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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pre-war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carthage_invades_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carthage_invades_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Carthage invades Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carthage_invades_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prelude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Prelude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Carthaginian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carthaginian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Battle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Setting_the_ambush" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Setting_the_ambush"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Setting the ambush</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Setting_the_ambush-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Springing_the_trap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Springing_the_trap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Springing the trap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Springing_the_trap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties_and_follow_up" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties_and_follow_up"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Casualties and follow up</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties_and_follow_up-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evaluation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaluation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Evaluation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evaluation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes,_citations_and_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes,_citations_and_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes, citations and sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes,_citations_and_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes, citations and sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes,_citations_and_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Lake Trasimene</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="معركة بحيرة تراسمانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة بحيرة تراسمانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="ত্রাজিমিন হ্রদের যুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ত্রাজিমিন হ্রদের যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Битка при Тразименското езеро – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Битка при Тразименското езеро" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Trazimenskog_jezera" title="Bitka kod Trazimenskog jezera – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bitka kod Trazimenskog jezera" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_del_llac_Trasim%C3%A8" title="Batalla del llac Trasimè – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla del llac Trasimè" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_u_Trasimensk%C3%A9ho_jezera" title="Bitva u Trasimenského jezera – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva u Trasimenského jezera" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brwydr_Llyn_Trasimene" title="Brwydr Llyn Trasimene – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brwydr Llyn Trasimene" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_am_Trasimenischen_See" title="Schlacht am Trasimenischen See – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht am Trasimenischen See" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Μάχη της λίμνης Τρασιμένης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάχη της λίμνης Τρασιμένης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_del_Lago_Trasimeno" title="Batalla del Lago Trasimeno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla del Lago Trasimeno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasimenoko_gudua" title="Trasimenoko gudua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Trasimenoko gudua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7" title="نبرد دریاچه تراسی‌منا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد دریاچه تراسی‌منا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_du_lac_Trasim%C3%A8ne" title="Bataille du lac Trasimène – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille du lac Trasimène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC%EC%8B%9C%EB%A9%94%EB%85%B8%ED%98%B8_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="트라시메노호 전투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트라시메노호 전투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Danau_Trasimeno" title="Pertempuran Danau Trasimeno – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Danau Trasimeno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_del_lago_Trasimeno" title="Battaglia del lago Trasimeno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia del lago Trasimeno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1" title="קרב טראסימנוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרב טראסימנוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ტრაზიმენის ტბის ბრძოლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტრაზიმენის ტბის ბრძოლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugna_ad_Trasumennum" title="Pugna ad Trasumennum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pugna ad Trasumennum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schluecht_beim_Trasimeno-S%C3%A9i" title="Schluecht beim Trasimeno-Séi – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schluecht beim Trasimeno-Séi" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasimenus-tavi_csata" title="Trasimenus-tavi csata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Trasimenus-tavi csata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="ट्रासिमेन सरोवराची लढाई – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ट्रासिमेन सरोवराची लढाई" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Tasik_Trasimene" title="Pertempuran Tasik Trasimene – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertempuran Tasik Trasimene" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_bij_het_Trasimeense_Meer" title="Slag bij het Trasimeense Meer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag bij het Trasimeense Meer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A1%E3%83%8C%E3%82%B9%E6%B9%96%E7%95%94%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="トラシメヌス湖畔の戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トラシメヌス湖畔の戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Trasimene" title="Slaget ved Trasimene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget ved Trasimene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasimene_ko%27lidagi_jang" title="Trasimene ko'lidagi jang – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Trasimene ko'lidagi jang" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_nad_Jeziorem_Trazyme%C5%84skim" title="Bitwa nad Jeziorem Trazymeńskim – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa nad Jeziorem Trazymeńskim" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_do_Lago_Trasimeno" title="Batalha do Lago Trasimeno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha do Lago Trasimeno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_la_Lacul_Trasimene" title="Bătălia de la Lacul Trasimene – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bătălia de la Lacul Trasimene" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Битва при Тразименском озере – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва при Тразименском озере" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%B1" title="ත්‍රසිමේන් විල සටන – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ත්‍රසිමේන් විල සටන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_pri_Trasimenskom_jazere" title="Bitka pri Trasimenskom jazere – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bitka pri Trasimenskom jazere" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Битка код Тразименског језера – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка код Тразименског језера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Trazimenskog_jezera" title="Bitka kod Trazimenskog jezera – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka kod Trazimenskog jezera" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasimenusj%C3%A4rven_taistelu" title="Trasimenusjärven taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Trasimenusjärven taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_vid_Trasimenska_sj%C3%B6n" title="Slaget vid Trasimenska sjön – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget vid Trasimenska sjön" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasumennus_G%C3%B6l%C3%BC_Muharebesi" title="Trasumennus Gölü Muharebesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Trasumennus Gölü Muharebesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Битва при Тразименському озері – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Битва при Тразименському озері" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_h%E1%BB%93_Trasimene" title="Trận hồ Trasimene – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trận hồ Trasimene" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene&params=43_11_51_N_12_05_06_E_type:event_region:IT-PG"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°11′51″N</span> <span class="longitude">12°05′06″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.19750°N 12.08500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.19750; 12.08500</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">217 BC battle of the Second Punic War</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the World War II battle, see <a href="/wiki/Trasimene_Line" title="Trasimene Line">Trasimene Line</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Lake Trasimene</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sylvestre_Ducar_decapite_Flaminius_(Trasimene).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A colourful oil painting of a naked warrior holding up a severed head" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sylvestre_Ducar_decapite_Flaminius_%28Trasimene%29.jpg/300px-Sylvestre_Ducar_decapite_Flaminius_%28Trasimene%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="389" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sylvestre_Ducar_decapite_Flaminius_%28Trasimene%29.jpg/450px-Sylvestre_Ducar_decapite_Flaminius_%28Trasimene%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Sylvestre_Ducar_decapite_Flaminius_%28Trasimene%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="654" /></a></span><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Ducarius" title="Ducarius">Ducarius</a> Beheads <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Flaminius_(consul_223_BC)" title="Gaius Flaminius (consul 223 BC)">Flaminius</a> at the Battle of Lake Trasimene</i> (1882) by <a href="/wiki/Joseph-No%C3%ABl_Sylvestre" title="Joseph-Noël Sylvestre">Joseph-Noël Sylvestre</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>21 June 217 BC</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">The north shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Trasimene" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Trasimene">Lake Trasimene</a>, Italy</div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene&params=43_11_51_N_12_05_06_E_type:event_region:IT-PG"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°11′51″N</span> <span class="longitude">12°05′06″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.19750°N 12.08500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.19750; 12.08500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Carthaginian victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Rome</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Flaminius_(consul_223_BC)" title="Gaius Flaminius (consul 223 BC)">Gaius Flaminius</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> More than 50,000</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 25,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1,500 or 2,500 killed</li><li>Many wounded</li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 25,000 killed or captured</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Second_Punic_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Second Punic War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Second_Punic_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Second Punic War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Second_Punic_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Second Punic War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Second_Punic_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War"><span class="wrap">Second Punic War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Prelude</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Saguntum" title="Siege of Saguntum">Saguntum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhone_Crossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Rhone Crossing">Rhone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal%27s_crossing_of_the_Alps" title="Hannibal's crossing of the Alps">Crossing of the Alps</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Italy</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ticinus" title="Battle of Ticinus">Ticinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trebia" title="Battle of the Trebia">Trebia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mutina_(218_BC)" title="Siege of Mutina (218 BC)">Mutina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Placentia_(217_BC)" title="Battle of Placentia (217 BC)">Placentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Victumulae" title="Battle of Victumulae">Victumulae</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lake Trasimene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Umbrian_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Umbrian Lake (page does not exist)">Umbrian Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hannibal%27s_crossing_of_the_Apennines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hannibal's crossing of the Apennines (page does not exist)">Crossing of the Apennines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ager_Falernus" title="Battle of Ager Falernus">Ager Falernus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Geronium" title="Battle of Geronium">Geronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae" title="Battle of Cannae">Cannae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Silva_Litana" title="Battle of Silva Litana">Silva Litana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nola_(216_BC)" title="Battle of Nola (216 BC)">1st Nola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Nuceria_Alfaterna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Nuceria Alfaterna (page does not exist)">Nuceria Alfaterna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Casilinum_(216%E2%80%93215_BC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Casilinum (216–215 BC) (page does not exist)">1st Casilinum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Hamae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Hamae (page does not exist)">Hamae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petelia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Petelia (page does not exist)">1st Petelia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cumae_(215_BC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Cumae (215 BC) (page does not exist)">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nola_(215_BC)" title="Battle of Nola (215 BC)">2nd Nola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beneventum_(214_BC)" title="Battle of Beneventum (214 BC)">1st Beneventum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nola_(214_BC)" title="Battle of Nola (214 BC)">3rd Nola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Casilinum_(214_BC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Casilinum (214 BC) (page does not exist)">2nd Casilinum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lucania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Lucania (page does not exist)">Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Arpi" title="Siege of Arpi">Arpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarentum_(212_BC)" title="Battle of Tarentum (212 BC)">1st Tarentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beneventum_(212_BC)" title="Battle of Beneventum (212 BC)">2nd Beneventum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Campi_Veteres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Campi Veteres (page does not exist)">Campi Veteres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capua" title="Battle of Capua">1st Capua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Silarus" title="Battle of the Silarus">Silarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Herdonia_(212_BC)" title="Battle of Herdonia (212 BC)">1st Herdonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Capua_(211_BC)" title="Siege of Capua (211 BC)">2nd Capua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal%27s_raid_to_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannibal's raid to Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sapriportis" title="Battle of Sapriportis">Sapriportis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Herdonia_(210_BC)" title="Battle of Herdonia (210 BC)">2nd Herdonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Numistro" title="Battle of Numistro">Numistro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Canusium" title="Battle of Canusium">Canusium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Manduria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Manduria (page does not exist)">Manduria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Caulonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Caulonia (page does not exist)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarentum_(209_BC)" title="Battle of Tarentum (209 BC)">2nd Tarentum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Locri_(208_BC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Locri (208 BC) (page does not exist)">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Petelia" title="Battle of Petelia">2nd Petelia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Venusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Venusia (page does not exist)">Venusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grumentum" title="Battle of Grumentum">Grumentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Metaurus" title="Battle of the Metaurus">Metaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crotona" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Crotona">Crotona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Insubria" title="Battle of Insubria">Insubria</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Iberia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cissa" title="Battle of Cissa">Cissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ebro_River" title="Battle of Ebro River">Ebro River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ibera" title="Battle of Ibera">Ibera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Illiturgis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Illiturgis (page does not exist)">Illiturgis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Munda_(214_BC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Munda (214 BC) (page does not exist)">Munda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Orongi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Orongi (page does not exist)">Orongi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Upper_Baetis" title="Battle of the