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</a> <ul id="toc-1940s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>1950s</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1950s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1950s subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ray_Kroc_joins_and_expands_franchise_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ray_Kroc_joins_and_expands_franchise_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ray Kroc joins and expands franchise operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ray_Kroc_joins_and_expands_franchise_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sonneborn_model_and_shift_to_real-estate_holdings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sonneborn_model_and_shift_to_real-estate_holdings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sonneborn model and shift to real-estate holdings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sonneborn_model_and_shift_to_real-estate_holdings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>1960s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>1970s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>2000s</span> </div> </a> <ul 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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Timeline subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1930s_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930s_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>1930s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930s_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>1950s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>1960s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>1970s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6</span> <span>1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.7</span> <span>2000s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.8</span> <span>2010s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020s_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020s_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.9</span> <span>2020s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020s_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_McDonald%27s" title="Sejarah McDonald's – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sejarah McDonald's" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E7%95%B6%E5%8B%9E%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="麥當勞公司歷史 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="麥當勞公司歷史" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5865462#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The American <a href="/wiki/Fast-food_restaurant" title="Fast-food restaurant">fast-food restaurant</a> chain <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a> was founded in 1940 by the McDonald brothers, Richard and Maurice, and has since grown to the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Restaurant_chain" class="mw-redirect" title="Restaurant chain">restaurant chain</a> by revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The McDonald brothers began the business in <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino,_California" title="San Bernardino, California">San Bernardino, California</a> where the brothers set out to sell their barbecue. However, burgers were more popular with the public and the business model switched to a carhop drive-in style of restaurant. From the 1940s to the mid 1950s, the brothers expanded their business, even incorporating the golden arches, until <a href="/wiki/Ray_Kroc" title="Ray Kroc">Ray Kroc</a> turned their small business into the well-known and commercially successful business that it is today. Kroc convinced the brothers to move into a more self-serve business model and to expand nationwide. </p><p>Kroc and the McDonald brothers worked together for a number of years until conflicts over their individual visions for what McDonalds as a brand should be came to a climax. Kroc asked the McDonald brothers in 1961 how much they would be willing to leave the business for and the brothers agreed to leave for 2.7 million dollars. Harry J. Sonneborn and Kroc worked together until Sonneborn's resignation in 1967. In the 1970s, McDonalds expanded internationally and still has locations in several countries around the globe. McDonalds operates as one of the largest private employers in the world. Their current CEO is <a href="/wiki/Chris_Kempczinski" title="Chris Kempczinski">Christopher J. Kempczinski</a>. Their revenue hits about 26 billion every year.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McDonald%27s_square_2020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/McDonald%27s_square_2020.svg/200px-McDonald%27s_square_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/McDonald%27s_square_2020.svg/300px-McDonald%27s_square_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/McDonald%27s_square_2020.svg/400px-McDonald%27s_square_2020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1434" data-file-height="1435" /></a><figcaption>McDonald's logo since 2018</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1930s">1930s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_McDonald%27s&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 1930s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DowneyMcdonalds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/DowneyMcdonalds.jpg/250px-DowneyMcdonalds.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/DowneyMcdonalds.jpg/375px-DowneyMcdonalds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/DowneyMcdonalds.jpg/500px-DowneyMcdonalds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Oldest_McDonald%27s_restaurant" title="Oldest McDonald's restaurant">oldest operating McDonald's</a>, on Lakewood and <a href="/wiki/Florence_Avenue" title="Florence Avenue">Florence</a> in <a href="/wiki/Downey,_California" title="Downey, California">Downey, California</a> in March 2007, was the chain's third restaurant and the second to be built with the Golden Arches.</figcaption></figure> <p>The McDonald family moved from <a href="/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire" title="Manchester, New Hampshire">Manchester, New Hampshire</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles" title="Hollywood, Los Angeles">Hollywood</a>, California in the late 1930s, where brothers <a href="/wiki/Richard_and_Maurice_McDonald" title="Richard and Maurice McDonald">Richard and Maurice McDonald</a> ("Dick" and "Mac") began working as set movers and handymen at motion-picture studios.<sup id="cite_ref-Hess_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hess-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1937, their father Patrick McDonald opened The Airdrome, a food stand, on Huntington Drive (<a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_66" title="U.S. Route 66">Route 66</a>) near the <a href="/wiki/Monrovia_Airport,_California" title="Monrovia Airport, California">Monrovia Airport</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_California" title="Los Angeles County, California">Los Angeles County</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Monrovia,_California" title="Monrovia, California">Monrovia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1940s">1940s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_McDonald%27s&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1940s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The McDonald's brothers opened their first McDonald's restaurant on May 15, 1940 in San Bernardino, California. Originally, a <a href="/wiki/Carhop" title="Carhop">carhop</a> <a href="/wiki/Drive-in" title="Drive-in">drive-in</a> system was used to serve customers. The initial menu items were centered around barbecue and the first name the brothers used for their business was "McDonald's Famous Barbecue."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1948, the McDonald brothers realized that most of their profits derived from the sale of hamburgers. They shuttered their successful carhop drive-in to establish a streamlined system with a simple menu that consisted of only hamburgers, cheeseburgers, potato chips, coffee, ice cream, soft drinks, and apple pie.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryson_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1950s">1950s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_McDonald%27s&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1950s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 1952, the brothers decided that they needed an entirely new building to achieve two goals: further efficiency improvements and a more eye-catching appearance. They collected recommendations for an architect and interviewed at least four, choosing <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Clark_Meston" title="Stanley Clark Meston">Stanley Clark Meston</a>, who practiced in nearby Fontana.<sup id="cite_ref-Hess_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hess-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brothers and Meston worked together closely in the design of the new building. They achieved the extra efficiencies that they needed by, among other things, drawing the actual measurements of every piece of equipment in chalk on a tennis court behind the McDonald house (with Meston's assistant, Charles Fish).<sup id="cite_ref-HessBlog_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HessBlog-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new design achieved a great deal of notice for its gleaming surfaces of red and white ceramic tile, stainless steel, brightly colored sheet metal and glass; pulsing red, white, yellow and green neon; and two 25-foot yellow sheet-metal arches trimmed in neon, which they named the "<a href="/wiki/Golden_arches" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden arches">Golden Arches</a>" at the design stage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A third, smaller arch sign at the roadside depicted a pudgy character in a chef's hat known as Speedee striding across the top, trimmed in animated neon. The brothers implemented several techniques to encourage customers to eat quickly and not to linger in the restaurant, such as reduced heating in the dining area, fixed and angled seating to place customers directly over their food, distance between seats to reduce socialization and cone-shaped cups, which would force customers to hold their drinks while eating.<sup id="cite_ref-Hess_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hess-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 1953, with only a rendering of Meston's design in hand, the brothers began seeking franchisees.<sup id="cite_ref-Hess_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hess-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their first was Neil Fox, a distributor for General Petroleum Corporation. Fox's stand, the first with Meston's golden arches design, opened in May 1953 at 4050 North Central Avenue and Indian School Road in <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a>. The cost was a flat fee of $1,000 (equivalent to $11,400 in 2023). His restaurant was the first to employ the McDonald brothers' <i>Golden Arches</i> standardized design, created by Southern California architect <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Clark_Meston" title="Stanley Clark Meston">Stanley Clark Meston</a> and his assistant Charles Fish. Fox's use of the "McDonald's" name came as a surprise to the brothers. (Two of their franchises, in North Hollywood and Azusa, would use the name "Peak's," but all others would be "McDonald's"). </p><p>Their second franchisee was the team of Fox's brother-in-law Roger Williams and Burdette "Bud" Landon, both of whom also worked for General Petroleum. Williams and Landon opened their stand on August 18, 1953 at 10207 Lakewood Boulevard in <a href="/wiki/Downey,_California" title="Downey, California">Downey, California</a>. The Downey stand is the <a href="/wiki/Oldest_McDonald%27s_restaurant" title="Oldest McDonald's restaurant">oldest surviving McDonald's restaurant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Warren_2018_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren_2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peterson_2015_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2015-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Becher_2018_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becher_2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ray_kroc_1976.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ray_kroc_1976.jpg/150px-Ray_kroc_1976.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ray_kroc_1976.jpg/225px-Ray_kroc_1976.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ray_kroc_1976.jpg/300px-Ray_kroc_1976.jpg 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="871" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ray_Kroc" title="Ray Kroc">Ray Kroc</a> joined the chain in 1954 and built it into an eventually global franchise, making it the most successful fast-food corporation in the world.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ray_Kroc_joins_and_expands_franchise_operation">Ray Kroc joins and expands franchise operation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_McDonald%27s&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ray Kroc joins and expands franchise operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1954, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Kroc" title="Ray Kroc">Ray Kroc</a>, a seller of Prince Castle brand Multimixer milkshake machines, learned that the McDonald brothers were using eight of his machines at their San Bernardino restaurant. His curiosity was piqued, and he flew to California to visit the restaurant himself. The McDonald brothers operated six franchise locations.<sup id="cite_ref-money.com_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-money.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Believing that the McDonald's formula was a ticket to success, Kroc suggested that the brothers franchise their restaurants throughout the United States. The brothers were skeptical that the self-service approach could succeed in colder, rainier climates; furthermore, their thriving business in San Bernardino, and franchises already operating or planned, made them reluctant to risk a national venture.<sup id="cite_ref-Hess_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hess-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kroc offered to assume the major responsibility for establishing the new franchises elsewhere. He returned to his home outside of Chicago with rights to set up McDonald's restaurants throughout the country, except in a handful of territories in California and Arizona already licensed by the McDonald brothers. The brothers were to receive 0.5% of gross sales.