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</button> <ul id="toc-As_a_normal_feature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pentadactyly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pentadactyly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pentadactyly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pentadactyly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tetradactyly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tetradactyly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Tetradactyly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tetradactyly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tridactyly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tridactyly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Tridactyly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tridactyly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Didactyly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Didactyly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Didactyly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Didactyly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monodactyly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monodactyly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Monodactyly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monodactyly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_congenital_defect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_congenital_defect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>As a congenital defect</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-As_a_congenital_defect-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle As a congenital defect subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-As_a_congenital_defect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syndactyly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syndactyly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Syndactyly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syndactyly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polydactyly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polydactyly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Polydactyly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polydactyly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oligodactyly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oligodactyly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Oligodactyly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oligodactyly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ectrodactyly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ectrodactyly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Ectrodactyly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ectrodactyly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinodactyly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinodactyly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Clinodactyly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinodactyly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In birds</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_birds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In birds subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anisodactyly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anisodactyly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Anisodactyly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anisodactyly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syndactyly_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syndactyly_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Syndactyly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syndactyly_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zygodactyly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zygodactyly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Zygodactyly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zygodactyly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heterodactyly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heterodactyly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Heterodactyly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heterodactyly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pamprodactyly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pamprodactyly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Pamprodactyly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pamprodactyly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chameleons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chameleons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Chameleons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chameleons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquatic_tetrapods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquatic_tetrapods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aquatic tetrapods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquatic_tetrapods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schizodactyly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schizodactyly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Schizodactyly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schizodactyly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dactyly</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactilia" title="Dactilia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dactilia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daktileco" title="Daktileco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Daktileco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="انگشت‌بندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انگشت‌بندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactylie" title="Dactylie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dactylie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactilia" title="Dactilia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dactilia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="דקטיליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דקטיליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%90%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE" title="ဒက်အတလီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒက်အတလီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%BE_(%E9%B3%A5%E9%A1%9E)" title="趾 (鳥類) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="趾 (鳥類)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daktyli" title="Daktyli – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Daktyli" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Arrangement of digits on hands and feet</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Dactyl_(poetry)" title="Dactyl (poetry)">Dactyl (poetry)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scheme_human_hand_bones-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Human hand anatomy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Scheme_human_hand_bones-en.svg/220px-Scheme_human_hand_bones-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Scheme_human_hand_bones-en.svg/330px-Scheme_human_hand_bones-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Scheme_human_hand_bones-en.svg/440px-Scheme_human_hand_bones-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>Human hand anatomy (pentadactyl)</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <b>dactyly</b> is the arrangement of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/digit" class="extiw" title="wikt:digit">digits</a> (<a href="/wiki/Finger" title="Finger">fingers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toe" title="Toe">toes</a>) on the <a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">hands</a>, feet, or sometimes <a href="/wiki/Wing" title="Wing">wings</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapod</a> <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a>. The term is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek (language)">Greek</a> word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">δακτυλος</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">dáktylos</i></span>) meaning "finger." </p><p>Sometimes the suffix "-dactylia" is used. The derived adjectives end with "-dactyl" or "-dactylous." </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_a_normal_feature">As a normal feature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dactyly&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: As a normal feature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pentadactyly">Pentadactyly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dactyly&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pentadactyly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pentadactyly (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πέντε</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">pénte</i></span> "five") is the condition of having five digits on each limb. It is traditionally believed that all living <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a> are descended from an ancestor with a pentadactyl limb, although many species have now lost or transformed some or all of their digits by the process of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>. However, this viewpoint was challenged by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a> in his 1991 essay "Eight (or Fewer) Little Piggies," where he pointed out <a href="/wiki/Polydactyly_in_early_tetrapods" class="mw-redirect" title="Polydactyly in early tetrapods">polydactyly in early tetrapods</a> and described the specializations of digit reduction.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the individual variations listed below, the relationship is to the original five-digit model. </p><p>In reptiles, the limbs are pentadactylous. </p><p>Dogs have tetradactylous paws but the <a href="/wiki/Dewclaw" title="Dewclaw">dewclaw</a> makes them pentadactyls. Cats also have dewclaws on their front limbs but not their hind limbs, making them both pentadactyls and tetradactyls. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tetradactyly">Tetradactyly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dactyly&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tetradactyly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tetradactyly (from Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τετρα</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">tetra</i></span> 'four') is the condition of having four digits on a limb, as in many <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Theropod">theropod</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tridactyly">Tridactyly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dactyly&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tridactyly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3-part_arm.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/3-part_arm.svg/220px-3-part_arm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/3-part_arm.svg/330px-3-part_arm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/3-part_arm.svg/440px-3-part_arm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption>Tridactylous <i><a href="/wiki/Allosaurus" title="Allosaurus">Allosaurus</a></i> arm</figcaption></figure> <p>Tridactyly (from Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τρία</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">tría</i></span> 'three') is the condition of having three digits on a limb, as in the <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceros</a> and ancestors of the horse such as <i><a href="/wiki/Protohippus" title="Protohippus">Protohippus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hipparion" title="Hipparion">Hipparion</a></i>. These all belong to the <a href="/wiki/Perissodactyla" title="Perissodactyla">Perissodactyla</a>. Some birds also have three toes, including <a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">emus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bustards" class="mw-redirect" title="Bustards">bustards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quail" title="Quail">quail</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Didactyly">Didactyly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dactyly&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Didactyly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Didactyly (from Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">δι-</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">di-</i></span> 'two') or bidactyly is the condition of having two digits on each limb, as in the <a href="/wiki/Hypertragulidae" title="Hypertragulidae">Hypertragulidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Two-toed_sloth" title="Two-toed sloth">two-toed sloth</a>, <i>Choloepus didactylus</i>. In humans this name is used for an abnormality in which the middle digits are missing, leaving only the thumb and fifth finger, or big and little toes. Cloven-hoofed mammals (such as deer, sheep and cattle – <i><a href="/wiki/Artiodactyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Artiodactyla">Artiodactyla</a></i>) have only two digits, as do <a href="/wiki/Ostriches" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostriches">ostriches</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monodactyly">Monodactyly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dactyly&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Monodactyly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Monodactyly (from Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μόνος</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">monos-</i></span> 