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href="/wiki/Portaal:Navigatie"><span>Vind een artikel</span></a></li><li id="n-today" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/1_december"><span>Vandaag</span></a></li><li id="n-Etalage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etalage"><span>Etalage</span></a></li><li id="n-categories" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles"><span>Categorieën</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:RecenteWijzigingen" title="Een lijst met recente wijzigingen in deze wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recente wijzigingen</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:NieuwePaginas"><span>Nieuwe artikelen</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Willekeurig" title="Een willekeurige pagina bekijken [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Willekeurige pagina</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-navigation2" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation2" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Informatie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Gebruikersportaal" title="Informatie over het project: wat u kunt doen, waar u dingen kunt vinden"><span>Gebruikersportaal</span></a></li><li id="n-Snelcursus" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Snelcursus"><span>Snelcursus</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Hulp_en_beheer" title="Hulpinformatie over deze wiki"><span>Hulp en contact</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Hoofdpagina" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="de vrije encyclopedie" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-nl.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Zoeken" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Doorzoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Zoeken</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Doorzoek Wikipedia" aria-label="Doorzoek Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Doorzoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Speciaal:Zoeken"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Zoeken</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Uiterlijk"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="De lettergrootte, breedte en kleur van de pagina wijzigen" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Uiterlijk" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Uiterlijk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl" class=""><span>Doneren</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Sponzen" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. Dit is echter niet verplicht." class=""><span>Account aanmaken</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Sponzen" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Aanmelden</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opties" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Gebruikersmenu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl"><span>Doneren</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Sponzen" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. Dit is echter niet verplicht."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Account aanmaken</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Sponzen" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Aanmelden</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagina's voor uitgelogde redacteuren <a href="/wiki/Help:Inleiding" aria-label="Meer leren over bewerken"><span>meer lezen</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnBijdragen" title="Bijdragen IP-adres [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bijdragen</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnOverleg" title="Overlegpagina van de anonieme gebruiker van dit IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Bouw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bouw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Bouw</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bouw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voortplanting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voortplanting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Voortplanting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voortplanting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Voortplanting-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voortplanting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ongeslachtelijk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ongeslachtelijk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ongeslachtelijk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ongeslachtelijk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geslachtelijk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geslachtelijk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Geslachtelijk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geslachtelijk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sponzen_in_Nederland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sponzen_in_Nederland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sponzen in Nederland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sponzen_in_Nederland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Taxonomie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toepassing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toepassing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Toepassing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toepassing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externe_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externe_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Externe links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externe_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sponzen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 103 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-103" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">103 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponsdier" title="Sponsdier – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sponsdier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B0%E1%8D%8D%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%8D" title="ሰፍነግ – Amhaars" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሰፍነግ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="إسفنجيات – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسفنجيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="اسفنجيات – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسفنجيات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C" title="স্পঞ্জ – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="স্পঞ্জ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porifera" title="Porifera – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Porifera" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCng%C9%99rl%C9%99r" title="Süngərlər – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Süngərlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Болоттар – Basjkiers" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Болоттар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Губкі – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Губкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Губкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Губкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didi_laot" title="Didi laot – Bataviaans" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Didi laot" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Bataviaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Водни гъби – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Водни гъби" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C_(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80)" title="স্পঞ্জ (প্রাণী) – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্পঞ্জ (প্রাণী)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoue" title="Spoue – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Spoue" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spu%C5%BEve" title="Spužve – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Spužve" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Por%C3%ADfers" title="Porífers – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Porífers" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaog" title="Banaog – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Banaog" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houbovci" title="Houbovci – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Houbovci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Губка – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Губка" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sbwng" title="Sbwng – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sbwng" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havsvampe" title="Havsvampe – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Havsvampe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schw%C3%A4mme" title="Schwämme – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwämme" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Σπόγγος – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σπόγγος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Sponge" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spongulo" title="Spongulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Spongulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porifera" title="Porifera – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Porifera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4snad" title="Käsnad – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Käsnad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belaki" title="Belaki – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Belaki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AC_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="اسفنج دریایی – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسفنج دریایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieniel%C3%A4imet" title="Sienieläimet – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sienieläimet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porifera" title="Porifera – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Porifera" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaampen_(Porifera)" title="Swaampen (Porifera) – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Swaampen (Porifera)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%BAinse" title="Spúinse – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Spúinse" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Por%C3%ADferos" title="Poríferos – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Poríferos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porifera" title="Porifera – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Porifera" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ספוגיים – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספוגיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C" title="स्पंज – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्पंज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spu%C5%BEve" title="Spužve – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Spužve" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szivacsok" title="Szivacsok – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szivacsok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սպունգներ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սպունգներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porifera" title="Porifera – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Porifera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponjo" title="Sponjo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sponjo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svampd%C3%BDr" title="Svampdýr – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Svampdýr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porifera" title="Porifera – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Porifera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%B6%BF%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="海綿動物 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="海綿動物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porifera" title="Porifera – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Porifera" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A6%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98)" title="ღრუბლები (ცხოველები) – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ღრუბლები (ცხოველები)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Губкалар – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Губкалар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8D_(%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%BB%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B9%E1%9E%80)" title="អេប៉ុងហ្ស៍ (ពពុះទឹក) – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អេប៉ុងហ្ស៍ (ពពុះទឹក)" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಸ್ಪಂಜು ಪ್ರಾಣಿಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸ್ಪಂಜು ಪ್ರಾಣಿಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EB%A9%B4%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC" title="해면동물 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해면동물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Губкалар – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Губкалар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porifera" title="Porifera – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Porifera" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schw%C3%A4mm_(D%C3%A9ieren)" title="Schwämm (Déieren) – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schwämm (Déieren)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porifero" title="Porifero – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Porifero" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoonze" title="Spoonze – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Spoonze" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponges" title="Sponges – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Sponges" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintys" title="Pintys – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pintys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%ABk%C4%BCi" title="Sūkļi – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sūkļi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Сунѓери – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сунѓери" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D" title="സ്പോഞ്ച് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്പോഞ്ച്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Губкавлӓ – West-Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Губкавлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="West-Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunga_karang" title="Bunga karang – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bunga karang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="စပန်းရေမြှုပ် – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စပန်းရေမြှုပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Ведьзем – Erzja" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ведьзем" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swammdeerter" title="Swammdeerter – Nedersaksisch" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Swammdeerter" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svampar" title="Svampar – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Svampar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svamper" title="Svamper – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Svamper" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1%C5%82t%C5%82%CA%BC%C3%A1%C3%A1h_yilch%C3%A1azhii" title="Táłtłʼááh yilcháazhii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Táłtłʼááh yilcháazhii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porifera" title="Porifera – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Porifera" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarphaphuu" title="Sarphaphuu – Afaan Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Sarphaphuu" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Afaan Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Зныгъойтæ – Ossetisch" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Зныгъойтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%85bki" title="Gąbki – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gąbki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%92" title="موریانوالے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="موریانوالے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porifera" title="Porifera – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Porifera" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puqyala" title="Puqyala – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Puqyala" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spongieri" title="Spongieri – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Spongieri" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Губки – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Губки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoonge" title="Spoonge – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Spoonge" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC" title="اسپنج – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اسپنج" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spu%C5%BEve" title="Spužve – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Spužve" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge_(animal)" title="Sponge (animal) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sponge (animal)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubky" title="Hubky – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hubky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spu%C5%BEve" title="Spužve – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Spužve" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfungjeri" title="Sfungjeri – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sfungjeri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Сунђери – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сунђери" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svampdjur" title="Svampdjur – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Svampdjur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifongo-bahari" title="Sifongo-bahari – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sifongo-bahari" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="பஞ்சுயிரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பஞ்சுயிரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95" title="స్పంజిక – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="స్పంజిక" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3" title="ฟองน้ำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟองน้ำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espongha_(hayop)" title="Espongha (hayop) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Espongha (hayop)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCngerler" title="Süngerler – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Süngerler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Болытлар (хайваннар) – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Болытлар (хайваннар)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Губки – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Губки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="فایلم پوریفیرا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فایلم پوریفیرا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_th%C3%A2n_l%E1%BB%97" title="Động vật thân lỗ – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Động vật thân lỗ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoensn" title="Spoensn – West-Vlaams" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Spoensn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West-Vlaams" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porifera" title="Porifera – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Porifera" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%AD%94%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E9%97%A8" title="多孔动物门 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="多孔动物门" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%BB%B5" title="海绵 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="海绵" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1i-m%C3%AE_t%C5%8Dng-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Hái-mî tōng-bu̍t – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hái-mî tōng-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%B6%BF%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="海綿動物 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="海綿動物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18960#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimten"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sponzen" title="Inhoudspagina bekijken [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Overleg:Sponzen" rel="discussion" title="Overleg over deze pagina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Taalvariant wijzigen" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Nederlands</span> </label> <div 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bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sponzen&action=history" title="Eerdere versies van deze pagina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Geschiedenis weergeven</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Paginahulpmiddelen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hulpmiddelen</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Meer opties" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handelingen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sponzen"><span>Lezen</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sponzen&veaction=edit" title="Deze pagina bewerken [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sponzen&action=edit" title="Broncode van deze pagina bewerken [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Brontekst bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sponzen&action=history"><span>Geschiedenis weergeven</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:VerwijzingenNaarHier/Sponzen" title="Lijst met alle pagina's die naar deze pagina verwijzen [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Links naar deze pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:RecenteWijzigingenGelinkt/Sponzen" rel="nofollow" title="Recente wijzigingen in pagina's waar deze pagina naar verwijst [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Gerelateerde wijzigingen</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=nl" title="Bestanden uploaden [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Bestand uploaden</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:SpecialePaginas" title="Lijst met alle speciale pagina's [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Speciale pagina's</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sponzen&oldid=68244198" title="Permanente koppeling naar deze versie van deze pagina"><span>Permanente koppeling</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sponzen&action=info" title="Meer informatie over deze pagina"><span>Paginagegevens</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Citeren&page=Sponzen&id=68244198&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informatie over hoe u deze pagina kunt citeren"><span>Deze pagina citeren</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSponzen"><span>Verkorte URL verkrijgen</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSponzen"><span>QR-code downloaden</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Afdrukken/exporteren </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Sponzen"><span>Boek aanmaken</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Sponzen&action=show-download-screen"><span>Downloaden als PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sponzen&printable=yes" title="Printvriendelijke versie van deze pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Afdrukversie</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In andere projecten </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sponge" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Porifera" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18960" title="Koppeling naar item in verbonden gegevensrepository [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Paginahulpmiddelen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Uiterlijk"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Uiterlijk</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="font-size:95%;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#f5d0d6; color:inherit; font-weight:bold;"><big>Sponsdieren</big><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Fossiel" title="Fossiel">Fossiel</a> voorkomen: <a href="/wiki/Ediacarium" title="Ediacarium">Ediacarium</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <a href="/wiki/Holoceen" title="Holoceen">heden</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Aplysina_archeri_(Stove-pipe_Sponge-pink_variation).