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id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_in_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_in_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Origin in evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_in_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_and_Lifestyle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_Lifestyle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Structure and Lifestyle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure_and_Lifestyle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure and Lifestyle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_Lifestyle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Typical_Fungi_Cell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Typical_Fungi_Cell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The Typical Fungi Cell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Typical_Fungi_Cell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-How_fungi_eat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_fungi_eat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>How fungi eat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_fungi_eat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multicellular_fungi_and_unicellular_fungi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multicellular_fungi_and_unicellular_fungi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Multicellular fungi and unicellular fungi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multicellular_fungi_and_unicellular_fungi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multicellular_fungi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multicellular_fungi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Multicellular fungi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multicellular_fungi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicellular_fungi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicellular_fungi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Unicellular fungi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicellular_fungi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-More_about_how_different_fungi_reproduce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#More_about_how_different_fungi_reproduce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>More about how different fungi reproduce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-More_about_how_different_fungi_reproduce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mushroom_Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mushroom_Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Mushroom Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mushroom_Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Edible_fungi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edible_fungi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Edible fungi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edible_fungi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fermentation_and_other_food_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fermentation_and_other_food_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fermentation and other food production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fermentation_and_other_food_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicinal_fungi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicinal_fungi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Medicinal fungi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicinal_fungi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antibiotics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antibiotics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Antibiotics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antibiotics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychoactive_fungi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychoactive_fungi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Psychoactive fungi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychoactive_fungi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Concerns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Concerns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Concerns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rare_and_environmentally-threatened_fungi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rare_and_environmentally-threatened_fungi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Rare and environmentally-threatened fungi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rare_and_environmentally-threatened_fungi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasive_fungi_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasive_fungi_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Invasive fungi species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasive_fungi_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poisonous_fungi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poisonous_fungi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Poisonous fungi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poisonous_fungi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Related pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fungus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 183 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-183" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">183 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swam" title="Swam – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Swam" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilze" title="Pilze – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pilze" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%88%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%88%E1%88%B5" title="ፈንገስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፈንገስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuobb%C3%A2reh" title="Kuobbâreh – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kuobbâreh" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="फफूंदी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="फफूंदी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="فطر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فطر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0" title="ভেঁকুৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভেঁকুৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocockweto" title="Ocockweto – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Ocockweto" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urupe" title="Urupe – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Urupe" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6b%C9%99l%C9%99kl%C9%99r" title="Göbələklər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Göbələklər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A4%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B1" title="گؤبه‌لکلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گؤبه‌لکلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="ছত্রাক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ছত্রাক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin-kh%C3%BAn" title="Chin-khún – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chin-khún" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%99%D1%88%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80" title="Бәшмәктәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бәшмәктәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Грыбы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грыбы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Грыбы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Грыбы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Гъби – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гъби" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwammal" title="Schwammal – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schwammal" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gljive" title="Gljive – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gljive" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%8F%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Һархяаг – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Һархяаг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fongs" title="Fongs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fongs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Кăмпасем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăмпасем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abungawg-uhong" title="Abungawg-uhong – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Abungawg-uhong" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houby" title="Houby – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Houby" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungu" title="Fungu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Fungu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffwng" title="Ffwng – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffwng" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C9%9B%C9%A3u" title="Malɛɣu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Malɛɣu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svampe" title="Svampe – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Svampe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guobbarat" title="Guobbarat – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Guobbarat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilze" title="Pilze – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pilze" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%CA%BCosh_doo_yit%CA%BC%C3%ADinii_dl%C3%A1%C3%A1d%C3%AD_d%C3%B3%C3%B3_%C3%81bishjaa%CA%BC" title="Chʼosh doo yitʼíinii dláádí dóó Ábishjaaʼ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Chʼosh doo yitʼíinii dláádí dóó Ábishjaaʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griby" title="Griby – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Griby" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seened" title="Seened – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Seened" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Μύκητας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μύκητας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fun%C5%9B" title="Funś – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Funś" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82" title="Пангт – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Пангт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungoj" title="Fungoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fungoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onddo" title="Onddo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Onddo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86" title="قارچ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قارچ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soppar" title="Soppar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Soppar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skimmels" title="Skimmels – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skimmels" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungas" title="Fungas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fungas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungys" title="Fungys – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Fungys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungas" title="Fungas – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Fungas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungo_(biolox%C3%ADa)" title="Fungo (bioloxía) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fungo (bioloxía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88" title="ЖӀаленускалаш – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ЖӀаленускалаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="ميش – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ميش" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%B9%B3%CC%82n-khi%C3%B9n" title="Chṳ̂n-khiùn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chṳ̂n-khiùn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Теңгрин ки – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Теңгрин ки" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%A0%EA%B3%84" title="균계 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="균계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Սունկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սունկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6" title="फफूंद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फफूंद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hriby" title="Hriby – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Hriby" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gljive" title="Gljive – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gljive" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungo" title="Fungo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Fungo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungo" title="Fungo – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Fungo" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BE%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Зокъотæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Зокъотæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Fungi" title="I-Fungi – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Fungi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukhunta" title="Ukhunta – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ukhunta" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveppir" title="Sveppir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sveppir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="פטריות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פטריות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಶಿಲೀಂಧ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶಿಲೀಂಧ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სოკოები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სოკოები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grz%C3%ABb%C3%AB" title="Grzëbë – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Grzëbë" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D2%A3%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D2%9B%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Саңырауқұлақтар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Саңырауқұлақтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fong" title="Fong – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Fong" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvu" title="Kuvu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kuvu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanpiyon" title="Chanpiyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chanpiyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuv" title="Kuv – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kuv" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Козу карындар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Козу карындар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonch" title="Fonch – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Fonch" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%93nes" title="Sēnes – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sēnes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilzer%C3%A4ich" title="Pilzeräich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pilzeräich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Къарникъуз – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Къарникъуз" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grybai" title="Grybai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Grybai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4%C3%B6me" title="Käöme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Käöme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liy%C9%9Bb%C3%BA" title="Liyɛbú – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Liyɛbú" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungo" title="Fungo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Fungo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sienet" title="Sienet – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Sienet" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomb%C3%A1k" title="Gombák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gombák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Габа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Габа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holatra" title="Holatra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Holatra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BD" title="പൂപ്പൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പൂപ്പൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80" title="बुरशी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बुरशी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="სოკოეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სოკოეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="فطر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فطر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%DA%A9" title="گوشک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گوشک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulat" title="Kulat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kulat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%ADng-k%E1%B9%B3%CC%84ng" title="Cĭng-kṳ̄ng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cĭng-kṳ̄ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Панга – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Панга" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title="မှို – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မှို" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanacatl" title="Nanacatl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Nanacatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schimmels" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="ढुसी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ढुसी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="फुसा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फुसा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%8C%E9%A1%9E" title="菌類 