Upper Baetis">Upper Baetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Carthage" title="Battle of New Carthage">1st New Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Baria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Baria (page does not exist)">Baria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baecula" title="Battle of Baecula">Baecula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ilipa" title="Battle of Ilipa">Ilipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny_at_Sucro" title="Mutiny at Sucro">Sucro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carteia" title="Battle of Carteia">1st Carteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carteia_(naval)" title="Battle of Carteia (naval)">2nd Carteia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cartagena_(206_BC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Cartagena (206 BC) (page does not exist)">2nd New Carthage</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Sicily and Sardinia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lilybaeum" title="Battle of Lilybaeum">Lilybaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Malta_(218_BC)" title="Capture of Malta (218 BC)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Decimomannu" title="Battle of Decimomannu">Decimomannu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leontini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Leontini (page does not exist)">Leontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(213%E2%80%93212_BC)" title="Siege of Syracuse (213–212 BC)">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Himera_(211_BC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Himera (211 BC) (page does not exist)">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Agrigentum_(210_BC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Agrigentum (210 BC) (page does not exist)">Agrigentum</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North Africa</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Utica_(204_BC)" title="Siege of Utica (204 BC)">1st Utica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Utica_(203_BC)" title="Battle of Utica (203 BC)">2nd Utica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Great_Plains" title="Battle of the Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cirta" title="Battle of Cirta">Cirta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zama" title="Battle of Zama">Zama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:242px"><div style="position:relative;width:240px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle of Lake Trasimene is located in Italy"><img alt="Battle of Lake Trasimene is located in Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italy_relief_location_map.jpg/240px-Italy_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italy_relief_location_map.jpg/360px-Italy_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italy_relief_location_map.jpg/480px-Italy_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1299" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.731%;left:45.977%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Battle of Lake Trasimene"><img alt="Battle of Lake Trasimene" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_relief_location_map.jpg" title="File:Italy relief location map.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Site of the battle within modern day Italy</div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Lake Trasimene</b> was fought when a <a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginian Empire">Carthaginian</a> force under <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal Barca</a> ambushed a <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Roman army</a> commanded by <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Flaminius_(consul_223_BC)" title="Gaius Flaminius (consul 223 BC)">Gaius Flaminius</a> on 21 June 217 BC, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>. The battle took place on the north shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Trasimene" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Trasimene">Lake Trasimene</a>, to the south of <a href="/wiki/Cortona" title="Cortona">Cortona</a>, and resulted in a heavy defeat for the Romans. </p><p>War had broken out between <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Rome</a> and Carthage early in 218 BC. Hannibal, ruler of the Carthaginian territories in south-east <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a>, marched an army through <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hannibal%27s_crossing_of_the_Alps" title="Hannibal's crossing of the Alps">crossed the Alps</a> and arrived in <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a> (northern Italy) later that year. The Romans rushed reinforcements north from <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> but were badly defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trebia" title="Battle of the Trebia">Battle of the Trebia</a>. </p><p>The following spring, the Romans positioned an army on each side of the <a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennine Mountains</a>, but were surprised when a Carthaginian army more than 50,000 strong crossed the range by a difficult but unguarded route. The Carthaginians moved south into <a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a>, plundering, razing the villages and killing all men encountered. Flaminius, in charge of the nearest Roman army, set off in pursuit. Hannibal arranged an ambush on the north shore of Lake Trasimene and trapped the Romans. With the Carthaginians attacking unexpectedly from the flank and the rear, possibly in poor visibility, there was no chance for the Romans to form even a rudimentary fighting line and they were defeated after three hours of hard fighting. The trap failed to enclose the 6,000 Romans at the front of the column, who escaped; later in the day they were surrounded by pursuing Carthaginians and surrendered. Thus nearly all 25,000 Romans in Flaminius's army were killed or captured. This destruction of an entire army as a result of an ambush by another army is widely considered a unique occurrence. Several days later the Carthaginians wiped out the entire cavalry force of the second Roman army, who were not yet aware of the earlier disaster. </p><p>The Carthaginians then marched towards <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">southern Italy</a> in the hope of winning over some of the ethnic Greek and <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic</a> city-states there. News of the defeat caused a panic in Rome and led to the election of <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Maximus_Verrucosus" title="Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus">Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus</a> as dictator. Impatient with his <a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian strategy</a> of avoiding major battles, the next year the Romans elected <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aemilius_Paullus_(consul_219_BC)" title="Lucius Aemilius Paullus (consul 219 BC)">Lucius Paullus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Terentius_Varro" title="Gaius Terentius Varro">Gaius Varro</a> as <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consuls</a>. These more aggressive commanders engaged Hannibal at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae" title="Battle of Cannae">Battle of Cannae</a> in 216  BC, resulting in a third and even worse disaster for Rome; it was followed by thirteen more years of war. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-war">Pre-war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Rome_and_Carthage_at_the_start_of_the_Second_Punic_War_Modified.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a map of the western Mediterranean region showing the territory controlled by Rome and Carthage in 218 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Map_of_Rome_and_Carthage_at_the_start_of_the_Second_Punic_War_Modified.svg/310px-Map_of_Rome_and_Carthage_at_the_start_of_the_Second_Punic_War_Modified.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Map_of_Rome_and_Carthage_at_the_start_of_the_Second_Punic_War_Modified.svg/465px-Map_of_Rome_and_Carthage_at_the_start_of_the_Second_Punic_War_Modified.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Map_of_Rome_and_Carthage_at_the_start_of_the_Second_Punic_War_Modified.svg/620px-Map_of_Rome_and_Carthage_at_the_start_of_the_Second_Punic_War_Modified.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The approximate extent of territory controlled by Rome and Carthage immediately before the start of the Second Punic War</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a> was fought from 264 to 241 BC between Carthage and Rome: these two main powers of the western <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> in the 3rd century BC struggled for supremacy primarily on the Mediterranean island of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and its surrounding waters and in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200682_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200682-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war lasted for 23 years until the Carthaginians were defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazenby1996157_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazenby1996157-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall199997_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall199997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five years later an army commanded by the leading Carthaginian general <a href="/wiki/Hamilcar_Barca" title="Hamilcar Barca">Hamilcar Barca</a> landed in <a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_Iberia" title="Carthaginian Iberia">Carthaginian Iberia</a> (modern south-east Spain) which he greatly expanded and turned into a quasi-monarchical, autonomous territory ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Barcids" title="Barcids">Barcids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2011220_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2011220-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Barcid_conquest_of_Hispania" title="Barcid conquest of Hispania">This expansion</a> gained Carthage silver mines, agricultural wealth, <a href="/wiki/Manpower" class="mw-redirect" title="Manpower">manpower</a>, military facilities such as <a href="/wiki/Shipyard" title="Shipyard">shipyards</a> and territorial depth, which encouraged it to resist future Roman demands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2011219–220,_225_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2011219–220,_225-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hamilcar ruled as <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a> until his death in 228 BC. He was succeeded by his son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Hasdrubal_the_Fair" title="Hasdrubal the Fair">Hasdrubal</a>, then his son <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a> in 221 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2011222,_225_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2011222,_225-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 226 BC the <a href="/wiki/Ebro_Treaty" title="Ebro Treaty">Ebro Treaty</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Ebro_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebro River">Ebro River</a> as the northern boundary of the Carthaginian <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a> in Iberia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006143–144_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006143–144-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A little later Rome made a separate treaty of association with the independent city of <a href="/wiki/Saguntum" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguntum">Saguntum</a>, well south of the Ebro.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006144_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006144-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 219 BC a Carthaginian army under Hannibal <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Saguntum" title="Siege of Saguntum">besieged, captured and sacked Saguntum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins199813_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins199813-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006144–145_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006144–145-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which led Rome to <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declare war</a> on Carthage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006145_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006145-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the major <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> tribes in <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a> (modern northern Italy), antagonised by the founding of several Roman settlements on traditionally Gallic territory, attacked the Romans, capturing several towns and repeatedly ambushing a Roman relief force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006151_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006151-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> reinforced their army in Cisalpine Gaul while also preparing armies to invade Carthaginian territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmermann2015283_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmermann2015283-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carthage_invades_Italy">Carthage invades Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Carthage invades Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hannibal%27s_Travels_during_the_Second_Punic_War.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a map of the western Mediterranean showing the route followed by the Carthaginians from Iberia to Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Hannibal%27s_Travels_during_the_Second_Punic_War.png/310px-Hannibal%27s_Travels_during_the_Second_Punic_War.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Hannibal%27s_Travels_during_the_Second_Punic_War.png/465px-Hannibal%27s_Travels_during_the_Second_Punic_War.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Hannibal%27s_Travels_during_the_Second_Punic_War.png/620px-Hannibal%27s_Travels_during_the_Second_Punic_War.png 2x" data-file-width="3796" data-file-height="2605" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Hannibal's route from Iberia to Italy</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Hannibal assembled a Carthaginian army in New Carthage (modern <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Cartagena</a>) and marched north into <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> in May 218 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahaney2008221_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahaney2008221-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriscoe200647_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriscoe200647-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving his brother, <a href="/wiki/Hasdrubal_Barca" title="Hasdrubal Barca">Hasdrubal Barca</a>, in charge of Carthaginian interests in Iberia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazenby199841_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazenby199841-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFronda2015252_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2015252-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Carthaginian army <a href="/wiki/Hannibal%27s_crossing_of_the_Alps" title="Hannibal's crossing of the Alps">crossed the Alps</a> in October, surmounting the difficulties of climate, terrain<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahaney2008221_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahaney2008221-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla tactics</a> of the native tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazenby199843–44_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazenby199843–44-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hannibal arrived with 20,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry and an unknown number of <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">war elephants</a> – the survivors of the 37 with which he had left Iberia<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErdkamp201571_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErdkamp201571-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015100,_107_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015100,_107-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – in Cisalpine Gaul. The Romans had already withdrawn to their winter quarters and were astonished by Hannibal's appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmermann2015283–284_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmermann2015283–284-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Romans went on the attack and the local Roman commander, the consul <a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Scipio_(consul_218_BC)" title="Publius Cornelius Scipio (consul 218 BC)">Publius Scipio</a>, personally led a strong force of <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Light_infantry" title="Light infantry">light infantry</a> against the Carthaginian cavalry at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ticinus" title="Battle of Ticinus">Battle of Ticinus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006170_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006170-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazenby199898_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazenby199898-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was soundly beaten and personally wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015108_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015108-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999172_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999172-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans retreated to near <a href="/wiki/Placentia,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Placentia, Italy">Placentia</a>, fortified their <a href="/wiki/Military_camp" title="Military camp">camp</a> and awaited reinforcement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999173_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999173-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman army in Sicily under <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Sempronius_Longus_(consul_218_BC)" title="Tiberius Sempronius Longus (consul 218 BC)">Sempronius Longus</a> was redeployed to the north and joined with Scipio's force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006173_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006173-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Numidian_cavalry" title="Numidian cavalry">Numidian cavalry</a> lured Sempronius and his army out of their camp and onto ground of Hannibal's choosing, where the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trebia" title="Battle of the Trebia">Battle of the Trebia</a> took place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoon201586–87_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoon201586–87-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the Romans were killed or <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">captured</a> by the Carthaginians,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006179–180_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006179–180-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but 10,000 under Sempronius fought