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<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref--excluded vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-not-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Search - Wikibooks, open books for an open world</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref--excluded vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-not-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikibooksmwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"018d10d8-23f0-4646-b386-eb0af8733215","wgCanonicalNamespace":"Special","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":"Search","wgNamespaceNumber":-1,"wgPageName":"Special:Search","wgTitle":"Search","wgCurRevisionId":0,"wgRevisionId":0,"wgArticleId":0,"wgIsArticle":false,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":[],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Special:Search","wgRelevantArticleId":0,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgNoticeProject":"wikibooks","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"value":{"levels":3}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr", "pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":0,"advancedSearch.mimeTypes":{"tiff":"image/tiff","png":"image/png","gif":"image/gif","jpg":"image/jpeg","webp":"image/webp","xcf":"image/x-xcf","pdf":"application/pdf","mid":"audio/midi","ogg":"application/ogg","svg":"image/svg+xml","djvu":"image/vnd.djvu","flac":"audio/x-flac","wav":"audio/x-wav","webm":"video/webm","mp3":"audio/mpeg","mpg":"video/mpeg"},"advancedSearch.tooltips":{"advancedsearch-help-plain": "\u003Cdl\u003E\u003Cdt\u003EDescription\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003ESearches for these words in the title or text.\u003C/dd\u003E\n\u003Cdt\u003EBe aware of the following\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003EMultiple words can be entered here.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EPunctuation marks and other non-alphanumeric characters (with exception of the colon and comma) will be ignored.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThere may be results that do not contain one or more of your search terms.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EWord stemming is applied. Example: If \u003Ci\u003Ecar\u003C/i\u003E is entered, the search will also consider \u003Ci\u003Ecars\u003C/i\u003E. The word stemming is language-specific.\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\u003C/dd\u003E\u003C/dl\u003E\n\u003Cdl\u003E\u003Cdt\u003EHelp page\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003E\u003Ca class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Full_text_search\"\u003EFull text search\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/dd\u003E\n\u003Cdt\u003ESyntax-equivalent in the normal search\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003E\u003Ccode\u003Esesame street car\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/dd\u003E\u003C/dl\u003E" ,"advancedsearch-help-phrase": "\u003Cdl\u003E\u003Cdt\u003EDescription\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003ESearches for a specific sequence of characters. Punctuation marks are ignored.\u003C/dd\u003E\n\u003Cdt\u003EBe aware of the following\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003E(only valid when using quotation marks, see example below)\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003ESeparate the search phrases by comma or space e.g. \u003Ccode\u003E\"good morning\"\u003C/code\u003E, \u003Ccode\u003E\"hello friend!\"\u003C/code\u003E.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EPunctuation marks and other non-alphanumeric characters (with exception of the colon and comma) will be ignored.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003ESearch is not case-sensitive.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EWord stemming is not applied.\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\u003C/dd\u003E\u003C/dl\u003E\n\u003Cdl\u003E\u003Cdt\u003EHelp page\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003E\u003Ca class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Words.2C_phrases.2C_and_modifiers\"\u003EWords, phrases, and modifiers\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/dd\u003E\n\u003Cdt\u003ESyntax-equivalent in the normal search\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003EWords in quotation marks, for example \u003Ccode\u003E\"Begin at the beginning\"\u003C/code\u003E.\u003C/dd\u003E\u003C/dl\u003E" ,"advancedsearch-help-or":"\u003Cdl\u003E\u003Cdt\u003EDescription\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003EAt least one of the search terms has to be included in the page.\u003C/dd\u003E\n\u003Cdt\u003EHelp page\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003E\u003Ca class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Words.2C_phrases.2C_and_modifiers\"\u003EWords, phrases, and modifiers\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/dd\u003E\n\u003Cdt\u003ESyntax-equivalent in the normal search\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003EWords with \u003Ccode\u003EOR\u003C/code\u003E in between them like \u003Ccode\u003ELaptop OR Notebook\u003C/code\u003E.\u003C/dd\u003E\u003C/dl\u003E","advancedsearch-help-not": "\u003Cdl\u003E\u003Cdt\u003EDescription\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003EExcludes pages containing these words from the search.\u003C/dd\u003E\n\u003Cdt\u003EBe aware of the following\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003EWord stemming is applied. Example: If \u003Ci\u003Ecar\u003C/i\u003E is entered, the search will also consider \u003Ci\u003Ecars\u003C/i\u003E. The word stemming is language-specific.