterboarding_a_captured_North_Vietnamese_soldier_near_Da_Nang.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1252" /></a><figcaption>Two United States soldiers and one <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnamese</a> soldier <a href="/wiki/Waterboarding" title="Waterboarding">waterboard</a> a captured <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnamese</a> prisoner of war near <a href="/wiki/Da_Nang" title="Da Nang">Da Nang</a>, 1968.</figcaption></figure> The use of torture to obtain information during interrogation accounts for a small percentage of worldwide torture cases; its use for obtaining confessions or intimidation is more common.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali202092-136">[135]</a> Although interrogational torture has been used in <a href="/wiki/Conventional_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Conventional war">conventional wars</a>, it is even more common in <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymmetric war">asymmetric war</a> or civil wars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar201322-128">[127]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ticking_time_bomb_scenario" title="Ticking time bomb scenario">ticking time bomb scenario</a> is extremely rare, if not impossible,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201636-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar20134-137">[136]</a> but is cited to justify torture for interrogation. <a href="/wiki/Torture_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Torture in popular culture">Fictional portrayals of torture</a> as an effective interrogational method have fueled misconceptions that justify the use of torture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali202092–93,_106-138">[137]</a> Experiments comparing torture with other interrogation methods cannot be performed for ethical and practical reasons,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouckRepke2017277–278-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassner202024-140">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf20222-141">[140]</a> but most scholars of torture are skeptical about its efficacy in obtaining accurate information, although torture sometimes has obtained actionable intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf20223-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali202071-143">[142]</a> Interrogational torture can often shade into confessional torture or simply into entertainment,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassner202016,_20-144">[143]</a> and some torturers do not distinguish between interrogation and confession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf20222-141">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Torture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Methods">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_methods_of_torture" title="List of methods of torture">List of methods of torture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taser_Stoper_C-2_img_2864.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Taser_Stoper_C-2_img_2864.jpg/180px-Taser_Stoper_C-2_img_2864.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Taser_Stoper_C-2_img_2864.jpg/270px-Taser_Stoper_C-2_img_2864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Taser_Stoper_C-2_img_2864.jpg/360px-Taser_Stoper_C-2_img_2864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2485" data-file-height="2485" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Electroshock_weapon" title="Electroshock weapon">Electroshock weapons</a> are preferred by some torturers because they have legitimate uses and do not leave marks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali2009425,_443-145">[144]</a></figcaption></figure> A wide variety of techniques have been used for torture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuirogaModvig2020410-146">[145]</a> Nevertheless, there are limited ways of inflicting pain while minimizing the risk of death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2007103-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilewski_''et_al.''2023-61">[60]</a> Survivors report that the exact method used is not significant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez-Sales2016110-148">[147]</a> Most forms of torture include both physical and psychological elements<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez-Sales2020432-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez-Sales20168-150">[149]</a> and multiple methods are typically used on one person.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali2009421-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilewski_''et_al.''2023-61">[60]</a> Different methods of torture are popular in different countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali2009420-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilewski_''et_al.''2023-61">[60]</a> Low-tech methods are more commonly used than high-tech ones, and attempts to develop scientifically validated torture technology have failed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali2009440–441-153">[152]</a> The <a href="#Prohibition_of_torture">prohibition of torture</a> motivated a shift to methods that do not leave marks to aid in deniability and to deprive victims of legal redress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali2009443-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez-Sales2016xix-155">[154]</a> As they faced more pressure and scrutiny, democracies led the innovation in clean torture practices in the early twentieth century; such techniques diffused worldwide by the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali202073-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2020History_of_Torture-22">[21]</a> Patterns of torture differ based on a torturer's time limits—for example, resulting from legal limits on pre-trial detention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez-Sales2016271–272-157">[156]</a> Beatings or <a href="/wiki/Blunt_trauma" title="Blunt trauma">blunt trauma</a> are the most common form of physical torture<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuirogaModvig2020413-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilewski_''et_al.''2023eFigure_3-159">[158]</a> reported by about two-thirds of survivors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilewski_''et_al.''2023eFigure_3-159">[158]</a> They may be either unsystematic<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuirogaModvig2020411-160">[159]</a> or focused on a specific part of the body, as in <a href="/wiki/Foot_whipping" title="Foot whipping">falanga</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Soles_of_the_feet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soles of the feet">soles of the feet</a>), repeated strikes against both ears, or shaking the detainee so that their head moves back and forth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuirogaModvig2020413–414-161">[160]</a> Often, people are suspended in painful positions such as <a href="/wiki/Strappado" title="Strappado">strappado</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Upside-down_hanging&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upside-down hanging (page does not exist)">upside-down hanging</a> in combination with beatings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuirogaModvig2020414–415-162">[161]</a> People may also be subjected to stabbings or <a href="/wiki/Puncture_wound" class="mw-redirect" title="Puncture wound">puncture wounds</a>, have their <a href="/wiki/Denailing" title="Denailing">nails removed</a>, or body parts <a href="/wiki/Amputated" class="mw-redirect" title="Amputated">amputated</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuirogaModvig2020418–419-163">[162]</a> Burns are also common, especially <a href="/wiki/Cigarette_burns" title="Cigarette burns">cigarette burns</a>, but other instruments are also employed, including hot metal, hot fluids, the sun, or <a href="/wiki/Chemical_burn" title="Chemical burn">acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuirogaModvig2020421–422-164">[163]</a> Forced ingestion of <a href="/wiki/Water_cure_(torture)" title="Water cure (torture)">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Force_feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Force feeding">food</a>, or other substances, or injections are also used as torture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuirogaModvig2020423-165">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Electric_shocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric shocks">Electric shocks</a> are often used to torture, especially to avoid other methods that are more likely to leave scars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2007103–104-166">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Asphyxiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Asphyxiation">Asphyxiation</a>, of which <a href="/wiki/Waterboarding" title="Waterboarding">waterboarding</a> is a form, inflicts torture on the victim by cutting off their air supply.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuirogaModvig2020418–419-163">[162]</a> Psychological torture includes methods that involve no physical element as well as forcing a person to do something and physical attacks that ultimately target the mind.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez-Sales2020432-149">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_threat" title="Death threat">Death threats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mock_execution" title="Mock execution">mock execution</a>, or being forced to witness the torture of another person are often reported to be subjectively worse than being physically tortured and are associated with severe <a href="/wiki/Sequelae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequelae">sequelae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuirogaModvig2020426–427-167">[166]</a> Other torture techniques include <a href="/wiki/Sleep_deprivation" title="Sleep deprivation">sleep deprivation</a>, overcrowding or <a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">solitary confinement</a>, withholding of food or water, <a href="/wiki/Sensory_deprivation" title="Sensory deprivation">sensory deprivation</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Hooding" title="Hooding">hooding</a>), exposure to extremes of light or noise (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Musical_torture" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical torture">musical torture</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuirogaModvig2020424–425-168">[167]</a> humiliation (which can be based on sexuality or the victim's religious or national identity),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez-Sales2020114-169">[168]</a> and the use of animals such as dogs to frighten or injure a prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez-Sales2020163,_333-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuirogaModvig2020420-171">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Positional_torture" class="mw-redirect" title="Positional torture">Positional torture</a> works by forcing the person to adopt a stance, putting their weight on a few muscles, causing pain without leaving marks, for example standing or squatting for extended periods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuirogaModvig2020415–416-172">[171]</a> Rape and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual assault</a> are universal torture methods and frequently instill a permanent sense of shame in the victim and in some cultures, humiliate their family and society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar201352-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez-Sales202079,_115,_165-174">[173]</a> Cultural and individual differences affect how the victim perceives different torture methods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez-Sales202086–88-175">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Torture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Effects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lauritz_Sand_recovering_after_his_release,_May_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lauritz_Sand_recovering_after_his_release%2C_May_1945.jpg/220px-Lauritz_Sand_recovering_after_his_release%2C_May_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lauritz_Sand_recovering_after_his_release%2C_May_1945.jpg/330px-Lauritz_Sand_recovering_after_his_release%2C_May_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lauritz_Sand_recovering_after_his_release%2C_May_1945.jpg/440px-Lauritz_Sand_recovering_after_his_release%2C_May_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian resistance">Norwegian resistance</a> fighter <a href="/wiki/Lauritz_Sand" title="Lauritz Sand">Lauritz Sand</a> recovering after his release from the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>, May 1945</figcaption></figure> Torture is one of the most devastating experiences that a person can undergo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez-Sales2016274-176">[175]</a> Torture aims to break the victim's will<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez-Sales201660–61-177">[176]</a> and destroy the victim's agency and personality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisnewski201073-178">[177]</a> Torture survivor <a href="/wiki/Jean_Am%C3%A9ry" title="Jean Améry">Jean Améry</a> argued that it was "the most horrible event a human being can retain within himself" and that "whoever was tortured, stays tortured".