their way to the safety of Placentia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey200757_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey200757-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When news of the defeat at the Trebia reached Rome, it caused great alarm. This calmed once Sempronius arrived to preside over the <a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly#Presiding_magistrate_and_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">consular elections</a> in the usual manner. <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Servilius_Geminus" title="Gnaeus Servilius Geminus">Gnaeus Geminus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Flaminius_(consul_223_BC)" title="Gaius Flaminius (consul 223 BC)">Gaius Flaminius</a> were selected and Sempronius then returned to Placentia to see out his term to 15 March. The consuls-elect recruited further legions, both from Rome and its <a href="/wiki/Socii" title="Socii">Latin allies</a>; reinforced <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> and Sicily against the possibility of Carthaginian raids or invasion; placed garrisons at <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Tarentum</a> and other places for similar reasons; built a fleet of 60 <a href="/wiki/Quinquereme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinquereme">quinqueremes</a>; and, established supply depots at <a href="/wiki/Ariminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariminum">Ariminum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arretium" class="mw-redirect" title="Arretium">Arretium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a> in preparation for marching north later in the year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazenby199658_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazenby199658-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two armies – of four legions each, two Roman and two allied, but with stronger than usual cavalry contingents<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006181_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006181-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – were formed. One was stationed at Arretium and one on the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a> coast; they would be able to block Hannibal's possible advance into central Italy and be well positioned to move north to operate in Cisalpine Gaul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmermann2015285_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmermann2015285-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of their losses, the Romans fielded twenty-two legions in 217 BC, ten more than in 218 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazenby199861–62_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazenby199861–62-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gallic tribes in Cisalpine Gaul recognised the Carthaginians as the dominant force and sent plentiful supplies and many recruits to Hannibal's camp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErdkamp201572_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErdkamp201572-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999176_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999176-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093_(cropped2).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a black and white photograph of a bronze head depicting Hannibal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093_%28cropped2%29.png/170px-Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093_%28cropped2%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093_%28cropped2%29.png/255px-Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093_%28cropped2%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093_%28cropped2%29.png/340px-Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093_%28cropped2%29.png 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1704 French bust depicting Hannibal</div></figcaption></figure> <p>In spring 217<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC, probably in early May,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazenby199660_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazenby199660-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Carthaginians crossed the <a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a> unopposed, surprising the Romans by taking a difficult but unguarded route. The Carthaginians moved south into Etruria (modern <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>), plundering the countryside, looting the plentiful stocks of food, razing the villages and small towns,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006184_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006184-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart196745_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart196745-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and killing out of hand all adult men encountered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFronda2015248_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2015248-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hannibal learned that one Roman army was at Arretium and was eager to bring it to battle, before it could be reinforced:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFronda2015244_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2015244-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hannibal surmised the Romans would have another army on the east coast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006184–185_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006184–185-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once he learned that he had been bypassed, Flaminius, the commander of the Roman army at Arretium, set off in pursuit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006184–185_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006184–185-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern historian <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Goldsworthy" title="Adrian Goldsworthy">Adrian Goldsworthy</a> points out that as they passed through territory devastated by the Carthaginians, there would have been a feeling of military failure and humiliation – the army existed to protect its homeland – and that the small farmers of the legions and their landowner officers would have taken this despoliation as an intense provocation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006185–186_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006185–186-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans gained the impression, possibly fostered by Hannibal, that the Carthaginians were fleeing south before them; according to the ancient historian <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>, they anticipated an easy victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006186–187_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006186–187-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans were pursuing so rapidly that they were unable to carry out proper <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a>, but they closed to less than a day's march behind their opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFronda2015244_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2015244-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006186–187_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006186–187-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Carthaginians bypassed the Roman-garrisoned city of <a href="/wiki/Cortona" title="Cortona">Cortona</a> and on 20 June marched along the north shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Trasimeno" title="Lake Trasimeno">Lake Trasimene</a>. Hannibal decided this was a suitable spot to turn and fight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006186–187_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006186–187-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposing_forces">Opposing forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Opposing forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman">Roman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Roman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Roman_army_of_the_mid-Republic" title="Roman army of the mid-Republic">Roman army of the mid-Republic</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helmet_typ_Montefortino_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a photograph of an inverted, polished, slightly tarnished, battered, bronze hemisphere" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Helmet_typ_Montefortino_01.jpg/170px-Helmet_typ_Montefortino_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Helmet_typ_Montefortino_01.jpg/255px-Helmet_typ_Montefortino_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Helmet_typ_Montefortino_01.jpg/340px-Helmet_typ_Montefortino_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2692" data-file-height="2690" /></a><figcaption>The bowl of a <a href="/wiki/Montefortino_helmet" title="Montefortino helmet"></a><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Montefortino_helmet" title="Montefortino helmet">A Montefortino-type helmet</a>, which was used by Roman infantry between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> and <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 100</span>. The cheek guards are missing.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Most male <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizens</a> were liable for military service and would serve as <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">better-off minority</a> providing a cavalry component. Traditionally, when at war the Romans would raise two legions, each of 4,200 infantry<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 300 cavalry. Approximately 1,200 of the infantry, poorer or younger men unable to afford the armour and equipment of a standard <a href="/wiki/Legionary" title="Legionary">legionary</a>, served as <a href="/wiki/Javelin" title="Javelin">javelin</a>-armed <a href="/wiki/Skirmisher" title="Skirmisher">skirmishers</a>, known as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">velites</i></span>; they carried several javelins, which would be thrown from a distance, a short sword and a 90-centimetre (3 ft) circular shield.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200648_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200648-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The balance were equipped as <a href="/wiki/Heavy_infantry" title="Heavy infantry">heavy infantry</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Body_armor" title="Body armor">body armour</a>, a large <a href="/wiki/Scutum_(shield)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scutum (shield)">shield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gladius" title="Gladius">short thrusting swords</a>. They were divided into three ranks, of which the <a href="/wiki/Hastati" title="Hastati">front rank</a> also carried two javelins, while the <a href="/wiki/Principes" title="Principes">second</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triari" class="mw-redirect" title="Triari">third</a> ranks had a <a href="/wiki/Hasta_(spear)" title="Hasta (spear)">thrusting spear</a> instead. Both legionary <a href="/wiki/Maniple_(military_unit)" title="Maniple (military unit)">sub-units</a> and individual legionaries fought in relatively open order. An army was usually formed by combining a Roman legion with a similarly sized and equipped legion provided by their Latin allies, but sometimes consisted of two Roman and two allied legions. Allied legions had a larger attached complement of cavalry than Roman ones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall199922–25_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall199922–25-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200650_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200650-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Lake Trasimene, the Romans fielded four legions – two Roman and two made up of allies – for a total of approximately 25,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazenby199861_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazenby199861-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carthaginian">Carthaginian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Carthaginian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Carthage" title="Military of Carthage">Military of Carthage</a>.</div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balearic_Slinger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Balearic_Slinger.jpg/170px-Balearic_Slinger.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Balearic_Slinger.jpg/255px-Balearic_Slinger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Balearic_Slinger.jpg/340px-Balearic_Slinger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1695" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Modern interpretation of a <a href="/wiki/Balearic_slinger" title="Balearic slinger">slinger</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> (famous for the skill of their slingers)</figcaption></figure> <p>Carthage usually recruited foreigners to make up its army. Many would be from North Africa – these were frequently referred to as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Libyans</a> – which provided several types of fighters, including: <a href="/wiki/Close_order_formation" title="Close order formation">close-order</a> infantry equipped with large shields, helmets, short swords and long thrusting <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spears</a>; javelin-armed light infantry skirmishers; close-order shock cavalry<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also known as "heavy cavalry") carrying spears; and light cavalry skirmishers who threw javelins from a distance and avoided close combat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200632_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200632-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoon201580_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoon201580-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Iberia and Gaul provided experienced infantry: unarmoured troops who would charge ferociously, but had a reputation for breaking off if a combat was protracted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200632_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200632-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall19999_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall19999-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the African infantry would fight in a tightly packed formation known as a <a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">phalanx</a>, usually forming two or three lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoon201580_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoon201580-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specialist <a href="/wiki/Balearic_slinger" title="Balearic slinger">slingers</a> were recruited from the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200632_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200632-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall19998_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall19998-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The numbers fielded by the Carthaginians are not known, but an approximation can be made. Hannibal had arrived in Italy with 20,000 infantry and 6,000 cavalry,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErdkamp201571_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErdkamp201571-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015107_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015107-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had fought at the Trebia in December 218 BC with 31,000 and 11,000 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006177–178_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006177–178-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the wake of this victory, he was further heavily reinforced by local Gauls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999176_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999176-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 216 BC, the Carthaginians, not having been reinforced since crossing the Apennines, had 40,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry. It is usually assumed that more than 50,000 fought at Lake Trasimene.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999192_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999192-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any event, the Carthaginian army was considerably larger than the Roman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006185_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006185-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Setting_the_ambush">Setting the ambush</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Setting the ambush"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_lake_trasimene.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Battle_of_lake_trasimene.gif/309px-Battle_of_lake_trasimene.gif" decoding="async" width="309" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Battle_of_lake_trasimene.gif/464px-Battle_of_lake_trasimene.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Battle_of_lake_trasimene.gif/618px-Battle_of_lake_trasimene.gif 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="983" /></a><figcaption>Hannibal's ambush at Lake Trasimene. From the Department of History, United States Military Academy.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trasimene_battlefield.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A colour photograph from the middle of a lake of the lake shore with low hills beyond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Trasimene_battlefield.JPG/240px-Trasimene_battlefield.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Trasimene_battlefield.JPG/360px-Trasimene_battlefield.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Trasimene_battlefield.JPG/480px-Trasimene_battlefield.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The north shore of Lake Trasimene, from the lake</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The shoreline has changed since, but at the time of the battle, the road led along the north shore of the lake then turned south, still along the lakeshore, before climbing away from the lake through a <a href="/wiki/Defile_(geography)" title="Defile (geography)">defile</a>. To the north of the road were a range of low hills that came closer to the lake towards the east, steadily reducing the open ground between them and the lake. The Carthaginians made camp where the hills were closest to the lake, near the defile. This was clearly visible to the Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFronda2015244_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2015244-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006186–187_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006186–187-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999180_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999180-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once it was dark, Hannibal sent the components of his army on night marches behind the hills to the north of the lake to take up positions from which they could ambush the Roman army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey200758_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey200758-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Night marches are notoriously difficult and often result in units becoming lost in the dark or alerting their enemy. The Carthaginians avoided both of these and took up positions on the reverse slopes of the hills.