\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\u003C/dd\u003E\u003C/dl\u003E\n\u003Cdl\u003E\u003Cdt\u003EHelp page\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003E\u003Ca class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Words.2C_phrases.2C_and_modifiers\"\u003EWords, phrases, and modifiers\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/dd\u003E\n\u003Cdt\u003ESyntax-equivalent in the normal search\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003EWords with \u003Ccode\u003E-\u003C/code\u003E before them, for example \u003Ccode\u003E-elephant\u003C/code\u003E.\u003C/dd\u003E\u003C/dl\u003E", "advancedsearch-help-deepcategory": "\u003Cdl\u003E\u003Cdt\u003EDescription\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003ESearches for pages that are in these categories and subcategories.\u003C/dd\u003E\n\u003Cdt\u003EBe aware of the following\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003EOnly the first 5 subcategory levels will be included in your search.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe number of categories is limited to 256.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EYou can look for pages in multiple categories.\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\u003C/dd\u003E\u003C/dl\u003E\n\u003Cdl\u003E\u003Cdt\u003EHelp page\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003E\u003Ca class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Deepcategory\"\u003EDeepcategory\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/dd\u003E\n\u003Cdt\u003ESyntax-equivalent in the normal search\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003E\u003Ccode\u003Edeepcategory:\u003C/code\u003E followed by a category name like \u003Ccode\u003Edeepcategory:Help\u003C/code\u003E. Use double quotes if the name contains spaces: \u003Ccode\u003Edeepcategory:\"Hidden categories\"\u003C/code\u003E.\u003C/dd\u003E\u003C/dl\u003E" ,"advancedsearch-help-hastemplate": "\u003Cdl\u003E\u003Cdt\u003EDescription\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003ESearches for pages that contain exactly these templates.\u003C/dd\u003E\n\u003Cdt\u003EBe aware of the following\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003EYou can find transcluded templates (templates consisting of other templates).\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe autosuggest function can only find templates which start the same way as your search e.g. a search for \u003Ccode\u003E\"com...\"\u003C/code\u003E will suggest \u003Ci\u003E\"commons\"\u003C/i\u003E but not \u003Ci\u003E\"nowcommons\"\u003C/i\u003E.\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\u003C/dd\u003E\u003C/dl\u003E\n\u003Cdl\u003E\u003Cdt\u003EHelp page\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003E\u003Ca class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Hastemplate\"\u003EHastemplate\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/dd\u003E\n\u003Cdt\u003ESyntax-equivalent in the normal search\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003EWords in quotation marks with \u003Ccode\u003Ehastemplate:\u003C/code\u003E before them like \u003Ccode\u003Ehastemplate:\"missing information\"\u003C/code\u003E.\u003C/dd\u003E\u003C/dl\u003E" ,"advancedsearch-help-inlanguage": "\u003Cdl\u003E\u003Cdt\u003EDescription\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003E\u003C/dd\u003E\u003C/dl\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWill only search in the language you choose.\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cdl\u003E\u003Cdt\u003EBe aware of the following\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003EYou can only search for pages in one language.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThis field will only be visible in wikis that have the translatewiki extension enabled.\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\u003C/dd\u003E\u003C/dl\u003E\n\u003Cdl\u003E\u003Cdt\u003EHelp page\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003E\u003Ca class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Inlanguage\"\u003EInlanguage\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/dd\u003E\n\u003Cdt\u003ESyntax-equivalent in the normal search\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003E\u003Ccode\u003Einlanguage:\u003C/code\u003E followed by a language code like \u003Ccode\u003Einlanguage:es\u003C/code\u003E. You can exclude languages by adding a \u003Ccode\u003E-\u003C/code\u003E in front of the keyword e.g. \u003Ccode\u003E-inlanguage:en\u003C/code\u003E.\u003C/dd\u003E\u003C/dl\u003E" ,"advancedsearch-help-intitle": "\u003Cdl\u003E\u003Cdt\u003EDescription\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003ESearches for pages with titles that contain this word\u003C/dd\u003E\n\u003Cdt\u003EBe aware of the following\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003EThe search includes redirects.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EWord stemming is applied. Example: If \u003Ci\u003Ecar\u003C/i\u003E is entered, the search will also consider \u003Ci\u003Ecars\u003C/i\u003E. The word stemming is language-specific.\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\u003C/dd\u003E\u003C/dl\u003E\n\u003Cdl\u003E\u003Cdt\u003EHelp page\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003E\u003Ca class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Intitle_and_incategory\"\u003EIntitle and incategory\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/dd\u003E\n\u003Cdt\u003ESyntax-equivalent in the normal search\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003EWords with \u003Ccode\u003Eintitle:\u003C/code\u003E before them like \u003Ccode\u003Eintitle:queen\u003C/code\u003E.