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar201351-179">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShue2015120-180">[179]</a> Many torture victims, including Améry, later die by suicide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisnewski2010121–122-181">[180]</a> Survivors often experience social and financial problems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamid_''et_al.''20193-182">[181]</a> Circumstances such as <a href="/wiki/Housing_insecurity" title="Housing insecurity">housing insecurity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family_separation" title="Family separation">family separation</a>, and the uncertainty of applying for <a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">asylum</a> in a safe country strongly impact survivors' well-being.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsHughes2020133–134,_137-183">[182]</a> Death is not an uncommon outcome of torture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuirogaModvig2020428-184">[183]</a> Understanding of the link between specific torture methods and health consequences is lacking.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilewski_''et_al.''2023-61">[60]</a> These consequences can include <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy" title="Peripheral neuropathy">peripheral neuropathy</a>, damage to teeth, <a href="/wiki/Rhabdomyolysis" title="Rhabdomyolysis">rhabdomyolysis</a> from extensive muscle damage,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuirogaModvig2020413-158">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">traumatic brain injury</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuirogaModvig2020412-185">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">sexually transmitted infection</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_from_rape" title="Pregnancy from rape">pregnancy from rape</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuirogaModvig2020422-186">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chronic_pain" title="Chronic pain">Chronic pain</a> and pain-related disability are commonly reported, but there is scant research into this effect or possible treatments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsHughes2020133–134-187">[186]</a> Common psychological problems affecting survivors include <a href="/wiki/Traumatic_stress" title="Traumatic stress">traumatic stress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, depression, and <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disturbance" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep disturbance">sleep disturbance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsHughes2020136-188">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamid_''et_al.''20193-182">[181]</a> An average of 40 percent have long-term post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a higher rate than for any other traumatic experience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez-Sales2016274-176">[175]</a> Not all survivors or rehabilitation experts support using medical categories to define their experience,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez-Sales2016135–136-189">[188]</a> and many survivors remain <a href="/wiki/Psychologically_resilient" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychologically resilient">psychologically resilient</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez-Sales2016130-190">[189]</a> Criminal prosecutions for torture are rare<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201684–86,_88-191">[190]</a> and most victims who submit formal complaints are not believed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeishutSteiner-Birmanns202488-192">[191]</a> Despite the efforts for evidence-based evaluation of the scars from torture such as the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Protocol" title="Istanbul Protocol">Istanbul Protocol</a>, most physical examinations are inconclusive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeishutSteiner-Birmanns202489-193">[192]</a> The effects of torture are one of several factors that usually result in inconsistent testimony from survivors, hampering their effort to be believed and secure either refugee status in a foreign country or criminal prosecution of the perpetrators.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeishutSteiner-Birmanns202494-194">[193]</a> Although there is less research on the effects of torture on perpetrators,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar201353–55-195">[194]</a> they can experience <a href="/wiki/Moral_injury" title="Moral injury">moral injury</a> or <a href="/wiki/Perpetrator_trauma" title="Perpetrator trauma">trauma symptoms similar to the victims</a>, especially when they feel guilty about their actions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali202090–91-196">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisnewski2010195–196-197">[196]</a> Torture has corrupting effects on the institutions and societies that perpetrate it. Torturers forget important investigative skills because torture can be an easier way than time-consuming police work to achieve high conviction rates, encouraging the continued and increased use of torture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassner202023-198">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali202090–91-196">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisnewski2010166-199">[198]</a> Public disapproval of torture can harm the international reputation of countries that use it, strengthen and radicalize violent opposition to those states,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaulFlanagan2020370-200">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlakeley2007390–391-201">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassner202022-202">[201]</a> and encourage adversaries to themselves use torture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassner202021-203">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_opinion">Public opinion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Torture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Public opinion">edit</a>]</div> Studies have found that most people around the world oppose the use of torture in general.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali2020[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid99C8DwAAQBAJpgPA81_81]-204">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouckRepke2017279-205">[204]</a> Some hold definite views on torture; for others, torture's acceptability depends on the victim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatz2021683,_688-206">[205]</a> Support for torture in specific cases is correlated with the belief that torture is effective and used in ticking time bomb cases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouckRepke2017276–277-207">[206]</a> Women are more likely to oppose torture than men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali202098-208">[207]</a> Nonreligious people are less likely to support the use of torture <a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_torture" title="Religious views on torture">than religious people</a>, although for the latter group, increased <a href="/wiki/Religiosity" title="Religiosity">religiosity</a> increases opposition to torture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatz2021688-209">[208]</a> The personality traits of <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">right-wing authoritarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_dominance_orientation" title="Social dominance orientation">social dominance orientation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Retributivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Retributivism">retributivism</a> are correlated with higher support for torture; embrace of democratic values such as liberty and equality reduces support for torture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatz2021688-209">[208]</a> Public opinion is most favorable to torture, on average, in countries with low per capita income and high levels of <a href="/wiki/State_repression" class="mw-redirect" title="State repression">state repression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali2020[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid99C8DwAAQBAJpgPA81_81]-204">[203]</a> Public opinion is an important constraint on the use of torture by states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali2020[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid99C8DwAAQBAJpgPA82_82]-210">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prohibition">Prohibition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Torture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Prohibition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Torture_in_international_law" title="Torture in international law">Torture in international law</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torture,_proposed_poster_in_The_Nature_of_the_Enemy_series.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Torture%2C_proposed_poster_in_The_Nature_of_the_Enemy_series.gif/180px-Torture%2C_proposed_poster_in_The_Nature_of_the_Enemy_series.gif" decoding="async" width="180" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Torture%2C_proposed_poster_in_The_Nature_of_the_Enemy_series.gif/270px-Torture%2C_proposed_poster_in_The_Nature_of_the_Enemy_series.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Torture%2C_proposed_poster_in_The_Nature_of_the_Enemy_series.gif/360px-Torture%2C_proposed_poster_in_The_Nature_of_the_Enemy_series.gif 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Proposed United States poster, 1942 or 1943</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CAT_members.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CAT_members.svg/220px-CAT_members.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CAT_members.svg/330px-CAT_members.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CAT_members.svg/440px-CAT_members.