<sup id="cite_ref-Hess_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hess-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sonneborn_model_and_shift_to_real-estate_holdings">Sonneborn model and shift to real-estate holdings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_McDonald%27s&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sonneborn model and shift to real-estate holdings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1956, Ray Kroc met <a href="/wiki/Harry_J._Sonneborn" title="Harry J. Sonneborn">Harry J. Sonneborn</a>, a former vice president of finance for <a href="/wiki/Tastee-Freez" title="Tastee-Freez">Tastee-Freez</a>, who offered an idea to accelerate the growth and investment grade of Kroc's planned McDonald's operation: to own the real estate upon which future franchises would be built. Kroc hired Sonneborn and his plan was executed by forming a separate company, Franchise Realty Corp, to hold McDonald's real estate. The new company signed leases and procured mortgages for both land and buildings, passing these costs on to the franchisee with a 20-40% markup and a reduced initial deposit of $950.<sup id="cite_ref-How_McDonald's_Works_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_McDonald's_Works-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Sonneborn model" of real-estate ownership within the franchise persists to this day, and may be the most important financial decision in the company's history. McDonald's present-day real-estate holdings represent $37.7 billion on its balance sheet, about 99% of the company's assets and 35% of its annual gross revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1960s">1960s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_McDonald%27s&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/McDonald%27s_commercial_%281963%29.webm/220px--McDonald%27s_commercial_%281963%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="63" data-mwtitle="McDonald's_commercial_(1963).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:McDonald%27s_commercial_(1963).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/McDonald%27s_commercial_%281963%29.webm/McDonald%27s_commercial_%281963%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/McDonald%27s_commercial_%281963%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/McDonald%27s_commercial_%281963%29.webm/McDonald%27s_commercial_%281963%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/McDonald%27s_commercial_%281963%29.webm/McDonald%27s_commercial_%281963%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/McDonald%27s_commercial_%281963%29.webm/McDonald%27s_commercial_%281963%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/McDonald%27s_commercial_%281963%29.webm/McDonald%27s_commercial_%281963%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMcDonald%27s_commercial_%281963%29.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMcDonald%27s_commercial_%281963%29.webm&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>The first television commercial to feature the Ronald McDonald character, from 1963</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McD_Big_Mac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/McD_Big_Mac.jpg/220px-McD_Big_Mac.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/McD_Big_Mac.jpg/330px-McD_Big_Mac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/McD_Big_Mac.jpg/440px-McD_Big_Mac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Big_Mac" title="Big Mac">Big Mac</a> hamburger made its debut in 1968.</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1960, McDonald's restaurants were grossing $56 million annually. The growth in U.S. automobile use that came with suburbanization and the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_highway_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate highway system">interstate highway system</a> contributed heavily to McDonald's success. In 1961, Kroc's conflict over the vision of the company with the founding brothers had escalated, and he asked them how much money they wanted to leave their business to him entirely. The brothers asked for $2.7 million ($23.4 million in 2021 dollars), which Kroc did not have. <a href="/wiki/Harry_J._Sonneborn" title="Harry J. Sonneborn">Harry J. Sonneborn</a> was able to raise the money for him, and Kroc bought the founding brothers' interests in the company. This purchase laid the groundwork for positioning the company for an <a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">IPO</a> and making McDonald's the top fast-food chain in the country. The exact process by which the company was sold is not known; it is depicted as a <a href="/wiki/Hostile_takeover" class="mw-redirect" title="Hostile takeover">hostile takeover</a> by Kroc in the 2016 biographical film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Founder" title="The Founder">The Founder</a>,</i> but that portrayal has been disputed, and interviews from the time suggest a more voluntary transition.<sup id="cite_ref-money.com_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-money.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kroc and Sonneborn disagreed over expansion of the company, leading to Sonneborn's resignation in 1967. Kroc took over the title of CEO and president.<sup id="cite_ref-How_McDonald's_Works_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_McDonald's_Works-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968, a man named Herman Petty was the first African American to franchise a McDonald's. This came off the heels of <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">the civil rights movement</a> and was informally recognized as African American's initial business entry into McDonald's as a cooperation. <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McDonald's success in the 1960s was largely the result of the company's skillful marketing and flexible response to customer demand. In 1962, the <a href="/wiki/Filet-O-Fish" title="Filet-O-Fish">Filet-O-Fish</a> sandwich, billed as "the fish that catches people," was introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967, the <a href="/wiki/Big_Mac" title="Big Mac">Big Mac</a> was created by Jim Delligatti, whose franchised McDonald's was in <a href="/wiki/Uniontown,_Pennsylvania" title="Uniontown, Pennsylvania">Uniontown, Pennsylvania</a>, and was added to McDonald's national menu the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1970s">1970s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_McDonald%27s&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McDonaldsHQIL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/McDonaldsHQIL.jpg/220px-McDonaldsHQIL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/McDonaldsHQIL.jpg/330px-McDonaldsHQIL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/McDonaldsHQIL.jpg/440px-McDonaldsHQIL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>McDonald's Plaza in <a href="/wiki/Oak_Brook,_Illinois" title="Oak Brook, Illinois">Oak Brook, Illinois</a>, home to company headquarters from 1971 to 2018</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Zealand%27s_first_McDonald%27s_restaurant,_Porirua,_1976_(26357140254).