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Aplysina_archeri_%28Stove-pipe_Sponge-pink_variation%29.jpg/266px-Aplysina_archeri_%28Stove-pipe_Sponge-pink_variation%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Aplysina_archeri_%28Stove-pipe_Sponge-pink_variation%29.jpg/399px-Aplysina_archeri_%28Stove-pipe_Sponge-pink_variation%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Aplysina_archeri_%28Stove-pipe_Sponge-pink_variation%29.jpg/532px-Aplysina_archeri_%28Stove-pipe_Sponge-pink_variation%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1903" data-file-height="2544" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0; font-size:85%"><i><a href="/wiki/Aplysina_archeri" title="Aplysina archeri">Aplysina archeri</a></i>, een spons die voorkomt in de <a href="/wiki/Cara%C3%AFbische_Zee" title="Caraïbische Zee">Caraïbische Zee</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color: #f5d0d6; color:inherit; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomie_(biologie)" title="Taxonomie (biologie)">Taxonomische indeling</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <table style="margin:0 auto;"> <tbody><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Rijk_(biologie)" title="Rijk (biologie)">Rijk</a>:</td><td><a href="/wiki/Dieren_(biologie)" title="Dieren (biologie)">Animalia</a> (Dieren)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Onderrijk" title="Onderrijk">Onderrijk</a>:</td><td><a href="/wiki/Sponsachtigen" title="Sponsachtigen">Parazoa</a> (Sponsachtigen)</td></tr> <tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color: #f5d0d6; color:inherit; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Stam_(biologie)" title="Stam (biologie)">Stam</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center"><b>Porifera</b><br /><small>Grant</small><small>, 1836<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" style="padding:0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Schwamm1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sponzen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Schwamm1.jpg/266px-Schwamm1.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Schwamm1.jpg/399px-Schwamm1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Schwamm1.jpg/532px-Schwamm1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color: #f5d0d6; color:inherit; font-weight:bold;" colspan="2"> </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="2"><small><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Porifera" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Porifera">Afbeeldingen</a> op</small> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <small><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="2"><small><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Porifera" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Porifera">Sponsdieren</a> op</small> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikispecies"><img alt="Wikispecies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/15px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/23px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/30px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> <small><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <small> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=558">World Register of Marine Species</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color: #f5d0d6; color:inherit;" colspan="2"> <table style="margin:0 auto;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;">Portaal  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Biologie" title="Portaal:Biologie">Biologie</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sponzen</b> (Porifera) zijn een <a href="/wiki/Stam_(biologie)" title="Stam (biologie)">stam</a> van <a href="/wiki/Meercellige_dieren" class="mw-redirect" title="Meercellige dieren">meercellige dieren</a> die in het water leven en, na hun eencellige, <a href="/wiki/Juveniel" title="Juveniel">juveniele levensfase</a> <a href="/wiki/Sessiliteit" title="Sessiliteit">zich vastzetten</a> op de <a href="/wiki/Benthos" title="Benthos">bodem</a>. De meeste soorten komen voor in de <a href="/wiki/Zee" title="Zee">zeeën</a>, tot op negen kilometer diepte, maar er zijn ook soorten die in <a href="/wiki/Zoetwater" title="Zoetwater">zoetwater</a> leven. Sponzen hebben poriën in hun <a href="/wiki/Weefsel_(biologie)" title="Weefsel (biologie)">weefsels</a> waarmee ze het water filtreren. Een constante waterstroom door het lichaam zorgt ervoor dat voedingsdeeltjes en zuurstof aangevoerd worden en afvalstoffen wegvloeien. Er is sprake van enige <a href="/wiki/Celdifferentiatie" title="Celdifferentiatie">celdifferentiatie</a>, maar niet tot het <a href="/wiki/Groei_(fysiologie)" title="Groei (fysiologie)">ontwikkelingsstadium</a> van organen zoals spieren of <a href="/wiki/Zenuwstelsel" title="Zenuwstelsel">zenuwen</a>. </p><p>Er zijn ruim 8400 soorten bekend en regelmatig worden nieuwe soorten beschreven.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sponzen behoren tot de oudst bekende dieren, de fossielen dateren uit het <a href="/wiki/Precambrium" title="Precambrium">Precambrium</a>. De groep vormt een <a href="/wiki/Basale_clade" title="Basale clade">basale clade</a> van de <a href="/wiki/Dieren_(biologie)" title="Dieren (biologie)">dieren</a> (Metazoa); ze zijn waarschijnlijk een zustergroep van alle andere dieren (<a href="/wiki/Eumetazoa" title="Eumetazoa">Eumetazoa</a>). De sponzen zijn gedurende hun evolutie nauwelijks veranderd en hun cellulaire organisatie geeft een indruk van de meercellige, <a href="/wiki/Gemeenschappelijke_voorouder" title="Gemeenschappelijke voorouder">gemeenschappelijke voorouder</a> van alle dieren.