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Parties to the <a href="/wiki/Convention_against_Torture" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention against Torture">Convention against Torture</a> in dark green, states that have signed the treaty in yellow, and others in gray</figcaption></figure> The condemnation of torture as barbaric and uncivilized originated in the debates around its abolition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes201713,_42-211">[210]</a> By the late nineteenth century, countries began to be condemned internationally for the use of torture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes201748–49-212">[211]</a> The ban on torture became part of the <a href="/wiki/Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">civilizing mission</a> justifying colonial rule on the pretext of ending torture,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly_''et_al.''202064-213">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes201751–52-214">[213]</a> despite the use of torture by colonial rulers themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes201755-215">[214]</a> The condemnation was strengthened during the twentieth century in reaction to the use of torture by Nazi Germany and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes201757-216">[215]</a> Shocked by Nazi atrocities during World War II, the United Nations drew up the 1948 <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, which prohibited torture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisnewski201042–43-217">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes201764–65-218">[217]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_torture" title="Ethics of torture">Torture is criticized</a> based on all major ethical frameworks, including <a href="/wiki/Deontology" title="Deontology">deontology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">consequentialism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">virtue ethics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassner202029-219">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisnewski201068–69-220">[219]</a> Some contemporary philosophers argue that torture is never morally acceptable; others propose exceptions to the general rule in real-life equivalents of the ticking time-bomb scenario.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisnewski201050-221">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShue2015116–117-222">[221]</a> Torture stimulated the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_movement" title="Human rights movement">human rights movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar201341-223">[222]</a> In 1969, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_case" title="Greek case">Greek case</a> was the first time that an international body—the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission_on_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commission on Human Rights">European Commission on Human Rights</a>—found that a state practiced torture<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2017121-224">[223]</a> and it, along with <a href="/wiki/Ireland_v._United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ireland v. United Kingdom">Ireland v. United Kingdom</a>, formed much of the basis for the definition of torture in international law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesch20238-225">[224]</a> In the early 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> launched a global campaign against torture, exposing its widespread use despite international prohibition and eventually leading to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Torture" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Torture">United Nations Convention against Torture</a> (CAT) in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2017108–109-226">[225]</a> Successful <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a> mobilizations against torture can prevent its use by governments that possess both motive and opportunity to use torture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollard2018162-227">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/Naming_and_shaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming and shaming">Naming and shaming</a> campaigns against torture have shown mixed results; they can be ineffective and even make things worse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2023-50">[49]</a> The prohibition of torture is a <a href="/wiki/Peremptory_norm" title="Peremptory norm">peremptory norm</a> (jus cogens) in <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, meaning that it is forbidden for all states under all circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2020Introduction-228">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaulFlanagan2020356-229">[228]</a> Most jurists justify the absolute legal prohibition on torture based on its violation of <a href="/wiki/Human_dignity" class="mw-redirect" title="Human dignity">human dignity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez-Sales201682-230">[229]</a> The CAT and its <a href="/wiki/Optional_Protocol_to_the_Convention_against_Torture" class="mw-redirect" title="Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture">Optional Protocol</a> focus on the prevention of torture, which was already prohibited in <a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_law" title="International human rights law">international human rights law</a> under other treaties such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201613-231">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar201339-232">[231]</a> The CAT specifies that torture must be a criminal offense under a country's laws,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly_''et_al.''202065-59">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Exclusion_of_evidence_obtained_under_torture" title="Exclusion of evidence obtained under torture">evidence obtained under torture</a> may not be admitted in court, and deporting a person to another country where they are likely to face torture <a href="/wiki/Non-refoulement" title="Non-refoulement">is forbidden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaulFlanagan2020356-229">[228]</a> Even when it is illegal under national law, judges in many countries continue to admit evidence obtained under torture or ill treatment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomsonBernath2020474–475-233">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarverHandley2016631-234">[233]</a> It is disputed whether ratification of the CAT decreases, does not affect, or even increases the rate of torture in a country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2023-50">[49]</a> In <a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">international humanitarian law</a>, which regulates the conduct of war, torture was first outlawed by the 1863 <a href="/wiki/Lieber_Code" title="Lieber Code">Lieber Code</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak2014387,_401-235">[234]</a> Torture was prosecuted during the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Crime_against_humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime against humanity">crime against humanity</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes201760,_70-236">[235]</a> it is recognized by both the 1949 <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a> and the 1998 <a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute" title="Rome Statute">Rome Statute</a> of the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> as a <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak2014398-237">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar201338-238">[237]</a> According to the Rome Statute, torture can also be a crime against humanity if committed as part of a systematic attack on a civilian population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak2014397–398-239">[238]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Use_of_torture_since_1948#Israel" title="Use of torture since 1948">1987</a>, Israel became the only country in the world <a href="/wiki/Israeli_torture_in_the_occupied_territories" title="Israeli torture in the occupied territories">to purportedly legalize torture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Torture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Prevention">edit</a>]</div> Torture prevention is complicated both by lack of understanding about why torture occurs and by lack of application of what is known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2023-50">[49]</a> Torture proliferates in situations of <a href="/wiki/Incommunicado_detention" class="mw-redirect" title="Incommunicado detention">incommunicado detention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201613–14-243">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomsonBernath2020472-244">[243]</a> Because the risk of torture is highest directly after an arrest, procedural safeguards such as immediate access to a lawyer and notifying relatives of an arrest are the most effective ways of prevention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201667–68-245">[244]</a> Visits by independent monitoring bodies to detention sites can also help reduce torture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomsonBernath2020482–483-246">[245]</a> Legal changes that are not implemented in practice have little effect on the incidence of torture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201652-247">[246]</a> Legal changes can be particularly ineffective in places where the law has limited legitimacy or is routinely ignored.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly_''et_al.''202065-59">[58]</a> Sociologically torture operates as a <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a>, frustrating prevention efforts because torturers can find a way around rules.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali2020101-248">[247]</a> Safeguards against torture in detention can be evaded by beating suspects during round-ups or on the way to the police station.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201669–70-249">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly20194-250">[249]</a> General training of police to improve their ability to investigate crime has been more effective at reducing torture than specific training focused on human rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomsonBernath2020488-251">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201679–80-252">[251]</a> Institutional police reforms have been effective when abuse is systematic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201680-253">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly20198-254">[253]</a> Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Darius_Rejali" title="Darius Rejali">Darius Rejali</a> criticizes torture prevention research for not figuring out "what to do when people are bad; institutions broken, understaffed, and corrupt; and habitual serial violence is routine".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali2020102-255">[254]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monumento_Tortura_Nunca_Mais_homenagem_%C3%A0s_v%C3%ADtimas_da_Ditadura_Militar_de_1964-1985_(Statues_in_Recife,_Brazil)_(52181323154).