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class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">HTML</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/HTML" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:HTML" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=HTML" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-viewsource" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=HTML&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.viewsource" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> View source </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">".htm" and ".html" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/HTM_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="HTM (disambiguation)">HTM</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard <a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">markup language</a> for documents designed to be displayed in a <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>. It defines the content and structure of <a href="/wiki/Web_content" title="Web content">web content</a>. It is often assisted by technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a> (CSS) and <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript,</a> a programming language. <table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.15em;">HTML</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:HTML5_logo_and_wordmark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/HTML5_logo_and_wordmark.svg/120px-HTML5_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/HTML5_logo_and_wordmark.svg/180px-HTML5_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/HTML5_logo_and_wordmark.svg/240px-HTML5_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Official logo of <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extension</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><code>.html</code></li><li><code>.htm</code></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Media_type" title="Media type">Internet media type</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><div class="monospaced"> text/html</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Type_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Type code">Type code</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">TEXT</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Type_Identifier" title="Uniform Type Identifier">Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">public.html</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Developed by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C; formerly)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">1993; 31 years ago (1993)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest release</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/">Living Standard</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Type of format</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Document_file_format" title="Document file format">Document file format</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Digital_container_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital container format">Container for</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/HTML_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="HTML elements">HTML elements</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Contained by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Web browser</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Extended from</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">SGML</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Extended to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Open_file_format" title="Open file format">Open format</a>?</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/">html.spec.whatwg.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Web browsers</a> receive HTML documents from a <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a> or from local storage and <a href="/wiki/Browser_engine" title="Browser engine">render</a> the documents into multimedia web pages. HTML describes the structure of a <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web page</a> <a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">semantically</a> and originally included cues for its appearance. <a href="/wiki/HTML_element" title="HTML element">HTML elements</a> are the building blocks of HTML pages. With HTML constructs, <a href="/wiki/HTML_element#Images_and_objects" title="HTML element">images</a> and other objects such as <a href="/wiki/Fieldset" class="mw-redirect" title="Fieldset">interactive forms</a> may be embedded into the rendered page. HTML provides a means to create <a href="/wiki/Structured_document" title="Structured document">structured documents</a> by denoting structural <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a> for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">links</a>, quotes, and other items. HTML elements are delineated by tags, written using <a href="/wiki/Bracket#Angle_brackets" title="Bracket">angle brackets</a>. Tags such as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><img></code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><input></code> directly introduce content into the page. Other tags such as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><p></code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"></p></code> surround and provide information about document text and may include sub-element tags. <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Browsers</a> do not display the HTML tags but use them to interpret the content of the page. HTML can embed programs written in a <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting language</a> such as <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, which affects the behavior and content of web pages. The inclusion of CSS defines the look and layout of content. The <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C), former maintainer of the HTML and current maintainer of the CSS standards, has encouraged the use of <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a> over explicit presentational HTML since 1997.<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HTML&action=edit">[update]</a><a href="#cite_note-deprecated-2">[2]</a> A form of HTML, known as <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a>, is used to display video and audio, primarily using the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><canvas></code> element, together with JavaScript. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Development">1.1 Development</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#HTML_version_timeline">1.2 HTML version timeline</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#HTML_2">1.2.1 HTML 2</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#HTML_3">1.2.2 HTML 3</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#HTML_4">1.2.3 HTML 4</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#HTML_5">1.2.4 HTML 5</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#HTML_draft_version_timeline">1.3 HTML draft version timeline</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#XHTML_versions">1.3.1 XHTML versions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Transition_of_HTML_publication_to_WHATWG">1.4 Transition of HTML publication to WHATWG</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Markup">2 Markup</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Elements">2.1 Elements</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Element_examples">2.1.1 Element examples</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-14"><a href="#Headings">2.1.1.1 Headings</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-15"><a href="#Line_breaks">2.1.1.2 Line breaks</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-16"><a href="#Links">2.1.1.3 Links</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-17"><a href="#Inputs">2.1.1.4 Inputs</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Attributes">2.1.2 Attributes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Character_and_entity_references">2.2 Character and entity references</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Data_types">2.3 Data types</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Document_type_declaration">2.4 Document type declaration</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Semantic_HTML">3 Semantic HTML</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Delivery">4 Delivery</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#HTTP">4.1 HTTP</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#HTML_e-mail">4.2 HTML e-mail</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Naming_conventions">4.3 Naming conventions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#HTML_Application">4.4 HTML Application</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#HTML4_variations">5 HTML4 variations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#SGML-based_versus_XML-based_HTML">5.1 SGML-based versus XML-based HTML</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Transitional_versus_strict">5.2 Transitional versus strict</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Frameset_versus_transitional">5.3 Frameset versus transitional</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Summary_of_specification_versions">5.4 Summary of specification versions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#WHATWG_HTML_versus_HTML5">6 WHATWG HTML versus HTML5</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#WYSIWYG_editors">7 WYSIWYG editors</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tim_Berners-Lee_April_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photograph of Tim Berners-Lee in April 2009" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Tim_Berners-Lee_April_2009.jpg/170px-Tim_Berners-Lee_April_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1195" data-file-height="1648"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 234px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Tim_Berners-Lee_April_2009.jpg/170px-Tim_Berners-Lee_April_2009.jpg" data-alt="Photograph of Tim Berners-Lee in April 2009" data-width="170" data-height="234" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Tim_Berners-Lee_April_2009.jpg/255px-Tim_Berners-Lee_April_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Tim_Berners-Lee_April_2009.jpg/340px-Tim_Berners-Lee_April_2009.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> in April 2009</figcaption></figure> In 1980, <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a>, a contractor at <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>, proposed and prototyped <a href="/wiki/ENQUIRE" title="ENQUIRE">ENQUIRE</a>, a system for CERN researchers to use and share documents. In 1989, Berners-Lee wrote a memo proposing an <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Berners-Lee specified HTML and wrote the browser and server software in late 1990. That year, Berners-Lee and CERN <a href="/wiki/Data_system" title="Data system">data systems</a> engineer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cailliau" title="Robert Cailliau">Robert Cailliau</a> collaborated on a joint request for funding, but the project was not formally adopted by CERN. In his personal notes of 1990, Berners-Lee listed "some of the many areas in which hypertext is used"; an <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">encyclopedia</a> is the first entry.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The first publicly available description of HTML was a document called "HTML Tags",<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> first mentioned on the Internet by Tim Berners-Lee in late 1991.<a href="#cite_note-tagshtml-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> It describes 18 elements comprising the initial, relatively simple design of HTML. Except for the hyperlink tag, these were strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/SGMLguid" title="SGMLguid">SGMLguid</a>, an in-house <a href="/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">Standard Generalized Markup Language</a> (SGML)-based documentation format at CERN. Eleven of these elements still exist in HTML 4.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> HTML is a <a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">markup language</a> that <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a> use to interpret and <a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">compose</a> text, images, and other material into visible or audible web pages. Default characteristics for every item of HTML markup are defined in the browser, and these characteristics can be altered or enhanced by the web page designer's additional use of <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a>. Many of the text elements are mentioned in the 1988 ISO technical report TR 9537 Techniques for using SGML, which describes the features of early text formatting languages such as that used by the <a href="/wiki/TYPSET_and_RUNOFF" title="TYPSET and RUNOFF">RUNOFF command</a> developed in the early 1960s for the <a href="/wiki/Compatible_Time-Sharing_System" title="Compatible Time-Sharing System">CTSS</a> (Compatible Time-Sharing System) operating system. These formatting commands were derived from the commands used by typesetters to manually format documents. However, the SGML concept of generalized markup is based on elements (nested annotated ranges with attributes) rather than merely print effects, with separate structure and markup. HTML has been progressively moved in this direction with CSS. Berners-Lee considered HTML to be an application of SGML. It was formally defined as such by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF) with the mid-1993 publication of the first proposal for an HTML specification, the "Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)" Internet Draft by Berners-Lee and <a href="/wiki/Dan_Connolly_(computer_scientist)" title="Dan Connolly (computer scientist)">Dan Connolly</a>, which included an SGML <a href="/wiki/Document_type_definition" title="Document type definition">Document type definition</a> to define the syntax.