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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_academia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 In academia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_academia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In academia subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_academia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forms_of_academic_plagiarism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms_of_academic_plagiarism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Forms of academic plagiarism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forms_of_academic_plagiarism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Factors_influencing_students'_decisions_to_plagiarize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factors_influencing_students'_decisions_to_plagiarize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Factors influencing students' decisions to plagiarize </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Factors_influencing_students'_decisions_to_plagiarize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanctions_for_student_plagiarism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanctions_for_student_plagiarism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Sanctions for student plagiarism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanctions_for_student_plagiarism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Impact of technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plagiarism_detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plagiarism_detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Plagiarism detection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plagiarism_detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plagiarism_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plagiarism_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Plagiarism education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plagiarism_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_journalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_journalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 In journalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_journalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 In the arts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_the_arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In the arts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_the_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_history_of_the_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_history_of_the_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 The history of the arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_history_of_the_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Praisings_of_artistic_plagiarism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Praisings_of_artistic_plagiarism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Praisings of artistic plagiarism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Praisings_of_artistic_plagiarism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-plagiarism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-plagiarism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Self-plagiarism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Self-plagiarism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Self-plagiarism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Self-plagiarism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contested_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contested_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Contested definition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contested_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Codes_of_ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codes_of_ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Codes of ethics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codes_of_ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Factors_that_justify_reuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factors_that_justify_reuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Factors that justify reuse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Factors_that_justify_reuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_contexts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_contexts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 In other contexts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_other_contexts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In other contexts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_other_contexts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organizational_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizational_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Organizational publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizational_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reverse_plagiarism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reverse_plagiarism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Reverse plagiarism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reverse_plagiarism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_artificial_intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_artificial_intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Impact of artificial intelligence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_artificial_intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Plagiarism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" > 76 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiaat" title="Plagiaat – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Plagiaat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiat" title="Plagiat – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Plagiat" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سرقة فكرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سرقة فكرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiat" title="Plagiat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Plagiat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84" title="اينتيهال – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اينتيهال" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Плагиатство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Плагиатство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagi" title="Plagi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plagi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagi%C3%A1t" title="Plagiát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Plagiát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiat" title="Plagiat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Plagiat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiat" title="Plagiat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Plagiat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiaat" title="Plagiaat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Plagiaat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AE" title="Λογοκλοπή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λογοκλοπή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagio" title="Plagio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plagio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiato" title="Plagiato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plagiato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagio" title="Plagio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Plagio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%81%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دستبرد فکری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دستبرد فکری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiat" title="Plagiat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plagiat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiaat" title="Plagiaat – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Plagiaat" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brada%C3%ADl_(scr%C3%ADbhneoireacht)" title="Bradaíl (scríbhneoireacht) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bradaíl (scríbhneoireacht)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaxio" title="Plaxio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Plaxio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EC%A0%88" title="표절 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="표절" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Plagiarism" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գրագողություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրագողություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="साहित्यिक चोरी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="साहित्यिक चोरी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagijat" title="Plagijat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Plagijat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Plagiarism" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarisme" title="Plagiarisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Plagiarisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritstuldur" title="Ritstuldur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ritstuldur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagio_(diritto_d%27autore)" title="Plagio (diritto d'autore) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Plagio (diritto d'autore)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="גנבה ספרותית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גנבה ספרותית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiat" title="Plagiat – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Plagiat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="პლაგიატი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პლაგიატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Плагиат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Плагиат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Плагиат – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Плагиат" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pla%C4%A3i%C4%81ts" title="Plaģiāts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Plaģiāts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagijavimas" title="Plagijavimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Plagijavimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiaot" title="Plagiaot – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Plagiaot" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A1gium" title="Plágium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Plágium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Плагијат – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Плагијат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="സാഹിത്യചോരണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാഹിത്യചോരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiat" title="Plagiat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Plagiat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Бүтээлийн хулгай – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бүтээлийн хулгай" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Plagiarism" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiaat" title="Plagiaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Plagiaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%97%E4%BD%9C" title="盗作 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="盗作" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiat" title="Plagiat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Plagiat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiat" title="Plagiat – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Plagiat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adabiy_o%CA%BBg%CA%BBrilik" title="Adabiy oʻgʻrilik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Adabiy oʻgʻrilik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ادبي غلا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ادبي غلا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%84" title="ការលួចចម្លង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ការលួចចម្លង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiat" title="Plagiat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Plagiat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A1gio" title="Plágio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Plágio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiat" title="Plagiat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Plagiat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Плагиат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плагиат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagjiatura" title="Plagjiatura – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Plagjiatura" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A0%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA" title="රචනා චෞරත්වය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රචනා චෞරත්වය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Plagiarism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagi%C3%A1t" title="Plagiát – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Plagiát" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiatorstvo" title="Plagiatorstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Plagiatorstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Плагијат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Плагијат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagijat" title="Plagijat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Plagijat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiointi" title="Plagiointi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Plagiointi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiat" title="Plagiat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Plagiat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="கருத்துத் திருட்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கருத்துத் திருட்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="గ్రంథచౌర్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గ్రంథచౌర్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="การลอกเลียนวรรณกรรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การลอกเลียนวรรณกรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B4%D3%A3" title="Асардуздӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Асардуздӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ntihal" title="İntihal – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İntihal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiat" title="Plagiat – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Plagiat" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Плагіат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Плагіат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%81" title="ادبی سرقہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ادبی سرقہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_v%C4%83n" title="Đạo văn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đạo văn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%84%E8%A2%AD" title="抄袭 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="抄袭" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Plagiarism" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Plagiarism (disambiguation)">Plagiarism (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable plainlinks selfreference noprint">For Wikipedia policies concerning plagiarism, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Plagiarism" title="Wikipedia:Plagiarism">Wikipedia:Plagiarism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_violations" title="Wikipedia:Copyright violations">Wikipedia:Copyright violations</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:317px;max-width:317px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:315px;max-width:315px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:70px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Trojan_War_Wikipedia_Screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Trojan_War_Wikipedia_Screenshot.png/313px-Trojan_War_Wikipedia_Screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="313" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Trojan_War_Wikipedia_Screenshot.png/470px-Trojan_War_Wikipedia_Screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Trojan_War_Wikipedia_Screenshot.png/626px-Trojan_War_Wikipedia_Screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="227" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:315px;max-width:315px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:140px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Trojan_War_Plagiarized.