'one') is the condition of having a single digit on a limb, as in modern <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Equidae" title="Equidae">equidae</a> (though one study suggests that the <a href="/wiki/Frog_(horse_anatomy)" title="Frog (horse anatomy)">frog</a> might be composed of remnants of digits II and IV, rendering horses as not truly monodactyl<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) as well as <a href="/wiki/Sthenurinae" title="Sthenurinae">sthenurine</a> kangaroos. Functional monodactyly, where the weight is supported on only one of multiple toes, can also occur, as in the <a href="/wiki/Theropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Theropod">theropod</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaur</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Vespersaurus" title="Vespersaurus">Vespersaurus</a></i>. The pterosaur <i><a href="/wiki/Nyctosaurus" title="Nyctosaurus">Nyctosaurus</a></i> retained only the wing finger on the forelimb, rendering it also partially monodactyl.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_a_congenital_defect">As a congenital defect</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dactyly&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: As a congenital defect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among humans, the term "five-fingered hand" is sometimes used to mean the abnormality of having five fingers, none of which is a thumb.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syndactyly">Syndactyly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dactyly&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Syndactyly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syndactyly" title="Syndactyly">Syndactyly</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celldeath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Celldeath.jpg/220px-Celldeath.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Celldeath.jpg/330px-Celldeath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Celldeath.jpg/440px-Celldeath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1662" /></a><figcaption>Human foot with partial simple syndactyly.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Syndactyly" title="Syndactyly">Syndactyly</a> (from Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">συν-</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">syn</i></span> 'together') is a condition where two or more digits are fused together. It occurs normally in some <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Siamang" title="Siamang">siamang</a> and most <a href="/wiki/Diprotodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Diprotodont">diprotodontid</a> <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupials</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Kangaroos" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangaroos">kangaroos</a>. It occurs as an unusual condition in humans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polydactyly">Polydactyly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dactyly&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Polydactyly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polydactyly" title="Polydactyly">Polydactyly</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Polydactyly" title="Polydactyly">Polydactyly</a> (from Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πολυ-</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">poly-</i></span> 'many') is when a limb has more than the usual number of digits. This can be: </p> <ul><li>As a result of congenital abnormality in a normally pentadactyl animal. Polydactyly is very common among domestic cats. For more information, see <a href="/wiki/Polydactyly" title="Polydactyly">polydactyly</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polydactyly_in_early_tetrapod" class="mw-redirect" title="Polydactyly in early tetrapod">Polydactyly in early tetrapod</a> <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">aquatic animals</a>, such as in <i><a href="/wiki/Acanthostega_gunnari" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthostega gunnari">Acanthostega gunnari</a></i> (Jarvik 1952), one of an increasing number of genera of stem-tetrapods known from the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Devonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Devonian">Upper Devonian</a>, which are providing insights into the appearance of tetrapods and the origin of limbs with digits. It also occurs secondarily in some later tetrapods, such as <a href="/wiki/Ichthyosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyosaurs">ichthyosaurs</a>. The use of a term normally reserved for congenital defects reflects that it was regarded as an anomaly at the time, as it was believed that all modern tetrapods have either five digits or ancestors that did.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oligodactyly">Oligodactyly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dactyly&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Oligodactyly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oligodactyly" title="Oligodactyly">Oligodactyly</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oligodactyly" title="Oligodactyly">Oligodactyly</a> (from Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὀλιγο-</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">oligo-</i></span> 'few') is having too few digits when not caused by an <a href="/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation">amputation</a>. It is sometimes incorrectly called <b>hypodactyly</b> or confused with <b>aphalangia</b>, the absence of the <a href="/wiki/Phalanx_bone" title="Phalanx bone">phalanx bone</a> on one or (commonly) more digits. When <i>all</i> the digits on a hand or foot are absent, it is referred to as <i>adactyly</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ectrodactyly">Ectrodactyly</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dactyly&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ectrodactyly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ectrodactyly" title="Ectrodactyly">Ectrodactyly</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ectrodactyly" title="Ectrodactyly">Ectrodactyly</a>, also known as <i>split-hand malformation</i>, is the congenital absence of one or more central digits of the hands and feet. Consequently, it is a form of oligodactyly. News anchor <a href="/wiki/Bree_Walker" title="Bree Walker">Bree Walker</a> is probably the best-known person with this condition, which affects about one in 91,000 people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is conspicuously more common in the <a href="/wiki/Vadoma" title="Vadoma">Vadoma</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gould_Pyle_122.