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/New_Zealand%27s_first_McDonald%27s_restaurant%2C_Porirua%2C_1976_%2826357140254%29.jpg/220px-New_Zealand%27s_first_McDonald%27s_restaurant%2C_Porirua%2C_1976_%2826357140254%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/New_Zealand%27s_first_McDonald%27s_restaurant%2C_Porirua%2C_1976_%2826357140254%29.jpg/330px-New_Zealand%27s_first_McDonald%27s_restaurant%2C_Porirua%2C_1976_%2826357140254%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/New_Zealand%27s_first_McDonald%27s_restaurant%2C_Porirua%2C_1976_%2826357140254%29.jpg/440px-New_Zealand%27s_first_McDonald%27s_restaurant%2C_Porirua%2C_1976_%2826357140254%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>New Zealand's first McDonald's restaurant, in <a href="/wiki/Porirua" title="Porirua">Porirua</a> in September 1976</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1970, the first restaurant outside of <a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern America</a> opened in <a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9,_Costa_Rica" title="San José, Costa Rica">San José, Costa Rica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McDonald's opened its first European restaurant in <a href="/wiki/Zaandam" title="Zaandam">Zaandam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first restaurant in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> opened in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, Japan in July 1971, and in December that year, the first German restaurant, which was then in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, opened in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>–<a href="/wiki/Obergiesing" title="Obergiesing">Obergiesing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first restaurant in <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> opened in 1971 in <a href="/wiki/Yagoona,_New_South_Wales" title="Yagoona, New South Wales"> Yagoona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was some skepticism about the company's phenomenal growth internationally. When Wally and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Morris_(businessman)" title="Hugh Morris (businessman)">Hugh Morris</a> approached the corporation in 1974 to bring McDonald's into <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, they were firmly shunned by Kroc who, citing a visit to the country, stated, "There aren't any people... I never met a more dead-than-alive hole in my life." The same year, McDonald’s came to the UK, a restaurant was opened in <a href="/wiki/Woolwich" title="Woolwich">Woolwich</a>, South East London. The Morris brothers were finally granted a franchise in May 1975. They negotiated a deal with the corporation by selling New Zealand cheese to the U.S. to offset the high costs of importing plant equipment. The first New Zealand restaurant opened in June 1976 in <a href="/wiki/Porirua" title="Porirua">Porirua</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>, to much more success than the corporation had predicted.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1972, the National Black McDonald's Operators Association (NBMOA) was founded. Herman Petty, the first African American to franchise a McDonald's, helped establish the association and it soon became a representation of Black people's voices inside of the company.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1979, the first McDonald's restaurant in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> opened at <a href="/wiki/Liat_Towers" title="Liat Towers">Liat Towers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Orchard_Road" title="Orchard Road">Orchard Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1980s">1980s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_McDonald%27s&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On October 29, 1983, the first McDonald's restaurant in Mexico opened in Pedregal, Mexico City.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1984, the company ran a promotion for the <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Olympics</a> saying "<a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_1984_Olympics_promotion" title="McDonald's 1984 Olympics promotion">When the U.S. wins, you win</a>," promising free food items for each medal the U.S. got. However, the <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">Soviets organized a boycott</a> and with minimal competition, the US dominated, winning 174 medals. Over 6,000 locations faced shortages, and the corporation has never admitted to how much money they lost, though it's estimated to be in the millions.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1990s">1990s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_McDonald%27s&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first McDonald's Express locations opened in 1991. These are smaller-scale prototypes, usually constructed in prefabricated buildings or urban storefronts, that do not feature certain menu items such as milkshakes and Quarter Pounders.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McDonalds_in_Sanya,_China.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/McDonalds_in_Sanya%2C_China.JPG/220px-McDonalds_in_Sanya%2C_China.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/McDonalds_in_Sanya%2C_China.JPG/330px-McDonalds_in_Sanya%2C_China.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/McDonalds_in_Sanya%2C_China.JPG/440px-McDonalds_in_Sanya%2C_China.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="1544" /></a><figcaption>A McDonald's soft drink/ice cream stand in <a href="/wiki/Sanya" title="Sanya">Sanya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, China in December 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>The first McDonald's in Mainland China opened in <a href="/wiki/Dongmen,_Shenzhen" title="Dongmen, Shenzhen">Dongmen, Shenzhen</a> in October 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Extra Value Meal, a burger, fries and drink combination deal, was introduced from 1993, originally as part of a <i><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Park" title="Jurassic Park">Jurassic Park</a></i> tie-in.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 28 and 29, 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_McDonald%27s_bombings" title="Taiwan McDonald's bombings">Taiwan McDonald's bombings</a> occurred when bombs were planted in or near various McDonald's restaurants in Taiwan as part of an extortion attempt, causing the death of a policeman and injuries to four civilians, including two young children, and the temporary closure of all 57 McDonald's locations in that country.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A week later on May 7, <a href="/wiki/Sydney_River_McDonald%27s_murders" title="Sydney River McDonald's murders">Sydney River McDonald's murders</a> took place in <a href="/wiki/Sydney_River" title="Sydney River">Sydney River</a>, Nova Scotia, Canada when a botched robbery committed by employee Derek Wood and two accomplices resulted in the murder of three employees, and the permanent disablement of a fourth employee shot in the head.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, the first McDonald's outlet in Bolivia was opened in Santa Cruz de la Sierra. In November 2002, McDonald's closed all its locations in that country,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to cultural rejection from citizens and the government, making Bolivia and Cuba the only Latin American countries without McDonald's.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McDonald's offered pizza options in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2000s">2000s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_McDonald%27s&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McDonald%27s_i%27mlovin%27it-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/McDonald%27s_i%27mlovin%27it-Logo.svg/200px-McDonald%27s_i%27mlovin%27it-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/McDonald%27s_i%27mlovin%27it-Logo.svg/300px-McDonald%27s_i%27mlovin%27it-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/McDonald%27s_i%27mlovin%27it-Logo.svg/400px-McDonald%27s_i%27mlovin%27it-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="671" /></a><figcaption>Logo used from 2003 to 2006/2007</figcaption></figure> <p>More than 11,000 McDonald's locations were opened outside the United States after the conclusion of the 1990s. <sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, a McDonald's in <a href="/wiki/Dearborn,_Michigan" title="Dearborn, Michigan">Dearborn, Michigan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Detroit">Greater Detroit</a> was the first one in Michigan and the only one east of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> to offer <a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a> food for <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> customers.