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Trojan_War_Plagiarized.png/313px-Trojan_War_Plagiarized.png" decoding="async" width="313" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Trojan_War_Plagiarized.png/470px-Trojan_War_Plagiarized.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Trojan_War_Plagiarized.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="269" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A demonstration of how an individual may replicate text from another source to intentionally deceive a reader into believing they wrote the text themselves. In this example, the introductory paragraph of the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article for the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a> (top) has been <a href="/wiki/Copy_and_paste" class="mw-redirect" title="Copy and paste">copy-and-pasted</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Microsoft Word</a> document by <a href="/wiki/John_Doe" title="John Doe">John Doe</a> (bottom). Doe, who is writing an essay about the Trojan War, has therefore committed plagiarism by attempting to pass off the writing as his own, without presentation as a quote, and without sourcing to the original article.</div></div></div></div></div> Plagiarism is the representation of another person's language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions as one's own <a href="/wiki/Original_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Original work">original work</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RandomHouse95-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-OEDdef-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Although precise definitions vary depending on the institution,<a href="#cite_note-Eaton-2017-4">[4]</a> in many countries and cultures plagiarism is considered a violation of <a href="/wiki/Academic_integrity" title="Academic integrity">academic integrity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Journalistic_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Journalistic ethics">journalistic ethics</a>, as well as of social norms around learning, teaching, research, fairness, respect, and responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> As such, a person or <a href="/wiki/Legal_Entity" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal Entity">entity</a> that is determined to have committed plagiarism is often subject to various punishments or sanctions, such as <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(punishment)" title="Suspension (punishment)">suspension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_(academia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion (academia)">expulsion</a> from school<a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-6">[6]</a> or work,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fine_(penalty)" title="Fine (penalty)">fines</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Imprisonment" title="Imprisonment">imprisonment</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> and other penalties. Not all cultures and countries hold the same beliefs about personal ownership of language or ideas, and plagiarism is typically not in itself a <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a>. However, like <a href="/wiki/Counterfeit" title="Counterfeit">counterfeiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a> can be punished in a <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">court</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> for <a href="/wiki/Prejudice_(legal_term)" title="Prejudice (legal term)">prejudices</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> violation of <a href="/wiki/Moral_rights" title="Moral rights">moral rights</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">torts</a>. In academia and in industry, it is a serious <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethical</a> offense.<a href="#cite_note-Lynch02-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Green2002-18">[18]</a> Plagiarism and copyright infringement overlap to a considerable extent, but they are not equivalent concepts,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> and although many types of plagiarism may not meet the legal requirements in copyright law as <a href="/wiki/Adjudication" title="Adjudication">adjudicated</a> by courts, they still constitute the passing-off of another's work as one's own, and thus plagiarism. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_ancient_history">Etymology and ancient history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and ancient history">edit</a>]</div> In the 1st century, the use of the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word plagiarius (literally "kidnapper") to denote copying someone else's <a href="/wiki/Creative_work" title="Creative work">creative work</a> was pioneered by the Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">where?</a>] who complained that another poet had "kidnapped his verses". Plagiary, a derivative of plagiarus, was introduced into English in 1601 by dramatist <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Jacobean_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobean Era">Jacobean Era</a> to describe someone guilty of literary theft.<a href="#cite_note-Lynch02-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Valpy05-20">[20]</a> The derived form plagiarism was introduced into English around 1620.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The Latin words plagiārius ("kidnapper") and plagium ("kidnapping") have the same root: plaga ("snare", "net"), which is based on the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Indo-European root</a> *-plak, "to weave". It is frequently claimed that people in antiquity had no concept of plagiarism, or at least did not condemn it, and that it only came to be seen as immoral much later, anywhere from the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> in the 17th century to the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic movement">Romantic movement</a> in the 18th century. Although people in antiquity found detecting plagiarism difficult due to long travel times and scarcity of literate persons, there are a considerable number of pre-<a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> authors who accused others of plagiarism and considered it distasteful and scandalous, including historians <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The 3rd century Greek work <a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lives of the Eminent Philosophers">Lives of the Eminent Philosophers</a> mentions that <a href="/wiki/Heraclides_Ponticus" title="Heraclides Ponticus">Heraclides Ponticus</a> was accused of plagiarizing (κλέψαντα αὐτὸν) a treatise on Hesiod and <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a>'s 7th book, he acknowledged his debt to earlier writers and attributed them, and he also included a strong condemnation of plagiarism: "Earlier writers deserve our thanks, those, on the contrary, deserve our reproaches, who steal the writings of such men and publish them as their own. Those, who depend in their writings, not on their own ideas, but who enviously do wrong to the works of others and boast of it, deserve not merely to be blamed, but to be sentenced to actual punishment for their wicked course of life."<a href="#cite_note-vitruvius-25">[25]</a> Vitruvius went on to claim that "such things did not pass without strict chastisement".<a href="#cite_note-vitruvius-25">[25]</a> He recounted a story where the well-read <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes_of_Byzantium" title="Aristophanes of Byzantium">Aristophanes of Byzantium</a> judged a poetry competition and caught most of the contestants plagiarizing others' poems as their own. The king ordered the plagiarizers to confess that they were thieves, and they were condemned to disgrace. Although the story may be apocryphal, it shows that Vitruvius personally considered plagiarism reprehensible.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_aspects">Legal aspects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legal aspects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glasse_Art_of_Cookery_1758_Signature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Glasse_Art_of_Cookery_1758_Signature.jpg/220px-Glasse_Art_of_Cookery_1758_Signature.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Glasse_Art_of_Cookery_1758_Signature.jpg/330px-Glasse_Art_of_Cookery_1758_Signature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Glasse_Art_of_Cookery_1758_Signature.jpg/440px-Glasse_Art_of_Cookery_1758_Signature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1167" data-file-height="1292" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Glasse" title="Hannah Glasse">Hannah Glasse</a>'s signature at the top of the first chapter of her book, <a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Cookery_Made_Plain_and_Easy" title="The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy">The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy</a>, 6th Edition, 1758, an attempted defense against rampant plagiarism</figcaption></figure> Although plagiarism in some contexts is considered theft or stealing, the concept does not exist in a legal sense. The use of someone else's work in order to gain academic credit may however meet some legal definitions of <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Newton_&_Lang_2016-27">[27]</a> "Plagiarism" specifically is not mentioned in any current statute, either <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)" title="Civil law (common law)">civil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lands99-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Green2002-18">[18]</a> Some cases may be treated as <a href="/wiki/Unfair_competition" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfair competition">unfair competition</a> or a violation of the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Moral_rights_(copyright_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral rights (copyright law)">moral rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Green2002-18">[18]</a> In short, people are asked to use the guideline, "if you did not write it yourself; you must give credit".<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Plagiarism is not the same as <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a>. Although both terms may apply to a particular act, they are different concepts, and false claims of authorship generally constitute plagiarism regardless of whether the material is protected by copyright. Copyright infringement is a violation of the rights of a copyright holder, when material whose use is restricted by copyright is used without consent. Plagiarism, in contrast, is concerned with the unearned increment to the plagiarizing author's reputation, or the obtaining of academic credit, that is achieved through false claims of authorship. Thus, plagiarism is considered a moral offense against the plagiarist's audience (for example, a reader, listener, or teacher). Plagiarism is also considered a moral offense against anyone who has provided the plagiarist with a benefit in exchange for what is specifically supposed to be original content (for example, the plagiarist's publisher, employer, or teacher). In such cases, acts of plagiarism may sometimes also form part of a claim for <a href="/wiki/Breach_of_contract" title="Breach of contract">breach</a> of the plagiarist's contract, or, if done knowingly, for a <a href="/wiki/Civil_wrong" title="Civil wrong">civil wrong</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_academia">In academia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In academia">edit</a>]</div> Within <a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academia</a>, plagiarism by students, professors, or researchers is considered <a href="/wiki/Academic_dishonesty" title="Academic dishonesty">academic dishonesty</a> or academic fraud, and offenders are subject to academic censure, up to and including <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_(academia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion (academia)">expulsion</a> for students and termination of contracts for professors and researchers. Some institutions use <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Plagiarism detection">plagiarism detection software</a> to uncover potential plagiarism and to deter students from plagiarizing. However, plagiarism detection software does not always yield accurate results, and there are loopholes in these systems.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Some universities address the issue of academic integrity by providing students with thorough orientation, including required writing courses and clearly articulated honor codes.<a href="#cite_note-aboutcampus-31">[31]</a> Indeed, there is a virtually uniform understanding among college students that plagiarism is wrong.<a href="#cite_note-aboutcampus-31">[31]</a> Nevertheless, each year a number of students are brought before their institutions' disciplinary boards on charges that they have misused sources in their schoolwork.<a href="#cite_note-aboutcampus-31">[31]</a> However, the practice of plagiarizing by using sufficient word substitutions to elude detection software, known as rogeting, has rapidly evolved.<a href="#cite_note-Grove-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> "Rogeting" is an informal <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> created to describe the act of modifying a published source by substituting synonyms for sufficient words to fool <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Plagiarism detection">plagiarism detection</a> software, often resulting in the creation of new meaningless phrases through extensive synonym swapping. The term, a reference to <a href="/wiki/Roget%27s_Thesaurus" title="Roget's Thesaurus">Roget's Thesaurus</a>, coined by Chris Sadler, principal lecturer in business information systems at <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_University" title="Middlesex University">Middlesex University</a>, who uncovered the practice in papers submitted by his students,<a href="#cite_note-Grove-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-SinisterButtocks-35">[35]</a> though there is no scholarly evidence of Rogeting more broadly, as little specific research has been conducted. Another form of plagiarism known as "<a href="/wiki/Contract_cheating" title="Contract cheating">contract cheating</a>" involves students paying someone else, such as an <a href="/wiki/Essay_mill" title="Essay mill">essay mill</a>, to do their work for them.