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006187_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006187-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Carthaginian cavalry were positioned furthest to the west, the north-Italian Gallic infantry to their east and the experienced African and Iberian infantry furthest east, relatively close to their camp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999180–181_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999180–181-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern historians place the bulk of the many Carthaginian light infantry either around the defile and its mouth<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006187_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006187-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as reinforcing the Gauls in the centre of the Carthaginian line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999180–182_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999180–182-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazenby199863_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazenby199863-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the morning of 21 June the Romans set off very early<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey200758_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey200758-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and marched eastward along the northern edge of the lake. Ancient accounts state that a thick morning mist near the lake limited visibility, but some modern historians have suggested this was either invented or exaggerated to excuse the Romans' subsequent unreadiness for battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999180,_182_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999180,_182-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Flaminius was expecting battle, the Romans probably marched in three parallel columns, which was their habit before a battle as this was relatively quicker to manoeuvre into a battle line compared with a single line of march. This swiftness was relative, as forming an army up in battle order was a complicated affair which would take several hours under any circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200657,_187_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200657,_187-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans would have had a screen of light infantry out to their front and, to a lesser extent, their flank, as skirmishing was usual before a battle with the armies' respective light troops shielding their close-order colleagues while they formed up. Flaminius did not send out cavalry scouts to make a more distant reconnaissance; Roman armies of the time rarely did so.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006187_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006187-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Springing_the_trap">Springing the trap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Springing the trap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relieve_de_Osuna_(M.A.N._Madrid)_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white photograph of an apparently very old and crude bas-relief of a warrior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Relieve_de_Osuna_%28M.A.N._Madrid%29_03.jpg/150px-Relieve_de_Osuna_%28M.A.N._Madrid%29_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Relieve_de_Osuna_%28M.A.N._Madrid%29_03.jpg/225px-Relieve_de_Osuna_%28M.A.N._Madrid%29_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Relieve_de_Osuna_%28M.A.N._Madrid%29_03.jpg/300px-Relieve_de_Osuna_%28M.A.N._Madrid%29_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="1519" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">An Iberian warrior from a bas-relief made <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 200 BC</span></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The leading Romans made contact with the most easterly of the Carthaginians, probably some of the African or Iberian close-order infantry and the signal was given for all of the Carthaginians to advance, possibly by the sounding of trumpets. According to some ancient accounts, the Romans could hear these signals on their flank and to their rear, but could not see their enemy, which caused confusion. It would have taken several hours for the Romans to convert their formation into a battle array, even if they had known which direction to face. As it was, with the Carthaginians attacking unexpectedly from the flank and the rear, possibly with poor visibility, there was no chance to form even a rudimentary fighting line. Some Romans fled while others clustered into groups of various sizes, ready to engage the enemy on all sides.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006187–188_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006187–188-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fugitives and many of the impromptu Roman groups were rapidly cut down or captured. Other groups of Romans put up a stiff fight, especially in the centre, where the attacking Gauls suffered heavy casualties before beating down the trapped Romans after three hours of heavy combat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoon201587_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoon201587-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006188_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006188-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Polybius, Flaminius was completely surprised and provided no effective leadership. The openly pro-Roman ancient historian <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200621–22_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200621–22-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who otherwise paints a poor picture of Flaminius, recorded two centuries later that he was active and valiant in attempting to rally his army and organise a defence before being cut down by a Gaul, <a href="/wiki/Ducarius" title="Ducarius">Ducarius</a>. The trapped portion of the Roman army collapsed. Men attempted to swim across the lake and drowned; others waded out until the water was up to their necks and the Carthaginian cavalrymen swam their horses out to chop at their exposed heads.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006189_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006189-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The trap failed to close on the 6,000 Romans at the front of the column, who were possibly also those most prepared for battle, and they pushed their way out of the defile against little opposition. Realising that they could not affect the battle behind them, they marched on. Later in the day they were surrounded by pursuing Carthaginians and surrendered to a force under <a href="/wiki/Maharbal" title="Maharbal">Maharbal</a> on the promise of being disarmed and freed; "with a garment apiece" according to Livy. Hannibal disapproved and only applied this to the allied captives, while selling the Romans into slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006189_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006189-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the Carthaginian infantry, especially the Libyans, equipped themselves with captured Roman armour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999182_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999182-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2011271_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2011271-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties_and_follow_up">Casualties and follow up</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Casualties and follow up"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacred_Band_cavalryman.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white sketch of a cavalryman from the ancient era carrying two spears and a shield" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sacred_Band_cavalryman.png/120px-Sacred_Band_cavalryman.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sacred_Band_cavalryman.png/180px-Sacred_Band_cavalryman.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sacred_Band_cavalryman.png/240px-Sacred_Band_cavalryman.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">A Carthaginian cavalryman, as depicted in 1891</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The ancient sources are unclear as to the fate of the approximately 25,000 Romans known to have been engaged. According to the contemporary annalist and senator <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a>, 15,000 were killed and 10,000 scattered. The usually reliable Polybius has 15,000 killed and most of the rest captured. Polybius reports losses of 1,500 killed for the Carthaginians, most of them Gauls; Livy gives 2,500 killed on the day and "many" who subsequently died of their wounds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200621,_189_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200621,_189-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second Roman army, originally positioned on the Adriatic coast and commanded by Gnaeus Geminus, had been marching west, intending to join up with Flaminius. Unaware that the destruction of Flaminius's army had left the Carthaginians able to manoeuvre freely, Geminus's entire cavalry force of 4,000 was scouting ahead when it was surprised by the Carthaginians a few days after Trasimene. Nearly 2,000 were killed in the first clash; the balance were surrounded and captured the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006190_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006190-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999183_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999183-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geminus withdrew his infantry back to Ariminum (modern <a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a>) on the Adriatic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006191_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006191-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Roman prisoners were badly treated by the Carthaginians, but the captured Latin allies were treated well and many were freed and sent back to their cities in the hope that they would speak highly of Carthaginian martial prowess and of their own treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2011270_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2011270-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas2015343_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas2015343-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hannibal hoped some of these allies could be persuaded to <a href="/wiki/Defection" title="Defection">defect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFronda2015246_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2015246-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Carthaginians continued their march through Etruria, then <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a>, to the Adriatic coast, continuing their devastation and plundering of the territory they crossed and the killing of any adult men captured; the Gauls were especially brutal in this respect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFronda2015247–248_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2015247–248-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawlings2015309_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawlings2015309-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary reports claim that the Carthaginian soldiers accumulated so much booty that they had to cease looting because they could not carry any more. The army then marched south into <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFronda2015247_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2015247-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the hope of winning over some of the ethnic <a href="/wiki/Italiotes" title="Italiotes">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_peoples_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient peoples of Italy">Italic</a> <a href="/wiki/City_state" class="mw-redirect" title="City state">city states</a> of southern Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmermann2015285_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmermann2015285-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazenby199886_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazenby199886-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The populace of Rome fell into a panic when word of the defeat was received. <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Maximus_Verrucosus" title="Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus">Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus</a> was elected <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">dictator</a> by the Roman Assembly and adopted the "<a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian strategy</a>" of avoiding pitched conflict, relying instead on low-level harassment to wear the invader down while Rome rebuilt its military strength. Hannibal was left largely free to ravage Apulia for the next year, until the Romans ended the dictatorship and elected <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aemilius_Paullus_(consul_219_BC)" title="Lucius Aemilius Paullus (consul 219 BC)">Paullus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Terentius_Varro" title="Gaius Terentius Varro">Varro</a> as consuls in 216 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2011277_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2011277-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These more aggressive commanders offered battle to Hannibal, who accepted and won a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae" title="Battle of Cannae">victory at Cannae</a>, where some 70,000 Romans were killed or captured;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey200768_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey200768-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the modern historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Miles_(historian)" title="Richard Miles (historian)">Richard Miles</a> describes this as "Rome's greatest military disaster".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2011279_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2011279-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriscoe200650_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriscoe200650-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the Carthaginians campaigned in southern Italy for a further 13 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006190_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006190-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 204 BC <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" title="Scipio Africanus">Publius Cornelius Scipio</a>, the son of the Scipio who had been wounded at Ticinus, invaded the Carthaginian homeland, defeated the Carthaginians in two major battles and won the allegiance of the <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidian</a> kingdoms of North Africa. Hannibal and the remnants of his army were recalled from Italy to confront him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2011310_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2011310-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They met at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zama" title="Battle of Zama">Battle of Zama</a> in October 202<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC and Hannibal was decisively defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2011315_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2011315-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence, Carthage agreed to a <a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">peace treaty</a> which stripped it of most of its territory and power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006222_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006222-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evaluation">Evaluation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Evaluation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the modern military historian <a href="/wiki/Basil_Liddell_Hart" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil Liddell Hart">Basil Liddell Hart</a>, Hannibal planned and executed "the greatest ambush in history".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart196726_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart196726-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ambush and destruction of one army by another is widely considered a unique occurrence. Military historian <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Ayrault_Dodge" title="Theodore Ayrault Dodge">Theodore Dodge</a> notes that "It is the only instance in history of lying in ambush with the whole of a large army".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodge2004299_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodge2004299-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Robert O'Connell writes that it was "the only time an entire large army was effectively swallowed and destroyed by such a maneuver." <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connell2010119_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell2010119-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian Toni Ñaco del Hoyo describes the Battle of Lake Trasimene as one of the three "great military calamities" suffered by the Romans in the first three years of the war, the others being <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trebia" title="Battle of the Trebia">the Trebia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae" title="Battle of Cannae">Cannae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÑaco_del_Hoyo2015377_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÑaco_del_Hoyo2015377-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes,_citations_and_sources"><span id="Notes.2C_citations_and_sources"></span>Notes, citations and sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes, citations and sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This could be increased to 5,000 in some circumstances,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall199923_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall199923-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or, rarely, even more.