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Monumento_Tortura_Nunca_Mais_homenagem_%C3%A0s_v%C3%ADtimas_da_Ditadura_Militar_de_1964-1985_%28Statues_in_Recife%2C_Brazil%29_%2852181323154%29.jpg/290px-Monumento_Tortura_Nunca_Mais_homenagem_%C3%A0s_v%C3%ADtimas_da_Ditadura_Militar_de_1964-1985_%28Statues_in_Recife%2C_Brazil%29_%2852181323154%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Monumento_Tortura_Nunca_Mais_homenagem_%C3%A0s_v%C3%ADtimas_da_Ditadura_Militar_de_1964-1985_%28Statues_in_Recife%2C_Brazil%29_%2852181323154%29.jpg/435px-Monumento_Tortura_Nunca_Mais_homenagem_%C3%A0s_v%C3%ADtimas_da_Ditadura_Militar_de_1964-1985_%28Statues_in_Recife%2C_Brazil%29_%2852181323154%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Monumento_Tortura_Nunca_Mais_homenagem_%C3%A0s_v%C3%ADtimas_da_Ditadura_Militar_de_1964-1985_%28Statues_in_Recife%2C_Brazil%29_%2852181323154%29.jpg/580px-Monumento_Tortura_Nunca_Mais_homenagem_%C3%A0s_v%C3%ADtimas_da_Ditadura_Militar_de_1964-1985_%28Statues_in_Recife%2C_Brazil%29_%2852181323154%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Monument_Tortura_Nunca_Mais" title="Monument Tortura Nunca Mais">Torture Never Again Monument</a> in Brazil, by sculptor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dem%C3%A9trio_Albuquerque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demétrio Albuquerque (page does not exist)">Demétrio Albuquerque</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dem%C3%A9trio_Albuquerque" class="extiw" title="pt:Demétrio Albuquerque">pt</a>], features the body of a naked man in the position of the <a href="/wiki/Pau_de_arara" title="Pau de arara">pau de arara</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Torture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> From <a href="/wiki/Middle_Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Latin">Middle Latin</a> tortura: 'pain inflicted by judicial or ecclesiastical authority as a means of persuasion', ultimately from a Latin root meaning 'to twist'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitneySmith1897[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIfBOAAAAYAAJpgPA6396_6396]-1">[1]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 19em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitneySmith1897[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIfBOAAAAYAAJpgPA6396_6396]-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitneySmith1897[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIfBOAAAAYAAJpgPA6396_6396]_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitneySmith1897">Whitney & Smith 1897</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IfBOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA6396">6396</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak2014396–397-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowak2014396–397_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNowak2014">Nowak 2014</a>, pp. 396–397. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201638-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201638_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarverHandley2016">Carver & Handley 2016</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak2014394–395-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowak2014394–395_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNowak2014">Nowak 2014</a>, pp. 394–395. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez-Sales201696–97-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPérez-Sales201696–97_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPérez-Sales2016">Pérez-Sales 2016</a>, pp. 96–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201637–38-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201637–38_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201637–38_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarverHandley2016">Carver & Handley 2016</a>, pp. 37–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak2014392-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowak2014392_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNowak2014">Nowak 2014</a>, p. 392. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar201340-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHajjar201340_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHajjar201340_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHajjar2013">Hajjar 2013</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez-Sales2016279–280-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPérez-Sales2016279–280_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPérez-Sales2016">Pérez-Sales 2016</a>, pp. 279–280. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaulFlanagan2020364–365-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaulFlanagan2020364–365_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaulFlanagan2020">Saul & Flanagan 2020</a>, pp. 364–365. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201637-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201637_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarverHandley2016">Carver & Handley 2016</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak2014391-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowak2014391_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNowak2014">Nowak 2014</a>, p. 391. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez-Sales20163,_281-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPérez-Sales20163,_281_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPérez-Sales2016">Pérez-Sales 2016</a>, pp. 3, 281. </li> <li 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2017" class="citation web cs1">Jacobs, Bruno (16 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/torture-achaemenid-period">"Torture in the Achaemenid Period"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Iranica">Encyclopedia Iranica</a>. 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2020History_of_Torture_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2020History_of_Torture_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2020History_of_Torture_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2020History_of_Torture_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2020History_of_Torture_22-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2020">Evans 2020</a>, History of Torture. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeam2020393-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeam2020393_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeam2020">Beam 2020</a>, p. 393. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2007107-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEinolf2007107_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEinolf2007">Einolf 2007</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeam2020392-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeam2020392_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeam2020">Beam 2020</a>, p. 392. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinolf2007107–108-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEinolf2007107–108_26-0">a</a> <a 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisnewski201042–43-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisnewski201042–43_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWisnewski2010">Wisnewski 2010</a>, pp. 42–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes201764–65-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes201764–65_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnes2017">Barnes 2017</a>, pp. 64–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassner202029-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHassner202029_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHassner2020">Hassner 2020</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisnewski201068–69-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisnewski201068–69_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWisnewski2010">Wisnewski 2010</a>, pp. 68–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisnewski201050-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWisnewski201050_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWisnewski2010">Wisnewski 2010</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShue2015116–117-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShue2015116–117_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShue2015">Shue 2015</a>, pp. 116–117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar201341-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHajjar201341_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHajjar2013">Hajjar 2013</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2017121-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes2017121_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnes2017">Barnes 2017</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELesch20238-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELesch20238_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLesch2023">Lesch 2023</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2017108–109-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes2017108–109_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnes2017">Barnes 2017</a>, pp. 108–109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollard2018162-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollard2018162_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCollard2018">Collard 2018</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2020Introduction-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2020Introduction_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2020">Evans 2020</a>, Introduction. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaulFlanagan2020356-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaulFlanagan2020356_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaulFlanagan2020356_229-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaulFlanagan2020">Saul & Flanagan 2020</a>, p. 356. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez-Sales201682-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPérez-Sales201682_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPérez-Sales2016">Pérez-Sales 2016</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201613-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201613_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarverHandley2016">Carver & Handley 2016</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar201339-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHajjar201339_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHajjar2013">Hajjar 2013</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomsonBernath2020474–475-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomsonBernath2020474–475_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomsonBernath2020">Thomson & Bernath 2020</a>, pp. 474–475. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarverHandley2016631-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarverHandley2016631_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarverHandley2016">Carver & Handley 2016</a>, p. 631. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak2014387,_401-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowak2014387,_401_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNowak2014">Nowak 2014</a>, pp. 387, 401. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes201760,_70-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes201760,_70_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnes2017">Barnes 2017</a>, pp. 60, 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak2014398-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowak2014398_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNowak2014">Nowak 2014</a>, p. 398. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar201338-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHajjar201338_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHajjar2013">Hajjar 2013</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak2014397–398-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowak2014397–398_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNowak2014">Nowak 2014</a>, pp. 397–398. </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021115094838/http://www.btselem.org/english/Torture/Toture_by_GSS.asp">"Torture by the GSS"</a>. B'Tselem. 1999. Archived from the original on 15 November 2002. Retrieved 28 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=B%27Tselem&rft.atitle=Torture+by+the+GSS&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.btselem.org%2Fenglish%2FTorture%2FToture_by_GSS.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorture" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/ar/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/mde150311998en.pdf">"Israel: Torture still used systematically as Israel presents its report to the Committee Against Torture"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>. 