<a href="#cite_note-Newton_&_Lang_2016-27">[27]</a> As of 2021, few parts of the world have legislation that prohibits the operation or the promotion of contract cheating services.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Because it is predicated upon an expected level of learning and comprehension having been achieved, all associated academic accreditation becomes seriously undermined if plagiarism is allowed to become the norm within academic submissions.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> For professors and researchers, plagiarism is punished by sanctions ranging from suspension to termination, along with the loss of credibility and perceived integrity.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Charges of plagiarism against students and professors are typically heard by internal disciplinary committees, by which students and professors have agreed to be bound.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Plagiarism is a common reason for academic research papers to be retracted.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">Library science</a> is developing approaches to address the issue of plagiarism at institutional levels.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Scholars of plagiarism include Rebecca Moore Howard,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Susan Blum,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tracey_Bretag" title="Tracey Bretag">Tracey Bretag</a>,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> and Sarah Elaine Eaton.<a href="#cite_note-Eaton-2017-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> There is a moral implication to plagiarism in that it takes for granted other people's time, work, and effort. This <a href="/wiki/Deontology" title="Deontology">deontological</a> scrutiny of plagiarism is important to the debate on the ethics of plagiarism.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Doctor Amy Robillard poses the metaphor that "plagiarism is theft", and believes that the ethics of that statement are important for schooling and academia. Work that has been plagiarized could be considered intellectual property, and so to plagiarize would constitute copyright or intellectual property infringement. However, some consider plagiarism to have a deeper context in which writings are to be considered property, and hence a work's unlawful usage by plagiarists would constitute theft and has ethical implications in academia and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plagiarism_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Plagiarism_diagram.png/220px-Plagiarism_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Plagiarism_diagram.png/330px-Plagiarism_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Plagiarism_diagram.png/440px-Plagiarism_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>One form of academic plagiarism involves appropriating a published article and modifying it slightly to avoid suspicion.</figcaption></figure> No universally adopted definition of academic plagiarism exists.<a href="#cite_note-Eaton-2017-4">[4]</a> However, this section provides several definitions to exemplify the most common characteristics of academic plagiarism. It has been called, "The use of ideas, concepts, words, or structures without appropriately acknowledging the source to benefit in a setting where originality is expected."<a href="#cite_note-Gipp14-56">[56]</a> This is an abridged version of Teddi Fishman's definition of plagiarism, which proposed five elements characteristic of plagiarism.<a href="#cite_note-Fishman09-57">[57]</a> According to Fishman, plagiarism occurs when someone: <ul><li>Uses words, ideas, or work products</li> <li>Attributable to another identifiable person or source</li> <li>Without attributing the work to the source from which it was obtained</li> <li>In a situation in which there is a legitimate expectation of original authorship</li> <li>In order to obtain some benefit, credit, or gain which need not be monetary<a href="#cite_note-Fishman09-57">[57]</a></li></ul> Furthermore, plagiarism is defined differently among institutions of higher learning and universities: <ul><li>At <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a> it is the "use, without giving reasonable and appropriate credit to or acknowledging the author or source, of another person's original work, whether such work is made up of code, formulas, ideas, language, research, strategies, writing or other form".<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></li> <li>At <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a> it is the "... use of another's work, words, or ideas without attribution", which includes "... using a source's language without quoting, using information from a source without attribution, and paraphrasing a source in a form that stays too close to the original".<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></li> <li>At <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a> it is the "deliberate" use of "someone else's language, ideas, or other original (not common-knowledge) material without acknowledging its source".<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li> <li>At <a href="/wiki/Oxford_College_of_Emory_University" title="Oxford College of Emory University">Oxford College of Emory University</a> it is the use of "a writer's ideas or phraseology without giving due credit".<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></li> <li>At <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown</a> it is "... appropriating another person's ideas or words (spoken or written) without attributing those word or ideas to their true source".<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></li> <li>At <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">The U.S. Naval Academy</a> it is "the use of the words, information, insights, or ideas of another without crediting that person through proper citation".<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forms_of_academic_plagiarism">Forms of academic plagiarism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Forms of academic plagiarism">edit</a>]</div> Different classifications of academic plagiarism forms have been proposed. Many classifications follow a behavioral approach by seeking to classify the actions undertaken by plagiarists. For example, a 2015 survey of teachers and professors by <a href="/wiki/Turnitin" title="Turnitin">Turnitin</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> identified 10 main forms of plagiarism that students commit: <ul><li>Submitting someone's work as their own.</li> <li>Taking passages from their own previous work without adding citations (self-plagiarism).</li> <li>Re-writing someone's work without properly citing sources.</li> <li>Using quotations but not citing the source.</li> <li>Interweaving various sources together in the work without citing.</li> <li>Citing some, but not all, passages that should be cited.</li> <li>Melding together cited and uncited sections of the piece.</li> <li>Providing proper citations, but failing to change the structure and wording of the borrowed ideas enough (close paraphrasing).</li> <li>Inaccurately citing a source.</li> <li>Relying too heavily on other people's work, failing to bring original thought into the text.</li></ul> The authors of a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">systematic literature review</a> on academic <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Plagiarism detection">plagiarism detection</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> derived a four-leven typology of academic plagiarism, from the total words of a language (<a href="/wiki/Lexis_(linguistics)" title="Lexis (linguistics)">lexis</a>), from its <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>, from its <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a>, and from methods to capture plagiarism of ideas and structures. The typology categorizes plagiarism forms according to the layer of the model they affect: <ul><li>Characters-preserving plagiarism <ul><li>Verbatim copying without proper citation</li></ul></li> <li>Syntax-preserving plagiarism <ul><li>Synonym substitution</li> <li>Technical disguise (e.g., using identically looking <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyphs</a> from another <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Semantics-preserving plagiarism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphrase" title="Paraphrase">Paraphrase</a></li></ul></li> <li>Idea-preserving plagiarism <ul><li>Appropriation of ideas or concepts</li> <li>Reusing text structure</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghostwriting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghostwriting">Ghostwriting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collusion" title="Collusion">Collusion</a> (typically among students)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_cheating" title="Contract cheating">Contract cheating</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Factors_influencing_students'_decisions_to_plagiarize">Factors influencing students' decisions to plagiarize</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Factors influencing students' decisions to plagiarize">edit</a>]</div> Several studies investigated factors predicting the decision to plagiarize. For example, a panel study with students from German universities found that academic procrastination predicts the frequency plagiarism conducted within six months followed the measurement of academic procrastination.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> It has been argued that by plagiarizing, students cope with the negative consequences that result from academic procrastination such as poor grades. Another study found that plagiarism is more frequent if students perceive plagiarism as beneficial and if they have the opportunity to plagiarize.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> When students had expected higher sanctions and when they had internalized social norms that define plagiarism as very objectionable, plagiarism was less likely to occur. Another study found that students resorted to plagiarism in order to cope with heavy workloads imposed by teachers. On the other hand, in that study, some teachers also thought that plagiarism is a consequence of their own failure to propose creative tasks and activities.<a href="#cite_note-auto-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanctions_for_student_plagiarism">Sanctions for student plagiarism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sanctions for student plagiarism">edit</a>]</div> In the academic world, plagiarism by students is usually considered a very serious offense that can result in punishments such as a failing grade on the particular assignment, the entire course, or even being expelled from the institution.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-6">[6]</a> The seriousness with which academic institutions address student plagiarism may be tempered by a recognition that students may not fully understand what plagiarism is. A 2015 study showed that students who were new to university study did not have a good understanding of even the basic requirements of how to attribute sources in written academic work, yet students were very confident that they understood what referencing and plagiarism are.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The same students also had a lenient view of how plagiarism should be penalised. For cases of repeated plagiarism, or for cases in which a student commits severe plagiarism (e.g., purchasing an assignment), suspension or <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_(education)" title="Expulsion (education)">expulsion</a> may occur. There has been historic concern about inconsistencies in penalties administered for university student plagiarism, and a plagiarism tariff was devised in 2008 for UK higher education institutions in an attempt to encourage some standardization of approaches.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Open_University" class="mw-redirect" title="The Open University">The Open University</a> in the UK has also noted that students who make their work available to others will be seen as "demonstrat[ing] poor academic conduct" and that such enabling action may also open up students to penalties within their institution.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_of_technology">Impact of technology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Impact of technology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Impact_of_artificial_intelligence">Plagiarism § Impact of artificial intelligence</a></div> Expanding accessibility and usage of the internet has a positive correlation with plagiarism.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> However, a Croatian study found that students were not more likely to plagiarize when using an electronic-writing medium.<a href="#cite_note-:2-73">[73]</a> Easy access to information has made it much simpler for students to <a href="/wiki/Copy_and_paste" class="mw-redirect" title="Copy and paste">copy and paste</a> information from the internet without crediting the original author.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AGE_MATTERS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AGE MATTERS">obsolete source</a>] Educational institutions often emphasize the importance of originality, proper citation, and academic integrity to combat plagiarism. They implement policies, educational programs, and tools like plagiarism detection software to discourage and detect instances of plagiarism.<a href="#cite_note-hi-75">[75]</a> A 2012 survey of U.S. high schools found 32% of students admitted to copying an assignment from the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plagiarism_detection">Plagiarism detection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Plagiarism detection">edit</a>]</div> Strategies faculty members use to detect plagiarism include carefully reading students work and making note of inconsistencies in student writing and of citation errors, and providing plagiarism prevention education to students.<a href="#cite_note-Alahmadi,_H._W.-2015-77">[77]</a> It has been found that a significant share of university instructors do not use detection methods such as using text-matching software.<a href="#cite_note-Sattler2015-78">[78]</a> A few more try to detect plagiarism by reading term-papers specifically for plagiarism, although the latter method might be not very effective in detecting plagiarism – especially when plagiarism from unfamiliar sources needs to be detected.<a href="#cite_note-Sattler2015-78">[78]</a> There are checklists of tactics to prevent student plagiarism.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Turnitin" title="Turnitin">Turnitin</a>, an internet-based plagiarism detection service, emerged as a digital platform in 1995 and quickly dominated the market.<a href="#cite_note-good-80">[80]</a> Turnitin serves more than 30 million students worldwide across over 10,000 institutions in 135 countries, and has been utilized by over 1.6 million instructors.<a href="#cite_note-happy-81">[81]</a> When evaluating an article, Turnitin provides both formative and summative assessments. The formative assessment provides instructors with a basic evaluation of the student's level of achievement while the summative assessment is the final evaluative judgment of the writing.