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006287_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006287-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Shock" troops are those trained and used to close rapidly with an opponent, with the intention of breaking them before or immediately upon contact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones19871_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones19871-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Spanish used a heavy throwing spear that the Romans later adopted as the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Pilum" title="Pilum">pilum</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200632_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200632-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">If the Romans had been in a single column, it would have stretched for more than 8 kilometres (5 mi) along the lake shore, probably much more. This is not compatible with ancient accounts of the battle and it is difficult to see how the whole army could have been enveloped under these circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006187_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006187-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999182_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999182-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200682-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200682_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELazenby1996157-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazenby1996157_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLazenby1996">Lazenby 1996</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall199997-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall199997_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBagnall1999">Bagnall 1999</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2011220-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2011220_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles2011">Miles 2011</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2011219–220,_225-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2011219–220,_225_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles2011">Miles 2011</a>, pp. 219–220, 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2011222,_225-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2011222,_225_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles2011">Miles 2011</a>, pp. 222, 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006143–144-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006143–144_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, pp. 143–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006144-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006144_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins199813-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins199813_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1998">Collins 1998</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006144–145-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006144–145_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, pp. 144–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006145-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006145_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006151-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006151_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmermann2015283-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmermann2015283_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimmermann2015">Zimmermann 2015</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahaney2008221-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahaney2008221_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahaney2008221_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMahaney2008">Mahaney 2008</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriscoe200647-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriscoe200647_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriscoe2006">Briscoe 2006</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELazenby199841-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazenby199841_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLazenby1998">Lazenby 1998</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2015252-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFronda2015252_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFronda2015">Fronda 2015</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELazenby199843–44-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazenby199843–44_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLazenby1998">Lazenby 1998</a>, pp. 43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErdkamp201571-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErdkamp201571_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErdkamp201571_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErdkamp2015">Erdkamp 2015</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015100,_107-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015100,_107_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoyos2015">Hoyos 2015</a>, pp. 100, 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmermann2015283–284-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmermann2015283–284_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimmermann2015">Zimmermann 2015</a>, pp. 283–284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006170-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006170_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELazenby199898-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazenby199898_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLazenby1998">Lazenby 1998</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015108-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015108_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoyos2015">Hoyos 2015</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999172-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999172_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBagnall1999">Bagnall 1999</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999173-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999173_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBagnall1999">Bagnall 1999</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006173-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006173_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoon201586–87-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoon201586–87_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoon2015">Koon 2015</a>, pp. 86–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006179–180-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006179–180_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, pp. 179–180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey200757-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey200757_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarey2007">Carey 2007</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELazenby199658-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazenby199658_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLazenby1996">Lazenby 1996</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006181-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006181_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmermann2015285-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmermann2015285_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmermann2015285_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimmermann2015">Zimmermann 2015</a>, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELazenby199861–62-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazenby199861–62_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLazenby1998">Lazenby 1998</a>, pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErdkamp201572-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErdkamp201572_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErdkamp2015">Erdkamp 2015</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999176-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999176_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999176_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBagnall1999">Bagnall 1999</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELazenby199660-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazenby199660_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLazenby1996">Lazenby 1996</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006184-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006184_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart196745-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart196745_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiddell_Hart1967">Liddell Hart 1967</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2015248-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFronda2015248_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFronda2015">Fronda 2015</a>, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2015244-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFronda2015244_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFronda2015244_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFronda2015244_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFronda2015">Fronda 2015</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006184–185-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006184–185_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006184–185_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, pp. 184–185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006185–186-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006185–186_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, pp. 185–186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006186–187-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006186–187_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006186–187_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006186–187_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006186–187_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, pp. 186–187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall199923-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall199923_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBagnall1999">Bagnall 1999</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006287-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006287_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200648-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200648_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall199922–25-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall199922–25_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBagnall1999">Bagnall 1999</a>, pp. 22–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200650-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200650_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELazenby199861-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazenby199861_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLazenby1998">Lazenby 1998</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones19871-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones19871_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1987">Jones 1987</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200632-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200632_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200632_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200632_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200632_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoon201580-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoon201580_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoon201580_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoon2015">Koon 2015</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall19999-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall19999_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBagnall1999">Bagnall 1999</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall19998-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall19998_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBagnall1999">Bagnall 1999</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015107-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyos2015107_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoyos2015">Hoyos 2015</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006177–178-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006177–178_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, pp. 177–178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999192-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999192_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBagnall1999">Bagnall 1999</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006185-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006185_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999180-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999180_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBagnall1999">Bagnall 1999</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey200758-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey200758_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey200758_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarey2007">Carey 2007</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006187-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006187_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006187_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006187_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006187_65-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999180–181-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999180–181_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBagnall1999">Bagnall 1999</a>, pp. 180–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999180–182-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999180–182_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBagnall1999">Bagnall 1999</a>, pp. 180–182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELazenby199863-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazenby199863_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLazenby1998">Lazenby 1998</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999180,_182-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999180,_182_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBagnall1999">Bagnall 1999</a>, pp. 180, 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999182-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999182_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999182_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBagnall1999">Bagnall 1999</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200657,_187-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200657,_187_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, pp. 57, 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006187–188-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006187–188_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, pp. 187–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoon201587-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoon201587_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoon2015">Koon 2015</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006188-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006188_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200621–22-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200621–22_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, pp. 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006189-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006189_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006189_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2011271-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2011271_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles2011">Miles 2011</a>, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200621,_189-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200621,_189_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, pp. 21, 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006190-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006190_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006190_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999183-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagnall1999183_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBagnall1999">Bagnall 1999</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006191-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006191_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2011270-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2011270_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles2011">Miles 2011</a>, p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas2015343-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas2015343_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLomas2015">Lomas 2015</a>, p. 343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2015246-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFronda2015246_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFronda2015">Fronda 2015</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2015247–248-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFronda2015247–248_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFronda2015">Fronda 2015</a>, pp. 247–248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERawlings2015309-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawlings2015309_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRawlings2015">Rawlings 2015</a>, p. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2015247-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFronda2015247_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFronda2015">Fronda 2015</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELazenby199886-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazenby199886_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLazenby1998">Lazenby 1998</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2011277-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2011277_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles2011">Miles 2011</a>, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey200768-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey200768_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarey2007">Carey 2007</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2011279-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2011279_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles2011">Miles 2011</a>, p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriscoe200650-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriscoe200650_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriscoe2006">Briscoe 2006</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2011310-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2011310_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles2011">Miles 2011</a>, p. 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles2011315-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles2011315_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles2011">Miles 2011</a>, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006222-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006222_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart196726-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart196726_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiddell_Hart1967">Liddell Hart 1967</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodge2004299-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodge2004299_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodge2004">Dodge 2004</a>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell2010119-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connell2010119_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Connell2010">O'Connell 2010</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÑaco_del_Hoyo2015377-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÑaco_del_Hoyo2015377_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÑaco_del_Hoyo2015">Ñaco del Hoyo 2015</a>, p. 377.