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2010s">2010s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_McDonald%27s&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2010s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2012, the company announced that revenue for 2011 reached an all-time high of $27 billion, and that 2,400 restaurants would be updated and 1,300 new ones opened worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the middle of the decade, the restaurant began to suffer from declining profits.<sup id="cite_ref-KLFY_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KLFY-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, McDonald's began to offer a limited selection of its breakfast menu all day starting in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, the launch was unpopular with franchisees who claimed that the changes caused service to slow down.<sup id="cite_ref-KLFY_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KLFY-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the plan paid off with <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a> reporting that the company's fourth quarter earnings "easily topped analysts' forecasts".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 22, 2016 the <a href="/wiki/2016_Munich_shooting" title="2016 Munich shooting">2016 Munich shooting</a> took place when David Sonboly, an 18-year-old German-Iranian man opened fire at a McDonald's restaurant known to be frequented by immigrants, before shooting at bystanders in the street outside and then in <a href="/wiki/Olympia-Einkaufszentrum" title="Olympia-Einkaufszentrum">Olympia shopping mall</a>, and then killing himself. Nine people were killed,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 16 more injured.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2020s">2020s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_McDonald%27s&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2020s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On March 8, 2022, McDonald's suspended operations at all 850 of its locations in Russia, in response to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> twelve days prior. The move comes after similar decisions by other Western companies and pressure from critics.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN3.10.22_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN3.10.22-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brand relaunched on June 12, 2022 as '<a href="/wiki/Vkusno_%26_tochka" class="mw-redirect" title="Vkusno & tochka">Vkusno & tochka</a>' (Вкусно и точка, Tasty and that's it) by local franchisee Alexander Govor.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_McDonald%27s&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">dynamic list</a> and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_McDonald%27s" title="Special:EditPage/History of McDonald's">adding missing items</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1930s_2">1930s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_McDonald%27s&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1930s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1937: Patrick McDonald opens a food and drinks stand called "The Airdrome" on historic Route 66 (now Huntington Drive) near the Monrovia Airport in <a href="/wiki/Monrovia,_California" title="Monrovia, California">Monrovia, California</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s_2">1950s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_McDonald%27s&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1950s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2009-0725-CA-010-Fresno-McDonalds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/2009-0725-CA-010-Fresno-McDonalds.jpg/220px-2009-0725-CA-010-Fresno-McDonalds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/2009-0725-CA-010-Fresno-McDonalds.jpg/330px-2009-0725-CA-010-Fresno-McDonalds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/2009-0725-CA-010-Fresno-McDonalds.jpg/440px-2009-0725-CA-010-Fresno-McDonalds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2331" data-file-height="1425" /></a><figcaption>First restaurant franchised under Kroc's efforts, the tenth-ever location, at Blackstone and Shields Avenues (though torn down and rebuilt twice) in <a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno, California</a> in 2009</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1953: The third McDonald's restaurant, franchised to Roger Williams and Burdette Landon, opens in <a href="/wiki/Downey,_California#Landmarks" title="Downey, California">Downey, California</a> at the corner of Lakewood Blvd and Florence Avenue. Today, it is the <a href="/wiki/Oldest_McDonald%27s_restaurant" title="Oldest McDonald's restaurant">oldest McDonald's restaurant still in operation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1957: The original restaurant in San Bernardino is rebuilt with a golden arches design.<sup id="cite_ref-Hess_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hess-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s_2">1960s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_McDonald%27s&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1962: Market research shows that people identify McDonald's primarily with the golden arches.<sup id="cite_ref-Hess_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hess-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1967: The First McDonald's outside the United States opens in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_British_Columbia" title="Richmond, British Columbia">Richmond BC</a> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s_2">1970s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_McDonald%27s&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1970: The first McDonald's outside of <a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern America</a> opens in <a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9,_Costa_Rica" title="San José, Costa Rica">San José</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1971: The first McDonald's in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> opens in <a href="/wiki/Zaandam" title="Zaandam">Zaandam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> in collaboration with Dutch supermarket chain <a href="/wiki/Albert_Heijn" title="Albert Heijn">Albert Heijn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1971: The first McDonald's in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> opens at Ginza in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> in July.</li> <li>1971: The first McDonald's in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> opens in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> suburb of <a href="/wiki/Yagoona" class="mw-redirect" title="Yagoona">Yagoona</a> in December. The restaurant becomes known locally as "Macca's",<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which became a widespread Australian slang for the restaurant by as early as the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1972: The McDonald's system generates $1 billion in sales through 2,200 restaurants.