15 May 1998. Retrieved 28 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=Israel%3A+Torture+still+used+systematically+as+Israel+presents+its+report+to+the+Committee+Against+Torture&rft.date=1998-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Far%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F06%2Fmde150311998en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omct.org/en/resources/blog/its-now-even-more-official-torture-is-legal-in-israel">"It's now (even more) official: torture is legal in Israel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/OMCT" class="mw-redirect" title="OMCT">OMCT</a>. 21 March 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OMCT&rft.atitle=It%27s+now+%28even+more%29+official%3A+torture+is+legal+in+Israel&rft.date=2019-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omct.org%2Fen%2Fresources%2Fblog%2Fits-now-even-more-official-torture-is-legal-in-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201613–14-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201613–14_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarverHandley2016">Carver & Handley 2016</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomsonBernath2020472-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomsonBernath2020472_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomsonBernath2020">Thomson & Bernath 2020</a>, p. 472. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201667–68-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201667–68_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarverHandley2016">Carver & Handley 2016</a>, pp. 67–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomsonBernath2020482–483-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomsonBernath2020482–483_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomsonBernath2020">Thomson & Bernath 2020</a>, pp. 482–483. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201652-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201652_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarverHandley2016">Carver & Handley 2016</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali2020101-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERejali2020101_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRejali2020">Rejali 2020</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201669–70-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201669–70_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarverHandley2016">Carver & Handley 2016</a>, pp. 69–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly20194-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly20194_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2019">Kelly 2019</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomsonBernath2020488-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomsonBernath2020488_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomsonBernath2020">Thomson & Bernath 2020</a>, p. 488. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201679–80-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201679–80_252-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarverHandley2016">Carver & Handley 2016</a>, pp. 79–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201680-253"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarverHandley201680_253-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarverHandley2016">Carver & Handley 2016</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly20198-254"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly20198_254-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2019">Kelly 2019</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERejali2020102-255"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERejali2020102_255-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRejali2020">Rejali 2020</a>, p. 102. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Torture&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Torture&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2017" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Jamal (2017). A Genealogy of the Torture Taboo. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-97773-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-97773-9"><bdi>978-1-351-97773-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Genealogy+of+the+Torture+Taboo&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-97773-9&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Jamal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarverHandley2016" class="citation book cs1">Carver, Richard; Handley, Lisa (2016). Does Torture Prevention Work?. <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_University_Press" title="Liverpool University Press">Liverpool University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78138-868-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78138-868-6"><bdi>978-1-78138-868-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Does+Torture+Prevention+Work%3F&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78138-868-6&rft.aulast=Carver&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Handley%2C+Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCelermajer2018" class="citation book cs1">Celermajer, Danielle (2018). The Prevention of Torture: An Ecological Approach. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-63389-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-63389-5"><bdi>978-1-108-63389-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prevention+of+Torture%3A+An+Ecological+Approach&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-108-63389-5&rft.aulast=Celermajer&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollard2018" class="citation book cs1">Collard, Melanie (2018). Torture as State Crime: A Criminological Analysis of the Transnational Institutional Torturer. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-45611-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-45611-9"><bdi>978-1-315-45611-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Torture+as+State+Crime%3A+A+Criminological+Analysis+of+the+Transnational+Institutional+Torturer&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-315-45611-9&rft.aulast=Collard&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHajjar2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Hajjar" title="Lisa Hajjar">Hajjar, Lisa</a> (2013). Torture: A Sociology of Violence and Human Rights. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-51806-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-51806-2"><bdi>978-0-415-51806-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Torture%3A+A+Sociology+of+Violence+and+Human+Rights&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-51806-2&rft.aulast=Hajjar&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez-Sales2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pau_P%C3%A9rez-Sales" title="Pau Pérez-Sales">Pérez-Sales, Pau</a> (2016). Psychological Torture: Definition, Evaluation and Measurement. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-20647-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-20647-7"><bdi>978-1-317-20647-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychological+Torture%3A+Definition%2C+Evaluation+and+Measurement&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-20647-7&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez-Sales&rft.aufirst=Pau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRejali2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Darius_Rejali" title="Darius Rejali">Rejali, Darius</a> (2009). Torture and Democracy. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3087-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3087-9"><bdi>978-1-4008-3087-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Torture+and+Democracy&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3087-9&rft.aulast=Rejali&rft.aufirst=Darius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWisnewski2010" class="citation book cs1">Wisnewski, J. Jeremy (2010). Understanding Torture. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-8672-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-8672-8"><bdi>978-0-7486-8672-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Torture&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-8672-8&rft.aulast=Wisnewski&rft.aufirst=J.+Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitneySmith1897" class="citation book cs1">Whitney, William Dwight; Smith, Benjamin Eli (1897). <a href="/wiki/Century_Dictionary" title="Century Dictionary">The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: Dictionary</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Century_Company" title="The Century Company">The Century Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/233135357">233135357</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Century+Dictionary+and+Cyclopedia%3A+Dictionary&rft.pub=The+Century+Company&rft.date=1897&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F233135357&rft.aulast=Whitney&rft.aufirst=William+Dwight&rft.au=Smith%2C+Benjamin+Eli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungKearns2020" class="citation book cs1">Young, Joseph K.; Kearns, Erin M. (2020). Tortured Logic: Why Some Americans Support the Use of Torture in Counterterrorism. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54809-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54809-0"><bdi>978-0-231-54809-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tortured+Logic%3A+Why+Some+Americans+Support+the+Use+of+Torture+in+Counterterrorism&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-231-54809-0&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Joseph+K.&rft.au=Kearns%2C+Erin+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorture" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_chapters">Book chapters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Torture&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Book chapters">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustin2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Luke_Austin" title="Jonathan Luke Austin">Austin, Jonathan Luke</a> (2022). "Why Perpetrators Matter". Contesting Torture: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. pp. 19–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-72592-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-72592-6"><bdi>978-1-000-72592-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Why+Perpetrators+Matter&rft.btitle=Contesting+Torture%3A+Interdisciplinary+Perspectives&rft.pages=19-37&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-000-72592-6&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Luke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeam2020" class="citation book cs1">Beam, Sara (2020). "Violence and Justice in Europe: Punishment, Torture and Execution". The Cambridge World History of Violence: Volume 3: AD 1500–AD 1800. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 389–407. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11911-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11911-6"><bdi>978-1-107-11911-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Violence+and+Justice+in+Europe%3A+Punishment%2C+Torture+and+Execution&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+World+History+of+Violence%3A+Volume+3%3A+AD+1500%E2%80%93AD+1800&rft.pages=389-407&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-107-11911-6&rft.aulast=Beam&rft.aufirst=Sara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2020" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Rebecca (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.001.0001/acrefore-9780190846626-e-326">"The Ethics of Torture: Definitions, History, and Institutions"</a>. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190846626.013.326">10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.326</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-084662-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-084662-6"><bdi>978-0-19-084662-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ethics+of+Torture%3A+Definitions%2C+History%2C+and+Institutions&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+International+Studies&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190846626.013.326&rft.isbn=978-0-19-084662-6&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190846626.