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBagnall1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Bagnall" title="Nigel Bagnall">Bagnall, Nigel</a> (1999). <i>The Punic Wars: Rome, Carthage and the Struggle for the Mediterranean</i>. London: Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-6608-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-6608-4"><bdi>978-0-7126-6608-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Punic+Wars%3A+Rome%2C+Carthage+and+the+Struggle+for+the+Mediterranean&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-6608-4&rft.aulast=Bagnall&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Trasimene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriscoe2006" class="citation book cs1">Briscoe, John (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Cambridge-Ancient-History/Cambridge%20Ancient%20History%20Volume%2008%20Rome%20and%20the%20Mediterranean%20to%20133%20BC/page/44/mode/2up?view=theater">"The Second Punic War"</a>. In Astin, A. E.; <a href="/wiki/F._W._Walbank" title="F. W. Walbank">Walbank, F. W.</a>; Frederiksen, M. W.; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Maxwell_Ogilvie" title="Robert Maxwell Ogilvie">Ogilvie, R. M.</a> (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Ancient History: Rome and the Mediterranean to 133 B.C</i>. Vol. VIII. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23448-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23448-1"><bdi>978-0-521-23448-1</bdi></a> – via the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Second+Punic+War&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History%3A+Rome+and+the+Mediterranean+to+133+B.C.&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=44-80&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-23448-1&rft.aulast=Briscoe&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FCambridge-Ancient-History%2FCambridge%2520Ancient%2520History%2520Volume%252008%2520Rome%2520and%2520the%2520Mediterranean%2520to%2520133%2520BC%2Fpage%2F44%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Trasimene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarey2007" class="citation book cs1">Carey, Brian Todd (2007). <i>Hannibal's Last Battle: Zama & the Fall of Carthage</i>. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-635-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-635-1"><bdi>978-1-84415-635-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hannibal%27s+Last+Battle%3A+Zama+%26+the+Fall+of+Carthage&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+South+Yorkshire&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-635-1&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=Brian+Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Trasimene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Collins" title="Roger Collins">Collins, Roger</a> (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spainoxfordarcha0000coll/"><i>Spain: An Oxford Archaeological Guide</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285300-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285300-4"><bdi>978-0-19-285300-4</bdi></a> – via the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain%3A+An+Oxford+Archaeological+Guide&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285300-4&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspainoxfordarcha0000coll%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Trasimene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodge2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Ayrault_Dodge" title="Theodore Ayrault Dodge">Dodge, Theodore A.</a> (2004) [1891]. <i>Hannibal</i>. Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81362-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81362-7"><bdi>978-0-306-81362-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hannibal&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81362-7&rft.aulast=Dodge&rft.aufirst=Theodore+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Trasimene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErdkamp2015" class="citation book cs1">Erdkamp, Paul (2015) [2011]. "Manpower and Food Supply in the First and Second Punic Wars". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.). <i>A Companion to the Punic Wars</i>. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. pp. 58–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1190-2550-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1190-2550-4"><bdi>978-1-1190-2550-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manpower+and+Food+Supply+in+the+First+and+Second+Punic+Wars&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Punic+Wars&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex&rft.pages=58-76&rft.pub=John+Wiley&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-1190-2550-4&rft.aulast=Erdkamp&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Trasimene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFronda2015" class="citation book cs1">Fronda, Michael P. (2015) [2011]. "Hannibal: Tactics, Strategy, and Geostrategy". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.). <i>A Companion to the Punic Wars</i>. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 242–259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-405-17600-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-405-17600-2"><bdi>978-1-405-17600-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hannibal%3A+Tactics%2C+Strategy%2C+and+Geostrategy&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Punic+Wars&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=242-259&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-405-17600-2&rft.aulast=Fronda&rft.aufirst=Michael+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Trasimene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Goldsworthy" title="Adrian Goldsworthy">Goldsworthy, Adrian</a> (2006). <i>The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars 265–14 BC</i>. London: Phoenix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-36642-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-36642-2"><bdi>978-0-304-36642-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+Carthage%3A+The+Punic+Wars+265%E2%80%9314+BC&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-304-36642-2&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Trasimene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoyos2015" class="citation book cs1">Hoyos, Dexter (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mastering-the-west-rome-and-carthage-at-war/"><i>Mastering the West: Rome and Carthage at War</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-986010-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-986010-4"><bdi>978-0-19-986010-4</bdi></a> – via the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mastering+the+West%3A+Rome+and+Carthage+at+War&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-986010-4&rft.aulast=Hoyos&rft.aufirst=Dexter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmastering-the-west-rome-and-carthage-at-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Trasimene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoon2015" class="citation book cs1">Koon, Sam (2015) [2011]. "Phalanx and Legion: the "Face" of Punic War Battle". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.). <i>A Companion to the Punic Wars</i>. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. pp. 77–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1190-2550-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1190-2550-4"><bdi>978-1-1190-2550-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phalanx+and+Legion%3A+the+%22Face%22+of+Punic+War+Battle&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Punic+Wars&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex&rft.pages=77-94&rft.pub=John+Wiley&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-1190-2550-4&rft.aulast=Koon&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Trasimene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1987" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Archer (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artofwarinwester0000jone_n4s2/"><i>The Art of War in the Western World</i></a></span>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-01380-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-01380-5"><bdi>978-0-252-01380-5</bdi></a> – via the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+War+in+the+Western+World&rft.place=Urbana&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-252-01380-5&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Archer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartofwarinwester0000jone_n4s2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Trasimene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazenby1996" class="citation book cs1">Lazenby, John (1996). <i>The First Punic War: A Military History</i>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2673-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2673-3"><bdi>978-0-8047-2673-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Punic+War%3A+A+Military+History&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-2673-3&rft.aulast=Lazenby&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Trasimene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazenby1998" class="citation book cs1">Lazenby, John F. (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hannibalswarmili00laze"><i>Hannibal's War: A Military History of the Second Punic War</i></a></span>. Warminster: Aris & Phillips. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85668-080-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85668-080-9"><bdi>978-0-85668-080-9</bdi></a> – via the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hannibal%27s+War%3A+A+Military+History+of+the+Second+Punic+War&rft.place=Warminster&rft.pub=Aris+%26+Phillips&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-85668-080-9&rft.aulast=Lazenby&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhannibalswarmili00laze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Trasimene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddell_Hart1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart" title="B. H. Liddell Hart">Liddell Hart, Basil</a> (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strategyindirect0000lidd/"><i>Strategy: The Indirect Approach</i></a></span>. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/470715409">470715409</a> – via the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategy%3A+The+Indirect+Approach&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F470715409&rft.aulast=Liddell+Hart&rft.aufirst=Basil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstrategyindirect0000lidd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Trasimene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLomas2015" class="citation book cs1">Lomas, Kathryn (2015) [2011]. "Rome, Latins, and Italians in the Second Punic War". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.). <i>A Companion to the Punic Wars</i>. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. pp. 339–356. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1190-2550-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1190-2550-4"><bdi>978-1-1190-2550-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rome%2C+Latins%2C+and+Italians+in+the+Second+Punic+War&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Punic+Wars&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex&rft.pages=339-356&rft.pub=John+Wiley&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-1190-2550-4&rft.aulast=Lomas&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Trasimene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahaney2008" class="citation book cs1">Mahaney, W.C. (2008). <i>Hannibal's Odyssey: Environmental Background to the Alpine Invasion of Italia</i>. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-951-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-951-7"><bdi>978-1-59333-951-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hannibal%27s+Odyssey%3A+Environmental+Background+to+the+Alpine+Invasion+of+Italia&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59333-951-7&rft.aulast=Mahaney&rft.aufirst=W.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Trasimene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Miles_(historian)" title="Richard Miles (historian)">Miles, Richard</a> (2011). <i>Carthage Must be Destroyed</i>. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101809-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101809-6"><bdi>978-0-14-101809-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carthage+Must+be+Destroyed&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-14-101809-6&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Trasimene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÑaco_del_Hoyo2015" class="citation book cs1">Ñaco del Hoyo, Toni (2015) [2011]. "Roman Economy, Finance, and Politics in the Second Punic War". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.). <i>A Companion to the Punic Wars</i>. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. pp. 376–392. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1190-2550-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1190-2550-4"><bdi>978-1-1190-2550-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roman+Economy%2C+Finance%2C+and+Politics+in+the+Second+Punic+War&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Punic+Wars&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex&rft.pages=376-392&rft.pub=John+Wiley&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-1190-2550-4&rft.aulast=%C3%91aco+del+Hoyo&rft.aufirst=Toni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Trasimene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connell2010" class="citation book cs1">O'Connell, Robert L. (2010). <i>The Ghosts of Cannae: Hannibal and the Darkest Hour of the Roman Republic</i>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6702-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6702-2"><bdi>978-1-4000-6702-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ghosts+of+Cannae%3A+Hannibal+and+the+Darkest+Hour+of+the+Roman+Republic&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6702-2&rft.aulast=O%27Connell&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Trasimene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawlings2015" class="citation book cs1">Rawlings, Louis (2015) [2011]. "The War in Italy, 218–203". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.). <i>A Companion to the Punic Wars</i>. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. pp. 299–319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1190-2550-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1190-2550-4"><bdi>978-1-1190-2550-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+War+in+Italy%2C+218%E2%80%93203&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Punic+Wars&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex&rft.pages=299-319&rft.pub=John+Wiley&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-1190-2550-4&rft.aulast=Rawlings&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Trasimene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmermann2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Zimmermann" title="Klaus Zimmermann">Zimmermann, Klaus</a> (2015) [2011]. "Roman Strategy and Aims in the Second Punic War". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.). <i>A Companion to the Punic Wars</i>. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 280–298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-405-17600-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-405-17600-2"><bdi>978-1-405-17600-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roman+Strategy+and+Aims+in+the+Second+Punic+War&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Punic+Wars&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=280-298&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-405-17600-2&rft.aulast=Zimmermann&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Trasimene" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_resources">External resources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.johndclare.net/AncientHistory/Hannibal_Sources4.html">Polybius' and Livy's accounts</a> side by side in English.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Battles_of_the_Punic_Wars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Punic_Wars_navbox" title="Template:Punic Wars navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Punic_Wars_navbox" title="Template talk:Punic Wars navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Punic_Wars_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Punic Wars navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Battles_of_the_Punic_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Battles of the <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_between_Rome_and_Carthage" title="Treaties between Rome and Carthage">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Messana" title="Battle of Messana">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agrigentum" title="Battle of Agrigentum">Agrigentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lipari_Islands" title="Battle of the Lipari Islands">Lipari Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mylae" title="Battle of Mylae">Mylae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermae" title="Battle of Thermae">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sulci" title="Battle of Sulci">Sulci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tyndaris" title="Battle of Tyndaris">Tyndaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Ecnomus" title="Battle of Cape Ecnomus">Cape Ecnomus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aspis" title="Siege of Aspis">Aspis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adys" title="Battle of Adys">Adys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bagradas_River_(255_BC)" title="Battle of the Bagradas River (255 BC)">Bagradas (Tunis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_withdrawal_from_Africa,_255_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman withdrawal from Africa, 255 BC">Cape Hermaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Panormus" title="Battle of Panormus">Panormus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Drepana" title="Battle of Drepana">Drepana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lilybaeum_(250%E2%80%93241_BC)" title="Siege of Lilybaeum (250–241 BC)">Lilybaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Drepana" title="Siege of Drepana">Drepana (siege)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mount_Ercte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Mount Ercte (page does not exist)">Mount Ercte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Mount_Eryx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Battle of Mount Eryx (page does not exist)">1st Mt. Eryx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Mount_Eryx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Battle of Mount Eryx (page does not exist)">2nd Mt. Eryx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Aegates" title="Battle of the Aegates">Aegates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lutatius" title="Treaty of Lutatius">Treaty of Lutatius</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093.png/90px-Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093.png/135px-Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093.png/180px-Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093.png 2x" data-file-width="1784" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mercenary_War" title="Mercenary War">Mercenary War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Utica" title="Battle of Utica">Utica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bagradas_River_(c._240_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Bagradas River (c. 240 BC)">Bagradas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilcar%27s_victory_with_Naravas" title="Hamilcar's victory with Naravas">Hamilcar's victory with