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="菌類" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaampen_(Fungi)" title="Swaampen (Fungi) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Swaampen (Fungi)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopper" title="Sopper – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sopper" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopp" title="Sopp – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sopp" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycota" title="Mycota – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mycota" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faangasii" title="Faangasii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Faangasii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamburug%CA%BBlar" title="Zamburugʻlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zamburugʻlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80" title="ਉੱਲੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉੱਲੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="الی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%BC%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="چڼاس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چڼاس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonggos" title="Fonggos – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Fonggos" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sw%C3%A4mme" title="Swämme – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Swämme" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzyby" title="Grzyby – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grzyby" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opap%C4%B1%C5%9Flar" title="Opapışlar – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Opapışlar" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnul_Fungi" title="Regnul Fungi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regnul Fungi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27allampa" title="K'allampa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="K'allampa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Грибы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Грибы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Грибы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грибы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Тэллэйдэр – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тэллэйдэр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="कवकम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कवकम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poagenstoule_(Riek)" title="Poagenstoule (Riek) – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Poagenstoule (Riek)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ABrpudhat" title="Kërpudhat – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kërpudhat" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funci" title="Funci – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Funci" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BB" title="දිලීර – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දිලීර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3" title="فنگس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فنگس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huby" title="Huby – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Huby" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glive" title="Glive – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Glive" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grziby" title="Grziby – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Grziby" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="کوارگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کوارگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%99%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Гљиве – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гљиве" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gljiva" title="Gljiva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gljiva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suung" title="Suung – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Suung" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sienet" title="Sienet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sienet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svampar" title="Svampar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Svampar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halamang-singaw" title="Halamang-singaw – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Halamang-singaw" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88" title="பூஞ்சை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பூஞ்சை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takuffit_n_u%C9%9Baqqay" title="Takuffit n uɛaqqay – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Takuffit n uɛaqqay" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%A9%D0%BC%D0%B1%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Гөмбәләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гөмбәләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="శిలీంధ్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శిలీంధ్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="เห็ดรา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เห็ดรา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D3%AF%D1%80%D1%83%D2%93%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Занбӯруғҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Занбӯруғҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talingelinga" title="Talingelinga – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Talingelinga" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%AD%E1%8E%BE%E1%8E%A9" title="ᏭᎾᎩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏭᎾᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81" title="ಲಾಂಬು – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಲಾಂಬು" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantarlar" title="Mantarlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mantarlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Губи – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Губи" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Гриби – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гриби" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%BE%D9%BE%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" title="پھپھوند – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پھپھوند" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%87%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%BA" title="زەمبۇرۇغ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="زەمبۇرۇغ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caen%27gin" title="Caen'gin – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Caen'gin" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BA%A5m" title="Nấm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nấm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funig" title="Funig – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Funig" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siin" title="Siin – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Siin" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchampion" title="Tchampion – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tchampion" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="真菌" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="真菌" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9D" title="שוואם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שוואם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88bu" title="Èbu – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èbu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="真菌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%ABba" title="Grība – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Grība" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="真菌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q764#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Change 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title="Holocene">Present</a> <br />410 <a href="/wiki/Mya_(unit)" title="Mya (unit)">mya</a>–present; earliest=<a href="/wiki/Vendian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vendian">Vendian</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fungi_collage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A collage of five fungi (clockwise from top-left): a mushroom with a flat, red top with white-spots, and a white stem growing on the ground; a red cup-shaped fungus growing on wood; a stack of green and white moldy bread slices on a plate; a microscopic, spherical grey semitransparent cell, with a smaller spherical cell beside it; a microscopic view of an elongated cellular structure shaped like a microphone, attached to the larger end is a number of smaller roughly circular elements that together form a mass around it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fungi_collage.jpg/290px-Fungi_collage.