<sup id="cite_ref-Feuda_2017_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feuda_2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bouw">Bouw</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sponzen&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Bouw" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sponzen&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Bouw"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sponsdieren hebben een eenvoudige <a href="/wiki/Anatomie" title="Anatomie">bouw</a>. Ze bestaan uit een buis waarvan het ene einde is vastgezet op de bodem. Het bovenste einde van de buis is open en is het <i>osculum</i>. Binnenin bevindt zich een holte, de <i>spongocoel</i>. De buis heeft een skelet, meestal opgebouwd uit <a href="/wiki/Skeletnaald" title="Skeletnaald">skeletnaalden</a> (<i>spicula</i>). Door de wand van de buis wordt water naar binnen gezogen dat via het <i>osculum</i> de buis weer verlaat. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Diagram_Bekerspons.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Diagram_Bekerspons.png/261px-Diagram_Bekerspons.png" decoding="async" width="261" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Diagram_Bekerspons.png/392px-Diagram_Bekerspons.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Diagram_Bekerspons.png/522px-Diagram_Bekerspons.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption>Een schematische weergave van een bekerspons. Zeewater komt de spons binnen via kleine poriën in de oppervlaktelaag (pinacoderm). Geflagelleerde choanocyten zijn gerangschikt in ringen die het watersysteem van de spons bekleden en zijn verantwoordelijk voor het stromen van water door de spons totdat het via de uitademingsopening (osculum) wordt afgevoerd. Siliciumhoudende spicula bieden extra structurele ondersteuning voor de spons.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p> Sponsdieren hebben slechts enkele soorten <a href="/wiki/Cel_(biologie)" title="Cel (biologie)">cellen</a>: </p><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kraagcel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kraagcel (de pagina bestaat niet)">Kraagcellen</a> (<i>choanocyten</i>) die zich aan de binnenkant van de buis, grenzend aan de <i>spongocoel</i>, bevinden en het voedsel verteren. Ze zijn voorzien van een <a href="/wiki/Zweepstaartje" title="Zweepstaartje">zweephaar</a> en veroorzaken daarmee een binnenwaartse stroming. Deze cellen lijken veel op <a href="/wiki/Choanoflagellata" title="Choanoflagellata">choanoflagellaten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eencellige" title="Eencellige">eencellige</a> organismen die evolutionair verwant worden geacht met de <a href="/wiki/Dieren_(biologie)" title="Dieren (biologie)">dieren</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sluitcel" title="Sluitcel">Sluitcellen</a> (<i>porocyten</i>), buisvormige cellen die door de wand van de spons heen buizen vormen. Hierdoor kan water naar binnen stromen.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contractiele_cel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Contractiele cel (de pagina bestaat niet)">Contractiele cellen</a>, deze liggen om de poriecellen heen en kunnen de poriën enigszins dichtdrukken, zodat de stroming vermindert.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dekcel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dekcel (de pagina bestaat niet)">Dekcellen</a> (<i>pinacocyten</i>) aan de buitenkant van de buis, deze vormen gezamenlijk de huid.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoebocyt" title="Amoebocyt">Amoebocyten</a>, cellen die in de wand leven en zorgen voor transport van <a href="/wiki/Voedingsstof" title="Voedingsstof">voedingsstoffen</a> tussen binnen- en buitenkant, de opbouw van de skeletnaalden en de productie van <a href="/wiki/Gameet" title="Gameet">voortplantingscellen</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archeocyt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archeocyt (de pagina bestaat niet)">Archeocyten</a>, ongedifferentieerde cellen die onder andere kunnen <a href="/wiki/Celdifferentiatie" title="Celdifferentiatie">uitgroeien</a> tot eicellen.</li></ul> <p>Bij sponsdieren bestaan er drie lichaamsvormen, de <a href="/wiki/Bekerspons" class="mw-redirect" title="Bekerspons">bekersponzen</a> (<i>asconoid</i>), <a href="/wiki/Geweispons" title="Geweispons">geweisponzen</a> (<i>syconoid</i>) en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Korstspons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korstspons (de pagina bestaat niet)">korstsponzen</a> (<i>leuconoid</i>). In zeker opzicht kan een sponsdier beschouwd worden als een <a href="/wiki/Kolonie_(biologie)" title="Kolonie (biologie)">kolonie</a> van cellen en niet als een meercellig individu. Als de cellen van een spons door een mixer worden gehaald, zullen de cellen elkaar daarna weer opzoeken en een spons vormen. Als meerdere soorten op deze wijze worden gemengd, zal elke soort weer een eigen spons vormen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voortplanting">Voortplanting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sponzen&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Voortplanting" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sponzen&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Voortplanting"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ongeslachtelijk">Ongeslachtelijk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sponzen&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Ongeslachtelijk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sponzen&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Ongeslachtelijk"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sponzen hebben een groot <a href="/wiki/Regeneratie_(biologie)" title="Regeneratie (biologie)">regeneratievermogen</a>. Elke cel heeft de mogelijkheid om uit te groeien tot een nieuwe spons. Sponzen hebben daarnaast twee manieren voor <a href="/wiki/Ongeslachtelijke_voortplanting" title="Ongeslachtelijke voortplanting">ongeslachtelijke voortplanting</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knopvorming" title="Knopvorming">Knopvorming</a>, waarbij zich aan de buitenkant van de spons knoppen vormen die loslaten of afbreken en vervolgens <a href="/wiki/Groei_(fysiologie)" title="Groei (fysiologie)">uitgroeien</a> tot een nieuwe spons.