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190846626-e-326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrahm2006" class="citation book cs1">Frahm, Eckart (2006). "Images of Assyria in 19th and 20th Century Scholarship". Orientalism, Assyriology and the Bible. <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Phoenix_Press" title="Sheffield Phoenix Press">Sheffield Phoenix Press</a>. pp. 74–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905048-37-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905048-37-3"><bdi>978-1-905048-37-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Images+of+Assyria+in+19th+and+20th+Century+Scholarship&rft.btitle=Orientalism%2C+Assyriology+and+the+Bible&rft.pages=74-94&rft.pub=Sheffield+Phoenix+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-905048-37-3&rft.aulast=Frahm&rft.aufirst=Eckart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly_et_al.2020" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Tobias; Jensen, Steffen; Andersen, Morten Koch (2020). "Fragility, states and torture". Research Handbook on Torture: Legal and Medical Perspectives on Prohibition and Prevention. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar_Publishing" title="Edward Elgar Publishing">Edward Elgar Publishing</a>. pp. 63–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78811-396-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78811-396-0"><bdi>978-1-78811-396-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fragility%2C+states+and+torture&rft.btitle=Research+Handbook+on+Torture%3A+Legal+and+Medical+Perspectives+on+Prohibition+and+Prevention&rft.pages=63-79&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-78811-396-0&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rft.au=Jensen%2C+Steffen&rft.au=Andersen%2C+Morten+Koch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNowak2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Nowak" title="Manfred Nowak">Nowak, Manfred</a> (2014). "Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment". The Oxford Handbook of International Law in Armed Conflict. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 387–409. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-163269-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-163269-3"><bdi>978-0-19-163269-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Torture+and+Other+Cruel%2C+Inhuman%2C+or+Degrading+Treatment+or+Punishment&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+International+Law+in+Armed+Conflict&rft.pages=387-409&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-163269-3&rft.aulast=Nowak&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez-Sales2020" class="citation book cs1">Pérez-Sales, Pau (2020). "Psychological torture". Research Handbook on Torture: Legal and Medical Perspectives on Prohibition and Prevention. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar_Publishing" title="Edward Elgar Publishing">Edward Elgar Publishing</a>. pp. 432–454. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78811-396-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78811-396-0"><bdi>978-1-78811-396-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Psychological+torture&rft.btitle=Research+Handbook+on+Torture%3A+Legal+and+Medical+Perspectives+on+Prohibition+and+Prevention&rft.pages=432-454&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-78811-396-0&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez-Sales&rft.aufirst=Pau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuirogaModvig2020" class="citation book cs1">Quiroga, José; Modvig, Jens (2020). "Torture methods and their health impact". Research Handbook on Torture: Legal and Medical Perspectives on Prohibition and Prevention. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar_Publishing" title="Edward Elgar Publishing">Edward Elgar Publishing</a>. pp. 410–431. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78811-396-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78811-396-0"><bdi>978-1-78811-396-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Torture+methods+and+their+health+impact&rft.btitle=Research+Handbook+on+Torture%3A+Legal+and+Medical+Perspectives+on+Prohibition+and+Prevention&rft.pages=410-431&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-78811-396-0&rft.aulast=Quiroga&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rft.au=Modvig%2C+Jens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRejali2020" class="citation book cs1">Rejali, Darius (2020). "The Field of Torture Today: Ten Years On from Torture and Democracy". Interrogation and Torture: Integrating Efficacy with Law and Morality. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 71–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-009752-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-009752-3"><bdi>978-0-19-009752-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Field+of+Torture+Today%3A+Ten+Years+On+from+Torture+and+Democracy&rft.btitle=Interrogation+and+Torture%3A+Integrating+Efficacy+with+Law+and+Morality&rft.pages=71-106&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-009752-3&rft.aulast=Rejali&rft.aufirst=Darius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaulFlanagan2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Saul" title="Ben Saul">Saul, Ben</a>; Flanagan, Mary (2020). "Torture and counter-terrorism". Research Handbook on International Law and Terrorism. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar_Publishing" title="Edward Elgar Publishing">Edward Elgar Publishing</a>. pp. 354–370. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78897-222-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78897-222-2"><bdi>978-1-78897-222-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Torture+and+counter-terrorism&rft.btitle=Research+Handbook+on+International+Law+and+Terrorism&rft.pages=354-370&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-78897-222-2&rft.aulast=Saul&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Flanagan%2C+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShue2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Shue" title="Henry Shue">Shue, Henry</a> (2015). "Torture". The Routledge Handbook of Global Ethics. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 113–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-74452-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-74452-0"><bdi>978-1-315-74452-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Torture&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Global+Ethics&rft.pages=113-126&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-315-74452-0&rft.aulast=Shue&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomsonBernath2020" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Mark; Bernath, Barbara (2020). "Preventing Torture: What Works?". Interrogation and Torture: Integrating Efficacy with Law and Morality. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 471–492. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-009752-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-009752-3"><bdi>978-0-19-009752-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preventing+Torture%3A+What+Works%3F&rft.btitle=Interrogation+and+Torture%3A+Integrating+Efficacy+with+Law+and+Morality&rft.pages=471-492&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-009752-3&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Bernath%2C+Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfendale2019" class="citation book cs1">Wolfendale, Jessica (2019). "The Making of a Torturer". The Routledge International Handbook of Perpetrator Studies. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 84–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-10288-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-10288-7"><bdi>978-1-315-10288-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+a+Torturer&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+International+Handbook+of+Perpetrator+Studies&rft.pages=84-94&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-315-10288-7&rft.aulast=Wolfendale&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorture" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Torture&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Journal articles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBessler2018" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_D._Bessler" class="mw-redirect" title="John D. Bessler">Bessler, John D.</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.umt.edu/mlr/vol79/iss1/3">"The Abolitionist Movement Comes of Age: From Capital Punishment as Lawful Sanction to a Peremptory, International Law Norm Barring Executions"</a>. Montana Law Review. 79: 7–48. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-9972">0026-9972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Montana+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Abolitionist+Movement+Comes+of+Age%3A+From+Capital+Punishment+as+Lawful+Sanction+to+a+Peremptory%2C+International+Law+Norm+Barring+Executions&rft.volume=79&rft.pages=7-48&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=0026-9972&rft.aulast=Bessler&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.umt.edu%2Fmlr%2Fvol79%2Fiss1%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourgon2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bourgon, Jérôme (2003). "Abolishing 'Cruel Punishments': A Reappraisal of the Chinese Roots and Long-term Efficiency of the Xinzheng Legal Reforms". <a href="/wiki/Modern_Asian_Studies" title="Modern Asian Studies">Modern Asian Studies</a>. 37 (4): 851–862. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X03004050">10.1017/S0026749X03004050</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-749X">0026-749X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Abolishing+%27Cruel+Punishments%27%3A+A+Reappraisal+of+the+Chinese+Roots+and+Long-term+Efficiency+of+the+Xinzheng+Legal+Reforms&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=851-862&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X03004050&rft.issn=0026-749X&rft.aulast=Bourgon&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlakeley2007" class="citation journal cs1">Blakeley, Ruth (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kar.kent.ac.uk/1427/2/Why%20Torture%20%5BRIS%5D.pdf">"Why torture?"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Review_of_International_Studies" title="Review of International Studies">Review of International Studies</a>. 33 (3): 373–394. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0260210507007565">10.1017/S0260210507007565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+International+Studies&rft.atitle=Why+torture%3F&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=373-394&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0260210507007565&rft.aulast=Blakeley&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkar.kent.ac.uk%2F1427%2F2%2FWhy%2520Torture%2520%255BRIS%255D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinolf2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_J._Einolf" title="Christopher J. Einolf">Einolf, Christopher J.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&context=christopher_einolf">"The Fall and Rise of Torture: A Comparative and Historical Analysis"</a>. 