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fungi_collage.jpg/435px-Fungi_collage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fungi_collage.jpg/580px-Fungi_collage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1062" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Clockwise from top left: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8662964">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a></i>, a basidiomycete;</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoscypha_coccinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarcoscypha coccinea (not yet started)">Sarcoscypha coccinea</a></i>, an ascomycete;</li> <li>bread covered in <a href="/wiki/Mold" title="Mold">mold</a>;</li> <li>a <a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycota" title="Chytridiomycota">chytrid</a>;</li> <li>an <i><a href="/wiki/Aspergillus" title="Aspergillus">Aspergillus</a></i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conidiophore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conidiophore (not yet started)">conidiophore</a>.</li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Fungi" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Obazoa" title="Obazoa">Obazoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(unranked): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Opisthokont" title="Opisthokont">Opisthokonta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holomycota (not yet started)">Holomycota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fungi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)">Subkingdoms/Phyla/Subphyla </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <dl><dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blastocladiomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blastocladiomycota (not yet started)">Blastocladiomycota</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycota" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glomeromycota" title="Glomeromycota">Glomeromycota</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsporidia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microsporidia (not yet started)">Microsporidia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neocallimastigomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neocallimastigomycota (not yet started)">Neocallimastigomycota</a></dd></dl> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dikarya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dikarya (not yet started)">Dikarya</a> (inc. <a href="/wiki/Deuteromycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteromycota">Deuteromycota</a>) </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></dd></dl> <p>Subphyla <i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">incertae sedis</a></i> </p> <dl><dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entomophthoromycotina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entomophthoromycotina (not yet started)">Entomophthoromycotina</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kickxellomycotina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kickxellomycotina (not yet started)">Kickxellomycotina</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucoromycotina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mucoromycotina (not yet started)">Mucoromycotina</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoopagomycotina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoopagomycotina (not yet started)">Zoopagomycotina</a></dd></dl> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>A <b>fungus</b> (plural: <b>fungi</b>) is a type of living organism that includes <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeasts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mould" title="Mould">molds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mushroom" title="Mushroom">mushrooms</a> and others. Fungi are a category of organism as large and varied as the <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>. Fungi, animals and plants are each <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">Kingdoms</a> of life.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically people thought fungi were most like plants, even calling fungi a type of plant. However fungi are <i>not</i> plants. Fungi are even more closely related to animals than to plants. </p><p>The study of fungi is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">mycology</a></i> from "myco-" meaning fungi and "-ology" meaning "study of". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_in_evolution">Origin in evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Origin in evolution" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Origin in evolution"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fungi <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolved</a> around 1 billion years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Lucking2009_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucking2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fossils from the <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> period show evidence of fungi likely having an even older history. </p><p>There are fungi fossils and ancient fungi found trapped in <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a> but compared to material like bone fungi fossils are rare due to their rapid decay<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fungi </p> <pre>fungi </pre> <p>are all <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a>. This means the <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> of all three types of life have <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nuclei</a>, unlike <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> which do not have nuclei and so are called <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">prokaryotes.</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_Lifestyle">Structure and Lifestyle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Structure and Lifestyle" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Structure and Lifestyle"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Typical_Fungi_Cell">The Typical Fungi Cell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: The Typical Fungi Cell" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: The Typical Fungi Cell"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to a <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">cell nucleus</a> that contain the <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>, fungal cells have <a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosomes</a> to turn the DNA genes into <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins,</a> <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a> that produce energy for the cell, and other <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">organelles.</a> Fungi cell walls are mainly composed <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a>. Meanwhile, plant cell walls are cellulose found in cell walls of plants. </p><p>Fungi do not have any <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a> and so cannot <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">capture energy from sunlight</a> like plants do. This is one way fungi are more similar to animals, which also lack chlorophyll. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="How_fungi_eat">How fungi eat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: How fungi eat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: How fungi eat"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most fungi are <i><a href="/wiki/Saprophyte" title="Saprophyte">saprophytic.</a></i> These fungi digest and absorb dead <a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">organic matter</a> around them. Fungi can absorb the food molecules through their <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell walls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>p107</sup> </p><p>However there are many very different other ways some fungi get nutrients and live. Some are <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasites</a>, some are <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a>, some are <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predatory</a>, some cooperate with other living things in <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiosis</a> and some fungi have more than one lifestyle. </p><p><i>Pleurotus</i> fungi, also called "oyster mushrooms", are an example of fungi that both eat dead matter and are also predatory. They can capture <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a> with their hyphae. </p><p>Some fungi can instead live by growing around or into the <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>. When they do this they can be called <a href="/wiki/Mycorrhiza" title="Mycorrhiza">mycorrhiza</a> where the "myco" indicates fungi and "rhiza" refers to plant roots. Most trees contain mycorrhizal roots, and so do many <a href="/wiki/Crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Crops">crop</a> plants. This benefits both the fungus and the plant, which makes it a <a href="/wiki/Symbiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbiotic">symbiotic</a> relationship. </p><p>Besides mycorhizza, there are other cases of <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiosis</a> where a fungus shares resources with other <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> and all benefit. <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">Lichen</a> is an example where fungi and an <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> live together and help each other survive. In this partnership the algal cells live within the fungal tissue. The outcome is a new mat-like life-form which clings to rock and various surfaces. Approximately 20% of all fungi lives as lichen symbiosis. </p><p> In other cases fungi can be <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasitic</a>, taking resources from other living things and giving nothing or very little back. Still other fungi can be <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> that cause <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a> in other living things and eventually kill them. Once it is dead then many of these pathogenic fungi switch to eating the dead matter, becoming <a href="/wiki/Saprophyte" title="Saprophyte">saprophytes.