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The draft expired after six months, but was notable for its acknowledgment of the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_(web_browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic (web browser)">NCSA Mosaic</a> browser's custom tag for embedding in-line images, reflecting the IETF's philosophy of basing standards on successful prototypes. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Dave_Raggett" title="Dave Raggett">Dave Raggett</a>'s competing Internet Draft, "HTML+ (Hypertext Markup Format)", from late 1993, suggested standardizing already-implemented features like tables and fill-out forms.<a href="#cite_note-html+-11">[11]</a> After the HTML and HTML+ drafts expired in early 1994, the IETF created an HTML Working Group. In 1995, this working group completed "HTML 2.0", the first HTML specification intended to be treated as a standard against which future implementations should be based.<a href="#cite_note-">[12]</a> Further development under the auspices of the IETF was stalled by competing interests. Since 1996,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HTML&action=edit">[update]</a> the HTML specifications have been maintained, with input from commercial software vendors, by the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C).<a href="#cite_note-raggett-13">[13]</a> In 2000, HTML became an international standard (<a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a> 15445:2000). HTML 4.01 was published in late 1999, with further errata published through 2001. In 2004, development began on HTML5 in the <a href="/wiki/Web_Hypertext_Application_Technology_Working_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group">Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group</a> (WHATWG), which became a joint deliverable with the W3C in 2008, and was completed and standardized on 28 October 2014.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HTML_version_timeline">HTML version timeline</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="HTML_2">HTML 2</h4></div> <dl><dd><dl><dt>November 24, 1995</dt> <dd>HTML 2.0 was published as <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1866">1866</a>. Supplemental <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFCs</a> added capabilities: <ul><li>November 25, 1995: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1867">1867</a> (form-based file upload)</li> <li>May 1996: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1942">1942</a> (tables)</li> <li>August 1996: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1980">1980</a> (client-side image maps)</li> <li>January 1997: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2070">2070</a> (<a href="/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">internationalization</a>)</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="HTML_3">HTML 3</h4></div> <dl><dd><dl><dt>January 14, 1997</dt> <dd>HTML 3.2<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> was published as a <a href="/wiki/W3C_Recommendation" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C Recommendation">W3C Recommendation</a>. It was the first version developed and standardized exclusively by the W3C, as the IETF had closed its HTML Working Group on September 12, 1996.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></dd> <dd>Initially code-named "Wilbur",<a href="#cite_note-engelfriet-17">[17]</a> HTML 3.2 dropped math formulas entirely, reconciled overlap among various proprietary extensions and adopted most of <a href="/wiki/Netscape" title="Netscape">Netscape</a>'s visual markup tags. Netscape's <a href="/wiki/Blink_element" title="Blink element">blink element</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Marquee_element" title="Marquee element">marquee element</a> were omitted due to a mutual agreement between the two companies.<a href="#cite_note-raggett-13">[13]</a> A markup for mathematical formulas similar to that of HTML was standardized 14 months later in <a href="/wiki/MathML" title="MathML">MathML</a>.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="HTML_4">HTML 4</h4></div> <dl><dd><dl><dt>December 18, 1997</dt> <dd>HTML 4.0<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> was published as a W3C Recommendation. It offers three variations:</dd></dl> <dl><dt></dt> <dd><ul><li>Strict, in which deprecated elements are forbidden</li> <li>Transitional, in which deprecated elements are allowed</li> <li>Frameset, in which mostly only <a href="/wiki/Framing_(World_Wide_Web)" class="mw-redirect" title="Framing (World Wide Web)">frame</a> related elements are allowed.</li> <li>Initially code-named "Cougar",<a href="#cite_note-engelfriet-17">[17]</a> HTML 4.0 adopted many browser-specific element types and attributes, but also sought to phase out Netscape's visual markup features by marking them as <a href="/wiki/Deprecation" title="Deprecation">deprecated</a> in favor of style sheets. HTML 4 is an SGML application conforming to ISO 8879 – SGML.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dt>April 24, 1998</dt> <dd>HTML 4.0<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> was reissued with minor edits without incrementing the version number.</dd> <dt>December 24, 1999</dt> <dd>HTML 4.01<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> was published as a W3C Recommendation. It offers the same three variations as HTML 4.0 and its last errata<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> were published on May 12, 2001.</dd> <dt>May 2000</dt> <dd>ISO/IEC 15445:2000<a href="#cite_note-iso-html-23">[23]</a> ("<a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> HTML", based on HTML 4.01 Strict) was published as an ISO/IEC international standard.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In the ISO, this standard is in the domain of the <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_34" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 34">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 34</a> (ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 34 – Document description and processing languages).<a href="#cite_note-iso-html-23">[23]</a></dd> <dt></dt> <dd>After HTML 4.01, there were no new versions of HTML for many years, as the development of the parallel, XML-based language XHTML occupied the W3C's HTML Working Group.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="HTML_5">HTML 5</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a></div> <dl><dd><dl><dt>October 28, 2014</dt> <dd>HTML5<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> was published as a W3C Recommendation.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></dd> <dt>November 1, 2016</dt> <dd>HTML 5.1<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> was published as a W3C Recommendation.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></dd> <dt>December 14, 2017</dt> <dd>HTML 5.2<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> was published as a W3C Recommendation.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HTML_draft_version_timeline">HTML draft version timeline</h3></div> <dl><dt>October 1991</dt> <dd>HTML Tags,<a href="#cite_note-tagshtml-6">[6]</a> an informal CERN document listing 18 HTML tags, was first mentioned in public.</dd> <dt>June 1992</dt> <dd>First informal draft of the HTML DTD,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> with seven subsequent revisions (July 15, August 6, August 18, November 17, November 19, November 20, November 22)<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-html11-36">[36]</a></dd> <dt>November 1992</dt> <dd>HTML DTD 1.1 (the first with a version number, based on RCS revisions, which start with 1.1 rather than 1.0), an informal draft<a href="#cite_note-html11-36">[36]</a></dd> <dt>June 1993</dt> <dd>Hypertext Markup Language<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> was published by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a> IIIR Working Group as an Internet Draft (a rough proposal for a standard). It was replaced by a second version<a href="#cite_note-ietfiiir-38">[38]</a> one month later.</dd> <dt>November 1993</dt> <dd><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/MarkUp/HTMLPlus/htmlplus_1.html">HTML+</a> was published by the IETF as an Internet Draft and was a competing proposal to the Hypertext Markup Language draft. It expired in July 1994.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></dd> <dt>November 1994</dt> <dd>First draft (revision 00) of HTML 2.0 published by IETF itself<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> (called as "HTML 2.0" from revision 02<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>), that finally led to the publication of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1866">1866</a> in November 1995.<a href="#cite_note-rfc1866-42">[42]</a></dd> <dt>April 1995 (authored March 1995)</dt> <dd>HTML 3.0<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> was proposed as a standard to the IETF, but the proposal expired five months later (28 September 1995)<a href="#cite_note-html30cover-44">[44]</a> without further action. It included many of the capabilities that were in Raggett's HTML+ proposal, such as support for tables, text flow around figures, and the display of complex mathematical formulas.<a href="#cite_note-html30cover-44">[44]</a></dd> <dt></dt> <dd>W3C began development of its own <a href="/wiki/Arena_(web_browser)" title="Arena (web browser)">Arena browser</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Test_bed" class="mw-redirect" title="Test bed">test bed</a> for HTML 3 and Cascading Style Sheets,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> but HTML 3.0 did not succeed for several reasons. The draft was considered very large at 150 pages and the pace of browser development, as well as the number of interested parties, had outstripped the resources of the IETF.<a href="#cite_note-raggett-13">[13]</a> Browser vendors, including Microsoft and Netscape at the time, chose to implement different subsets of HTML 3's draft features as well as to introduce their own extensions to it.<a href="#cite_note-raggett-13">[13]</a> (See <a href="/wiki/Browser_wars" title="Browser wars">browser wars</a>.) These included extensions to control stylistic aspects of documents, contrary to the "belief [of the academic engineering community] that such things as text color, background texture, font size, and font face were definitely outside the scope of a language when their only intent was to specify how a document would be organized."<a href="#cite_note-raggett-13">[13]</a> Dave Raggett, who has been a W3C Fellow for many years, has commented for example: "To a certain extent, Microsoft built its business on the Web by extending HTML features."<a href="#cite_note-raggett-13">[13]</a></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HTML5_logo_and_wordmark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Official HTML5 logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/HTML5_logo_and_wordmark.svg/170px-HTML5_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/HTML5_logo_and_wordmark.svg/170px-HTML5_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png" data-alt="Official HTML5 logo" data-width="170" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/HTML5_logo_and_wordmark.svg/255px-HTML5_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/HTML5_logo_and_wordmark.svg/340px-HTML5_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Logo of HTML5</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>January 2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a> was published as a <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium#Certification" title="World Wide Web Consortium">Working Draft</a> by the W3C.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></dd> <dt></dt> <dd>Although its syntax closely resembles that of <a href="/wiki/SGML" class="mw-redirect" title="SGML">SGML</a>, <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a> has abandoned any attempt to be an SGML application and has explicitly defined its own "html" serialization, in addition to an alternative XML-based XHTML5 serialization.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></dd> <dt>2011 HTML5 – Last Call</dt> <dd></dd> <dt></dt> <dd>On 14 February 2011, the W3C extended the charter of its HTML Working Group with clear milestones for HTML5. In May 2011, the working group advanced HTML5 to "Last Call", an invitation to communities inside and outside W3C to confirm the technical soundness of the specification. The W3C developed a comprehensive test suite to achieve broad interoperability for the full specification by 2014, which was the target date for recommendation.<a href="#cite_note-w3c2014-50">[50]</a> In January 2011, the WHATWG renamed its "HTML5" living standard to "HTML". The W3C nevertheless continues its project to release HTML5.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></dd> <dt>2012 HTML5 – Candidate Recommendation</dt> <dd></dd> <dt></dt> <dd>In July 2012, WHATWG and <a href="/wiki/W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a> decided on a degree of separation. W3C will continue the HTML5 specification work, focusing on a single definitive standard, which is considered a "snapshot" by WHATWG. The WHATWG organization will continue its work with HTML5 as a "Living Standard". The concept of a living standard is that it is never complete and is always being updated and improved. New features can be added but functionality will not be removed.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></dd> <dt></dt> <dd>In December 2012, W3C designated HTML5 as a Candidate Recommendation.