\u003C/dd\u003E\u003C/dl\u003E" ,"advancedsearch-help-subpageof": "\u003Cdl\u003E\u003Cdt\u003EDescription\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003ESearches for pages that are subpages of this page.\u003C/dd\u003E\n\u003Cdt\u003EBe aware of the following\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003EYou can only search for subpages of one page at a time.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EDon鈥檛 forget to enable the namespaces you want to limit your search to in the namespace filter.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EDo not include the namespace in front of the page name like this: \u003Cdel\u003E\u003Ccode\u003EWikibooks:Redirect\u003C/code\u003E\u003C/del\u003E.\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\u003C/dd\u003E\u003C/dl\u003E\n\u003Cdl\u003E\u003Cdt\u003EHelp page\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003E\u003Ca class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#subpageof\"\u003ESubpageof\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/dd\u003E\n\u003Cdt\u003ESyntax-equivalent in the normal search\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003E\u003Ccode\u003Esubpageof:\u003C/code\u003E followed by a page name like \u003Ccode\u003Esubpageof:Redirect\u003C/code\u003E. Use double quotes if the parent page contains spaces: \u003Ccode\u003Esubpageof:\"Requests for comment\"\u003C/code\u003E.\u003C/dd\u003E\u003C/dl\u003E" ,"advancedsearch-help-filetype": "\u003Cdl\u003E\u003Cdt\u003EDescription\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003ESearches only for files of the selected type.\u003C/dd\u003E\n\u003Cdt\u003EBe aware of the following\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003EYou can only search for one file type.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EYou can only select the given file types from the drop-down menu.\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\u003C/dd\u003E\u003C/dl\u003E\n\u003Cdl\u003E\u003Cdt\u003EHelp pages\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003E\u003Ca class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#filetype\"\u003EFiletype\u003C/a\u003E and \u003Ca class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#filemime\"\u003Efilemime\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/dd\u003E\n\u003Cdt\u003ESyntax-equivalent in the normal search\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003EWords with \u003Ccode\u003Efiletype:\u003C/code\u003E before them like \u003Ccode\u003Efiletype:ogg\u003C/code\u003E.\u003C/dd\u003E\u003C/dl\u003E" ,"advancedsearch-help-filew":"\u003Cdl\u003E\u003Cdt\u003EDescription\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003EThese fields allow you to specify the width of the file.\u003C/dd\u003E\n\u003Cdt\u003EBe aware of the following\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003EThis is only applicable to file types that have width and height, like videos and images.\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\u003C/dd\u003E\u003C/dl\u003E\n\u003Cdl\u003E\u003Cdt\u003EHelp page\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003E\u003Ca class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#File_measures\"\u003EFilemeasures\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/dd\u003E\n\u003Cdt\u003ESyntax-equivalent in the normal search\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003ENumbers with \u003Ccode\u003Efilew\u003C/code\u003E before them like \u003Ccode\u003Efilew:\u0026gt;800\u003C/code\u003E.\u003C/dd\u003E\u003C/dl\u003E","advancedsearch-help-fileh": "\u003Cdl\u003E\u003Cdt\u003EDescription\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003EThese fields allow you to specify the height of the file.\u003C/dd\u003E\n\u003Cdt\u003EBe aware of the following\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003EThis is only applicable to file types that have width and height, like videos and images.\u003C/li\u003E\u003C/ul\u003E\u003C/dd\u003E\u003C/dl\u003E\n\u003Cdl\u003E\u003Cdt\u003EHelp page\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003E\u003Ca class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#File_measures\"\u003EFilemeasures\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/dd\u003E\n\u003Cdt\u003ESyntax-equivalent in the normal search\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003ENumbers with \u003Ccode\u003Efileh\u003C/code\u003E before them like \u003Ccode\u003Efileh:\u0026gt;600\u003C/code\u003E.\u003C/dd\u003E\u003C/dl\u003E","advancedsearch-help-sort": "\u003Cdl\u003E\u003Cdt\u003EDescription\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003EChange the sorting order of results. The standard is that most relevant pages are placed on top of the results.\u003C/dd\u003E\n\u003Cdt\u003EHelp page\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003E\u003Ca class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Explicit_sort_orders\"\u003EExplicit sort orders\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/dd\u003E\n\u003Cdt\u003ESyntax-equivalent in the normal search\u003C/dt\u003E\n\u003Cdd\u003EThis feature has no keyword that you can type in the search input field since the function is specified via a parameter in the URL.\u003C/dd\u003E\u003C/dl\u003E"},"advancedSearch.namespacePresets":{"defaultNamespaces":{"enabled":true,"provider":"defaultNamespaces","label":"advancedsearch-namespaces-preset-default"},"discussion":{"enabled":true,"provider":"discussion","label":"advancedsearch-namespaces-preset-discussion"},"generalHelp":{"enabled":true,"namespaces":["4","12" 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