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tetradactyly"><img alt="Tetradactyly" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gould_Pyle_122.jpg/61px-Gould_Pyle_122.jpg" decoding="async" width="61" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gould_Pyle_122.jpg/91px-Gould_Pyle_122.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gould_Pyle_122.jpg/122px-Gould_Pyle_122.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="897" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tetradactyly</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikhail_Tal_1961_Oberhausen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tridactyly (Mikhail Tal)"><img alt="Tridactyly (Mikhail Tal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mikhail_Tal_1961_Oberhausen.jpg/100px-Mikhail_Tal_1961_Oberhausen.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mikhail_Tal_1961_Oberhausen.jpg/150px-Mikhail_Tal_1961_Oberhausen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mikhail_Tal_1961_Oberhausen.jpg/200px-Mikhail_Tal_1961_Oberhausen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tridactyly (<a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tal" title="Mikhail Tal">Mikhail Tal</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Malformation_of_fingers_and_toes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Didactyly"><img alt="Didactyly" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Malformation_of_fingers_and_toes.jpg/94px-Malformation_of_fingers_and_toes.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Malformation_of_fingers_and_toes.jpg/141px-Malformation_of_fingers_and_toes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Malformation_of_fingers_and_toes.jpg/187px-Malformation_of_fingers_and_toes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="1577" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Didactyly</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gould_Pyle_124.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monodactyly"><img alt="Monodactyly" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gould_Pyle_124.jpg/104px-Gould_Pyle_124.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gould_Pyle_124.jpg/156px-Gould_Pyle_124.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gould_Pyle_124.jpg/208px-Gould_Pyle_124.jpg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="1042" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Monodactyly</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clinodactyly">Clinodactyly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dactyly&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Clinodactyly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Clinodactyly" title="Clinodactyly">Clinodactyly</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Clinodactyly" title="Clinodactyly">Clinodactyly</a> is a medical term describing the curvature of a digit (a finger or toe) in the plane of the palm, most commonly the fifth finger (the "little finger") towards the adjacent fourth finger (the "ring finger"). It is a fairly common isolated anomaly which often goes unnoticed, but also occurs in combination with other abnormalities in certain genetic syndromes, such as <a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turner_syndrome" title="Turner syndrome">Turner syndrome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornelia_de_Lange_syndrome" title="Cornelia de Lange syndrome">Cornelia de Lange syndrome</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_birds">In birds<span class="anchor" id="bird_digits"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dactyly&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bird_anatomy" title="Bird anatomy">Bird anatomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bird_feet_and_legs" title="Bird feet and legs">Bird feet and legs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bird-feets-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bird-feets-en.svg/220px-Bird-feets-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bird-feets-en.svg/330px-Bird-feets-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bird-feets-en.svg/440px-Bird-feets-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>Four types of bird feet<br />(right foot diagrams)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anisodactyly">Anisodactyly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dactyly&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Anisodactyly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anisodactyly is the most common arrangement of digits in birds, with three toes forward and one back. This is common in <a href="/wiki/Songbird" title="Songbird">songbirds</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Perching_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Perching bird">perching birds</a>, as well as hunting birds such as <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawk" title="Hawk">hawks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">falcons</a>. This arrangement of digits helps with perching and/or climbing and clinging. This occurs in <a href="/wiki/Passeriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Passeriformes">Passeriformes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbiformes">Columbiformes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falconiformes" title="Falconiformes">Falconiformes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accipitriformes" title="Accipitriformes">Accipitriformes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galliformes" title="Galliformes">Galliformes</a> and a majority of other birds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syndactyly_2">Syndactyly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dactyly&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Syndactyly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Syndactyly, as it occurs in birds, is like anisodactyly, except that the third and fourth toes (the outer and middle forward-pointing toes), or three toes, are fused together almost to their claws, as in the <a href="/wiki/Belted_kingfisher" title="Belted kingfisher">belted kingfisher</a> (<i>Megaceryle alcyon</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Coraciiformes" title="Coraciiformes">Coraciiformes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingfisher" title="Kingfisher">kingfishers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bee-eater" title="Bee-eater">bee-eaters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coraciidae" title="Coraciidae">rollers</a>, and relatives).