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The criterion for advancement to <a href="/wiki/W3C_recommendation#W3C_recommendation_(REC)" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C recommendation">W3C Recommendation</a> is "two 100% complete and fully interoperable implementations".<a href="#cite_note-W3Crec-54">[54]</a></dd> <dt>2014 HTML5 – Proposed Recommendation and Recommendation</dt> <dd></dd> <dt></dt> <dd>In September 2014, W3C moved HTML5 to Proposed Recommendation.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></dd> <dt></dt> <dd>On 28 October 2014, HTML5 was released as a stable W3C Recommendation,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> meaning the specification process is complete.<a href="#cite_note-finalars-57">[57]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="XHTML_versions">XHTML versions</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a></div> XHTML is a separate language that began as a reformulation of HTML 4.01 using <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> 1.0. It is now referred to as the XML syntax for HTML and is no longer being developed as a separate standard.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <ul><li>XHTML 1.0 was published as a W3C Recommendation on January 26, 2000,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> and was later revised and republished on August 1, 2002. It offers the same three variations as HTML 4.0 and 4.01, reformulated in XML, with minor restrictions.</li> <li>XHTML 1.1<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> was published as a W3C Recommendation on May 31, 2001. It is based on XHTML 1.0 Strict, but includes minor changes, can be customized, and is reformulated using modules in the W3C recommendation "Modularization of XHTML", which was published on April 10, 2001.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></li> <li>XHTML 2.0 was a working draft. Work on it was abandoned in 2009 in favor of work on <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a> and <a href="/wiki/XHTML#XHTML5" title="XHTML">XHTML5</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> XHTML 2.0 was incompatible with XHTML 1.x and, therefore, would be more accurately characterized as an XHTML-inspired new language than an update to XHTML 1.x.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_of_HTML_publication_to_WHATWG">Transition of HTML publication to WHATWG</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/HTML5#W3C_and_WHATWG_conflict" title="HTML5">HTML5 § W3C and WHATWG conflict</a></div> On 28 May 2019, the W3C announced that WHATWG would be the sole publisher of the HTML and DOM standards.<a href="#cite_note-W3C_transfer_blog-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-W3C_transfer_HTML-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-W3C_transfer_memo-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-W3C_transfer_ZDNet-68">[68]</a> The W3C and WHATWG had been publishing competing standards since 2012. While the W3C standard was identical to the WHATWG in 2007 the standards have since progressively diverged due to different design decisions.<a href="#cite_note-W3C_forks-69">[69]</a> The WHATWG "Living Standard" had been the de facto web standard for some time.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Markup">Markup</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> HTML markup consists of several key components, including those called tags (and their attributes), character-based data types, character references and entity references. HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><h1></code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"></h1></code>, although some represent empty elements and so are unpaired, for example <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><img></code>. The first tag in such a pair is the start tag, and the second is the end tag (they are also called opening tags and closing tags). Another important component is the HTML <a href="/wiki/Document_type_declaration" title="Document type declaration">document type declaration</a>, which triggers <a href="/wiki/Standards_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Standards mode">standards mode</a> rendering. The following is an example of the classic <a href="/wiki/%22Hello,_World!%22_program" title='"Hello, World!" program'>"Hello, World!" program</a>: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>This is a title</title> </head> <body> <div> <p>Hello world!</p> </div> </body> </html> </pre></div> The text between <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><html></code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"></html></code> describes the web page, and the text between <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><body></code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"></body></code> is the visible page content. The markup text <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><title>This is a title</title></code> defines the browser page title shown on <a href="/wiki/Browser_tab" class="mw-redirect" title="Browser tab">browser tabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Window_(computing)" title="Window (computing)">window</a> titles and the tag <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><div></code> defines a division of the page used for easy styling. Between <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><head></code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"></head></code>, a <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><meta></code> element can be used to define webpage metadata. The Document Type Declaration <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><!DOCTYPE html></code> is for HTML5. If a declaration is not included, various browsers will revert to "<a href="/wiki/Quirks_mode" title="Quirks mode">quirks mode</a>" for rendering.<a href="#cite_note-hsivonen-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elements">Elements</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HTML_element" title="HTML element">HTML element</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HTML_element_content_categories.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/HTML_element_content_categories.svg/220px-HTML_element_content_categories.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1123" data-file-height="794"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/HTML_element_content_categories.svg/220px-HTML_element_content_categories.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/HTML_element_content_categories.svg/330px-HTML_element_content_categories.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/HTML_element_content_categories.svg/440px-HTML_element_content_categories.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>HTML element content categories</figcaption></figure> HTML documents imply a structure of nested <a href="/wiki/HTML_element" title="HTML element">HTML elements</a>. These are indicated in the document by HTML tags, enclosed in angle brackets thus: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><p></code>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] In the simple, general case, the extent of an element is indicated by a pair of tags: a "start tag" <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><p></code> and "end tag" <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"></p></code>. The text content of the element, if any, is placed between these tags. Tags may also enclose further tag markup between the start and end, including a mixture of tags and text. This indicates further (nested) elements, as children of the parent element. The start tag may also include the element's attributes within the tag. These indicate other information, such as identifiers for sections within the document, identifiers used to bind style information to the presentation of the document, and for some tags such as the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><img></code> used to embed images, the reference to the image resource in the format like this: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><img src="example.com/example.jpg"></code> Some elements, such as the <a href="/wiki/Line_breaking_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Line breaking character">line break</a> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><br /></code> do not permit any embedded content, either text or further tags. These require only a single empty tag (akin to a start tag) and do not use an end tag. Many tags, particularly the closing end tag for the very commonly used paragraph element <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><p></code>, are optional. An HTML browser or other agent can infer the closure for the end of an element from the context and the structural rules defined by the HTML standard. These rules are complex and not widely understood by most HTML authors. The general form of an HTML element is therefore: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><tag attribute1="value1" attribute2="value2">''content''</tag></code>. Some HTML elements are defined as empty elements and take the form <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><tag attribute1="value1" attribute2="value2"></code>. Empty elements may enclose no content, for instance, the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><br /></code> tag or the inline <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><img></code> tag. The name of an HTML element is the name used in the tags. The end tag's name is preceded by a slash character, <code>/</code>, and that in empty elements the end tag is neither required nor allowed. If attributes are not mentioned, default values are used in each case. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Element_examples">Element examples</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/HTML_element" title="HTML element">HTML element</a></div> Header of the HTML document: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><head>...</head></code>. The title is included in the head, for example: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><head> <title>The Title</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="stylebyjimbowales.css">  </head> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Headings">Headings</h5></div> HTML headings are defined with the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><h1></code> to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><h6></code> tags with H1 being the highest (or most important) level and H6 the least: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><h1>Heading level 1</h1> <h2>Heading level 2</h2> <h3>Heading level 3</h3> <h4>Heading level 4</h4> <h5>Heading level 5</h5> <h6>Heading level 6</h6> </pre></div> The effects are: <blockquote> <div style="overflow: hidden; page-break-after: avoid; font-size: 1.8em; font-family: Georgia,Times,serif; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; line-height: 1.3; padding: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">Heading Level 1</div> <div style="overflow: hidden; page-break-after: avoid; font-size: 1.5em; font-family: Georgia,Times,serif; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; line-height: 1.3; padding: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAAAAA;">Heading Level 2</div> <div style="overflow: hidden; page-break-after: avoid; font-size: 1.17em; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: 1.6; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0;">Heading Level 3</div> <div style="overflow: hidden; page-break-after: avoid; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: 1.6; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0;">Heading Level 4</div> <div style="overflow: hidden; page-break-after: avoid; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: 1.6; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0;">Heading Level 5</div> <div style="overflow: hidden; page-break-after: avoid; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: 1.6; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0;">Heading Level 6</div> </blockquote> CSS can substantially change the rendering. Paragraphs:<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><p>Paragraph 1</p> <p>Paragraph 2</p> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Line_breaks">Line breaks</h5></div> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><br /></code>. The difference between <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><br /></code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><p></code> is that <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><br /></code> <a href="/wiki/Line_breaking_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Line breaking character">breaks a line</a> without altering the semantic structure of the page, whereas <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><p></code> sections the page into <a href="/wiki/Paragraph" title="Paragraph">paragraphs</a>. The element <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><br /></code> is an empty element in that, although it may have attributes, it can take no content and it may not have an end tag. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><p>This <br> is a paragraph <br> with <br> line breaks</p> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Links">Links</h5></div> This is a link in HTML. To create a link the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><a></code> tag is used. The <code>href</code> attribute holds the <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URL</a> address of the link. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><a href="https://www.wikipedia.org/">A link to Wikipedia!