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Torture" title="Template:Torture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Torture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Torture (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Torture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Torture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Torture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Torture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_methods_of_torture" title="List of methods of torture">Methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torture_chamber" title="Torture chamber">Torture chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_torture" title="Water torture">Water torture</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physical_torture" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical torture">Physical torture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abacination" title="Abacination">Abacination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_(torture)" title="Boot (torture)">Boot (torture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falanga_(torture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Falanga (torture)">Falanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat%27s_tongue" title="Goat's tongue">Goat's tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_maiden" title="Iron maiden">Iron maiden </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacological_torture" title="Pharmacological torture">Pharmacological torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rack_(torture)" title="Rack (torture)">Rack (torture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_torture" title="Rat torture">Rat torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope_(torture)" title="Rope (torture)">Rope (torture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_position" title="Stress position">Stress position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumbscrew_(torture)" title="Thumbscrew (torture)">Thumbscrew (torture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_cure_(torture)" title="Water cure (torture)">Water cure (torture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterboarding" title="Waterboarding">Waterboarding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychological_torture" title="Psychological torture">Psychological torture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_torture" title="Bamboo torture">Bamboo torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biderman%27s_Chart_of_Coercion" title="Biderman's Chart of Coercion">Biderman's Chart of Coercion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_(torture)" title="Box (torture)">Box (torture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_water_torture" title="Chinese water torture">Chinese water torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_techniques" title="Five techniques">Five techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooding" title="Hooding">Hooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mock_execution" title="Mock execution">Mock execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_torture" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical torture">Musical torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_deprivation" title="Sensory deprivation">Sensory deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_overload" title="Sensory overload">Sensory overload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_deprivation" title="Sleep deprivation">Sleep deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">Solitary confinement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welcome_parade_(torture)" title="Welcome parade (torture)">Welcome parade (torture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_torture" title="White torture">White torture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torture_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Torture in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Torture in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_in_Bahrain" title="Torture in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_in_Brazil" title="Torture in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Torture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Torture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Torture in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Torture in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_case" title="Greek case">Greek case</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Torture in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Torture in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_in_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="Torture in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Torture in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Torture in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Torture in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Torture in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_in_Turkey" title="Torture in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Torture in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_and_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Torture and the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">Enhanced interrogation techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_Memos" title="Torture Memos">Torture Memos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_in_Venezuela" title="Torture in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Torture in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Torture in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch trials">Witch trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_torture_since_1948" title="Use of torture since 1948">Use of torture since 1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_during_the_Algerian_War" title="Torture during the Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_torture_methods_used_by_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="List of torture methods used by the Marcos dictatorship">Marcos dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagram_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Bagram torture and prisoner abuse">Bagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_during_the_2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="Torture during the 2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Torture during the Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_torture" title="Ethics of torture">Ethics of torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effectiveness_of_torture_for_interrogation" class="mw-redirect" title="Effectiveness of torture for interrogation">Effectiveness of torture for interrogation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_torture" title="Medical torture">Involvement of medical personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_torture" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology of torture">Psychology of torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticking_time_bomb_scenario" title="Ticking time bomb scenario">Ticking time bomb scenario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_trade" title="Torture trade">Torture trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torture_in_international_law" title="Torture in international law">International law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusion_of_evidence_obtained_under_torture" title="Exclusion of evidence obtained under torture">Exclusion of evidence obtained under torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Torture" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Torture">United Nations Convention against Torture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_Against_Torture" title="Committee Against Torture">Committee Against Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optional_Protocol_to_the_Convention_Against_Torture" title="Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture">Optional Protocol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_3_of_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights">Article 3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Convention_for_the_Prevention_of_Torture_and_Inhuman_or_Degrading_Treatment_or_Punishment" title="European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment">European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Prevention_of_Torture" title="Committee for the Prevention of Torture">Committee for the Prevention of Torture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Convention_to_Prevent_and_Punish_Torture" title="Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture">Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="American Convention on Human Rights">American Convention on Human Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torture_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Torture in popular culture">In culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torture_museum" title="Torture museum">Torture museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Substantive_human_rights" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Substantive_human_rights" title="Template:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Substantive_human_rights" title="Template talk:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Substantive_human_rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Substantive human rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Substantive_human_rights" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Substantive <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruel,_inhuman,_or_degrading_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment">Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_from_discrimination" title="Freedom from discrimination">Freedom from discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Freedom from slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Freedom from torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aid" title="Legal aid">Legal aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">Personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">Presumption of innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Right of asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Right to a fair trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to family life">Right to family life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">Right to keep and bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Right to life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition" title="Right to petition">Right to petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_protest" title="Right to protest">Right to protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_treatment" title="Involuntary treatment">Right to refuse medical treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_resist" title="Right to resist">Right to resist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Right of self-defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_truth" title="Right to truth">Right to truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security of person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">right to be a candidate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_homeland" title="Right to homeland">Right to homeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights" title="Economic, social and cultural rights">Economic, social and cultural</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">Equal pay for equal work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remuneration" title="Remuneration">Fair remuneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_an_adequate_standard_of_living" title="Right to an adequate standard of living">Right to an adequate standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_clothing" title="Right to clothing">Right to clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_development" title="Right to development">Right to development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">Right to education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Right to food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">Right to a healthy environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Right to housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Internet_access" title="Right to Internet access">Right to Internet access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Right to