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemmula_(broedknop)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gemmula (broedknop) (de pagina bestaat niet)">Gemmula</a></i>, deze ontwikkelt zich aan de binnenkant van de spons, bevat veel kraagcellen (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Choanocyt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choanocyt (de pagina bestaat niet)">choanocyten</a>) en is omgeven door skeletnaalden. Gemmulae kunnen uitdroging en bevriezing overleven. Vooral zoetwatersponzen produceren gemmulae om uitdroging of de winter te overleven.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geslachtelijk">Geslachtelijk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sponzen&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geslachtelijk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sponzen&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Geslachtelijk"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sponsdieren zijn meestal <a href="/wiki/Tweeslachtigheid" title="Tweeslachtigheid">hermafrodiet</a> (tweeslachtig), of zijn afwisselend mannelijk en vrouwelijk. Bij sommige soorten is er sprake van permanent mannelijke en vrouwelijke individuen. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gameet" title="Gameet">Voortplantingscellen</a> kunnen <a href="/wiki/Celdifferentiatie" title="Celdifferentiatie">ontstaan</a> uit alle soorten cellen, maar spermacellen ontstaan meestal uit kraagcellen en eicellen meestal uit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archeocyt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archeocyt (de pagina bestaat niet)">archeocyten</a>. De spermacellen komen de vrouwelijke spons binnen met de waterstroom door de buis van de spons. Bevruchte eicellen ontwikkelen zich tot vrijzwemmende larven. In sommige gevallen blijft de larve enige tijd in de moederspons. Uiteindelijk vestigen de larven zich op de bodem en groeien ze uit tot een nieuwe spons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sponzen_in_Nederland">Sponzen in Nederland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sponzen&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Sponzen in Nederland" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sponzen&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Sponzen in Nederland"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sponzen worden in Nederland voornamelijk aangetroffen in de <a href="/wiki/Oosterschelde" title="Oosterschelde">Oosterschelde</a>, onder andere de <a href="/wiki/Boorspons" title="Boorspons">boorspons</a> (<i>Cliona celata</i>), de <a href="/wiki/Gewone_broodspons" title="Gewone broodspons">gewone broodspons</a> (<i>Halichondria panicea</i>), de <a href="/wiki/Geweispons" title="Geweispons">geweispons</a> (<i>Haliclona oculata</i>) en de <a href="/wiki/Paarse_buisjesspons" title="Paarse buisjesspons">paarse buisjesspons</a> (<i>Haliclona xena</i>). Deze laatste is niet inheems in Nederland, maar waarschijnlijk geïmporteerd met <a href="/wiki/Gewone_oester" title="Gewone oester">oesters</a>. </p><p>In het zoete water komt de <a href="/wiki/Zoetwaterspons" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoetwaterspons">zoetwaterspons</a> (<i>Spongilla lacustris</i>) algemeen voor, meestal grijzig van kleur, maar soms groen door <a href="/wiki/Algen" title="Algen">algen</a> die in, en in <a href="/wiki/Symbiose" title="Symbiose">symbiose</a> met, de spons leven. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomie">Taxonomie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sponzen&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Taxonomie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sponzen&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Taxonomie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oorspronkelijk werd de aanwezigheid van skeletnaalden als voorwaarde gesteld voor de indeling van een organisme bij de sponsdieren. Een aantal fossiele groepen werd daarom bij de <a href="/wiki/Koraal_(zo%C3%B6logie)" title="Koraal (zoölogie)">koraaldieren</a> ingedeeld. De ontdekking van 15 soorten sponzen met een <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalkskelet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalkskelet (de pagina bestaat niet)">kalkskelet</a> veranderde echter de inzichten, en de koraalsponzen en enkele voorheen moeilijk plaatsbare groepen werden bij de sponzen ingedeeld. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demospongiae" title="Demospongiae">Demospongiae</a> (Gewone sponzen) - Het skelet bestaat uit spicula van <a href="/wiki/Spongine" title="Spongine">spongine</a> (een eiwit), <a href="/wiki/Siliciumdioxide" title="Siliciumdioxide">kiezel</a> of uit beide. Tot deze groep hoort circa 95 % van de soorten. Sponginevezels kunnen veel water opnemen, en de skeletten van deze sponsdieren werden (en worden) gebruikt als spons.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcarea">Calcarea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kalksponzen" title="Kalksponzen">Kalksponzen</a>) - Zij leven uitsluitend in de zee. De spicula bestaan uit <a href="/wiki/Calciumcarbonaat" title="Calciumcarbonaat">calciumcarbonaat</a>. Alle asconoide sponzen behoren tot de Calcarea.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexactinellida" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexactinellida">Hexactinellida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glassponzen" title="Glassponzen">Glassponzen</a>) - Het skelet bestaat uit 4 of 6 puntige spicula van kiezel (SiO<sub>2</sub>). Zij leven <a href="/wiki/Benthische_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthische zone">diep in de zee</a>. Een bekende vertegenwoordiger van deze klasse is het <a href="/wiki/Venusmandje" title="Venusmandje">Venusmandje</a> (<i>Euplectella aspergillum</i>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoscleromorpha" title="Homoscleromorpha">Homoscleromorpha</a>.