</a> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Inputs">Inputs</h5></div> There are many possible ways a user can give input/s like:<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><input type="text">  <input type="file">  <input type="checkbox">  </pre></div> Comments: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> </pre></div> Comments can help in the understanding of the markup and do not display in the webpage. There are several types of markup elements used in HTML: <dl><dt>Structural markup indicates the purpose of text</dt> <dd>For example, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><h2>Golf</h2></code> establishes "Golf" as a second-level <a href="/wiki/HTML_element#Basic_text" title="HTML element">heading</a>. Structural markup does not denote any specific rendering, but most web browsers have default styles for element formatting. Content may be further styled using <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a> (CSS).<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></dd> <dt>Presentational markup indicates the appearance of the text, regardless of its purpose</dt> <dd>For example, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><b>bold text</b></code> indicates that visual output devices should render "boldface" in bold text, but gives a little indication what devices that are unable to do this (such as aural devices that read the text aloud) should do. In the case of both <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><b>bold text</b></code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><i>italic text</i></code>, there are other elements that may have equivalent visual renderings but that are more semantic in nature, such as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><strong>strong text</strong></code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><em>emphasized text</em></code> respectively. It is easier to see how an aural user agent should interpret the latter two elements. However, they are not equivalent to their presentational counterparts: it would be undesirable for a screen reader to emphasize the name of a book, for instance, but on a screen, such a name would be italicized. Most presentational markup elements have become <a href="/wiki/Deprecation" title="Deprecation">deprecated</a> under the HTML 4.0 specification in favor of using <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a> for styling.</dd> <dt>Hypertext markup makes parts of a document into links to other documents</dt> <dd>An anchor element creates a <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlink</a> in the document and its <code>href</code> attribute sets the link's target <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URL</a>. For example, the HTML markup <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/">Wikipedia</a></code>, will render the word "<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/">Wikipedia</a>" as a hyperlink. To render an image as a hyperlink, an <code>img</code> element is inserted as content into the <code>a</code> element. Like <code>br</code>, <code>img</code> is an empty element with attributes but no content or closing tag. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><a href="https://example.org"><img src="image.gif" alt="descriptive text" width="50" height="50" border="0"></a></code>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attributes">Attributes</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HTML_attribute" title="HTML attribute">HTML attribute</a></div> Most of the attributes of an element are <a href="/wiki/Name%E2%80%93value_pair" title="Name–value pair">name–value pairs</a>, separated by <code>=</code> and written within the start tag of an element after the element's name. The value may be enclosed in single or double quotes, although values consisting of certain characters can be left unquoted in HTML (but not XHTML).<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Leaving attribute values unquoted is considered unsafe.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In contrast with name-value pair attributes, there are some attributes that affect the element simply by their presence in the start tag of the element,<a href="#cite_note-tagshtml-6">[6]</a> like the <code>ismap</code> attribute for the <code>img</code> element.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> There are several common attributes that may appear in many elements : <ul><li>The <code>id</code> attribute provides a document-wide unique identifier for an element. This is used to identify the element so that stylesheets can alter its presentational properties, and scripts may alter, animate or delete its contents or presentation. Appended to the URL of the page, it provides a globally unique identifier for the element, typically a sub-section of the page. For example, the ID "Attributes" in <code>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML#Attributes</code>.</li> <li>The <code>class</code> attribute provides a way of classifying similar elements. This can be used for <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantic</a> or presentation purposes. For example, an HTML document might semantically use the designation <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><class="notation"></code> to indicate that all elements with this class value are subordinate to the main text of the document. In presentation, such elements might be gathered together and presented as footnotes on a page instead of appearing in the place where they occur in the HTML source. Class attributes are used semantically in <a href="/wiki/Microformat" title="Microformat">microformats</a>. Multiple class values may be specified; for example <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><class="notation important"></code> puts the element into both the <code>notation</code> and the <code>important</code> classes.</li> <li>An author may use the <code>style</code> attribute to assign presentational properties to a particular element. It is considered better practice to use an element's <code>id</code> or <code>class</code> attributes to select the element from within a <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">stylesheet</a>, though sometimes this can be too cumbersome for a simple, specific, or ad hoc styling.</li> <li>The <code>title</code> attribute is used to attach a subtextual explanation to an element. In most <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">browsers</a> this attribute is displayed as a <a href="/wiki/Tooltip" title="Tooltip">tooltip</a>.</li> <li>The <code>lang</code> attribute identifies the natural language of the element's contents, which may be different from that of the rest of the document. For example, in an English-language document: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><p>Oh well, <span lang="fr">c'est la vie</span>, as they say in France.</p> </pre></div></li></ul> The abbreviation element, <code>abbr</code>, can be used to demonstrate some of these attributes: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><abbr id="anId" class="jargon" style="color:purple;" title="Hypertext Markup Language">HTML</abbr> </pre></div> This example displays as <abbr id="anId" class="jargon" style="color:purple;" title="Hypertext Markup Language">HTML</abbr>; in most browsers, pointing the cursor at the abbreviation should display the title text "Hypertext Markup Language." Most elements take the language-related attribute <code>dir</code> to specify text direction, such as with "rtl" for right-to-left text in, for example, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Character_and_entity_references">Character and entity references</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">List of XML and HTML character entity references</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML" title="Unicode and HTML">Unicode and HTML</a></div> As of version 4.0, HTML defines a set of 252 <a href="/wiki/Character_entity_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Character entity reference">character entity references</a> and a set of 1,114,050 <a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">numeric character references</a>, both of which allow individual characters to be written via simple markup, rather than literally. A literal character and its markup counterpart are considered equivalent and are rendered identically. The ability to "<a href="/wiki/Escape_character" title="Escape character">escape</a>" characters in this way allows for the characters <code><</code> and <code>&</code> (when written as <code>&lt;</code> and <code>&amp;</code>, respectively) to be interpreted as character data, rather than markup. For example, a literal <code><</code> normally indicates the start of a tag, and <code>&</code> normally indicates the start of a character entity reference or numeric character reference; writing it as <code>&amp;</code> or <code>&#x26;</code> or <code>&#38;</code> allows <code>&</code> to be included in the content of an element or in the value of an attribute. The double-quote character (<code>"</code>), when not used to quote an attribute value, must also be escaped as <code>&quot;</code> or <code>&#x22;</code> or <code>&#34;</code> when it appears within the attribute value itself. Equivalently, the single-quote character (<code>'</code>), when not used to quote an attribute value, must also be escaped as <code>&#x27;</code> or <code>&#39;</code> (or as <code>&apos;</code> in HTML5 or XHTML documents<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-aposhtml-80">[80]</a>) when it appears within the attribute value itself. If document authors overlook the need to escape such characters, some browsers can be very forgiving and try to use context to guess their intent. The result is still invalid markup, which makes the document less accessible to other browsers and to other <a href="/wiki/User_agent" title="User agent">user agents</a> that may try to parse the document for <a href="/wiki/Web_crawler" title="Web crawler">search and indexing</a> purposes for example. Escaping also allows for characters that are not easily typed, or that are not available in the document's <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encoding</a>, to be represented within the element and attribute content. For example, the acute-accented <code>e</code> (<code>é</code>), a character typically found only on Western European and South American keyboards, can be written in any HTML document as the entity reference <code>&eacute;</code> or as the numeric references <code>&#xE9;</code> or <code>&#233;</code>, using characters that are available on all keyboards and are supported in all character encodings. <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> character encodings such as <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> are compatible with all modern browsers and allow direct access to almost all the characters of the world's writing systems.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Example HTML Escape Sequences </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Named </th> <th>Decimal </th> <th>Hexadecimal </th> <th>Result </th> <th>Description </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&amp;</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&#38;</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&#x26;</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&</code> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ampersand" title="Ampersand">Ampersand</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&lt;</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&#60;</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&#x3C;</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><</code> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Less-than_sign" title="Less-than sign">Less Than</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&gt;</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&#62;</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&#x3E;</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">></code> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater-than_sign" title="Greater-than sign">Greater Than</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&quot;</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&#34;</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&#x22;</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"</code> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Double_quote" class="mw-redirect" title="Double quote">Double Quote</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&apos;</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&#39;</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&#x27;</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">'</code> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Single_quote" class="mw-redirect" title="Single quote">Single Quote</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&nbsp;</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&#160;</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&#xA0;</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="background-color: lightblue;" dir="ltr"> </code> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-breaking_space" title="Non-breaking space">Non-Breaking Space</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&copy;</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&#169;</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&#xA9;</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">©</code> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copyright_symbol" title="Copyright symbol">Copyright</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&reg;</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&#174;</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&#xAE;</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">®</code> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Registered_trademark_symbol" title="Registered trademark symbol">Registered Trademark</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&dagger;</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&#8224;</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&#x2020;</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">†</code> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dagger_(mark)" title="Dagger (mark)">Dagger</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&ddagger;</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&#8225;</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&#x2021;</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">‡</code> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dagger_(mark)" title="Dagger (mark)">Double dagger</a> </td> <td>Names are case-sensitive and may have synonyms. </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&trade;</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&#8482;</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&#x2122;</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">™</code> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trademark_symbol" title="Trademark symbol">Trademark</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_types">Data types</h3></div> HTML defines several <a href="/wiki/Data_type" title="Data type">data types</a> for element content, such as script data and stylesheet data, and a plethora of types for attribute values, including IDs, names, <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">URIs</a>, numbers, units of length, languages, media descriptors, colors, character encodings, dates and times, and so on. All of these data types are specializations of character data. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Document_type_declaration">Document type declaration</h3></div> HTML documents are required to start with a <a href="/wiki/Document_type_declaration" title="Document type declaration">Document type declaration</a> (informally, a "doctype"). In browsers, the doctype helps to define the rendering mode—particularly whether to use <a href="/wiki/Quirks_mode" title="Quirks mode">quirks mode</a>. The original purpose of the doctype was to enable the parsing and validation of HTML documents by SGML tools based on the <a href="/wiki/Document_type_definition" title="Document type definition">Document type definition</a> (DTD). The DTD to which the DOCTYPE refers contains a machine-readable grammar specifying the permitted and prohibited content for a document conforming to such a DTD. Browsers, on the other hand, do not implement HTML as an application of SGML and as consequence do not read the DTD. <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a> does not define a DTD; therefore, in HTML5 the doctype declaration is simpler and shorter:<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-dtd mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><!DOCTYPE html> </pre></div> An example of an HTML 4 doctype <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-dtd mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "https://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"> </pre></div> This declaration references the DTD for the "strict" version of HTML 4.01. SGML-based validators read the DTD in order to properly parse the document and to perform validation. In modern browsers, a valid doctype activates standards mode as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Quirks_mode" title="Quirks mode">quirks mode</a>. In addition, HTML 4.01 provides Transitional and Frameset DTDs, <a href="#Transitional_versus_strict">as explained below</a>. The transitional type is the most inclusive, incorporating current tags as well as older or "deprecated" tags, with the Strict DTD excluding deprecated tags. The frameset has all tags necessary to make frames on a page along with the tags included in transitional type.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Semantic_HTML">Semantic HTML</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Semantic_HTML" title="Semantic HTML">Semantic HTML</a></div> Semantic HTML is a way of writing HTML that emphasizes the meaning of the encoded information over its presentation (look). HTML has included semantic markup from its inception,<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> but has also included presentational markup, such as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><font></code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><i></code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><center></code> tags. There are also the semantically neutral <a href="/wiki/Div_and_span" title="Div and span">div and span</a> tags. Since the late 1990s, when <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a> were beginning to work in most browsers, web authors have been encouraged to avoid the use of presentational HTML markup with a view to the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_content_and_presentation" title="Separation of content and presentation">separation of content and presentation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In a 2001 discussion of the <a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> and others gave examples of ways in which intelligent software "agents" may one day automatically crawl the web and find, filter, and correlate previously unrelated, published facts for the benefit of human users.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Such agents are not commonplace even now, but some of the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mashup_(web_application_hybrid)" title="Mashup (web application hybrid)">mashups</a> and <a href="/wiki/Price_comparison_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Price comparison service">price comparison websites</a> may be coming close. The main difference between these web application hybrids and Berners-Lee's semantic agents lies in the fact that the current <a href="/wiki/Feed_aggregator" class="mw-redirect" title="Feed aggregator">aggregation</a> and hybridization of information is usually designed by <a href="/wiki/Web_developer" title="Web developer">web developers</a>, who already know the web locations and the <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">API semantics</a> of the specific data they wish to mash, compare and combine. An important type of web agent that does crawl and read web pages automatically, without prior knowledge of what it might find, is the <a href="/wiki/Web_crawler" title="Web crawler">web crawler</a> or search-engine spider. These software agents are dependent on the semantic clarity of web pages they find as they use various techniques and <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> to read and index millions of web pages a day and provide web users with <a href="/wiki/Web_search_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search engine">search facilities</a> without which the World Wide Web's usefulness would be greatly reduced. In order for search engine spiders to be able to rate the significance of pieces of text they find in HTML documents, and also for those creating mashups and other hybrids as well as for more automated agents as they are developed, the semantic structures that exist in HTML need to be widely and uniformly applied to bring out the meaning of the published text.<a href="#cite_note-Semantic_Web_Revisted-87">[87]</a> Presentational markup tags are <a href="/wiki/Deprecation" title="Deprecation">deprecated</a> in current HTML and <a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a> recommendations. The majority of presentational features from previous versions of HTML are no longer allowed as they lead to poorer accessibility, higher cost of site maintenance, and larger document sizes.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Good semantic HTML also improves the <a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">accessibility</a> of web documents (see also <a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">Web Content Accessibility Guidelines</a>). For example, when a screen reader or audio browser can correctly ascertain the structure of a document, it will not waste the visually impaired user's time by reading out repeated or irrelevant information when it has been marked up correctly. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Delivery">Delivery</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> HTML documents can be delivered by the same means as any other computer file. However, they are most often delivered either by <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HTTP">HTTP</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> is composed primarily of HTML documents transmitted from web servers to web browsers using the <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a> (HTTP). However, HTTP is used to serve images, sound, and other content, in addition to HTML. To allow the web browser to know how to handle each document it receives, other information is transmitted along with the document. This <a href="/wiki/Meta_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta data">meta data</a> usually includes the <a href="/wiki/MIME_type" class="mw-redirect" title="MIME type">MIME type</a> (e.g., <kbd>text/html</kbd> or <kbd>application/xhtml+xml</kbd>) and the character encoding (see <a href="/wiki/Character_encodings_in_HTML" title="Character encodings in HTML">Character encodings in HTML</a>). In modern browsers, the MIME type that is sent with the HTML document may affect how the document is initially interpreted. A document sent with the XHTML MIME type is expected to be <a href="/wiki/Well-formed_document" title="Well-formed document">well-formed</a> XML; syntax errors may cause the browser to fail to render it. The same document sent with the HTML MIME type might be displayed successfully since some browsers are more lenient with HTML. The W3C recommendations state that XHTML 1.0 documents that follow guidelines set forth in the recommendation's Appendix C may be labeled with either MIME Type.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> XHTML 1.1 also states that XHTML 1.1 documents should<a href="#cite_note-">[90]</a> be labeled with either MIME type.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HTML_e-mail">HTML e-mail</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HTML_email" title="HTML email">HTML email</a></div> Most graphical email clients allow the use of a subset of HTML (often ill-defined) to provide formatting and <a href="/wiki/Semantic_web" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic web">semantic</a> markup not available with <a href="/wiki/Plain_text" title="Plain text">plain text</a>. This may include typographic information like colored headings, emphasized and quoted text, inline images and diagrams. Many such clients include both a <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">GUI</a> editor for composing HTML e-mail messages and a rendering engine for displaying them. Use of HTML in e-mail is criticized by some because of compatibility issues, because it can help disguise <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> attacks, because of accessibility issues for blind or visually impaired people, because it can confuse <a href="/wiki/Email_spam" title="Email spam">spam</a> filters and because the message size is larger than plain text. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming_conventions">Naming conventions</h3></div> The most common <a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">filename extension</a> for <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">files</a> containing HTML is <kbd>.html</kbd>. A common abbreviation of this is <kbd>.htm</kbd>, which originated because some early operating systems and file systems, such as <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a> and the limitations imposed by <a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a> data structure, limited file extensions to <a href="/wiki/8.3_filename" title="8.3 filename">three letters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HTML_Application">HTML Application</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HTML_Application" title="HTML Application">HTML Application</a></div> An HTML Application (HTA; file extension <kbd>.hta</kbd>) is a <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> application that uses HTML and Dynamic HTML in a <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">browser</a> to provide the application's graphical interface. A regular HTML file is confined to the security model of the <a href="/wiki/Browser_security" title="Browser security">web browser's security</a>, communicating only to web servers and manipulating only web page objects and <a href="/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">site cookies</a>. An HTA runs as a fully trusted application and therefore has more privileges, like creation/editing/removal of files and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Registry" title="Windows Registry">Windows Registry</a> entries. Because they operate outside the browser's security model, HTAs cannot be executed via HTTP, but must be downloaded (just like an <a href="/wiki/EXE" class="mw-redirect" title="EXE">EXE</a> file) and executed from local file system. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="HTML4_variations">HTML4 variations</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Since its inception, HTML and its associated protocols gained acceptance relatively quickly. However, no clear standards existed in the early years of the language. Though its creators originally conceived of HTML as a semantic language devoid of presentation details,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> practical uses pushed many presentational elements and attributes into the language, driven largely by the various browser vendors. The latest standards surrounding HTML reflect efforts to overcome the sometimes chaotic development of the language<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> and to create a rational foundation for building both meaningful and well-presented documents. To return HTML to its role as a semantic language, the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a> has developed style languages such as <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">CSS</a> and <a href="/wiki/XSL" title="XSL">XSL</a> to shoulder the burden of presentation. In conjunction, the HTML specification has slowly reined in the presentational elements. There are two axes differentiating various variations of HTML as currently specified: SGML-based HTML versus XML-based HTML (referred to as XHTML) on one axis, and strict versus transitional (loose) versus frameset on the other axis. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SGML-based_versus_XML-based_HTML">SGML-based versus XML-based HTML</h3></div> One difference in the latest[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] HTML specifications lies in the distinction between the SGML-based specification and the XML-based specification. The XML-based specification is usually called <a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a> to distinguish it clearly from the more traditional definition. However, the root element name continues to be "html" even in the XHTML-specified HTML. The W3C intended XHTML 1.0 to be identical to HTML 4.01 except where limitations of XML over the more complex SGML require workarounds. Because XHTML and HTML are closely related, they are sometimes documented in parallel. In such circumstances, some authors <a href="/wiki/(X)HTML" class="mw-redirect" title="(X)HTML">conflate the two names</a> as (X)HTML or X(HTML). Like HTML 4.01, XHTML 1.0 has three sub-specifications: strict, transitional, and frameset. Aside from the different opening declarations for a document, the differences between an HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.0 document—in each of the corresponding DTDs—are largely syntactic. The underlying syntax of HTML allows many shortcuts that XHTML does not, such as elements with optional opening or closing tags, and even empty elements which must not have an end tag. By contrast, XHTML requires all elements to have an opening tag and a closing tag. XHTML, however, also introduces a new shortcut: an XHTML tag may be opened and closed within the same tag, by including a slash before the end of the tag like this: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><br /></code>. The introduction of this shorthand, which is not used in the SGML declaration for HTML 4.01, may confuse earlier software unfamiliar with this new convention. A fix for this is to include a space before closing the tag, as such: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><br /></code>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> To understand the subtle differences between HTML and XHTML, consider the transformation of a valid and well-formed XHTML 1.0 document that adheres to Appendix C (see below) into a valid HTML 4.01 document. Making this translation requires the following steps: <ol><li>The language for an element should be specified with a <code>lang</code> attribute rather than the XHTML <code>xml:lang</code> attribute. XHTML uses XML's built-in language-defining functionality attribute.</li> <li>Remove the XML namespace (<code>xmlns=URI</code>). HTML has no facilities for namespaces.</li> <li>Change the document type declaration from XHTML 1.0 to HTML 4.01. (see <a href="#Document_type_declaration">DTD section</a> for further explanation).</li> <li>If present, remove the XML declaration. (Typically this is: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-xml mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?></code>).</li> <li>Ensure that the document's MIME type is set to <code>text/html</code>. For both HTML and XHTML, this comes from the HTTP <code>Content-Type</code> header sent by the server.</li> <li>Change the XML empty-element syntax to an HTML style empty element (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><br /></code> to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><br /></code>).</li></ol> Those are the main changes necessary to translate a document from XHTML 1.0 to HTML 4.01. To translate from HTML to XHTML would also require the addition of any omitted opening or closing tags. Whether coding in HTML or XHTML it may just be best to always include the optional tags within an HTML document rather than remembering which tags can be omitted. A well-formed XHTML document adheres to all the syntax requirements of XML. A valid document adheres to the content specification for XHTML, which describes the document structure. The W3C recommends several conventions to ensure an easy migration between HTML and XHTML (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/#guidelines">HTML Compatibility Guidelines</a>). The following steps can be applied to XHTML 1.0 documents only: <ul><li>Include both <code>xml:lang</code> and <code>lang</code> attributes on any elements assigning language.</li> <li>Use the empty-element syntax only for elements specified as empty in HTML.</li> <li>Include an extra space in empty-element tags: for example <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><br /></code> instead of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><br /></code>.</li> <li>Include explicit close tags for elements that permit content but are left empty (for example, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"></code>, not <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><div /></code>).</li> <li>Omit the XML declaration.</li></ul> By carefully following the W3C's compatibility guidelines, a user agent should be able to interpret the document equally as HTML or XHTML. For documents that are XHTML 1.0 and have been made compatible in this way, the W3C permits them to be served either as HTML (with a <code>text/html</code> <a href="/wiki/MIME_type" class="mw-redirect" title="MIME type">MIME type</a>), or as XHTML (with an <code>application/xhtml+xml</code> or <code>application/xml</code> MIME type). When delivered as XHTML, browsers should use an XML parser, which adheres strictly to the XML specifications for parsing the document's contents. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transitional_versus_strict">Transitional versus strict</h3></div> HTML 4 defined three different versions of the language: Strict, Transitional (once called Loose), and Frameset. The Strict version is intended for new documents and is considered best practice, while the Transitional and Frameset versions were developed to make it easier to transition documents that conformed to older HTML specifications or did not conform to any specification to a version of HTML 4. The Transitional and Frameset versions allow for presentational markup, which is omitted in the Strict version. Instead, <a href="/wiki/Cascading_style_sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading style sheets">cascading style sheets</a> are encouraged to improve the presentation of HTML documents. Because XHTML 1 only defines an XML syntax for the language defined by HTML 4, the same differences apply to XHTML 1 as well. The Transitional version allows the following parts of the vocabulary, which are not included in the Strict version: <ul><li>A looser content model <ul><li>Inline elements and plain text are allowed directly in: <code>body</code>, <code>blockquote</code>, <code>form</code>, <code>noscript</code> and <code>noframes</code></li></ul></li> <li>Presentation related elements <ul><li>underline (<code>u</code>)(Deprecated. can confuse a visitor with a hyperlink.)</li> <li>strike-through (<code>s</code>)</li> <li><code>center</code> (Deprecated. use CSS instead.)</li> <li><code>font</code> (Deprecated. use CSS instead.)</li> <li><code>basefont</code> (Deprecated. use CSS instead.)</li></ul></li> <li>Presentation related attributes <ul><li><code>background</code> (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) and <code>bgcolor</code> (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) attributes for <code>body</code> (required element according to the W3C.) element.</li> <li><code>align</code> (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) attribute on <code>div</code>, <code>form</code>, paragraph (<code>p</code>) and heading (<code>h1</code>...<code>h6</code>) elements</li> <li><code>align</code> (Deprecated. use CSS instead.), <code>noshade</code> (Deprecated. use CSS instead.), <code>size</code> (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) and <code>width</code> (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) attributes on <code>hr</code> element</li> <li><code>align</code> (Deprecated. use CSS instead.), <code>border</code>, <code>vspace</code> and <code>hspace</code> attributes on <code>img</code> and <code>object</code> (caution: the <code>object</code> element is only supported in Internet Explorer (from the major browsers)) elements</li> <li><code>align</code> (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) attribute on <code>legend</code> and <code>caption</code> elements</li> <li><code>align</code> (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) and <code>bgcolor</code> (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) on <code>table</code> element</li> <li><code>nowrap</code> (Obsolete), <code>bgcolor</code> (Deprecated. use CSS instead.), <code>width</code>, <code>height</code> on <code>td</code> and <code>th</code> elements</li> <li><code>bgcolor</code> (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) attribute on <code>tr</code> element</li> <li><code>clear</code> (Obsolete) attribute on <code>br</code> element</li> <li><code>compact</code> attribute on <code>dl</code>, <code>dir</code> and <code>menu</code> elements</li> <li><code>type</code> (Deprecated. use CSS instead.), <code>compact</code> (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) and <code>start</code> (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) attributes on <code>ol</code> and <code>ul</code> elements</li> <li><code>type</code> and <code>value</code> attributes on <code>li</code> element</li> <li><code>width</code> attribute on <code>pre</code> element</li></ul></li> <li>Additional elements in Transitional specification <ul><li><code>menu</code> (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) list (no substitute, though the unordered list, is recommended)</li> <li><code>dir</code> (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) list (no substitute, though the unordered list is recommended)</li> <li><code>isindex</code> (Deprecated.) (element requires server-side support and is typically added to documents server-side, <code>form</code> and <code>input</code> elements can be used as a substitute)</li> <li><code>applet</code> (Deprecated. use the <code>object</code> element instead.)</li></ul></li> <li>The <code>language</code> (Obsolete) attribute on script element (redundant with the <code>type</code> attribute).</li> <li>Frame related entities <ul><li><code>iframe</code></li> <li><code>noframes</code></li> <li><code>target</code> (Deprecated in the <code>map</code>, <code>link</code> and <code>form</code> elements.) attribute on <code>a</code>, client-side image-map (<code>map</code>), <code>link</code>, <code>form</code> and <code>base</code> elements</li></ul></li></ul> The Frameset version includes everything in the Transitional version, as well as the <code>frameset</code> element (used instead of <code>body</code>) and the <code>frame</code> element. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frameset_versus_transitional">Frameset versus transitional</h3></div> In addition to the above transitional differences, the frameset specifications (whether XHTML 1.0 or HTML 4.01) specify a different content model, with <code>frameset</code> replacing <code>body</code>, that contains either <code>frame</code> elements, or optionally <code>noframes</code> with a <code>body</code>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summary_of_specification_versions">Summary of specification versions</h3></div> As this list demonstrates, the loose versions of the specification are maintained for legacy support. However, contrary to popular misconceptions, the move to XHTML does not imply a removal of this legacy support. Rather the X in XML stands for extensible and the W3C is modularizing the entire specification and opens it up to independent extensions. The primary achievement in the move from XHTML 1.0 to XHTML 1.1 is the modularization of the entire specification. The strict version of HTML is deployed in XHTML 1.1 through a set of modular extensions to the base XHTML 1.1 specification. Likewise, someone looking for the loose (transitional) or frameset specifications will find similar extended XHTML 1.1 support (much of it is contained in the legacy or frame modules). Modularization also allows for separate features to develop on their own timetable. So for example, XHTML 1.1 will allow quicker migration to emerging XML standards such as <a href="/wiki/MathML" title="MathML">MathML</a> (a presentational and semantic math language based on XML) and <a href="/wiki/XForms" title="XForms">XForms</a>—a new highly advanced web-form technology to replace the existing HTML forms. In summary, the HTML 4 specification primarily reined in all the various HTML implementations into a single clearly written specification based on SGML. XHTML 1.0, ported this specification, as is, to the new XML-defined specification. Next, XHTML 1.1 takes advantage of the extensible nature of XML and modularizes the whole specification. XHTML 2.0 was intended to be the first step in adding new features to the specification in a standards-body-based approach. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="WHATWG_HTML_versus_HTML5">WHATWG HTML versus HTML5</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="#Transition_of_HTML_Publication_to_WHATWG">§ Transition of HTML Publication to WHATWG</a></div> The HTML Living Standard, which is developed by WHATWG, is the official version, while W3C HTML5 is no longer separate from WHATWG. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="WYSIWYG_editors">WYSIWYG editors</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article is missing information about contenteditable. Please expand the article <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AHTML&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+1+December+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=HTML">by making an edit request</a>to include this information . Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:HTML" title="Talk:HTML">talk page</a>. (January 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> There are some <a href="/wiki/WYSIWYG" title="WYSIWYG">WYSIWYG</a> editors (what you see is what you get), in which the user lays out everything as it is to appear in the HTML document using a <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> (GUI), often similar to <a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">word processors</a>. The editor renders the document rather than showing the code, so authors do not require extensive knowledge of HTML. The WYSIWYG editing model has been criticized,<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> primarily because of the low quality of the generated code; there are voices[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] advocating a change to the <a href="/wiki/WYSIWYM" title="WYSIWYM">WYSIWYM</a> model (what you see is what you mean). WYSIWYG editors remain a controversial topic because of their perceived flaws such as: <ul><li>Relying mainly on the layout as opposed to meaning, often using markup that does not convey the intended meaning but simply copies the layout.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></li> <li>Often producing extremely verbose and redundant code that fails to make use of the cascading nature of HTML and <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a>.</li> <li>Often producing ungrammatical markup, called <a href="/wiki/Tag_soup" title="Tag soup">tag soup</a> or semantically incorrect markup (such as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><em></code> for italics).</li> <li>As a great deal of the information in HTML documents is not in the layout, the model has been criticized for its "what you see is all you get"-nature.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breadcrumb_navigation" title="Breadcrumb navigation">Breadcrumb navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellpadding" title="Cellpadding">Cellpadding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_HTML_parsers" title="Comparison of HTML parsers">Comparison of HTML parsers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_web_page" title="Dynamic web page">Dynamic web page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_character_references" class="mw-redirect" title="HTML character references">HTML character references</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_document_markup_languages" title="List of document markup languages">List of document markup languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">List of XML and HTML character entity references</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microdata_(HTML)" title="Microdata (HTML)">Microdata (HTML)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microformat" title="Microformat">Microformat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyglot_markup" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyglot markup">Polyglot markup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_HTML" title="Semantic HTML">Semantic HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W3C_Markup_Validation_Service" title="W3C Markup Validation Service">W3C (X)HTML Validator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_Application" title="HTML Application">HTML Application</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved April 8, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+status.+Re%3A+X11+BROWSER+for+WWW&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft.date=1991-10-29&rft.aulast=Berners-Lee&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flists.w3.org%2FArchives%2FPublic%2Fwww-talk%2F1991SepOct%2F0003.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTML" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/index/elements">"Index of the HTML 4 elements"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium. December 24, 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070505172415/https://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/index/elements">Archived</a> from the original on May 5, 2007. Retrieved April 8, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Index+of+the+HTML+4+elements&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft.date=1999-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2F1999%2FREC-html401-19991224%2Findex%2Felements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTML" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerners-Lee1991" class="citation web cs1">Berners-Lee, Tim (December 9, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1991NovDec/0020.html">"Re: SGML/HTML docs, X Browser"</a>. w3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071222060359/http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1991NovDec/0020.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2007. Retrieved June 16, 2007. <q>SGML is very general. HTML is a specific application of the SGML basic syntax applied to hypertext documents with simple structure.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=w3&rft.atitle=Re%3A+SGML%2FHTML+docs%2C+X+Browser&rft.date=1991-12-09&rft.aulast=Berners-Lee&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flists.w3.org%2FArchives%2FPublic%2Fwww-talk%2F1991NovDec%2F0020.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTML" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerners-LeeConnolly1993" class="citation web cs1">Berners-Lee, Tim; Connolly, Daniel (June 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/MarkUp/draft-ietf-iiir-html-01.txt">"Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): A Representation of Textual Information and MetaInformation for Retrieval and Interchange"</a>. w3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170103041713/https://www.w3.org/MarkUp/draft-ietf-iiir-html-01.txt">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2017. Retrieved January 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=w3&rft.atitle=Hypertext+Markup+Language+%28HTML%29%3A+A+Representation+of+Textual+Information+and+MetaInformation+for+Retrieval+and+Interchange&rft.date=1993-06&rft.aulast=Berners-Lee&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Connolly%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FMarkUp%2Fdraft-ietf-iiir-html-01.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTML" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-html+-11"><a href="#cite_ref-html+_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaggett,_Dave" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dave_Raggett" title="Dave Raggett">Raggett, Dave</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/htmlplus_paper/htmlplus.html">"A Review of the HTML+ Document Format"</a>. w3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000229205146/http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/htmlplus_paper/htmlplus.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 29, 2000. Retrieved May 22, 2020. <q>The hypertext markup language HTML was developed as a simple non-proprietary delivery format for global hypertext. HTML+ is a set of modular extensions to HTML and has been developed in response to a growing understanding of the needs of information providers. These extensions include text flow around floating figures, fill-out forms, tables, and mathematical equations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=w3&rft.atitle=A+Review+of+the+HTML%2B+Document+Format&rft.au=Raggett%2C+Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FMarkUp%2Fhtmlplus_paper%2Fhtmlplus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTML" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8-12"><a href="#cite_ref-8_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerners-LeeConnolly1995" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Berners-Lee, Tim</a>; Connolly, Daniel W. (November 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1866">Hypertext Markup Language - 2.0</a>. 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Obsoleted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2854">2854</a>. <q>This document thus defines an HTML 2.0 (to distinguish it from the previous informal specifications). 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Retrieved 15 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HTML+5.2&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft.date=2017-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2F2017%2FREC-html52-20171214%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTML" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/blog/news/archives/6696">"HTML 5.2 is now a W3C Recommendation"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium. 14 December 2017. 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Retrieved 15 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HTML+5.2+is+done%2C+HTML+5.3+is+coming&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft.date=2017-12-14&rft.au=Charles+McCathie+Nevile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2Fblog%2F2017%2F12%2Fhtml-5-2-is-done-html-5-3-is-coming%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTML" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly1992" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Connolly_(computer_scientist)" title="Dan Connolly (computer scientist)">Connolly, Daniel</a> (6 June 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1992MayJun/0020.html">"MIME as a hypertext architecture"</a>. CERN. Retrieved 24 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MIME+as+a+hypertext+architecture&rft.pub=CERN&rft.date=1992-06-06&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flists.w3.org%2FArchives%2FPublic%2Fwww-talk%2F1992MayJun%2F0020.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTML" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly1992" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Connolly_(computer_scientist)" title="Dan Connolly (computer scientist)">Connolly, Daniel</a> (15 July 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1992JulAug/0020.html">"HTML DTD enclosed"</a>. CERN. Retrieved 24 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HTML+DTD+enclosed&rft.pub=CERN&rft.date=1992-07-15&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flists.w3.org%2FArchives%2FPublic%2Fwww-talk%2F1992JulAug%2F0020.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTML" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly1992" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Connolly_(computer_scientist)" title="Dan Connolly (computer scientist)">Connolly, Daniel</a> (18 August 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314055308/http://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/cern.ch/w3.org/www/Frame/fminit2.0/html.dtd">"document type declaration subset for Hyper Text Markup Language as defined by the World Wide Web project"</a>. CERN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/cern.ch/w3.org/www/Frame/fminit2.0/html.dtd">the original</a> on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=document+type+declaration+subset+for+Hyper+Text+Markup+Language+as+defined+by+the+World+Wide+Web+project&rft.pub=CERN&rft.date=1992-08-18&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flost-contact.mit.edu%2Fafs%2Fcern.ch%2Fw3.org%2Fwww%2FFrame%2Ffminit2.0%2Fhtml.dtd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTML" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-html11-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-html11_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-html11_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly1992" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Connolly_(computer_scientist)" title="Dan Connolly (computer scientist)">Connolly, Daniel</a> (24 November 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118155040/http://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/cern.ch/w3.org/www/MarkUp/Connolly/921125/archive.sh#html.dtd">"Document Type Definition for the Hyper Text Markup Language as used by the World Wide Web application"</a>. CERN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/cern.ch/w3.org/www/MarkUp/Connolly/921125/archive.sh#html.dtd">the original</a> on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Document+Type+Definition+for+the+Hyper+Text+Markup+Language+as+used+by+the+World+Wide+Web+application&rft.pub=CERN&rft.date=1992-11-24&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flost-contact.mit.edu%2Fafs%2Fcern.ch%2Fw3.org%2Fwww%2FMarkUp%2FConnolly%2F921125%2Farchive.sh%23html.dtd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTML" class="Z3988"> See section "Revision History" </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerners-LeeConnolly1993" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Berners-Lee, Tim</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dan_Connolly_(computer_scientist)" title="Dan Connolly (computer scientist)">Connolly, Daniel</a> (June 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-iiir-html-00">"Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) Internet-Draft version 1.1"</a>. IETF IIIR Working Group. 