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1972: The first McDonald's in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> opens on Manhattan's <a href="/wiki/Upper_West_Side" title="Upper West Side">Upper West Side</a>, dubbed "Townhouse" (to reflect that it was not a drive-in), and serves a record 100,000 hamburgers in its first week.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1973: The first McDonald's in Sweden opens in <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Stockholm</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2_Oct1978_McDonalds_Hyde_Park_Chicago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/2_Oct1978_McDonalds_Hyde_Park_Chicago.jpg/200px-2_Oct1978_McDonalds_Hyde_Park_Chicago.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/2_Oct1978_McDonalds_Hyde_Park_Chicago.jpg/300px-2_Oct1978_McDonalds_Hyde_Park_Chicago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/2_Oct1978_McDonalds_Hyde_Park_Chicago.jpg/400px-2_Oct1978_McDonalds_Hyde_Park_Chicago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1374" /></a><figcaption>1978 photo of McDonald's restaurant in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>. Note the sign that states, "Over 25 billion served".</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1974: On November 13, the first McDonald's in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> opened in <a href="/wiki/Woolwich" title="Woolwich">Woolwich</a>, south-east <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. It is the 3000th McDonald's restaurant.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1976: The first McDonald's in Switzerland, on Rue du Mont-Blanc in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Switzerland_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Switzerland-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1979: The first McDonald's in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> opens at <a href="/wiki/Liat_Towers" title="Liat Towers">Liat Towers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Orchard_Road" title="Orchard Road">Orchard Road</a>. It is also <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>'s first McDonald's outlet.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s_2">1980s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_McDonald%27s&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McDonald%27s_in_Finland_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/McDonald%27s_in_Finland_at_night.jpg/220px-McDonald%27s_in_Finland_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/McDonald%27s_in_Finland_at_night.jpg/330px-McDonald%27s_in_Finland_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/McDonald%27s_in_Finland_at_night.jpg/440px-McDonald%27s_in_Finland_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A McDonald's in Finland, located on <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4meenkatu" title="Hämeenkatu">Hämeenkatu</a> in central Tampere in 2020. The first McDonald's restaurant in Finland was located at the <a href="/wiki/Commerce_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Commerce House">Commerce House</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Keskustori" class="mw-redirect" title="Keskustori">Keskustori</a> market square but has since been shut down.<sup id="cite_ref-historia_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historia-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1984: On July 18, <a href="/wiki/San_Ysidro_McDonald%27s_massacre" title="San Ysidro McDonald's massacre">James Oliver Huberty opens fire inside a McDonald's</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Ysidro" class="mw-redirect" title="San Ysidro">San Ysidro</a>, near the US Mexican border, killing 21 customers<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and wounding 19 others,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before being killed by a SWAT-sniper.</li> <li>1984: The first McDonald's in Finland opens in <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-historia_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historia-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1987: On August 11, a <a href="/wiki/Piper_Cheyenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Piper Cheyenne">Piper Cheyenne</a> flying from in <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg, West Germany</a> was on a simulated approach to Munich's main airport <a href="/wiki/Riem" class="mw-redirect" title="Riem">Riem</a> when all instruments failed. The plane crashed into the McDonald's restaurant in the Wasserburger Landstrasse. Nine people were killed, and 30 others were injured.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992 a memorial stone commemorating the event was placed at the Nikolaus-Prugger-Weg Trudering bus stop.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1987: On November 23, The first Scottish store opens in <a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Kirkcaldy" title="Kirkcaldy">Kirkcaldy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1988: On April 29, McDonald's opens its first restaurant in Hungary, in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, which is the first McDonald's in a <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> country, behind the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s_2">1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_McDonald%27s&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81.JPG/220px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81.JPG/330px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81.JPG/440px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Pre-Ukrainian war</a> McDonald's in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> in 2011</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_McDonald%27s_in_Estonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/First_McDonald%27s_in_Estonia.jpg/220px-First_McDonald%27s_in_Estonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/First_McDonald%27s_in_Estonia.jpg/330px-First_McDonald%27s_in_Estonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/First_McDonald%27s_in_Estonia.jpg/440px-First_McDonald%27s_in_Estonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The first McDonald's in Estonia, located in the <a href="/wiki/Tallinn_Old_Town" title="Tallinn Old Town">Tallinn Old Town</a> in 2019</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1990: On January 31, the first McDonald's restaurant opened in the Soviet Union, in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Located in <a href="/wiki/Pushkinskaya_Square" title="Pushkinskaya Square">Pushkinskaya Square</a>, it served 30,000 people on opening day, and was the largest McDonald's in the world at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN3.10.22_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN3.10.22-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1990: On November 1, McDonald’s began phasing out <a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">styrofoam packaging</a> citing negative <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environmental</a> and health concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November, McDonald's opened its first restaurant in Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-ls01_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ls01-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1992: A McDonald's employee and two others open fire, killing and injuring several people in the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_River_McDonald%27s_murders" title="Sydney River McDonald's murders">Sydney River McDonald's</a> in Nova Scotia, Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1993: On October 14, the first McDonald's in Israel opens in <a href="/wiki/Ramat_Gan" title="Ramat Gan">Ramat Gan</a>.