<a href="#cite_note-happy-81">[81]</a> Turnitin utilizes artificial intelligence to evaluate writing through the use of cutting-edge adaptive technology. The "Turnitin Scoring Engine" webpage outlines the rationale behind this technology, which mainly focuses on analyzing patterns in previously evaluated essays. By providing sample essays, the engine can accurately rate papers in just a few minutes.<a href="#cite_note-happy-81">[81]</a> It assesses the readability of content and the writer's familiarity with the genre based on a comprehensive evaluation of word usage, genre conventions, and sentence structure. The final report page highlights sentences of plagiarism so that instructors can easily identify the corresponding content.<a href="#cite_note-admit-82">[82]</a> Despite its technological advancements, Turnitin has some limitations. A Croatian study found that "small"-language (languages with less of a digital footprint) written material is not supported by the larger base of plagiarism-detection tools, and that languages with more of a digital footprint and more outreach tend to be better supported.<a href="#cite_note-:2-73">[73]</a> The generation of reports by Turnitin, which involves comparing and scoring vast amounts of student work, can potentially infringe on copyright laws.<a href="#cite_note-happy-81">[81]</a> Turnitin monitors students to ensure that their work is original and unique, with this validation process being carried out by a supervising machine.<a href="#cite_note-happy-81">[81]</a> However, this practice can result in unrestricted access to student data for teachers, institutions, and governments and lead to severe copyright infringement issues.<a href="#cite_note-good-80">[80]</a> Furthermore, plagiarism detection systems (PDS), especially when used for grading purposes, have certain drawbacks.<a href="#cite_note-happy-81">[81]</a> While Turnitin can identify matching texts, it does not provide a clear definition of plagiarism, leaving potential disputes for individual interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-admit-82">[82]</a> For example, different instructors may interpret the same report with varying explanations. The extent of plagiarism can vary significantly, ranging from a single paragraph to multiple instances within a five to six page paper.<a href="#cite_note-admit-82">[82]</a> Without a rigorous standard that defines plagiarism, instructors defining plagiarism based on their own understanding can lead to confusion and conflicts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plagiarism_education">Plagiarism education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Plagiarism education">edit</a>]</div> Though widely employed in high schools and universities, plagiarism detection tools create a delicate environment in the classroom, as they place instructors in the role of guardians of ethical principles, establishing an adversarial relationship between teachers and students.<a href="#cite_note-happy-81">[81]</a> These tools presuppose that students are prone to plagiarizing and that instructors should use advanced techniques to uncover it.<a href="#cite_note-good-80">[80]</a> Such scrutiny can cause students to feel afraid and disempowered, as they may consider these tools as omnipotent monitors. The WriteCheck reviews demonstrate that students may be afraid of being caught, leading to writing with pressure and anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-good-80">[80]</a> These reviews highlight the power dynamics and the culture of fear around plagiarism in the classroom. Additionally, inherent power imbalances between instructors and students exist since students may feel obligated to submit their work to Turnitin for evaluation <a href="#cite_note-good-80">[80]</a> Furthermore, Turnitin endeavors to promote Western writing values globally.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-happy-81">[81]</a> It inherently promotes standardized writing around the world, advancing Western ideas of authorship and EAE, which reinforce harmful ideologies that impact writing instructors. In general, plagiarism detection systems deter rather than detect plagiarism, but they do not reflect the ultimate educational objectives.<a href="#cite_note-admit-82">[82]</a> Given the serious consequences that plagiarism has for students, there has been a call for a greater emphasis on learning in order to help students avoid committing plagiarism.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> This is especially important when students move to a new institution that may have a different view of the concept when compared with the view previously developed by the student. Indeed, given the seriousness of plagiarism accusations for a student's future, the pedagogy of plagiarism education may need to be considered ahead of the pedagogy of the discipline being studied. The need for plagiarism education extends to academic staff, who may not completely understand what is expected of their students or the consequences of misconduct.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alahmadi,_H._W.-2015-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Actions to reduce plagiarism include coordinating teaching activities to decrease student load, reducing memorization, increasing individual practical activities, and promoting positive reinforcement over punishment.<a href="#cite_note-auto-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> A student may opt to plagiarize due to a lack of research methods, knowledge of citation practices, or an excessive workload.<a href="#cite_note-admit-82">[82]</a> To eventually reduce plagiarism, students should be educated about the ethical and legal concerns surrounding these tools, and teachers should devise suitable and innovative assignments that require more independent thinking. Many scholars and members of academia have taken a negative position on the use of plagiarism detection technologies arguing that its use promotes a culture of surveillance and conformity in higher education.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Many have called for a reevaluation of higher learning away from a focus on grades and credentials towards a more holistic approach.<a href="#cite_note-:0-89">[89]</a> One such recommendation outlined by scholars is to turn students towards revision as opposed to plagiarism detection.<a href="#cite_note-:1-90">[90]</a> This updated focus has culminated in the creation of sites such as Eli Review which is intended to facilitate improved writing through peer review.<a href="#cite_note-:1-90">[90]</a> Educators have recognized the need for careful consideration when implementing plagiarism detection software in order to balance the promotion of academic integrity with maintaining a positive learning environment.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> This balancing act has been at the center of the pushback against traditional plagiarism detection systems, as educators have become increasingly aware of the potential negative impact of such technology on trust and privacy.<a href="#cite_note-:0-89">[89]</a> This emphasis on striking a balance between these competing interests highlights the importance of thoughtful and nuanced approaches to addressing plagiarism in the academic context.<a href="#cite_note-:1-90">[90]</a> Not all cultures and countries hold the same beliefs about personal ownership of language or ideas. In some cultures, the reiteration of another professional's work can be a sign of respect or flattery towards the person whose work is reiterated,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> so students who are from such countries and cultures and who move to the regions where plagiarism is frowned upon <a href="/wiki/Culture_shock" title="Culture shock">may find the transition difficult</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> and may need more support. A study showed that students warned about plagiarism and its penalties were less likely to plagiarize.<a href="#cite_note-:2-73">[73]</a> Also, in that study, students who were intentionally avoiding plagiarism wrote less on average, which was suspected to lead to reduced quality of work. To minimize plagiarism in the digital era, it is crucial that students understand the definition of plagiarism and how important intellectual property rights are.<a href="#cite_note-oh-94">[94]</a> Students should be aware that correct attribution is required to prevent the accusation of plagiarism and that the ethical and legal rules that apply to printed materials also apply to electronic information.<a href="#cite_note-oh-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_journalism">In journalism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In journalism">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalism</a>, plagiarism is considered a breach of <a href="/wiki/Journalistic_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Journalistic ethics">journalistic ethics</a>, and reporters caught plagiarizing typically face disciplinary measures ranging from suspension to termination of employment.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Some individuals caught plagiarizing in academic or journalistic contexts claim that they plagiarized unintentionally, by failing to include <a href="/wiki/Quotation" title="Quotation">quotations</a> or to give the appropriate <a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">citation</a>. Although plagiarism in scholarship and journalism has a centuries-old history, the development of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, where articles appear as electronic text, has made the physical act of copying the work of others much easier.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Because journalism relies on the public trust, a reporter's failure to acknowledge sources honestly undercuts a newspaper or television news show's integrity and undermines its credibility. Journalists accused of plagiarism are often suspended from their reporting tasks while the charges are being investigated by the news organization.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_arts">In the arts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In the arts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_history_of_the_arts">The history of the arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The history of the arts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiroshige_Van_Gogh_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hiroshige_Van_Gogh_1.JPG/280px-Hiroshige_Van_Gogh_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hiroshige_Van_Gogh_1.JPG/420px-Hiroshige_Van_Gogh_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hiroshige_Van_Gogh_1.JPG/560px-Hiroshige_Van_Gogh_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2647" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of a woodblock print by <a href="/wiki/Hiroshige" title="Hiroshige">Hiroshige</a> (left) to its <a href="/wiki/Copies_by_Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Copies by Vincent van Gogh">copy</a> by <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a></figcaption></figure> Through all of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_literature" title="History of literature">history of literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">of the arts</a> in general, works of art are to a large extent repetitions of the <a href="/wiki/Poetic_tradition" title="Poetic tradition">tradition</a>; to the entire history of <a href="/wiki/Artistic_creativity" class="mw-redirect" title="Artistic creativity">artistic creativity</a> belong plagiarism, literary theft, <a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">appropriation</a>, incorporation, retelling, rewriting, recapitulation, revision, reprise, <a href="/wiki/Thematic_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Thematic variation">thematic variation</a>, ironic retake, <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a>, imitation, stylistic theft, <a href="/wiki/Pastiche" title="Pastiche">pastiches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">collages</a>, and deliberate <a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(art)" title="Assemblage (art)">assemblages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Derrida01p57-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eco90-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lands99-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alfrey-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Steiner98pp437-459-102">[102]</a> There is no rigorous and precise distinction between practices like imitation, stylistic plagiarism, <a href="/wiki/Copying" title="Copying">copy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Replica" title="Replica">replica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">forgery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Derrida01p57-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haywood87p109Arnau-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eco87p202Arnau-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arnau59p40-105">[105]</a> These appropriation procedures are the main axis of a literate culture, in which the tradition of the canonic past is being constantly rewritten.<a href="#cite_note-Steiner98pp437-459-102">[102]</a> Publishing another's art as one's own is sometimes called "art theft", particularly online.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> This usage has little direct relationship to the <a href="/wiki/Art_theft" title="Art theft">theft of physical works of art</a>. Ruth Graham quotes <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>—"Immature poets imitate; mature poets steal. Bad poets deface what they take."—she notes that despite the "taboo" of plagiarism, the ill-will and embarrassment it causes in the modern context, readers seem to often forgive the past excesses of historic literary offenders.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Praisings_of_artistic_plagiarism">Praisings of artistic plagiarism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Praisings of artistic plagiarism">edit</a>]</div> A passage of <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Sterne" title="Laurence Sterne">Laurence Sterne</a>'s 1767 <a href="/wiki/Tristram_Shandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tristram Shandy">Tristram Shandy</a> condemns plagiarism by resorting to plagiarism.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Goldsmith" title="Oliver Goldsmith">Oliver Goldsmith</a> commented: <blockquote>Sterne's Writings, in which it is clearly shewn, that he, whose manner and style were so long thought original, was, in fact, the most unhesitating plagiarist who ever cribbed from his predecessors in order to garnish his own pages. It must be owned, at the same time, that Sterne selects the materials of his mosaic work with so much art, places them so well, and polishes them so highly, that in most cases we are disposed to pardon the want of originality, in consideration of the exquisite talent with which the borrowed materials are wrought up into the new form.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></blockquote> A common turn of phrase, variously attributed to <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a>, among others, claims that "good artists copy, great artists steal." Though this phrase appears to be praising artistic plagiarism, it is more commonly taken to refer to constructively iterating upon the work of others, and being transparent about one's influences.