Naravas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carthage_(Mercenary_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Carthage (Mercenary War)">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saw" title="Battle of the Saw">The Saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tunis_(Mercenary_War)" title="Siege of Tunis (Mercenary War)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leptis_Parva" title="Battle of Leptis Parva">Leptis Parva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_Second_Punic_War" title="List of battles of the Second Punic War">(Battles)</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Saguntum" title="Siege of Saguntum">Saguntum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lilybaeum" title="Battle of Lilybaeum">Lilybaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Malta_(218_BC)" title="Capture of Malta (218 BC)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhone_Crossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Rhone Crossing">Rhone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal%27s_crossing_of_the_Alps" title="Hannibal's crossing of the Alps">Crossing of the Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cissa" title="Battle of Cissa">Cissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ticinus" title="Battle of Ticinus">Ticinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trebia" title="Battle of the Trebia">Trebia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ebro_River" title="Battle of Ebro River">Ebro River</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lake Trasimene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ager_Falernus" title="Battle of Ager Falernus">Ager Falernus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Geronium" title="Battle of Geronium">Geronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae" title="Battle of Cannae">Cannae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Silva_Litana" title="Battle of Silva Litana">Silva Litana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nola_(216_BC)" title="Battle of Nola (216 BC)">1st Nola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ibera" title="Battle of Ibera">Ibera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nola_(215_BC)" title="Battle of Nola (215 BC)">2nd Nola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Decimomannu" title="Battle of Decimomannu">Decimomannu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nola_(214_BC)" title="Battle of Nola (214 BC)">3rd Nola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beneventum_(214_BC)" title="Battle of Beneventum (214 BC)">1st Beneventum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(213%E2%80%93212_BC)" title="Siege of Syracuse (213–212 BC)">Syracuse</a> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Archimedes%27_heat_ray" title="Archimedes' heat ray">Heat ray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claw_of_Archimedes" title="Claw of Archimedes">Claw of Archimedes</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sambuca_(siege_engine)" title="Sambuca (siege engine)">Sambuca</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarentum_(212_BC)" title="Battle of Tarentum (212 BC)">1st Tarentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beneventum_(212_BC)" title="Battle of Beneventum (212 BC)">2nd Beneventum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capua" title="Battle of Capua">1st Capua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Silarus" title="Battle of the Silarus">Silarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Herdonia_(212_BC)" title="Battle of Herdonia (212 BC)">1st Herdonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Upper_Baetis" title="Battle of the Upper Baetis">Upper Baetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Capua_(211_BC)" title="Siege of Capua (211 BC)">2nd Capua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Herdonia_(210_BC)" title="Battle of Herdonia (210 BC)">2nd Herdonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Numistro" title="Battle of Numistro">Numistro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Canusium" title="Battle of Canusium">Canusium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarentum_(209_BC)" title="Battle of Tarentum (209 BC)">2nd Tarentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Carthage" title="Battle of New Carthage">New Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baecula" title="Battle of Baecula">Baecula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Petelia" title="Battle of Petelia">Petelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grumentum" title="Battle of Grumentum">Grumentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Metaurus" title="Battle of the Metaurus">Metaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ilipa" title="Battle of Ilipa">Ilipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny_at_Sucro" title="Mutiny at Sucro">Sucro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carteia" title="Battle of Carteia">Carteia (land)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carteia_(naval)" title="Battle of Carteia (naval)">Carteia (naval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crotona" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Crotona">Crotona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Utica_(204_BC)" title="Siege of Utica (204 BC)">1st Utica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Utica_(203_BC)" title="Battle of Utica (203 BC)">2nd Utica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Great_Plains" title="Battle of the Great Plains">Great Plains (Bagradas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cirta" title="Battle of Cirta">Cirta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Insubria" title="Battle of Insubria">Insubria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zama" title="Battle of Zama">Zama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Third_Punic_War" title="Third Punic War">Third Punic War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Tunis" title="Battle of Lake Tunis">Lake Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Nepheris" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Nepheris">1st Nepheris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Port_of_Carthage" title="Battle of the Port of Carthage">Port of Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nepheris_(147_BC)" title="Battle of Nepheris (147 BC)">2nd Nepheris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carthage_(Third_Punic_War)" title="Siege of Carthage (Third Punic War)">Carthage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Punic_Wars" title="Category:Punic Wars">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">Military history</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_seafaring" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template talk:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_seafaring" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_seafaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient seafaring">Ancient seafaring</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Vessels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Vessels</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_(boat)" title="Bangka (boat)">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beden" title="Beden">Beden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coracle" title="Coracle">Coracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">Dhow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_boat" title="Dragon boat">Dragon boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penteconter" title="Penteconter">Penteconter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27unlun_po" class="mw-redirect" title="K'unlun po">Kunlun ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburna" title="Liburna">Liburna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">Multihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria" title="Navis lusoria">Navis lusoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_ship" title="Obelisk ship">Obelisk ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">Outriggers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-outrigger">Single-outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">Trimaran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Polyremes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bireme" title="Bireme">Bireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic-era_warships" title="Hellenistic-era warships">Oared warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">Trireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrireme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrireme">Quadrireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquereme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinquereme">Quinquereme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexareme" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexareme">Hexareme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessarakonteres" title="Tessarakonteres">Tessarakonteres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raft" title="Raft">Raft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_boat" title="Reed boat">Reed boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">Sailing ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomol" title="Tomol">Tomol</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81kitimu" title="Tākitimu">Tākitimu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Propulsion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paddling" title="Paddling">Paddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towpath" title="Towpath">Towing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poling_(watercraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poling (watercraft)">Poling </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor" title="Anchor">Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(watercraft)" title="Bow (watercraft)">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabin_(ship)" title="Cabin (ship)">Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)" title="Deck (ship)">Deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurehead_(object)" title="Figurehead (object)">Figurehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">Hull</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building#Construction_materials_and_methods" title="Boat building">Planking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">Keel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Mast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle" title="Paddle">Paddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#History_of_the_rudder" title="Rudder">Steering oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">Sail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sail_components" title="Sail components">Sail components</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_(ship)" title="Stem (ship)">Stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternpost" title="Sternpost">Sternpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake" title="Strake">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_boat#Boat_design_/_steering" title="Nile boat">Tiller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careening" title="Careening">Careening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvel_(boat_building)" title="Carvel (boat building)">Carvel built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinker_(boat_building)" title="Clinker (boat building)">Clinker built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug_boat" title="Lashed-lug boat">Lashed-lug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewn_boat" title="Sewn boat">Sewn-plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology#Navigation_and_ship_building" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Egypt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">Rigging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settee_(sail)" title="Settee (sail)">Settee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triangular_sail_rig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triangular sail rig (page does not exist)">Triangular sail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast-aft_rig" title="Mast-aft rig">Mast-aft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">Spritsail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">Catapult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvus_(boarding_device)" title="Corvus (boarding device)">Corvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_(weapon)" title="Dolphin (weapon)">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpax" title="Harpax">Harpax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_ram" title="Naval ram">Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca_(siege_engine)" title="Sambuca (siege engine)">Sambuca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Navigation,_and_ports_and_harbors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Navigation, and ports and harbors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography" title="History of cartography">Charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portolan_chart" title="Portolan chart">Portolan chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutter_(nautical)" title="Rutter (nautical)">Rutter (nautical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal navigation">Coastal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighthouses">Lighthouses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_navigation" title="History of navigation">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piloting" title="Piloting">Piloting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_boat" title="Pilot boat">Pilot boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_pilot" title="Maritime pilot">Maritime pilot</a></li></ul></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_navigation" title="Inuit navigation">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_navigation" title="Micronesian navigation">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Port#Historical_ports" title="Port">Ports</a> and<br />harbors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adulis" title="Adulis">Adulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikamedu" title="Arikamedu">Arikamedu</a> (Podouke)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_(Gulf_of_Suez)" title="Arsinoe (Gulf of Suez)">Arsinoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalites" title="Avalites">Avalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarikon" title="Barbarikon">Barbarikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Barygaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_Troglodytica" title="Berenice Troglodytica">Berenice Troglodytica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canopus,_Egypt" title="Canopus, Egypt">Canopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essina" title="Essina">Essina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Giao Chỉ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godavaya" title="Godavaya">Godavaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Guangzhou" title="Port of Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> (Canton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Jambukola" title="Port of Jambukola">Jambukola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puhar,_Mayiladuthurai" title="Puhar, Mayiladuthurai">Kaveri Poompattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> (Kadaram)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korkai" title="Korkai">Korkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothal#Dockyard" title="Lothal">Lothal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manthai" title="Manthai">Manthai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malao" title="Malao">Malao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersa_Gawasis" title="Mersa Gawasis">Mersa Gawasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myos_Hormos" title="Myos Hormos">Myos Hormos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mottama" title="Mottama">Martaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonburi_province" title="Chonburi province">Mueang Phra Rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93c_Eo" title="Óc Eo">Óc Eo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cattigara" title="Cattigara">Cattigara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opone" title="Opone">Opone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piraeus#Ancient_and_medieval_times" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosphorion_Harbour" title="Prosphorion Harbour">Prosphorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_Theron" title="Ptolemais Theron">Ptolemais Theron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qandala" title="Qandala">Qandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhacotis" title="Rhacotis">Rhacotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarapion" title="Sarapion">Sarapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathing_Phra_district" title="Sathing Phra district">Satingpra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sounagoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulum" title="Tulum">Tulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Jarf" title="Wadi al-Jarf">Wadi al-Jarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zanzibar" title="History of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_maritime_history" title="Ancient maritime history">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_prehistory" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime prehistory">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_timeline#Prehistory" title="Maritime timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceania#Prehistory_of_Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalingga_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalingga kingdom">Kalingga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan Civilization">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginian civilization">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_city-states" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek city-states">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Migration and<br />exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Australia">Peopling of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Micronesia">Peopling of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Migration_from_Taiwan" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">Ocean exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_maritime_expansion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoenician maritime expansion (page does not exist)">Phoenician maritime expansion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician%E2%80%93Punic_Sardinia" title="Phoenician–Punic Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II#Phoenician_expedition" title="Necho II">Circumnavigation of Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas#Voyage_to_Britain" title="Pytheas">Pytheas' voyage to Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Roman circumnavigation of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mariners and<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henenu_(high_steward)" title="Henenu (high steward)">Henenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthymenes" title="Euthymenes">Euthymenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanno_the_Navigator" title="Hanno the Navigator">Hanno the Navigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himilco" title="Himilco">Himilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sataspes" title="Sataspes">Sataspes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsthenes_of_Thasos" title="Androsthenes