</li> <li>1995: The first McDonald's in Estonia opens in <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1995: The first McDonald's in Malta opens in <a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a>.</li> <li>1997: The first McDonalds in Cyprus opens in <a href="/wiki/Larnaca" title="Larnaca">Larnaca</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s_2">2000s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_McDonald%27s&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>2002: In October, McDonald's opened the first of two corporate stores in <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">Lincoln, Nebraska</a> to test a concept restaurant called "3N1". The concept incorporated a "Sandwich & Platter" casual dining area, a "bakery and ice cream" area featuring gourmet coffees, and a traditional McDonald's into one building.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second store is launched approximately six months later.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept is spearheaded by Tom Ryan, who was <a href="/wiki/Executive_vice_president" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive vice president">executive vice president</a> and chief concept officer at the time. The concept is abandoned in less than a year, and Ryan leaves McDonald's to join <a href="/wiki/Quiznos_Sub" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiznos Sub">Quiznos Sub</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/James_Richard_Cantalupo" class="mw-redirect" title="James Richard Cantalupo">James Richard Cantalupo</a> is elected chairman and chief operating officer, succeeding <a href="/wiki/Jack_M._Greenberg" title="Jack M. Greenberg">Jack M. Greenberg</a>. Just before assuming his post, Cantalupo shut down Project Innovate, a global consulting project that had already spent $170 million of a projected 5-year budget of $1.2 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2003: According to Technomic, a market research firm, McDonald's share of the U.S. market had fallen three percentage points in five years, at 15.2%.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2003: The firm reports a USD 126M loss for the fourth quarter.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2004: Chairman and CEO Jim Cantalupo dies suddenly at the age of 60 in his hotel room of an apparent heart attack while attending the annual franchisee convention in <a href="/wiki/Orlando,_FL" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlando, FL">Orlando, FL</a> on April 19. A 30-year veteran of the organization, Cantalupo had previously served as president and CEO of McDonald's International. He is credited with introducing the premium salad line and reformulating Chicken McNuggets to include leaner, all-white meat.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andrew J. McKenna Sr., a prominent Chicago businessman and a McDonald's director, is elected Nonexecutive Chairman. <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Bell_(businessman)" title="Charlie Bell (businessman)">Charlie Bell</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, Australia, is elected president and CEO of McDonald's Corporation. A month later, Bell was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal cancer</a> during a physical exam required for his new post and died in January 2005. Like retired chairman and former CEO <a href="/wiki/Fred_L._Turner" title="Fred L. Turner">Fred L. Turner</a>, Bell began his McDonald's career as a crew member. He was promoted frequently, serving as the corporation's chief operating officer and president of McDonald's Europe and the Asia/Pacific, Middle East and Africa Group.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Skinner" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Skinner">Jim Skinner</a> is elected president and CEO. Skinner began his McDonald's career as a trainee restaurant manager at a McDonald's in <a href="/wiki/Carpentersville,_Illinois" title="Carpentersville, Illinois">Carpentersville, Illinois</a> in 1971 after serving nearly ten years with the US Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2005: A fired employee with <a href="/wiki/Asperger%27s_Syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Asperger's Syndrome">Asperger's Syndrome</a>, who was terminated for hitting a customer, murders his former manager at a McDonald's outlet in <a href="/wiki/West_Sussex" title="West Sussex">West Sussex</a>, England. Shane Freer (20) stabbed Jackie Marshall (57) to death during a children's party at the fast food restaurant she was supervising. Freer was convicted and sentenced to life in prison by <a href="/wiki/Lewes_Crown_Court" title="Lewes Crown Court">Lewes Crown Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s_2">2010s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_McDonald%27s&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 2010s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McDonald%27s_Next_in_Hong_Kong_Admiralty_Centre_201512.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/McDonald%27s_Next_in_Hong_Kong_Admiralty_Centre_201512.jpg/220px-McDonald%27s_Next_in_Hong_Kong_Admiralty_Centre_201512.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/McDonald%27s_Next_in_Hong_Kong_Admiralty_Centre_201512.jpg/330px-McDonald%27s_Next_in_Hong_Kong_Admiralty_Centre_201512.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/McDonald%27s_Next_in_Hong_Kong_Admiralty_Centre_201512.jpg/440px-McDonald%27s_Next_in_Hong_Kong_Admiralty_Centre_201512.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2088" data-file-height="1385" /></a><figcaption>McDonald's Next in <a href="/wiki/Admiralty,_Hong_Kong" title="Admiralty, Hong Kong">Admiralty Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> in 2015</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Subway_(restaurant)" title="Subway (restaurant)">Subway</a> surpasses McDonald's as the largest single-brand restaurant chain and the largest restaurant operator globally.<sup id="cite_ref-Subway_Runs_Past_McDonald's_Chain_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Subway_Runs_Past_McDonald's_Chain-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2011: McDonald's makes a deal with the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Stewardship_Council" title="Marine Stewardship Council">Marine Stewardship Council</a> to certify the fish used for the Filet-O-Fish sold in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2012: McDonald's begins posting the calories count for items on the menus and menu boards in the drive-thru.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2013: First McDonald's burger restaurant franchise in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> was awarded to the son-in-law of the Vietnamese prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2013: McDonald's Australia trials home delivery in selected areas of Sydney, with online ordering available through <a href="/wiki/Menulog" title="Menulog">Menulog</a><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2014: (October) McDonald's Australia trials custom-made burgers with buns, cheese, sauces, etc. This was launched at the Castle Hill Store in Sydney.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2015: United States stores implement all-day breakfast.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2016: McDonald's withdraws the Step-It activity tracker, which is worn on the wrist, and was given away with Happy Meals to children in the US and Canada. There were fears that the devices caused skin irritation.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2018: McDonald's announces that it would remove plastic <a href="/wiki/Drinking_straw" title="Drinking straw">drinking straws</a> from its UK and Ireland restaurants.