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Self-plagiarism">Self-plagiarism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Self-plagiarism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Duplicate_publication" title="Duplicate publication">Duplicate publication</a></div> The reuse of significant, identical, or nearly identical portions of one's own work without acknowledging that one is doing so or citing the original work is sometimes described as "self-plagiarism"; the term "recycling fraud" has also been used to describe this practice.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Articles of this nature are often referred to as duplicate or <a href="/wiki/Multiple_publication" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple publication">multiple publication</a>. In addition there can be a copyright issue if copyright of the prior work has been transferred to another entity. Self-plagiarism is considered a serious ethical issue in settings where someone asserts that a publication consists of new material, such as in publishing or factual documentation.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> It does not apply to public-interest texts, such as social, professional, and cultural opinions usually published in newspapers and magazines.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In academic fields, self-plagiarism occurs when authors reuse portions of their own published and copyrighted work in subsequent publications, but without attributing the previous publication.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roig-116">[116]</a> Identifying self-plagiarism is often difficult because limited reuse of material is accepted both legally (as <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a>) and ethically.<a href="#cite_note-Samuelson,_Pamela._(1994)-117">[117]</a> Many people (mostly, but not limited to <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_copyright" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to copyright">critics of copyright</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_intellectual_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of intellectual property">"intellectual property"</a>) do not believe it is possible to plagiarize oneself.<a href="#cite_note-poynter.org-118">[118]</a> Critics of the concepts of plagiarism and copyright may use the idea of self-plagiarism as a <a href="/wiki/Reductio_ad_absurdum" title="Reductio ad absurdum">reductio ad absurdum</a> argument. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contested_definition">Contested definition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Contested definition">edit</a>]</div> Miguel Roig has written at length about the topic of self-plagiarism<a href="#cite_note-Roig-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> and his definition of self-plagiarism as using previously disseminated work is widely accepted among scholars of the topic. However, the term "self-plagiarism" has been challenged as being self-contradictory, an <a href="/wiki/Oxymoron" title="Oxymoron">oxymoron</a>,<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> and on other grounds.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> For example, Stephanie J. Bird<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> argues that self-plagiarism is a misnomer, since by definition plagiarism concerns the use of others' material. Bird identifies the ethical issues of "self-plagiarism" as those of "dual or redundant publication". She also notes that in an educational context, "self-plagiarism" refers to the case of a student who resubmits "the same essay for credit in two different courses." As David B. Resnik clarifies, "Self-plagiarism involves dishonesty but not intellectual theft."<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> According to Patrick M. Scanlon,<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> "self-plagiarism" is a term with some specialized currency. Most prominently, it is used in discussions of research and publishing integrity in biomedicine, where heavy publish-or-perish demands have led to a rash of duplicate and "salami-slicing" publication, the reporting of a single study's results in "<a href="/wiki/Least_publishable_unit" title="Least publishable unit">least publishable units</a>" within multiple articles (Blancett, Flanagin, & Young, 1995; Jefferson, 1998; Kassirer & Angell, 1995; Lowe, 2003; McCarthy, 1993; Schein & Paladugu, 2001; Wheeler, 1989).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] Roig (2002) has offered a useful classification system including four types of self-plagiarism: duplicate publication of an article in more than one journal; partitioning of one study into multiple publications, often called salami-slicing; text recycling; and copyright infringement. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Codes_of_ethics">Codes of ethics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Codes of ethics">edit</a>]</div> Some academic journals have codes of ethics that specifically refer to self-plagiarism (e.g., the Journal of International Business Studies).<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Some professional organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> (ACM) have created policies that deal specifically with self-plagiarism.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Other organizations do not make specific reference to self-plagiarism such as the American Political Science Association (APSA). The organization published a code of ethics that describes plagiarism as "...deliberate appropriation of the works of others represented as one's own." It does not make any reference to self-plagiarism. It does say that when a thesis or dissertation is published "in whole or in part", the author is "not ordinarily under an ethical obligation to acknowledge its origins."<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The American Society for Public Administration (ASPA) also published a code of ethics that says its members are committed to: "Ensure[ing] that others receive credit for their work and contributions", but it makes no reference to self-plagiarism.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Factors_that_justify_reuse">Factors that justify reuse</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Factors that justify reuse">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Samuelson" title="Pamela Samuelson">Pamela Samuelson</a>, in 1994, identified several factors she says excuse reuse of one's previously published work, that make it not self-plagiarism.<a href="#cite_note-Samuelson,_Pamela._(1994)-117">[117]</a> She relates each of these factors specifically to the ethical issue of self-plagiarism, as distinct from the legal issue of fair use of copyright, which she deals with separately. Among other factors that may excuse reuse of previously published material Samuelson lists the following: <ul><li>The previous work must be restated to lay the groundwork for a new contribution in the second work.</li> <li>Portions of the previous work must be repeated to deal with new evidence or arguments.</li> <li>The audience for each work is so different that publishing the same work in different places is necessary to get the message out.</li> <li>The author thinks they said it so well the first time that it makes no sense to say it differently a second time.</li></ul> Samuelson states she has relied on the "different audience" rationale when attempting to bridge interdisciplinary communities. She refers to writing for different legal and technical communities, saying: "there are often paragraphs or sequences of paragraphs that can be bodily lifted from one article to the other. And, in truth, I lift them." She refers to her own practice of converting "a technical article into a law review article with relatively few changes—adding footnotes and one substantive section" for a different audience.<a href="#cite_note-Samuelson,_Pamela._(1994)-117">[117]</a> Samuelson describes misrepresentation as the basis of self-plagiarism.<a href="#cite_note-Samuelson,_Pamela._(1994)-117">[117]</a> She also states "Although it seems not to have been raised in any of the self-plagiarism cases, copyrights law's fair use defense would likely provide a shield against many potential publisher claims of copyright infringement against authors who reused portions of their previous works."<a href="#cite_note-Samuelson,_Pamela._(1994)-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_contexts">In other contexts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In other contexts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizational_publications">Organizational publications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Organizational publications">edit</a>]</div> Plagiarism is presumably not an issue when organizations issue collective unsigned works since they do not assign credit for originality to particular people. For example, the <a href="/wiki/American_Historical_Association" title="American Historical Association">American Historical Association</a>'s "Statement on Standards of Professional Conduct" (2005) regarding textbooks and reference books stated that, because textbooks and encyclopedias are summaries of other scholars' work, they are not bound by the same exacting standards of attribution as original research and may be allowed a greater "extent of dependence" on other works.<a href="#cite_note-AHA-131">[131]</a> However, even such a book does not make use of words, phrases, or paragraphs from another text or follow too closely the other text's arrangement and organization, and the authors of such texts are also expected to "acknowledge the sources of recent or distinctive findings and interpretations, those not yet a part of the common understanding of the profession."<a href="#cite_note-AHA-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reverse_plagiarism">Reverse plagiarism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Reverse plagiarism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Art_forgery" title="Art forgery">Art forgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literary_forgery" title="Literary forgery">Literary forgery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a></div> Reverse plagiarism, or attribution without copying,<a href="#cite_note-Green2002-18">[18]</a> refers to falsely giving authorship credit over a work to a person who did not author it, or falsely claiming a source supports an assertion that the source does not make.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Although both the term and activity are relatively rare, incidents of reverse plagiarism do occur typically in similar contexts as traditional plagiarism.<a href="#cite_note-poynter.org-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_of_artificial_intelligence">Impact of artificial intelligence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Impact of artificial intelligence">edit</a>]</div> The increase in plagiarism can also be attributed to developments in <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dog-134">[134]</a> The emergence of <a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">large language models</a> (LLMs) such as <a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">GPT-3</a> and <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a> raised global discussion about the impact of artificial intelligence on writing and plagiarism. One such innovation is the GPT-2 model, which is capable of generating coherent paragraphs and achieving high scores on various language modeling assessments. It can also perform basic tasks such as reading comprehension, machine translation, question answering, and summarization.<a href="#cite_note-dog-134">[134]</a> Currently, detectors of AI language such as <a href="/wiki/GPTZero" title="GPTZero">GPTZero</a> have been introduced to cope with this problem. <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> called ChatGPT "nothing more than high-tech plagiarism".<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In contrast, others have proposed that "the essay is dead",<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> declaring that artificial intelligence will transform academia and society. One scholar of plagiarism, Eaton, proposed the idea of a postplagiarism era,<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> in which human and artificial-intelligence hybrid writing become normal. The impact of artificial intelligence on plagiarism has yet to be fully understood. The widespread use of artificial intelligence creates trouble for colleges.<a href="#cite_note-cat-138">[138]</a> With ChatGPT's strong database and convenience, students who see much of the work assigned by professors as just busy work will complete the work via artificial intelligence. However, instead of banning the use of ChatGPT in academic study, some have suggested that professors use tools like ChatGPT in their teaching to create outlines, individualized lesson plans, and ideas for classroom activities.<a href="#cite_note-cat-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_spinning" title="Article spinning">Article spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterfeit_consumer_good" title="Counterfeit consumer good">Counterfeit consumer good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_(creative_arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit (creative arts)">Credit (creative arts)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptomnesia" title="Cryptomnesia">Cryptomnesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tournement" title="Détournement">Détournement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke_theft" title="Joke theft">Joke theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalistic_scandal" title="Journalistic scandal">Journalistic scandal</a> (plagiarism, fabrication, omission)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_theft" title="Library theft">Library theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientific_misconduct_incidents" title="List of scientific misconduct incidents">List of scientific misconduct incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_plagiarism" title="Music plagiarism">Music plagiarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoism" title="Neoism">Neoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plagiarism_from_Wikipedia" title="Plagiarism from Wikipedia">Plagiarism from Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripoff" title="Ripoff">Rip-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_misconduct" title="Scientific misconduct">Scientific misconduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_plagiarism_in_India" title="Scientific plagiarism in India">Scientific plagiarism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_criticism" title="Source criticism">Source criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swipe_(comics)" title="Swipe (comics)">Swipe (comics)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-RandomHouse95-1"><a href="#cite_ref-RandomHouse95_1-0">^</a> From the 1995 <a href="/wiki/Random_House_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Random House Dictionary of the English Language">Random House Compact Unabridged Dictionary</a>: <blockquote>use or close imitation of the language and thoughts of another author and the representation of them as one's own original work</blockquote> qtd. in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStepchyshynNelson2007" class="citation book cs1">Stepchyshyn, Vera; Nelson, Robert S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OHamIn5dPR8C">Library plagiarism policies</a>. Assoc. of College & Resrch Libraries. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8389-8416-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8389-8416-1"><bdi>978-0-8389-8416-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Library+plagiarism+policies&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Assoc.+of+College+%26+Resrch+Libraries&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8389-8416-1&rft.aulast=Stepchyshyn&rft.aufirst=Vera&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOHamIn5dPR8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlagiarism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OEDdef-2"><a href="#cite_ref-OEDdef_2-0">^</a> From the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>: <blockquote>The action or practice of taking someone else's work, idea, etc., and passing it off as one's own; literary theft.</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> The American Heritage Dictionary (5th ed.), defines plagiarize thus: “To reproduce or otherwise use the words, ideas, or other work of another as one’s own, or without attribution.” </li> <li id="cite_note-Eaton-2017-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eaton-2017_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eaton-2017_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eaton-2017_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton2017" class="citation journal cs1">Eaton, Sarah Elaine (August 2017). "Comparative Analysis of Institutional Policy Definitions of Plagiarism: A Pan-Canadian University Study". Interchange. 48 (3): 271–281. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10780-017-9300-7">10.1007/s10780-017-9300-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0826-4805">0826-4805</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152188935">152188935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interchange&rft.atitle=Comparative+Analysis+of+Institutional+Policy+Definitions+of+Plagiarism%3A+A+Pan-Canadian+University+Study&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=271-281&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152188935%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0826-4805&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10780-017-9300-7&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Elaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlagiarism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academicintegrity.org/images/pdfs/20019_ICAI-Fundamental-Values_R12.pdf">Fundamental Values of Academic Integrity</a> (PDF) (3rd ed.). Delaware: International Center for Academic Integrity [ICAI]. 2021. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9914906-7-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9914906-7-7"><bdi>978-0-9914906-7-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamental+Values+of+Academic+Integrity&rft.place=Delaware&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=International+Center+for+Academic+Integrity+%5BICAI%5D&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-9914906-7-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademicintegrity.org%2Fimages%2Fpdfs%2F20019_ICAI-Fundamental-Values_R12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlagiarism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc.com-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.com_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.com_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/education-45640236">"University bosses call for ban on essay-writing companies"</a>. 27 September 2018. <q>Students caught submitting work that is not their own face serious penalties, which can include being thrown off their university course.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=University+bosses+call+for+ban+on+essay-writing+companies&rft.date=2018-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Feducation-45640236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlagiarism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/2016/04/19/media/shaun-king-daily-news-plagiarism-accusations/">"Daily News fires editor after Shaun King accused of plagiarism"</a>. 19 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Daily+News+fires+editor+after+Shaun+King+accused+of+plagiarism&rft.date=2016-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2016%2F04%2F19%2Fmedia%2Fshaun-king-daily-news-plagiarism-accusations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlagiarism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/11/08/jeff-koons-found-guilty-plagiarism-multi-million-pound-sculpture">"Jeff Koons found guilty of plagiarism over multi-million-pound sculpture"</a>. 8 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/11/08/jeff-koons-found-guilty-plagiarism-multi-million-pound-sculpture">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-11. <q>The court ordered Mr Koons, his business, and the Pompidou museum - which had exhibited the work in 2014 - to pay Mr Davidovici a total of €135,000 (£118,000) in compensation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jeff+Koons+found+guilty+of+plagiarism+over+multi-million-pound+sculpture&rft.date=2018-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2018%2F11%2F08%2Fjeff-koons-found-guilty-plagiarism-multi-million-pound-sculpture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlagiarism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-fashion-copying/fashion-designer-galliano-fined-for-copying-imagery-idUSL1930105320070419">"Fashion designer Galliano fined for copying imagery"</a>. 19 April 2007. <q>Fashion designer John Galliano's company was ordered to pay 200,000 euros ($271,800) in damages to renowned U.S. photographer William Klein</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fashion+designer+Galliano+fined+for+copying+imagery&rft.date=2007-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-france-fashion-copying%2Ffashion-designer-galliano-fined-for-copying-imagery-idUSL1930105320070419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlagiarism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181221202350/http://www.thenews.pl/1/9/Artykul/120508,Polish-professor-could-face-threeyear-sentence-for-plagiarism">"Polish professor could face three-year sentence for plagiarism"</a>. 5 December 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenews.pl/1/9/Artykul/120508,Polish-professor-could-face-threeyear-sentence-for-plagiarism">the original</a> on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Polish+professor+could+face+three-year+sentence+for+plagiarism&rft.date=2012-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.pl%2F1%2F9%2FArtykul%2F120508%2CPolish-professor-could-face-threeyear-sentence-for-plagiarism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlagiarism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ex-VC-of-DU-sent-to-jail-for-plagiarism-released/articleshow/45278628.cms">"Ex-VC of DU sent to jail for 'plagiarism', released"</a>. 26 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ex-VC+of+DU+sent+to+jail+for+%27plagiarism%27%2C+released&rft.date=2014-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FEx-VC-of-DU-sent-to-jail-for-plagiarism-released%2Farticleshow%2F45278628.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlagiarism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/jan/21/luc-tuysmans-katrijn-van-giel-dedecker-legal-case">"Why Belgium's plagiarism verdict on Luc Tuymans is beyond parody"</a>. 21 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+Belgium%27s+plagiarism+verdict+on+Luc+Tuymans+is+beyond+parody&rft.date=2015-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2015%2Fjan%2F21%2Fluc-tuysmans-katrijn-van-giel-dedecker-legal-case&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlagiarism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/mar/09/jeff-koons-plagiarised-french-photographer-for-naked-sculpture">"Jeff Koons plagiarised French photographer for Naked sculpture"</a>. 9 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jeff+Koons+plagiarised+French+photographer+for+Naked+sculpture&rft.date=2017-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2017%2Fmar%2F09%2Fjeff-koons-plagiarised-french-photographer-for-naked-sculpture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlagiarism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsterberg2003" class="citation book cs1">Osterberg, Eric C. (2003). Substantial similarity in copyright law. Practising Law Institute. p. §1:1, 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4024-0341-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-4024-0341-0"><bdi>1-4024-0341-0</bdi></a>. <q>With respect to the copying of individual elements, a defendant need not copy the entirety of the plaintiff's copyrighted work to infringe, and he need not copy verbatim.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Substantial+similarity+in+copyright+law&rft.pages=%C2%A71%3A1%2C+1-2&rft.pub=Practising+Law+Institute&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-4024-0341-0&rft.aulast=Osterberg&rft.aufirst=Eric+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlagiarism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF.2d_491936" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1475281/sheldon-v-metro-goldwyn-pictures-corporation">Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corporation</a> (Court case). Vol. 81. F.2d 49. 1936-01-17 – via Court Listener. <q>No plagiarist can excuse the wrong by showing how much of his work he did not pirate.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sheldon+v.+Metro-Goldwyn+Pictures+Corporation&rft.pub=F.2d+49&rft.date=1936-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.courtlistener.com%2Fopinion%2F1475281%2Fsheldon-v-metro-goldwyn-pictures-corporation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlagiarism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|agency=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF.2d_301_Nos._234,_388_and_2351992" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/580706/art-rogers-plaintiff-appellee-cross-appellant-v-jeff-koons-sonnabend/?q=rogers+v+koons">Art Rogers, Plaintiff-Appellee-Cross-Appellant v. Jeff Koons Sonnabend Gallery, Inc., Defendants-Appellants-Cross-Appellees</a> (Court case). Vol. 960. F.2d 301 Nos. 234, 388 and 235. 1992-04-02. Dockets 91-7396, 91-7442 and 91-7540 – via Court Listener. <q>the copies they produced bettered the price of the copied work by a thousand to one, their piracy of a less well-known artist's work would escape being sullied by an accusation of plagiarism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+Rogers%2C+Plaintiff-Appellee-Cross-Appellant+v.+Jeff+Koons+Sonnabend+Gallery%2C+Inc.%2C+Defendants-Appellants-Cross-Appellees&rft.pub=F.2d+301+Nos.+234%2C+388+and+235&rft.date=1992-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.courtlistener.com%2Fopinion%2F580706%2Fart-rogers-plaintiff-appellee-cross-appellant-v-jeff-koons-sonnabend%2F%3Fq%3Drogers%2Bv%2Bkoons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlagiarism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|agency=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Lynch02-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lynch02_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lynch02_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2002" class="citation journal cs1">Lynch, Jack (2002). 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Retrieved 9 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Famous+Plagiarists.com+%2F+War+On+Plagiarism.org&rft.atitle=Journalism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.famousplagiarists.com%2Fjournalism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlagiarism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Derrida01p57-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Derrida01p57_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Derrida01p57_98-1">b</a> Derrida [1959] quotation: (p.40):[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] "The boundaries between permissible and impermissible, imitation, stylistic plagiarism, copy, replica and forgery remain nebulous." </li> <li id="cite_note-Eco90-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Eco90_99-0">^</a> Eco (1990) p. 95 quotation: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Each of the types of repetition that we have examined is not limited to the mass media but belongs by right to the entire history of artistic creativity; plagiarism, quotation, parody, the ironic retake are typical of the entire artistic-literary tradition. Much art has been and is repetitive. The concept of absolute originality is a contemporary one, born with Romanticism; classical art was in vast measure serial, and the "modern" avant-garde (at the beginning of this century) challenged the Romantic idea of "creation from nothingness", with its techniques of collage, mustachios on the Mona Lisa, art about art, and so on.</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alfrey-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Alfrey_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfrey" class="citation web cs1">Alfrey, Penelope. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/comm-forum/legacy/papers/alfrey.html">"Petrarch's Apes: Originality, Plagiarism and"</a>. 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The verbal signs in the original message or statement are modified by one of a multitude of means or by a combination of means. These include <a href="/wiki/Paraphrasing_of_copyrighted_material" title="Paraphrasing of copyrighted material">paraphrase</a>, graphic illustration, pastiche, imitation, thematic variation, parody, citation in a supporting or undermining context, false attribution (accidental or deliberate), plagiarism, collage, and many others. This zone of partial transformation, of derivation, of alternate restatement determines much of our sensibility and literacy. It is, quite simply, the matrix of culture. (p. 459) We could, in some measure, at least, come closer to a verifiable gradation of the sequence of techniques and aims, which leads from literal translation through paraphrases, mimesis, and pastiche to thematic variation. I have suggested that this sequence is the main axis of a literate culture, that a culture advances, spiralwise, via translations of its own canonic past.</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haywood87p109Arnau-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Haywood87p109Arnau_103-0">^</a> Haywood (1987) p.109, quoting Arnau </li> <li id="cite_note-Eco87p202Arnau-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Eco87p202Arnau_104-0">^</a> Eco (1987) p.202, quoting Arnau </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnau59p40-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Arnau59p40_105-0">^</a> Arnau [1959] quotation: (p. 40) "The boundaries between permissible and impermissible, imitation, stylistic plagiarism, copy, replica and forgery remain nebulous." </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ciit.edu.ph/art-plagiarism/">"Tips to Avoid Art Plagiarism Toward Becoming a Better Artist"</a>. 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Plagiary. 