<sup id="cite_ref-nupen_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nupen-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 37">: 37 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zygodactyly">Zygodactyly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dactyly&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Zygodactyly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ara_chloropterus_-Bioparc_Zoo_de_Doue_la_Fontaine-8a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ara_chloropterus_-Bioparc_Zoo_de_Doue_la_Fontaine-8a.jpg/220px-Ara_chloropterus_-Bioparc_Zoo_de_Doue_la_Fontaine-8a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ara_chloropterus_-Bioparc_Zoo_de_Doue_la_Fontaine-8a.jpg/330px-Ara_chloropterus_-Bioparc_Zoo_de_Doue_la_Fontaine-8a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ara_chloropterus_-Bioparc_Zoo_de_Doue_la_Fontaine-8a.jpg/440px-Ara_chloropterus_-Bioparc_Zoo_de_Doue_la_Fontaine-8a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Green-winged_macaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Green-winged macaw">green-winged macaw</a> has raised its right foot to its beak.</figcaption></figure> <p>Zygodactyly (from Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ζυγος</span></span>, even-numbered) is an arrangement of digits in birds and chameleons, with two toes facing forward (digits 2 and 3) and two back (digits 1 and 4). This arrangement is most common in <a href="/wiki/Arboreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arboreal">arboreal</a> species, particularly those that climb <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">tree</a> trunks or clamber through foliage. Zygodactyly occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">parrots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodpecker" title="Woodpecker">woodpeckers</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Flicker_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flicker (bird)">flickers</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cuckoo" title="Cuckoo">cuckoos</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Geococcyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Geococcyx">roadrunners</a>), and some <a href="/wiki/Owls" class="mw-redirect" title="Owls">owls</a>. Zygodactyl tracks have been found dating to 120–110 million years ago (early <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>), 50 million years before the first identified zygodactyl fossils. All <a href="/wiki/Psittaciformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittaciformes">Psittaciformes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuculiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuculiformes">Cuculiformes</a>, the majority of <a href="/wiki/Piciformes" title="Piciformes">Piciformes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Osprey" title="Osprey">osprey</a> are zygodactyl.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heterodactyly">Heterodactyly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dactyly&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Heterodactyly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heterodactyly is like zygodactyly, except that digits 3 and 4 point forward and digits 1 and 2 point back. This is found only in <a href="/wiki/Trogon" title="Trogon">trogons</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the <a href="/wiki/Enantiornithes" title="Enantiornithes">enantiornithean</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Dalingheornis" title="Dalingheornis">Dalingheornis</a></i> might also have had this arrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pamprodactyly">Pamprodactyly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dactyly&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pamprodactyly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pamprodactyly is an arrangement in which all four toes point forward, outer toes (toe 1 and sometimes 4) often if not regularly reversible. It is a characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Swift_(bird)" title="Swift (bird)">swifts</a> (Apodidae) and <a href="/wiki/Mousebirds" class="mw-redirect" title="Mousebirds">mousebirds</a> (Coliiformes).<sup id="cite_ref-nupen_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nupen-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 37–38">: 37–38 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chameleons">Chameleons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dactyly&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Chameleons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The feet of <a href="/wiki/Chameleons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chameleons">chameleons</a> are organized into bundles of a group of two and a group of three digits which oppose one another to grasp branches in a pincer-like arrangement. This condition has been called zygodactyly or didactyly, but the specific arrangement in chameleons does not fit either definition. The feet of the front limbs in chameleons, for instance, are organized into a medial bundle of digits 1, 2 and 3, and a lateral bundle of digits 4 and 5, while the feet of the hind limbs are organized into a medial bundle of digits 1 and 2, and a lateral bundle of digits 3, 4 and 5.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, zygodactyly involves digits 1 and 4 opposing digits 2 and 3, which is an arrangement that chameleons do not exhibit in either front or hind limbs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aquatic_tetrapods">Aquatic tetrapods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dactyly&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Aquatic tetrapods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many <a href="/wiki/Secondarily_aquatic_tetrapods" title="Secondarily aquatic tetrapods">secondarily aquatic vertebrates</a>, the non-bony tissues of the forelimbs and/or hindlimbs are fused into a single <a href="/wiki/Flipper_(anatomy)" title="Flipper (anatomy)">flipper</a>. Some remnant of each digit generally remains under the soft tissue of the flipper, though digit reduction gradually occurs such as in baleen whales (<a href="/wiki/Baleen_whale" title="Baleen whale">mysticeti</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marine mammals evolving flippers represents a classic example of <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a>, and by some analyses, <a href="/wiki/Parallel_evolution" title="Parallel evolution">parallel evolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Full webbing of the digits in the <a href="/wiki/Manus_(anatomy)" title="Manus (anatomy)">manus</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Pes_(anatomy)" title="Pes (anatomy)">pes</a> is present in a number of aquatic tetrapods. Such animals include <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">marine mammals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">cetaceans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirenia" title="Sirenia">sirenians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">pinnipeds</a>), <a href="/wiki/Marine_reptile" title="Marine reptile">marine reptiles</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">sea turtles</a> and extinct <a href="/wiki/Ichthyosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyosaur">ichthyosaurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosasaur" title="Mosasaur">mosasaurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plesiosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Plesiosauria">plesiosaurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metriorhynchidae" title="Metriorhynchidae">metriorhynchids</a>), and flightless aquatic birds such as <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hyperphalangy, or an increase in the number of <a href="/wiki/Phalanx_bone" title="Phalanx bone">phalanges</a> beyond ancestral mammal and reptile conditions, is present in modern cetaceans and extinct marine reptiles.