of Thasos">Androsthenes of Thasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archias_of_Pella" title="Archias of Pella">Archias of Pella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearchus" title="Nearchus">Nearchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Fu" title="Xu Fu">Xu Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippalus" title="Hippalus">Hippalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cyzicus" title="Eudoxus of Cyzicus">Eudoxus of Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maes_Titianus" title="Maes Titianus">Maes Titianus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Navies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_navy" title="Ancient Egyptian navy">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_navy" title="Achaemenid navy">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles" title="List of naval battles">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Mediterranean:</b>   <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Alashiya" title="Battles of Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Delta" title="Battle of the Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artemisium" title="Battle of Artemisium">Artemisium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eurymedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Eurymedon">Eurymedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naupactus" title="Battle of Naupactus">Naupactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Olpae" title="Battle of Olpae">Olpae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynossema" title="Battle of Cynossema">Cynossema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arginusae" title="Battle of Arginusae">Arginusae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mytilene_(406_BC)" title="Battle of Mytilene (406 BC)">Mytilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Hellespont">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Echinades_(322_BC)" title="Battle of the Echinades (322 BC)">Echinades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis_(306_BC)" title="Battle of Salamis (306 BC)">Salamis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mylae" title="Battle of Mylae">Mylae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Hermaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cape Hermaeum">Cape Hermaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ecnomus" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ecnomus">Ecnomus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Drepana" title="Battle of Drepana">Drepana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Aegates" title="Battle of the Aegates">Aegates</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lake Trasimene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chios_(201_BC)" title="Battle of Chios (201 BC)">Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Myonessus" title="Battle of Myonessus">Myonessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naulochus" title="Battle of Naulochus">Naulochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mycale" title="Battle of Mycale">Mycale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Actium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_boarding" title="Naval boarding">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hook" title="Grappling hook">Grappling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">Incendiaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oared_vessel_tactics" title="Oared vessel tactics">Oared vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship_tactics" title="Sailing ship tactics">Sailing ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramming" title="Ramming">Ramming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Odisha" title="Maritime history of Odisha">Odisha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maritime history of South America (page does not exist)">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_rafts" title="Pre-Columbian rafts">Rafts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Economy_and_trade" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy and <a href="/wiki/Trade#Ancient_history" title="Trade">trade</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">Whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fishing" title="History of fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_trade" title="Ancient Egyptian trade">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus–Mesopotamia relations">Indus–Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meluhha" title="Meluhha">Meluhha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Maritime Jade Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_sources_and_trade_in_ancient_times#Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin sources and trade in ancient times">Tin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">Spice trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age#Economy_of_Iron_Age_Britain" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Huynh-Kalanay_Interaction_Sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere">Sa Huynh-Kalanay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_trade_route" title="Incense trade route">Incense trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_trade_in_the_Maya_civilization" title="Maritime trade in the Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece#Trade" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">shipping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce#Sea_routes" title="Roman commerce">Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Indo-Roman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Piracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Piracy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy#History" title="Piracy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Mediterranean piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameinias_the_Phocian" title="Ameinias the Phocian">Ameinias the Phocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates#Piracy_in_the_ancient_world:_pirates_of_Joppa" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Julius_Caesar#Kidnapping_by_pirates" title="Early life and career of Julius Caesar">Kidnapping of Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey%27s_campaign_against_the_pirates" title="Pompey's campaign against the pirates">Pompey's campaign against the pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Research_and_education" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research and education</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Blackman" title="David Blackman">David Blackman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Casson" title="Lionel Casson">Lionel Casson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fik_Meijer" title="Fik Meijer">Fik Meijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sinclair_Morrison" title="John Sinclair Morrison">John Sinclair Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ledyard_Rodgers" title="William Ledyard Rodgers">William L. Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_G._Starr" title="Chester G. Starr">Chester G. Starr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Empereur" title="Jean-Yves Empereur">Jean-Yves Empereur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Rankov" title="Boris Rankov">Boris Rankov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Richard_Steffy" title="J. Richard Steffy">J. Richard Steffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Throckmorton" title="Peter Throckmorton">Peter Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shelley_Wachsmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shelley Wachsmann (page does not exist)">Shelley Wachsmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br />and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">Coastal defence and fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_art" title="Marine art">Marine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Marine navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">Maritime archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare#Mediterranean_Sea" title="Naval warfare">Naval warfare</a></li> <li>Maritime temples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Isthmia" title="Temple of Isthmia">Temple of Isthmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Poseidon,_Sounion" title="Temple of Poseidon, Sounion">Temple of Poseidon, Sounion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace temple complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusantao_Maritime_Trading_and_Communication_Network" title="Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network">Nusantao network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Phoenician_discovery_of_the_Americas" title="Theory of Phoenician discovery of the Americas">Phoenician discovery of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden#Shells" title="Midden">Shell middens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">Ship burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacking_(sailing)" title="Tacking (sailing)">Tacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">Thalassocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_exploration" title="Underwater exploration">Underwater exploration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_shipwrecks" title="Archaeology of shipwrecks">Wrecks<br />and relics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_before_Anno_Domini" title="List of shipwrecks before Anno Domini">Earliest</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufuna_canoe" title="Dufuna canoe">Dufuna canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abydos_boats" title="Abydos boats">Abydos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor_Sand_site" title="Moor Sand site">Moor Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokos_shipwreck" title="Dokos shipwreck">Dokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu_ship" title="Khufu ship">Khufu ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Bronze_Age_Boat" title="Dover Bronze Age Boat">Dover Bronze Age Boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uluburun_shipwreck" title="Uluburun shipwreck">Uluburun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_shipwreck" title="Canaanite shipwreck">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Gelidonya#Bronze_Age_shipwreck" title="Cape Gelidonya">Cape Gelidonya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_of_Rochelongue" title="Wreck of Rochelongue">Rochelongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjortspring_boat" title="Hjortspring boat">Hjortspring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontian_boat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontian boat (page does not exist)">Pontian boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Butuan_boats" title="Balangay">Butuan boats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Black_Sea_shipwrecks" title="Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks">Black Sea‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinop_D" title="Sinop D">Sinop D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala</a></li> <li>Greek: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkelon_shipwrecks" title="Ashkelon shipwrecks">Ashkelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrenia ship">Kyrenia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leontophoros" title="Leontophoros">Leontophoros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syracusia" title="Syracusia">Syracusia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Phoenician: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Gozo Phoenician shipwreck">Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajo_de_la_Campana_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Bajo de la Campana Phoenician shipwreck">Bajo de la Campana</a></li></ul></li> <li>Punic: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala Punic shipwreck</a></li></ul></li> <li>Roman: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alkedo" title="Alkedo">Alkedo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arles_Rh%C3%B4ne_3" title="Arles Rhône 3">Arles Rhône 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_shipwrecks" title="Blackfriars shipwrecks">Blackfriars I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula%27s_Giant_Ship" title="Caligula's Giant Ship">Caligula's Giant Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ships_of_De_Meern" title="The Ships of De Meern">De Meern ships</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isis_(ship)" title="Isis (ship)">Isis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madrague_de_Giens_(shipwreck)" title="Madrague de Giens (shipwreck)">Madrague de Giens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemi_ships" title="Nemi ships">Nemi ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_ship_of_Marausa" title="Roman ship of Marausa">Marausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassi_Ada" title="Yassi Ada">Yassi Ada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lists: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_surviving_ships" title="List of oldest surviving ships">Oldest surviving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museum_ships" title="List of museum ships">Museum ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surviving_ancient_ships" title="List of surviving ancient ships">Surviving ancient ships</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H3_(Kuwait)" title="H3 (Kuwait)">H3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental<br />archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl" title="Thor Heyerdahl">Heyerdahl expeditions</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kon-Tiki_expedition" title="Kon-Tiki expedition">Kon-Tiki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl#Boats_Ra_and_Ra_II" title="Thor Heyerdahl"><i>Ra</i> and <i>Ra II</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_vessels" title="Austronesian vessels">Austronesian replicas</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarimanok_(vinta)" title="Sarimanok (vinta)">Sarimanok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Te_Au_o_Tonga" title="Te Au o Tonga">Te Au o Tonga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBiloa" title="Hawaiʻiloa">Hawaiʻiloa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samudra_Raksa" title="Samudra Raksa">Samudra Raksa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alingano_Maisu" title="Alingano Maisu">Alingano Maisu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Saina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Balangay_Voyage" title="Balangay">Balangay Voyage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafaite" title="Faʻafaite">Faʻafaite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaualofa" title="Gaualofa">Gaualofa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marumaru_Atua" title="Marumaru Atua">Marumaru Atua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Maritime_Museum#Seaworthy_ships" title="New Zealand Maritime Museum">Aotearoa One</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Mediterranean <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Olympias_(trireme)" title="Olympias (trireme)">Olympias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria#Other_reconstructions" title="Navis lusoria">Regina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_Ship_Expedition" title="Phoenician Ship Expedition">Phoenician Ship Expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ship_replica" title="Viking ship replica">Viking replicas</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_(replica_Viking_longship)" title="Viking (replica Viking longship)">Viking</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vital_Alsar_Pacific_raft_expeditions" title="Vital Alsar Pacific raft expeditions">Vital Alsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivlia_(ship)" title="Ivlia (ship)"><i>Ivlia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abora_(expeditions)" title="Abora (expeditions)">Abora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viracocha_expedition" title="Viracocha expedition">Viracocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangaroa_Expedition" title="Tangaroa Expedition">Tangaroa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutes and <br />conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_on_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology">Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Institute_of_America" title="Archaeological Institute of America">Archaeological Institute of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Association_of_Archaeologists" title="European Association of Archaeologists">European Association of Archaeologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Nautical_Archaeology" title="Institute of Nautical Archaeology">Institute of Nautical Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Congress_of_Maritime_Museums" title="International Congress of Maritime Museums">International Congress of Maritime Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPM_Nautical_Foundation" title="RPM Nautical Foundation">RPM Nautical Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Research_Society" title="Sea Research Society">Sea Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Archaeology" title="Society for American Archaeology">Society for American Archaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums and<br />memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodrum_Castle#Museum_of_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Bodrum Castle">Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giza_Solar_boat_museum" title="Giza Solar boat museum">Giza Solar boat museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum" title="Grand Egyptian Museum">Grand Egyptian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_Castle#Shipwreck_museum" title="Kyrenia Castle">Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Seafaring" title="Museum of Ancient Seafaring">Museum of Ancient Seafaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Ships,_Pisa" title="Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa">Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Subaquatic_Archaeology" title="National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology">National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology</a></li> <li>Viking ship museums: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Oslo)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)">Oslo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Roskilde)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)">Roskilde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Legend_and_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legend and literature</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_bulrushes" title="Ark of bulrushes">Ark of bulrushes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flood_myths" title="List of flood myths">Flood myths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth" title="Gilgamesh flood myth">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_flood_myths" title="Ancient Greek flood myths">Greek</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)"><i>The Histories</i> (Herodotus)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Ocean_(Pytheas)" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Ocean (Pytheas)">On the Ocean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Histories_(Polybius)" title="The Histories (Polybius)"><i>The Histories</i> (Polybius)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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