2 (1): 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fspo.5240451.0002.007">2027/spo.5240451.0002.007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plagiary&rft.atitle=Song+from+myself%3A+an+anatomy+of+self-plagiarism&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fspo.5240451.0002.007&rft.au=Scanlon%2C+PM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlagiarism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorraine_Eden" class="citation web cs1">Lorraine Eden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100723212122/http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jibs/jibs_ethics_code.html">"JIBS Code of Ethics"</a>. Journal of International Business Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palgrave-journals.com/jibs/jibs_ethics_code.html">the original</a> on 2010-07-23. Retrieved 2010-08-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JIBS+Code+of+Ethics&rft.pub=Journal+of+International+Business+Studies&rft.au=Lorraine+Eden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpalgrave-journals.com%2Fjibs%2Fjibs_ethics_code.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlagiarism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acm.org/publications/policies/plagiarism_policy">"ACM Policy and Procedures on Plagiarism"</a>. June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ACM+Policy+and+Procedures+on+Plagiarism&rft.date=2010-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acm.org%2Fpublications%2Fpolicies%2Fplagiarism_policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlagiarism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> American Political Science Association (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apsanet.org/imgtest/ethicsguideweb.pdf">"A Guide to Professional Ethics in Political Science"</a>. Second Edition. Section 21.1. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-878147-05-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-878147-05-6">1-878147-05-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110124015330/http://www.aspanet.org/scriptcontent/index_codeofethics.cfm">"ASPA's Code of Ethics"</a>. American Society for Public Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aspanet.org/scriptcontent/index_codeofethics.cfm">the original</a> on 2011-01-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Society+for+Public+Administration&rft.atitle=ASPA%27s+Code+of+Ethics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aspanet.org%2Fscriptcontent%2Findex_codeofethics.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlagiarism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHA-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AHA_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHA_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historians.org/PUBS/Free/ProfessionalStandards.cfm">"Statement on Standards of Professional Conduct"</a>. American Historical Association. 2005-01-06. Retrieved 2009-04-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+on+Standards+of+Professional+Conduct&rft.pub=American+Historical+Association&rft.date=2005-01-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historians.org%2FPUBS%2FFree%2FProfessionalStandards.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlagiarism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoten2014" class="citation journal cs1">Moten, Abdul Rashid (30 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/id/article/view/610">"Academic dishonesty and misconduct: Curbing plagiarism in the Muslim world"</a>. Intellectual Discourse. 22 (2). <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.844.4559">10.1.1.844.4559</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1643398785">1643398785</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intellectual+Discourse&rft.atitle=Academic+dishonesty+and+misconduct%3A+Curbing+plagiarism+in+the+Muslim+world&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2014-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.844.4559%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Moten&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Rashid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.iium.edu.my%2Fintdiscourse%2Findex.php%2Fid%2Farticle%2Fview%2F610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlagiarism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyburnMacPhail" class="citation journal cs1">Wyburn, Mary; MacPhail, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210306174649/http://www.anzela.edu.au/assets/anzjle_11.2_-_4_wyburn_and_macphail.pdf">"The intersection of copyright and plagiarism and the monitoring of student work by educational institutions"</a> (PDF). Australia & New Zealand Journal of Law & Education. 11 (2): 75–94. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anzela.edu.au/assets/anzjle_11.2_-_4_wyburn_and_macphail.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2021-03-06. Retrieved 2019-01-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australia+%26+New+Zealand+Journal+of+Law+%26+Education&rft.atitle=The+intersection+of+copyright+and+plagiarism+and+the+monitoring+of+student+work+by+educational+institutions&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=75-94&rft.aulast=Wyburn&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=MacPhail%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anzela.edu.au%2Fassets%2Fanzjle_11.2_-_4_wyburn_and_macphail.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlagiarism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dog-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dog_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dog_134-1">b</a> Griffiths, P., & Kabir, M. N. (2019). ECIAIR 2019 European Conference on the Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics. Academic Conferences and publishing limited. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/02/noam-chomsky-on-chatgpt.html">"Noam Chomsky on ChatGPT: It's "Basically High-Tech Plagiarism" and "a Way of Avoiding Learning""</a>. Open Culture. Retrieved February 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Culture&rft.atitle=Noam+Chomsky+on+ChatGPT%3A+It%27s+%22Basically+High-Tech+Plagiarism%22+and+%22a+Way+of+Avoiding+Learning%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openculture.com%2F2023%2F02%2Fnoam-chomsky-on-chatgpt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlagiarism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Marche, S. (2022, December 6). The College Essay Is Dead: Nobody is prepared for how AI will transform academia. The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2022/12/chatgpt-ai-writing-college-student-essays/672371/">https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2022/12/chatgpt-ai-writing-college-student-essays/672371/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton2021" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Sarah (2021). Plagiarism in Higher Education: Tackling Tough Topics in Academic Integrity. USA: ABC Clio. pp. 221–222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-7437-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-7437-6"><bdi>978-1-4408-7437-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plagiarism+in+Higher+Education%3A+Tackling+Tough+Topics+in+Academic+Integrity&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=221-222&rft.pub=ABC+Clio&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-7437-6&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlagiarism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cat-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cat_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cat_138-1">b</a> Roose, K. (2023) Don't ban chatgpt in schools. teach with it., The New York Times. The New York Times. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/12/technology/chatgpt-schools-teachers.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/12/technology/chatgpt-schools-teachers.html</a> (Accessed: March 13, 2023). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Arnau" title="Frank Arnau">Arnau, Frank</a> Translation from the German by <a href="/wiki/John_Brownjohn" title="John Brownjohn">Brownjohn, J. Maxwell</a> (1961). <a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_the_Faker" title="The Art of the Faker">The Art of the Faker</a>. Little, Brown and Company.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida, Jacques</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Roudinesco" title="Élisabeth Roudinesco">Roudinesco, Élisabeth</a> [2001] (2004) De Quoi Demain, English translation 2004 by Jeff Fort as For what tomorrow—: a dialogue, ch.4 Unforeseeable Freedom</li> <li>Blum, Susan D. My Word!: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iranithenticate.ir">Plagiarism and College Culture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181207045516/http://iranithenticate.ir/">Archived</a> 2018-12-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco, Umberto</a> (1987) Fakes and Forgeries in Versus, Issues 46–48, republished in 1990 in The limits of interpretation pp. 174–202</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco, Umberto</a> (1990) Interpreting Serials in The limits of interpretation, pp. 83–100, excerpt; link unavailable</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Genette" title="Gérard Genette">Gérard Genette</a> (1982) <a href="/wiki/Palimpsests:_literature_in_the_second_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Palimpsests: literature in the second degree">Palimpsests: literature in the second degree</a></li> <li>Haywood, Ian (1987) Faking it</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutcheon1985" class="citation book cs1">Hutcheon, Linda (1985). "3. The Pragmatic Range of Parody". A Theory of Parody: The Teachings of Twentieth-Century Art Forms. New York: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06938-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06938-3"><bdi>978-0-252-06938-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.+The+Pragmatic+Range+of+Parody&rft.btitle=A+Theory+of+Parody%3A+The+Teachings+of+Twentieth-Century+Art+Forms&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06938-3&rft.aulast=Hutcheon&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlagiarism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Joachimides, Christos M. and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Rosenthal" title="Norman Rosenthal">Rosenthal, Norman</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Anfam" title="David Anfam">Anfam, David</a> and Adams, Brooks (1993) American art in the 20th century: painting and sculpture 1913–1993</li> <li>Paull, Harry Major (1928) Literary ethics: a study in the growth of the literary conscience Part II, ch.X Parody and Burlesque pp. 133–40 (public domain work, author died in 1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company" title="Royal Shakespeare Company">Royal Shakespeare Company</a> (2007) The RSC Shakespeare – William Shakespeare Complete Works, Introduction to the <a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_Errors" class="mw-redirect" title="Comedy of Errors">Comedy of Errors</a></li> <li>Ruthven, K. K. (2001) Faking Literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Spearing" title="A. C. Spearing">Spearing, A. C.</a> (1987) Introduction section to Chaucer's <a href="/wiki/The_Franklin%27s_Prologue_and_Tale" class="mw-redirect" title="The Franklin's Prologue and Tale">The Franklin's Prologue and Tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Spearing" title="A. C. Spearing">Spearing, A. C.</a> (1989) Readings in medieval poetry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Steiner" title="George Steiner">Steiner, George</a> (1998) <a href="/wiki/After_Babel" title="After Babel">After Babel</a>, ch.6 Topologies of culture, 3rd revised edition</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrollZetterling2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carroll, Jude; Zetterling, Carl-Mikael (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn%3Anbn%3Ase%3Akth%3Adiva-83704">Guiding students away from plagiarism</a> (in Swedish and English) (1st ed.). Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology. pp. 86–167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7415-403-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7415-403-0"><bdi>978-91-7415-403-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guiding+students+away+from+plagiarism&rft.place=Stockholm%2C+Sweden&rft.pages=86-167&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=KTH+Royal+Institute+of+Technology&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-91-7415-403-0&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Jude&rft.au=Zetterling%2C+Carl-Mikael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Furn.kb.se%2Fresolve%3Furn%3Durn%253Anbn%253Ase%253Akth%253Adiva-83704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlagiarism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lallemand, M.-G., & Speyer, M. (Eds). (2021). Usages du copier-coller aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles : extraire, réemployer, recomposer : actes du colloque tenu à l’Université de Caen Normandie (14-15 mars 2019). Presses universitaires de Caen.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipson,_Charles2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lipson" title="Charles Lipson">Lipson, Charles</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/doinghonestworki00char">Doing Honest Work in College: How to Prepare Citations, Avoid Plagiarism, and Achieve Real Academic Success</a> (2nd ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226484778" title="Special:BookSources/9780226484778"><bdi>9780226484778</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doing+Honest+Work+in+College%3A+How+to+Prepare+Citations%2C+Avoid+Plagiarism%2C+and+Achieve+Real+Academic+Success&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780226484778&rft.au=Lipson%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdoinghonestworki00char&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlagiarism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Appropriation_in_the_arts" title="Template:Appropriation in the arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Appropriation_in_the_arts" title="Template talk:Appropriation in the arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Appropriation_in_the_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Appropriation in the arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Appropriation_in_the_arts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a> in the arts</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%">By field</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bootleg_recording" title="Bootleg recording">Bootleg recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopped_and_screwed" title="Chopped and screwed">Chopped and screwed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrafact" title="Contrafact">Contrafact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_contrafacts" title="List of jazz contrafacts">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrafactum" title="Contrafactum">Contrafactum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_version" title="Cover version">Cover version</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ_mix" title="DJ mix">DJ mix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpolation_(popular_music)" title="Interpolation (popular music)">Interpolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medley_(music)" title="Medley (music)">Medley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(music)" title="Mashup (music)">Music mashup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_plagiarism" title="Music plagiarism">Music plagiarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_quotation" title="Musical quotation">Musical quotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightcore" title="Nightcore">Nightcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_music" title="Parody music">Parody music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasticcio" title="Pasticcio">Pasticcio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunderphonics" title="Plunderphonics">Plunderphonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potpourri_(music)" title="Potpourri (music)">Potpourri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quodlibet" title="Quodlibet">Quodlibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">Remix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddim" title="Riddim">Riddim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_collage" title="Sound collage">Sound collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_(music)" title="Standard (music)">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribute_act" title="Tribute act">Tribute act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(music)" title="Trope (music)">Trope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variation_(music)" title="Variation (music)">Variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Vaporwave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em">Literature / theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(composition)" title="Assemblage (composition)">Assemblage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut-up_technique" title="Cut-up technique">Cut-up technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flarf_poetry" title="Flarf poetry">Flarf poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_poetry" title="Found poetry">Found poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Trope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbatim_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbatim theatre">Verbatim theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Visual arts</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combine_painting" title="Combine painting">Combine painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_mosaic" title="Photographic mosaic">Photographic mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readymades_of_Marcel_Duchamp" title="Readymades of Marcel Duchamp">Readymades of Marcel Duchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swipe_(comics)" title="Swipe (comics)">Swipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em;background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;">By source material</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa_replicas_and_reinterpretations" title="Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations">Mona Lisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicas_of_Michelangelo%27s_David" title="Replicas of Michelangelo's David">Michelangelo's David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicas_of_Michelangelo%27s_Piet%C3%A0" title="Replicas of Michelangelo's Pietà">Michelangelo's Pietà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicas_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty" title="Replicas of the Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em">Cinema / television / video</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abridged_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Abridged series">Abridged series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_music_video" title="Anime music video">Anime music video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(appropriation)" title="Found footage (appropriation)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literal_music_video" title="Literal music video">Literal music video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-cut_trailer" title="Re-cut trailer">Re-cut trailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remake" title="Remake">Remake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shot-for-shot" title="Shot-for-shot">Shot-for-shot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercut" title="Supercut">Supercut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_format" title="TV format">TV format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidding" title="Vidding">Vidding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(video)" title="Mashup (video)">Video mashup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_poop" title="YouTube poop">YouTube poop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em">Other arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In-joke" title="In-joke">In-joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_meme" title="Internet meme">Internet meme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke_theft" title="Joke theft">Joke theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_advertisement" title="Parody advertisement">Parody advertisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism (architecture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_modding" title="Video game modding">Video game modding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%">General concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em"><a href="/wiki/Intertextuality" title="Intertextuality">Intertextual figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allusion" title="Allusion">Allusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">Calque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastiche" title="Pastiche">Pastiche</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plagiarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quotation" title="Quotation">Quotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">Translation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em"><a href="/wiki/Adaptation_(arts)" title="Adaptation (arts)">Adaptation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_adaptation" title="Film adaptation">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_adaptation" title="Literary adaptation">Literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_adaptation" title="Theatrical adaptation">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/After_(art)" title="After (art)">After (art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(art)" title="Assemblage (art)">Assemblage (art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricolage" title="Bricolage">Bricolage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">Citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tournement" title="Détournement">Détournement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_object" title="Found object">Found object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homage_(arts)" title="Homage (arts)">Homage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imitation_(art)" title="Imitation (art)">Imitation in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(culture)" title="Mashup (culture)">Mashup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reprise" title="Reprise">Reprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_criticism#Source_criticism_in_the_arts" title="Source criticism">Source criticism in the arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related artistic concepts</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Aesthetic interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-art" title="Anti-art">Anti-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archetypal_literary_criticism" title="Archetypal literary criticism">Archetypal literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_inspiration" title="Artistic inspiration">Artistic inspiration</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_Author" title="The Death of the Author">The Death of the Author</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_inspiration" title="Divine inspiration">Divine inspiration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afflatus" title="Afflatus">Afflatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(literature)" title="Genius (literature)">Genius (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_labor" title="Fan labor">Fan labor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_fiction" title="Fan fiction">Fan fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">Genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre_studies" title="Genre studies">Genre studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Originality" title="Originality">Originality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulacrum" title="Simulacrum">Simulacrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Western canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Standard blocks and forms</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">Archetype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_fiction" title="Formula fiction">Formula fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">Genre fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_standard" title="Jazz standard">Jazz standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">Plot device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">Stock character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_structure" title="Story structure">Story structure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Epoch-marking works</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L.H.O.O.Q." title="L.H.O.O.Q.">L.H.O.O.Q.</a> (1919)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pierre_Menard,_Author_of_the_Quixote" title="Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote">Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote</a>" (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_Hunger" title="Reality Hunger">Reality Hunger: A Manifesto</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%">Theorization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copia:_Foundations_of_the_Abundant_Style" title="Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style">De Copia Rerum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">Diegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysian_imitatio" title="Dionysian imitatio">Dionysian imitatio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann#Critical_response_and_influence" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Nachahmung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palimpsests:_Literature_in_the_Second_Degree" title="Palimpsests: Literature in the Second Degree">Palimpsests: Literature in the Second Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pictures_Generation" title="The Pictures Generation">The Pictures Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_formalism" title="Russian formalism">Russian formalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related non- artistic concepts</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dishonesty" title="Academic dishonesty">Academic dishonesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(sociology)" title="Appropriation (sociology)">Appropriation in sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articulation_(sociology)" title="Articulation (sociology)">Articulation in sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing" title="History of printing">History of printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_society" title="Information society">Information society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">Copyright infringement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derivative_work" title="Derivative work">Derivative work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">Fair use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meme" title="Meme">Meme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_culture" title="Participatory culture">Participatory culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recontextualisation" title="Recontextualisation">Recontextualisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_culture" title="Remix culture">Remix culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Literary_composition" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Literary_composition" title="Template:Literary composition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Literary_composition" title="Template talk:Literary composition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Literary_composition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Literary composition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Literary_composition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Composition_(language)" title="Composition (language)">Literary composition</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Characterization" title="Characterization">Characterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Description" title="Description">Description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_(narrative)" title="Exposition (narrative)">Exposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_writing" title="Fiction writing">Fiction writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writer" title="Writer">Writer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writer%27s_block" title="Writer's block">Writer's block</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_techniques" title="List of narrative techniques">Techniques</a> / devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(linguistics)" title="Contrast (linguistics)">Linguistic contrast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(literary)" title="Contrast (literary)">Literary contrast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">Cliché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">Idiom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Trope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Writing_process" title="Writing process">Writing process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prewriting" title="Prewriting">Prewriting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(composition)" title="Assemblage (composition)">Assemblage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut-up_technique" title="Cut-up technique">Cut-up technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">Diegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastiche" title="Pastiche">Pastiche</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plagiarism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Writing_style" title="Writing style">Writing style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writer%27s_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Writer's voice">Writer's voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">Grammatical mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_modes" title="Rhetorical modes">Rhetorical modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylistics" title="Stylistics">Stylistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(literature)" title="Tone (literature)">Tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_nonfiction" title="Creative nonfiction">Creative nonfiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke" title="Joke">Joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">Screenplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beyond the arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articulation_(sociology)" title="Articulation (sociology)">Articulation (sociological)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_studies" title="Composition studies">Composition studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_writing" title="Technical writing">Technical writing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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