</li></ul> <p>De <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sclerospongiae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sclerospongiae (de pagina bestaat niet)">Sclerospongiae</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Koraalsponzen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koraalsponzen (de pagina bestaat niet)">Koraalsponzen</a>) vormen geen aparte <a href="/wiki/Taxonomie_(biologie)" title="Taxonomie (biologie)">taxonomische</a> klasse. Deze kleine groep werd als zodanig in 1970 onderscheiden, maar bleek in alle overige klassen onder te verdelen. Ze hebben een gevouwen lichaam en kunnen extreem oud worden, 500 tot 1000 jaar. </p><p>Uitgestorven sponsdieren zijn: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeocyatha" title="Archaeocyatha">Archaeocyatha</a>, uitgestorven in het <a href="/wiki/Cambrium" title="Cambrium">Cambrium</a>. Deze groep wordt soms als apart <i><a href="/wiki/Phylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylum">phylum</a></i> genoemd. Deze groep heeft ook kenmerken van <a href="/wiki/Koraal_(zo%C3%B6logie)" title="Koraal (zoölogie)">koraaldieren</a>, maar er is inmiddels een redelijke wetenschappelijke consensus bereikt over plaatsing van deze groep bij de sponsdieren.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Otavia" title="Otavia">Otavia antiqua</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Fossiel" title="Fossiel">fossiel</a> van een 760 miljoen jaar oud exemplaar is gevonden.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toepassing">Toepassing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sponzen&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Toepassing" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sponzen&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Toepassing"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het zachte skelet van een natuurlijke spons werd vroeger gebruikt voor het reinigen van de <a href="/wiki/Huid" title="Huid">huid</a>. Ook werd de zachte natuurlijke <a href="/wiki/Spons_(huishouden)" title="Spons (huishouden)">spons gebruikt in het huishouden</a> in de schoonmaak. Een spons kan een grote hoeveelheid water opzuigen, die weer vrijkomt als er in de spons geknepen wordt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sponzen&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sponzen&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariene_biologie" title="Mariene biologie">Mariene biologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanografie" title="Oceanografie">Oceanografie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spongivoor" title="Spongivoor">Spongivoor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_links">Externe links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sponzen&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe links" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sponzen&action=edit&section=9" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe links"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/porifera/poriferasy.html">Systematics of Porifera</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050903150052/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/paleochron/19_e.php">Favosites polyps from Anticosti Island</a></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Zongjun Yin, Maoyan Zhu, Eric H. Davidson</span>. (2015). Precambrian sponge fossil with cellular resolution. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>, <b>112</b>(12) E1453-E1460; <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1414577112">10.1073/pnas.1414577112</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Grant, R. E.</span> (1836). Animal Kingdom. Pp. 107-118. In: Todd, R.B. (Ed.),The Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology. Volume 1. (Sherwood,Gilbert, and Piper: London): 1-813.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=taxlist&pid=558&searchpar=0&tComp=begins&tName=&vOnly=1&rComp=%3D&tRank=220&action=search&rSkips=0">www.marinespecies.org/porifera</a> 8402 soorten met als zoekcriteria:<br /> Rank = species; Limit to accepted taxa = Yes; Limit to marine taxa = No; Scientific name Begins with = default; Limit to taxa belonging to = Porifera<br />Geraadpleegd 18 maart 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera">World Porifera database (2012). Van Soest, R.W.M, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J.N.A., Rützler, K, de Voogd, N.J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A.B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K.R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J.; Geraadpleegd op 8 januari 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feuda_2017-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Feuda_2017_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2017"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Feuda R, Dohrmann M, Pett W, Philippe H, Rota-Stabelli O.</span> (2017). <cite>Improved Modeling of Compositional Heterogeneity Supports Sponges as Sister to All Other Animals</cite>. <i>Current Biology</i> <b>27</b> (24): 3864–3870.e4. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822">0960-9822</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29199080">29199080</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.008">10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.008</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="TEST__CITEREFWebsterThomas2016"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Webster, Nicole S.</span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">, Thomas, Torsten</span>  (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2016-05-04">4 mei 2016</span>). <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.00135-16">The Sponge Hologenome</a></cite>. <i>mBio</i> 7 (2). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/2161-2129">2161-2129</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27103626">27103626</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMCPMC4850255">PMC4850255</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00135-16">10.1128/mBio.00135-16</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/120207-oldest-animals-sponges-earliest-science-evolution/">National Geographic</a> bezocht 10-8-2015</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sponzen&oldid=68244198">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sponzen&oldid=68244198</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Sponzen" title="Categorie:Sponzen">Sponzen</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 13 okt 2024 om 18:04.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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