</a> Many fungi can switch how they get their nutrients. They often switch lifestyles to survive better. </p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mushroom%27s_roots_(myc%C3%A9lium).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Mushroom%27s_roots_%28myc%C3%A9lium%29.jpg/318px-Mushroom%27s_roots_%28myc%C3%A9lium%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="318" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Mushroom%27s_roots_%28myc%C3%A9lium%29.jpg/477px-Mushroom%27s_roots_%28myc%C3%A9lium%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Mushroom%27s_roots_%28myc%C3%A9lium%29.jpg/636px-Mushroom%27s_roots_%28myc%C3%A9lium%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Mycelium of a fungus</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multicellular_fungi_and_unicellular_fungi">Multicellular fungi and unicellular fungi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Multicellular fungi and unicellular fungi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Multicellular fungi and unicellular fungi"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fungi can exist as <a href="/wiki/Unicellular_organism" title="Unicellular organism">one cell (unicellular)</a> or <a href="/wiki/Multicellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicellular">many cells (multicellular)</a> as organisms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multicellular_fungi">Multicellular fungi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Multicellular fungi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Multicellular fungi"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2009-07-02_Hyphae_with_septa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/2009-07-02_Hyphae_with_septa.jpg/303px-2009-07-02_Hyphae_with_septa.jpg" decoding="async" width="303" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/2009-07-02_Hyphae_with_septa.jpg/455px-2009-07-02_Hyphae_with_septa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/2009-07-02_Hyphae_with_septa.jpg/606px-2009-07-02_Hyphae_with_septa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Fungal hyphae with septa</figcaption></figure><p>Fungi with more than one cell can have thin thread-like <a href="/wiki/Cell" title="Cell">cells</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Hyphae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyphae">hyphae</a></i> (singular: <i>hypha</i>) that absorb nutrients and anchor the fungus in place. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hyphae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyphae">Hyphae</a> are <i>not</i> <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a> but can resemble threads or tiny roots through which the fungus uses to extract <a href="/wiki/Nutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutrients">nutrients</a>. Each hypha consists of a long cell enclosed within a tube-shaped <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell wall</a> that grows from the end. Hyphae generally form <a href="/wiki/Syncytium" title="Syncytium">syncytia</a> so that their <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell walls</a> (septa) are mostly incomplete and have gaps. This means the <a href="/wiki/Cell_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell nuclei">cell nuclei</a> are not separated from each other, as in typical cells. Specific details may differ among species. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mycelium" title="Mycelium">mycelium</a> consists of a mat of hyphae, The mycelium is also defined as all the "vegetative" or non-reproductive parts of a fungus. The mycelium of a fungus may be found growing underground, through a rotting log or over dead leaves, <a href="/wiki/Cordyceps" title="Cordyceps">inside the body of an insect</a>, among many other places. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unicellular_fungi">Unicellular fungi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Unicellular fungi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Unicellular fungi"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">Yeasts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mould" title="Mould">moulds</a> are among the unicellular fungi. </p><p>Yeast is an example of a single-celled fungus that reproduces either sexually or asexually. Asexual reproduction occurs by simple <a href="/wiki/Budding" title="Budding">budding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Binary_fission" title="Binary fission">binary fission</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="More_about_how_different_fungi_reproduce">More about how different fungi reproduce</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: More about how different fungi reproduce" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: More about how different fungi reproduce"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different fungi reproduce <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexually</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexually</a>. Some are able to reproduce in only one way or the other, while other fungi reproduce both ways. </p><p>In general, the production of <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spores</a> is key. Spores can travel to new places by air or water and develop into new fungi. </p><p>Some fungi give rise to <a href="/wiki/Mushroom" title="Mushroom">mushrooms</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Sporocarp_(fungi)" title="Sporocarp (fungi)">sporocarps</a> as part of reproduction. Mushrooms are <a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">multicellular</a> bodies produced from fungus's hyphae that exist to produce and release <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spores</a> so that they may eventually develop into new fungi. Mushrooms are sometimes called fungal "fruiting bodies" because mushrooms are only part of a fungus and exist for fungal reproduction, which is similar to how <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> are only part of a <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plant</a> and exist for plant reproduction. This comparison is also made because fungi and their mushrooms were historically incorrectly thought of as plants. </p><p> Other fungi use a <a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">sporangium</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Asexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Asexual">asexual</a> spores through <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual">sexual</a> spores through <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>. </p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clavaria_zollingeri_90973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Clavaria_zollingeri_90973.jpg/301px-Clavaria_zollingeri_90973.jpg" decoding="async" width="301" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Clavaria_zollingeri_90973.jpg/452px-Clavaria_zollingeri_90973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Clavaria_zollingeri_90973.jpg/602px-Clavaria_zollingeri_90973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2470" data-file-height="2207" /></a><figcaption> The coral fungus <i>Clavaria zollingeri</i> in Babcock State Park, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, USA.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mushroom_Types">Mushroom Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: Mushroom Types" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Mushroom Types"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mushrooms can take many different shapes, depending on the fungi <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of that produces the mushrooms. They can range from the classic "cap and stem" shape found in <i><a href="/wiki/Amanita" title="Amanita">Amanita</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Boletus" title="Boletus">Boletus</a></i> and many other groups of fungi, all the way to the unique branching shape of <a href="/wiki/Coral_fungi" title="Coral fungi">coral fungi</a>. </p><p>In some cases the cap of a mushroom has <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gills</a>, in other cases it may have "teeth" as in hedgehog mushrooms (genus <i>Hydnum</i>) or pores as in <i><a href="/wiki/Boletus" title="Boletus">Boletus</a></i> or <i>Leccinum.