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schizodactyly">Schizodactyly</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dactyly&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Schizodactyly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Schizodactyly</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primate</a> term for grasping and clinging with the second and third digit, instead of the thumb and second digit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dactyly&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Even-toed_ungulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Even-toed ungulate">Artiodactyl</a> – even-toed ungulates, clade <a href="/wiki/Cetartiodactyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetartiodactyla">Cetartiodactyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd-toed_ungulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Odd-toed ungulate">Perissodactyl</a> – odd-toed ungulates</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dactyly&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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"Structure and Mechanics of Nonpiscine Control Surfaces". <i>IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 605–621. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004IJOE...29..605F">2004IJOE...29..605F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fjoe.2004.833213">10.1109/joe.2004.833213</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0364-9059">0364-9059</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28802495">28802495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Journal+of+Oceanic+Engineering&rft.atitle=Structure+and+Mechanics+of+Nonpiscine+Control+Surfaces&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=605-621&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Fjoe.2004.833213&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28802495%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0364-9059&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004IJOE...29..605F&rft.aulast=Fish&rft.aufirst=F.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADactyly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFedakHall2004" class="citation journal cs1">Fedak, Tim J; Hall, Brian K (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1571266">"Perspectives on hyperphalangy: patterns and processes"</a>. <i>Journal of Anatomy</i>. <b>204</b> (3): 151–163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0021-8782.2004.00278.x">10.1111/j.0021-8782.2004.00278.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8782">0021-8782</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1571266">1571266</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15032905">15032905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anatomy&rft.atitle=Perspectives+on+hyperphalangy%3A+patterns+and+processes&rft.volume=204&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=151-163&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1571266%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0021-8782&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15032905&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0021-8782.2004.00278.x&rft.aulast=Fedak&rft.aufirst=Tim+J&rft.au=Hall%2C+Brian+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1571266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADactyly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dactyly&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoates2005" class="citation journal cs1">Coates, Michael (25 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-do-most-species-have">"Why do most species have five digits on their hands and feet?"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">clavicle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">shoulder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleidocranial_dysostosis" title="Cleidocranial dysostosis">Cleidocranial dysostosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprengel%27s_deformity" title="Sprengel's deformity">Sprengel's deformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis%E2%80%93Zieff%E2%80%93Goldblatt_syndrome" title="Wallis–Zieff–Goldblatt syndrome">Wallis–Zieff–Goldblatt syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hand_deformity" title="Hand deformity">hand deformity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madelung%27s_deformity" title="Madelung's deformity">Madelung's deformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinodactyly" title="Clinodactyly">Clinodactyly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligodactyly" title="Oligodactyly">Oligodactyly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polydactyly" title="Polydactyly">Polydactyly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">Leg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">hip</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_dislocation" title="Hip dislocation">Hip dislocation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hip_dysplasia" title="Hip dysplasia">Hip dysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upington_disease" title="Upington disease">Upington disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coxa_valga" title="Coxa valga">Coxa valga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coxa_vara" title="Coxa vara">Coxa vara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">knee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genu_valgum" title="Genu valgum">Genu valgum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genu_varum" title="Genu varum">Genu varum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genu_recurvatum" title="Genu recurvatum">Genu recurvatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discoid_meniscus" title="Discoid meniscus">Discoid meniscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_patellar_dislocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital patellar dislocation">Congenital patellar dislocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_knee_dislocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital knee dislocation">Congenital knee dislocation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foot_deformity" title="Foot deformity">foot deformity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Varus_deformity" title="Varus deformity">varus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Club_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Club foot">Club foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_toe" title="Pigeon toe">Pigeon toe</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valgus_deformity" title="Valgus deformity">valgus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flat_feet" title="Flat feet">Flat feet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pes_cavus" title="Pes cavus">Pes cavus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocker_bottom_foot" title="Rocker bottom foot">Rocker bottom foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_toe" title="Hammer toe">Hammer toe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Either / both</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">fingers and toes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polydactyly" title="Polydactyly">Polydactyly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syndactyly" title="Syndactyly">Syndactyly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Webbed_toes" title="Webbed toes">Webbed toes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachnodactyly" title="Arachnodactyly">Arachnodactyly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenani%E2%80%93Lenz_syndactylism" title="Cenani–Lenz syndactylism">Cenani–Lenz syndactylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectrodactyly" title="Ectrodactyly">Ectrodactyly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachydactyly" title="Brachydactyly">Brachydactyly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stub_thumb" class="mw-redirect" title="Stub thumb">Stub thumb</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">reduction deficits / limb</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acheiropodia" title="Acheiropodia">Acheiropodia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ectromelia" title="Ectromelia">Ectromelia</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phocomelia" title="Phocomelia">Phocomelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_(birth_defect)" title="Amelia (birth defect)">Amelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemimelia" title="Hemimelia">Hemimelia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">multiple joints</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthrogryposis" title="Arthrogryposis">Arthrogryposis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larsen_syndrome" title="Larsen syndrome">Larsen syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAPADILINO_syndrome" title="RAPADILINO syndrome">RAPADILINO syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Axial_skeleton" title="Axial skeleton">Axial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Craniofacial_abnormality" title="Craniofacial abnormality">Skull and face</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Craniosynostosis" title="Craniosynostosis">Craniosynostosis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scaphocephaly" title="Scaphocephaly">Scaphocephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycephaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxycephaly">Oxycephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigonocephaly" title="Trigonocephaly">Trigonocephaly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Craniofacial_dysostosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Craniofacial dysostosis">Craniofacial dysostosis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crouzon_syndrome" title="Crouzon syndrome">Crouzon syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertelorism" title="Hypertelorism">Hypertelorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallermann%E2%80%93Streiff_syndrome" title="Hallermann–Streiff syndrome">Hallermann–Streiff syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oto-palato-digital_syndrome" title="Oto-palato-digital syndrome">Oto-palato-digital syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treacher_Collins_syndrome" title="Treacher Collins syndrome">Treacher Collins syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macrocephaly" title="Macrocephaly">Macrocephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platybasia" title="Platybasia">Platybasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craniodiaphyseal_dysplasia" title="Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia">Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolichocephaly" title="Dolichocephaly">Dolichocephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greig_cephalopolysyndactyly_syndrome" title="Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome">Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plagiocephaly" title="Plagiocephaly">Plagiocephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_nose" title="Saddle nose">Saddle nose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">Vertebral column</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_curvature" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal curvature">Spinal curvature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scoliosis" title="Scoliosis">Scoliosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klippel%E2%80%93Feil_syndrome" title="Klippel–Feil syndrome">Klippel–Feil syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spondylolisthesis" title="Spondylolisthesis">Spondylolisthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spina_bifida_occulta" class="mw-redirect" title="Spina bifida occulta">Spina bifida occulta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacralization_of_the_fifth_lumbar_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacralization of the fifth lumbar vertebra">Sacralization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_skeleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoracic skeleton">Thoracic skeleton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">ribs</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_rib" title="Cervical rib">Cervical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifid_rib" title="Bifid rib">Bifid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">sternum</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pectus_excavatum" title="Pectus excavatum">Pectus excavatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectus_carinatum" title="Pectus carinatum">Pectus carinatum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poland_syndrome" title="Poland syndrome">Poland syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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