property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation" title="Public participation">Right to public participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_reply" title="Right of reply">Right of reply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_science_and_culture" title="Right to science and culture">Right to science and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to social security">Right to social security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Right to water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_work" title="Right to work">Right to work</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health_and_rights" title="Sexual and reproductive health and rights">Sexual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Sexual and reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_crimes" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War_crimes" title="Template:War crimes"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War_crimes" title="Template talk:War crimes"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War_crimes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War crimes"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_crimes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">List of war crimes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">International humanitarian law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_international_law" title="Sources of international law">Sources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieber_Code" title="Lieber Code">Lieber Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Declaration_of_1868" title="Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868">Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_Geneva_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1864 Geneva Convention">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Geneva_Convention" title="First Geneva Convention">First (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Geneva_Convention" title="Second Geneva Convention">Second (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Geneva_Convention" title="Third Geneva Convention">Third (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Geneva_Convention" title="Fourth Geneva Convention">Fourth (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_I" title="Protocol I">Protocol I (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_II" title="Protocol II">Protocol II (1977)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_to_protect" title="Responsibility to protect">Responsibility to protect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute" title="Rome Statute">Rome Statute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">Civilians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-combatant" title="Non-combatant">non-combatants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualty" title="Civilian casualty">Civilian casualties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_responsibility" title="Command responsibility">Command responsibility</a> / <a href="/wiki/Superior_orders" title="Superior orders">Superior orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distinction_(law)" title="Distinction (law)">Distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hors_de_combat" title="Hors de combat">Hors de combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intention_(criminal_law)" title="Intention (criminal law)">Intent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_criminal_enterprise" title="Joint criminal enterprise">Joint criminal enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_neutrality" title="Medical neutrality">Medical neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_necessity" title="Military necessity">Military necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">Prisoners of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportionality_(law)" title="Proportionality (law)">Proportionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_persons" title="Protected persons">Protected persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruse_de_guerre" title="Ruse de guerre">Ruse de guerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_conduct" title="Safe conduct">Safe conduct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">War crimes by type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Attacks on <a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_humanitarian_workers" title="Attacks on humanitarian workers">humanitarian workers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_parachutists" title="Attacks on parachutists">parachutists</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_punishment" title="Collective punishment">Collective punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_order_(international_law)" title="Criminal order (international law)">Criminal orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_flights" title="Death flights">Death flights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration_of_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Desecration of graves">Desecration of graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_healthcare_system" title="Destruction of the healthcare system">Destruction of the healthcare system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearance" title="Enforced disappearance">Enforced disappearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">Extrajudicial killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage-taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trophy_collecting" title="Human trophy collecting">Human trophy collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiscriminate_attack" title="Indiscriminate attack">Indiscriminate attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">Massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">Mass killings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_quarter" title="No quarter">No quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starvation_(crime)" title="Starvation (crime)">Starvation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_shield_(law)" title="Human shield (law)">Use of human shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">War crimes committed by...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_war_crimes" title="Croatian war crimes">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes" title="German war crimes">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_war_crimes" title="Israeli war crimes">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">Palestinian political violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamas_war_crimes" title="Hamas war crimes">Hamas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_war_crimes" title="Russian war crimes">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_war_crimes" title="Serbian war crimes">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_war_crimes" title="Turkish war crimes">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_war_crimes" title="United Arab Emirates war crimes">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes" title="British war crimes">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes" title="United States war crimes">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">War crimes by war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_Afghanistan" title="War crimes in Afghanistan">Afghanistan wars</a></li> <li>2nd <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War_crimes_and_terrorism" title="Second Chechen War crimes and terrorism">Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Iraq_War" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes in the Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Korean_War" title="War crimes in the Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_2006_Lebanon_War" title="War crimes in the 2006 Lebanon War">Lebanon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Human rights violations during the Libyan civil war (2011)">Libyan civil war</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_Myanmar_civil_war_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="War crimes during the Myanmar civil war (2021–present)">Myanmar civil war</a> (2021–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="War crimes in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="War crimes in the Gaza War (2008–2009)">2008–2009</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="War crimes in the Israel–Hamas war">2023–present</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_war_crimes_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israeli war crimes in the Israel–Hamas war">by Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gaza_Strip_healthcare_collapse" title="Timeline of the Gaza Strip healthcare collapse">Destruction of the healthcare system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_arrest_warrants_for_Israeli_figures" title="International Criminal Court arrest warrants for Israeli figures">ICC arrest warrants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_health_facilities_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Attacks on health facilities during the Israel–Hamas war">health facilities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICJ_case_on_Israel%27s_occupation_of_the_Palestinian_territories" title="ICJ case on Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories">in the occupied Palestinian territories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrocity_crimes_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Atrocity crimes during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_situation_during_the_war_in_Donbas" title="Humanitarian situation during the war in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">2nd Sino-Japanese War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_Manchukuo" title="War crimes in Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_final_stages_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="War crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="War crimes during the Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudanese civil war</a> (2023–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="War crimes in the Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Tigray_war" title="War crimes in the Tigray war">Tigray war‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I" title="War crimes in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_war_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis war crimes">Axis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="War crimes in the Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Yugoslav_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes in the Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_trial" title="War crimes trial">War crimes trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime_apologia" title="War crime apologia">War crime apologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">List of global issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-conflict_reception_of_war_criminals" title="Post-conflict reception of war criminals">Post-conflict reception of war criminals</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Other_international_crimes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Other <a href="/wiki/International_criminal_law" title="International criminal law">international crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrocity_crime" title="Atrocity crime">Atrocity crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_aggression" title="Crime of aggression">Crimes of aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>‡ Does not apply to <a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">airborne forces</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Paratrooper" title="Paratrooper">paratroopers</a>) <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:War_crimes" title="Category:War 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