</i> </p><p>Other mushrooms are simply shaped, like cups. These are the <a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a>, which include the highly sought-after <a href="/wiki/Morchella" title="Morchella">morel mushrooms.</a> </p><p>Some mushrooms even grow entirely underground, as in <a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">truffle</a> fungi. </p><p>Many fungi species are defined based mostly on <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> but are still able to be recognized and identified based on their shape, color, odor, smell and habitat. </p><p>Contrary to popular belief, unless someone is <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergic,</a> it is safe to handle all mushrooms. Even the most poisonous fungus must be eaten to begin to do harm. Someone studying mushrooms of fungi can pick up and examine any mushroom but should not attempt to eat any mushroom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Change section: Uses" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Uses"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edible_fungi">Edible fungi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Change section: Edible fungi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Edible fungi"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Edible fungi are widely consumed as human food.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some are grown in mushroom farms and others are foraged in woods, fields and anywhere else fungi produce mushrooms. Not all fungi produce edible mushrooms. Some fungi species produce toxic mushrooms. People learn to forage from older family members in cultures with mushroom foraging traditions, from amateur mycological and mushroom hunting societies, from studying many guidebooks and in formal classes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fermentation_and_other_food_production">Fermentation and other food production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Change section: Fermentation and other food production" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Fermentation and other food production"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain types of <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a> require a fungal species. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Blue_cheese" title="Blue cheese">Blue cheese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camembert_cheese" title="Camembert cheese">Camembert cheese</a>, which owe their unique flavor and texture to the cheese.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yeasts are widely used in the production of <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>, certain <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">breads</a> and more <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermented foods.</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicinal_fungi">Medicinal fungi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Change section: Medicinal fungi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Medicinal fungi"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antibiotics">Antibiotics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Change section: Antibiotics" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Antibiotics"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain fungi (for example, <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a>) have served as a source of <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" title="Antibiotics">antibiotics</a>. These antibiotics are naturally produced by many fungi as a defense mechanism against <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Psychoactive_fungi">Psychoactive fungi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Change section: Psychoactive fungi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Psychoactive fungi"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some fungi produce psychotropic (mind-altering) substances. These <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_mushrooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelic mushrooms">psychedelic mushrooms</a> are often referred as <i>magic mushrooms</i> because of their ability to induce <a href="/wiki/Hallucinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallucinations">hallucinations</a>. Like any <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drug</a>, their effect are temporary typically lasting for 4 to 6 hours. Many countries have prohibited them. </p><p>The effects of <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">psilocybin</a> containing fungi were first known to be used by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a>, most famously the Mazatec people of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> who invented social and medicinal uses of <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">psilocybin</a>. Some people today use these fungi <a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">recreationally</a> due to their <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic" title="Psychedelic">psychedelic</a> properties. </p><p>Scientists today continue to investigate ways to use "magic mushrooms" as medical applications. Treating <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depression" class="mw-disambig" title="Depression">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a> are common ways <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">psilocybin</a> are studied as medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concerns">Concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Change section: Concerns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Concerns"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rare_and_environmentally-threatened_fungi">Rare and environmentally-threatened fungi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Change section: Rare and environmentally-threatened fungi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Rare and environmentally-threatened fungi"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many factors, from <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a> to pressures from <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> may cause some fungi to become more rare or even go <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasive_fungi_species">Invasive fungi species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Change section: Invasive fungi species" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Invasive fungi species"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Just like animals, plants or any other type of life, there are some fungi that spread from where they are <a href="/wiki/Native_(ecology)" title="Native (ecology)">native</a> to places where they are <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>. A fungi can become an invasive species anywhere they are not native to and are potentially causing harm in the <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> including out-competing native species or directly harming native species by eating them or changing their habitat too much. </p><p>Fungi can become invasive because of being transported to areas where they are not native deliberately or accidentally by people. When people grow fungi species that are not native to their area outdoors, there can be a chance for that non-native fungi to begin to spread. If they spread too much it can become impossible to control and then the fungi is invasive. The risk for becoming invasive is not the same for all non-native fungi species. Some are much more likely to become harmful or to spread so fast they begin disrupting native species. Fungi that can cause disease such as the fungi that can cause <a href="/wiki/White_nose_syndrome" title="White nose syndrome">white nose syndrome</a> in bats are more likely to do harm if they spread to an area where they are not native. </p><p>Fungi like golden oyster mushrooms (<i>Pleurotus citrinopileatus</i>) are native in Europe and Asia but have begun rapidly spreading in North America, where they are not native. Although golden oyster mushrooms do not cause disease and are also edible, that they are spreading so quickly in an area where they are not native means they have been called an invasive species.