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Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC1866">10.17487/RFC1866</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1866">1866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hypertext+Markup+Language+-+2.0&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1995-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC1866&rft.aulast=Berners-Lee&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Connolly%2C+Daniel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc1866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTML" class="Z3988"> Historic. Obsoleted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2854">2854</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/MarkUp/html3/">"HTML 3.0 Draft (Expired!) Materials"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium. December 21, 1995. 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Those documents, and any other document conforming to this specification, may also be labeled with the Internet Media Type "application/xhtml+xml" as defined in [RFC3236].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=XHTML+1.0+The+Extensible+HyperText+Markup+Language+%28Second+Edition%29&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fxhtml1%2F%23media&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTML" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68-90"><a href="#cite_ref-68_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Bradner1997" class="citation cs1">S. Bradner (March 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2119">Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels</a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2119">10.17487/RFC2119</a>. BCP 14. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2119">2119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Key+words+for+use+in+RFCs+to+Indicate+Requirement+Levels&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1997-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC2119&rft.au=S.+Bradner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTML" class="Z3988"> Best Current Practice. Updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8174">8174</a>. <q>3. SHOULD This word, or the adjective "RECOMMENDED", mean that there may exist valid reasons in particular circumstances to ignore a particular item, but the full implications must be understood and carefully weighed before choosing a different course.</q> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/conformance.html#strict">"XHTML 1.1 – Module-based XHTML — Second Edition"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium. 2007. Retrieved December 7, 2008. <q>XHTML 1.1 documents SHOULD be labeled with the Internet Media Type text/html as defined in [RFC2854] or application/xhtml+xml as defined in [RFC3236].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=XHTML+1.1+%E2%80%93+Module-based+XHTML+%E2%80%94+Second+Edition&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fxhtml11%2Fconformance.html%23strict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTML" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa365247%28v=vs.85%29.aspx?f=255&MSPPError=-2147217396">"Naming Files, Paths, and Namespaces"</a>. Microsoft. Retrieved 16 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Naming+Files%2C+Paths%2C+and+Namespaces&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmsdn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Flibrary%2Fwindows%2Fdesktop%2Faa365247%2528v%3Dvs.85%2529.aspx%3Ff%3D255%26MSPPError%3D-2147217396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTML" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/MarkUp/HTMLConstraints.html">HTML Design Constraints</a>, W3C Archives </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~wwwbtb/book/chap13/who.html">WWW: BTB – HTML</a>, Pris Sears </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Freeman, E (2005). Head First HTML. O'Reilly. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Sauer, C.: WYSIWIKI – Questioning WYSIWYG in the Internet Age. In: Wikimania (2006) </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Spiesser, J., Kitchen, L.: Optimization of HTML automatically generated by WYSIWYG programs. In: 13th International Conference on World Wide Web, pp. 355—364. WWW '04. ACM, New York, NY (New York, NY, U.S., May 17–20, 2004) </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xhtml.com/en/xhtml/reference/blockquote/">XHTML Reference: blockquote</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100325160356/http://xhtml.com/en/xhtml/reference/blockquote/">Archived</a> 2010-03-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Xhtml.com. Retrieved on 2012-02-16. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.invisiblerevolution.net/">Doug Engelbart's INVISIBLE REVOLUTION</a>. Invisiblerevolution.net. Retrieved on 2012-02-16. </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> HTML at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:HTML" class="extiw" title="c:category:HTML">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/HyperText_Markup_Language" class="extiw" title="b:HyperText Markup Language">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/HTML" class="extiw" title="v:HTML">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><noscript><img alt="" 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class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/27px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/41px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/54px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:HTML_in_wikitext" class="extiw" title="m:Help:HTML in wikitext">Discussions</a> from Meta-Wiki</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg/27px-MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg/27px-MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg/41px-MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg/54px-MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/HTML_restriction" class="extiw" title="mw:HTML restriction">Documentation</a> from MediaWiki</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/">HTML Living Standard</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/MarkUp/Guide/">Dave Raggett's Introduction to HTML</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110412130543/http://computemagazine.com/man-who-invented-world-wide-web-gives-new-definition">Tim Berners-Lee Gives the Web a New Definition</a> (archived 12 April 2011)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meiert.com/en/indices/html-elements/">List of all HTML elements from all major versions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3schools.com/html/html_entities.asp">HTML Entities</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSean_B._Palmer" class="citation web cs1">Sean B. Palmer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infomesh.net/html/history/early/">"Early History of HTML – 1990 to 1992"</a>. Infomesh. Retrieved 2022-04-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Infomesh&rft.atitle=Early+History+of+HTML+%E2%80%93+1990+to+1992&rft.au=Sean+B.+Palmer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfomesh.net%2Fhtml%2Fhistory%2Fearly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTML" class="Z3988"> (Timeframe: 1980–1995)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Octicons-terminal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/17px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/17px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="17" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/25px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 1.5x, 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2024, at 22:43 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oferwrit_mearc_gereord" title="Oferwrit mearc gereord – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Oferwrit mearc gereord" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B5_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82" title="لغة توصيف النص الفائق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة توصيف النص الفائق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9A_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2" title="এইচ টি এম এল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="এইচ টি এম এল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%86%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84" title="اچ‌تی‌ام‌ال – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اچ‌تی‌ام‌ال" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2" title="এইচটিএমএল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এইচটিএমএল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyper_Text_Markup_Language" title="Hyper Text Markup Language – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hyper Text Markup Language" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Markup_Language" title="Hypertext Markup Language – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hypertext Markup Language" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Markup_Language" title="Hypertext Markup Language – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hypertext Markup Language" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%86%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84" title="اچ‌تی‌ام‌ال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اچ‌تی‌ام‌ال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Markup_Language" title="Hypertext Markup Language – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hypertext Markup Language" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DA%86.%D8%AA%D9%8A.%D8%A6%D9%85.%D8%A6%D9%84" title="ئچ.تي.ئم.ئل – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ئچ.تي.ئم.ئل" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2" title="एचटीएमएल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एचटीएमएल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_markup_language" title="Hypertext markup language – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hypertext markup language" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ჰიპერტექსტური მარკირების ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰიპერტექსტური მარკირების ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Markup_Language" title="Hypertext Markup Language – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hypertext Markup Language" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2" title="एचटिएमएल – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="एचटिएमएल" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Markup_Language" title="Hypertext Markup Language – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hypertext Markup Language" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%82.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BD." title="എച്.ടി.എം.എൽ. – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എച്.ടി.എം.എൽ." data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9A.%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80.%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE.%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2." title="एच.टी.एम.एल. – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एच.टी.एम.एल." data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D8%AA%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84" title="اتش تى ام ال – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اتش تى ام ال" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperText_Markup_Language" title="HyperText Markup Language – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="HyperText Markup Language" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2" title="एचटिएमएल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एचटिएमएल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D" title="एच टी एम् एल् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एच टी एम् एल्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperText_Markup_Language" title="HyperText Markup Language – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="HyperText Markup Language" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%9A.%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80.%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%AE.%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B2" title="ਐਚ.ਟੀ.ਐਮ.ਐਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਚ.ਟੀ.ਐਮ.ਐਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%86_%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ایچ ٹی ایم ایل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایچ ٹی ایم ایل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperText_Markup_Language" title="HyperText Markup Language – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="HyperText Markup Language" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%BE%D8%B1_%D9%BD%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%B3%D9%BD_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AA_%D8%A7%D9%BE_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AC" title="هائپر ٽيڪسٽ مارڪ اپ لينگويج – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="هائپر ٽيڪسٽ مارڪ اپ لينگويج" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertextov%C3%BD_zna%C4%8Dkov%C3%BD_jazyk" title="Hypertextový značkový jazyk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hypertextový značkový jazyk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%DA%86_%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%85_%D8%A6%DB%8E%DA%B5" title="ئێچ تی ئێم ئێڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێچ تی ئێم ئێڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="மீயுரைக் குறியிடு மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மீயுரைக் குறியிடு மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5" title="เอชทีเอ็มแอล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอชทีเอ็มแอล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%86_%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ایچ ٹی ایم ایل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایچ ٹی ایم ایل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="HTML" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 November 2024, at 22:43 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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