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> When trees are planted either for landscaping or farming for wood or paper, the fungi in the soil that associate with the roots of those trees can be spread, too. Sometimes this is done intentionally if the trees are being grown to be harvested and the fungi have been found to help those trees grow faster and stay healthier. If those fungi species are not native and begin to spread, however, then they can become invasive species. This has been seen happening with death cap fungi (<i>Amanita phalloides</i>) spreading to areas where it is not native from the roots of planted trees, replacing some native fungi and becoming invasive.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringvell06_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringvell06-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amanita_phalloides_2011_G2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Amanita_phalloides_2011_G2.jpg/200px-Amanita_phalloides_2011_G2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Amanita_phalloides_2011_G2.jpg/300px-Amanita_phalloides_2011_G2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Amanita_phalloides_2011_G2.jpg/400px-Amanita_phalloides_2011_G2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption><i>Amanita phalloides is highly poisonous</i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poisonous_fungi">Poisonous fungi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Change section: Poisonous fungi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Poisonous fungi"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some fungi are poisonous to <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">people</a> or to other animals. Sometimes the poison helps the fungus by keeping insects from eating the mushrooms, other times the poison is not made by the fungus to be a poison but does cause harm if eaten by people or other animals. A mushroom that is poisonous for one type of animal to eat may be safe for another animal. No known fungus is unsafe to touch unless a person is <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergic</a> to it. All known poisonous fungi must be eaten or put into the body some other way to do harm. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amanita_phalloides_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two light yellow-green mushrooms with stems and caps, one smaller and still in the ground, the larger one pulled out and laid beside the other to show its bulbous stem with a ring" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Amanita_phalloides_1.JPG/220px-Amanita_phalloides_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Amanita_phalloides_1.JPG/330px-Amanita_phalloides_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Amanita_phalloides_1.JPG/440px-Amanita_phalloides_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" class="mw-redirect" title="Amanita phalloides">Amanita phalloides</a></i> accounts for the majority of fatal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mushroom_poisoning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mushroom poisoning (not yet started)">mushroom poisonings</a> worldwide. It sometimes lacks the greenish color seen here.</figcaption></figure> <p>Reactions to eating poisonous mushrooms and cause a range of reactions in people, including stomach cramps, <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucinations</a>, severe organ failure, and death. </p><p>Though not all mushrooms of fungi in the genus <i>Amanita</i> are poisonous, the destroying angel (<i>Amanita virosa, Amanita bisporigera, Amanita ocreata</i>) and the death cap <i>(<a href="/wiki/Amanita_phalloides" class="mw-redirect" title="Amanita phalloides">Amanita phalloides</a>)</i>, are the most common cause of deadly mushroom poisoning.<sup id="cite_ref-Vetter19982_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vetter19982-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some fungi are poisonous when eaten raw or under-cooked but are edible if well-cooked. Morel mushrooms (genus <i>Morchella</i>) are edible and widely eaten cooked but have toxins in them that are broken down by heat, so can poison people if eaten raw or under-cooked. </p><p>As it is difficult to accurately identify a safe mushroom without experience or training, it is often advised to assume that a wild mushroom could be poisonous and to not consume it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall20037_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall20037-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mycorrhiza" title="Mycorrhiza">Mycorrhiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mould" title="Mould">Mould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">Lichen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Candida" title="Candida">Candida</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennings D.H. & Lysek G. 1996. <i>Fungal biology: understanding the fungal lifestyle</i>. Guildford, UK: Bios Scientific Publishers . <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781859961506" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-85996-150-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirk P.M. <i>et al</i> 2008. <i>Dictionary of the fungi</i>, 10th ed. Wallingford, UK: CAB. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0851998267" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-85199-826-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lucking2009-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lucking2009_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLückingHuhndorfPfisterPlata2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lücking R, Huhndorf S, Pfister DH, Plata ER, Lumbsch HT (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:14168857">"Fungi evolved right on track"</a>. <i>Mycologia</i>. <b>101</b> (6): 810–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3852%2F09-016">10.3852/09-016</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-5514">0027-5514</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19927746">19927746</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6689439">6689439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mycologia&rft.atitle=Fungi+evolved+right+on+track&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=810-22&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0027-5514&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6689439%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19927746&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3852%2F09-016&rft.aulast=L%C3%BCcking&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Huhndorf%2C+S&rft.au=Pfister%2C+DH&rft.au=Plata%2C+ER&rft.au=Lumbsch%2C+HT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrs.harvard.edu%2Furn-3%3AHUL.InstRepos%3A14168857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFungus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor T.N; Taylor E. & Krings M. 2009. <i>Paleobotany: the evolution of fossil plants</i>, Chapter 2. Precambrian life, p43. 2nd ed. Academic Press, Burlington MA 01803</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Margulis L. Schwartz K.V. & Dolan M. 1999. <i>Diversity of life: the illustrated guide to the five kingdoms</i>. Jones & Bartlett, Sudbury MA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFStamets2000" class="citation book cs1">Stamets, P. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/growinggourmetme0000stam"><i>Growing gourmet and medicinal mushrooms [Shokuyō oyobi yakuyō kinoko no saibai]</i></a>. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/growinggourmetme0000stam/page/n252">233</a>–248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58008-175-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58008-175-7"><bdi>978-1-58008-175-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Growing+gourmet+and+medicinal+mushrooms+%5BShokuy%C5%8D+oyobi+yakuy%C5%8D+kinoko+no+saibai%5D&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pages=233-248&rft.pub=Ten+Speed+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-58008-175-7&rft.aulast=Stamets&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrowinggourmetme0000stam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFungus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKinsellaHwang1976" class="citation journal cs1">Kinsella, JE; Hwang, DH (1976). "Enzymes of Penicillium roqueforti involved in the biosynthesis of cheese flavor". <i>Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 191–228. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10408397609527222">10.1080/10408397609527222</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21770">21770</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Reviews+in+Food+Science+and+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Enzymes+of+Penicillium+roqueforti+involved+in+the+biosynthesis+of+cheese+flavor&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=191-228&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10408397609527222&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21770&rft.aulast=Kinsella&rft.aufirst=JE&rft.au=Hwang%2C+DH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFungus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFWainwrightSwan1986" class="citation journal cs1">Wainwright, M.; Swan, H.T. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1139580">"C.G. Paine and the earliest surviving clinical records of penicillin therapy"</a>. <i>Medical History</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 42–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0025727300045026">10.1017/s0025727300045026</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1139580">1139580</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3511336">3511336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+History&rft.atitle=C.G.+Paine+and+the+earliest+surviving+clinical+records+of+penicillin+therapy.&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=42-56&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1139580%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3511336&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0025727300045026&rft.aulast=Wainwright&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Swan%2C+H.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1139580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFungus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFSchenberg2018" class="citation journal cs1">Schenberg, Eduardo Ekman (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1139580">"Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: a paradigm shift in psychiatric research and development"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Pharmacology</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 42–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffphar.2018.00733">10.3389/fphar.2018.00733</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1139580">1139580</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3511336">3511336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Psychedelic-Assisted+Psychotherapy%3A+a+paradigm+shift+in+psychiatric+research+and+development&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=42-56&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1139580%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3511336&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffphar.2018.00733&rft.aulast=Schenberg&rft.aufirst=Eduardo+Ekman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1139580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFungus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBruce2018" class="citation thesis cs1">Bruce, Andrea L. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/79004"><i>Population genomic insights into the establishment of non-native golden oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus citrinopileatus) in the United States</i></a> (Thesis). University of Wisconsin, La Crosse.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Population+genomic+insights+into+the+establishment+of+non-native+golden+oyster+mushrooms+%28Pleurotus+citrinopileatus%29+in+the+United+States&rft.inst=University+of+Wisconsin%2C+La+Crosse&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Andrea+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.wisc.edu%2F1793%2F79004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFungus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pringvell06-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Pringvell06_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFPringleElse_C._Vellinga2006" class="citation journal cs1">Pringle, Anne; Else C. Vellinga (July 2006). "Last chance to know? Using literature to explore the biogeography of and invasion biology of the death cap mushroom <i>Amanita phalloides</i> (Vaill. Ex Fr. :Fr) Link". <i>Biological Invasions</i>. <b>8</b> (5): 1131–1144. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006BiInv...8.1131P">2006BiInv...8.1131P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10530-005-3804-2">10.1007/s10530-005-3804-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5273858">5273858</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Invasions&rft.atitle=Last+chance+to+know%3F+Using+literature+to+explore+the+biogeography+of+and+invasion+biology+of+the+death+cap+mushroom+Amanita+phalloides+%28Vaill.+Ex+Fr.+%3AFr%29+Link&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1131-1144&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5273858%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10530-005-3804-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006BiInv...8.1131P&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=Else+C.+Vellinga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFungus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vetter19982-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Vetter19982_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFVetter1998" class="citation journal cs1">Vetter J (January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_toxicon_1998-01_36_1/page/13">"Toxins of <i>Amanita phalloides</i>"</a>. <i>Toxicon</i>. <b>36</b> (1): 13–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0041-0101%2897%2900074-3">10.1016/S0041-0101(97)00074-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9604278">9604278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toxicon&rft.atitle=Toxins+of+Amanita+phalloides&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-24&rft.date=1998-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0041-0101%2897%2900074-3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9604278&rft.aulast=Vetter&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_toxicon_1998-01_36_1%2Fpage%2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFungus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall20037-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall20037_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2003">Hall 2003</a>, p. 7.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFHall2003 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles 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class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microbiology:_Fungus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122447">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reproduction/<a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teleomorph,_anamorph_and_holomorph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph (not yet started)">teleomorph/sexual</a>:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zygospore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zygospore (not yet started)">Zygospore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascospore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ascospore (not yet started)">Ascospore</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ascus (not yet started)">Ascus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basidiospore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basidiospore (not yet started)">Basidiospore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Basidium" title="Basidium">Basidium</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teliospore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teliospore (not yet started)">Teliospore</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teleomorph,_anamorph_and_holomorph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph (not yet started)">anamorph/asexual</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conidium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conidium (not yet started)">Conidium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlamydospore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlamydospore (not yet started)">Chlamydospore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oidium_(spore)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oidium (spore) (not yet started)">Oidium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pycniospore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pycniospore (not yet started)">Pycniospore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypha">Hypha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haustorium" title="Haustorium">Haustorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycelium" title="Mycelium">Mycelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporocarp_(fungi)" title="Sporocarp (fungi)">Sporocarp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Growth patterns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimorphic_fungus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimorphic fungus (not yet started)">Dimorphic fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold" title="Mold">Mold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">Yeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom" title="Mushroom">Mushroom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_mycology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glossary of mycology (not yet started)">Glossary of mycology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_fungal_orders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of fungal orders (not yet started)">List of fungal orders</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mycologists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of mycologists (not yet started)">List of mycologists</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mycology_journals&action=edit&redlink=1" 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