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2019: McDonald's purchases personalization-technology company Dynamic Yield for $300 million and acquires a 9.9% stake in mobile software company Plexure for $3.7 million.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2019: McDonald's opens the McHive, the world's smallest restaurant for bees.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2019: On September 10, McDonald's acquired Apprente, an American <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">startup company</a> specializing in <a href="/wiki/Customer_service" title="Customer service">customer service</a> utilizing <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020s_2">2020s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_McDonald%27s&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 2020s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gardens_by_the_Bay_McDonald%27s_08-11-2023(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gardens_by_the_Bay_McDonald%27s_08-11-2023%281%29.jpg/220px-Gardens_by_the_Bay_McDonald%27s_08-11-2023%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gardens_by_the_Bay_McDonald%27s_08-11-2023%281%29.jpg/330px-Gardens_by_the_Bay_McDonald%27s_08-11-2023%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gardens_by_the_Bay_McDonald%27s_08-11-2023%281%29.jpg/440px-Gardens_by_the_Bay_McDonald%27s_08-11-2023%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>McDonald's at <a href="/wiki/Gardens_by_the_Bay" title="Gardens by the Bay">Gardens by the Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> in 2023</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>2020: In March, McDonald's halts all day breakfast due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2022: On March 8, the company announced that it is pausing operations at all 850 of its locations in Russia in response to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> twelve days prior. The move comes after similar decisions by other Western companies and pressure from critics.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN3.10.22_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN3.10.22-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2024: In June, McDonald's has been testing <a href="/wiki/AI" class="mw-redirect" title="AI">AI</a> <a href="/wiki/Chatbots" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatbots">chatbots</a> at the drive-through, but decided to end the program after the system continued to get orders "confidently wrong".<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_McDonald%27s&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/pictures/591c79084bbe6f1b730a5811/2017-global-2000-restaura/#78d0bcc36d2a">"McDonald's Is King Of Restaurants In 2017 – pg.1"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=McDonald%27s+Is+King+Of+Restaurants+In+2017+%E2%80%93+pg.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fpictures%2F591c79084bbe6f1b730a5811%2F2017-global-2000-restaura%2F%2378d0bcc36d2a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+McDonald%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/money/McDonalds">"Britannica Money"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. September 20, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Britannica+Money&rft.date=2024-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fmoney%2FMcDonalds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+McDonald%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hess-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hess_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hess_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hess_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hess_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hess_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hess_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hess_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hess_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess1986" class="citation journal cs1">Hess, Alan (March 1986). "The Origins of McDonald's Golden Arches". <i>Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians</i>. <b>45</b> (1): 60–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F990129">10.2307/990129</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/990129">990129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Architectural+Historians&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+McDonald%27s+Golden+Arches&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=60-67&rft.date=1986-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F990129&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F990129%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+McDonald%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkrabecSkrabec_Jr.2012" class="citation book cs1">Skrabec, Quentin R.; Skrabec Jr., Quentin R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IBYJbFS52f0C&q=1937%2C+Patrick+McDonald+opened+%22Mcdonald%27s%22&pg=PA206"><i>The 100 Most Significant Events in American Business: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=McDonald%27s+Singapore+franchise+sold%3A+A+history+of+the+Golden+Arches+here&rft.date=2016-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fsingapore%2Fmcdonalds-singapore-franchise-sold-a-history-of-the-golden-arches-here&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+McDonald%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerruecos,_Pablo2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Berruecos, Pablo (October 30, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monchitime.com/2015/10/mcdonalds-pedregal-primer-restaurante-de-la-franquicia-en-mexico-30-aniversario/">"McDonald's Pedregal, primer restaurante de la franquicia en México – 30 Aniversario"</a> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180210215340/https://monchitime.com/2015/10/mcdonalds-pedregal-primer-restaurante-de-la-franquicia-en-mexico-30-aniversario/">Archived</a> from the original on February 10, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=McDonald%27s+Pedregal%2C+primer+restaurante+de+la+franquicia+en+M%C3%A9xico+%E2%80%93+30+Aniversario&rft.date=2015-10-30&rft.au=Berruecos%2C+Pablo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonchitime.com%2F2015%2F10%2Fmcdonalds-pedregal-primer-restaurante-de-la-franquicia-en-mexico-30-aniversario%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+McDonald%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laist.com/news/food/mcdonalds-olympics">"Let's Remember McDonald's Marketing Disaster In The 1984 Olympics"</a>. <i>LAist</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=McDonald%27s+Reopens+Nine+Taiwan+Outlets+After+Bombings&rft.pub=Associated+Press&rft.date=1992-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2F98cf847d49a9b2e6e00c9a74e8c6569e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+McDonald%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saltwire.com/nova-scotia/news/lone-survivor-of-sydney-river-mcdonalds-murders-has-died-234771/">"Lone survivor of Sydney River McDonald's murders has died"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SaltWire_Network" title="SaltWire Network">SaltWire Network</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lone+survivor+of+Sydney+River+McDonald%27s+murders+has+died&rft.pub=SaltWire+Network&rft.date=2018-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saltwire.com%2Fnova-scotia%2Fnews%2Flone-survivor-of-sydney-river-mcdonalds-murders-has-died-234771%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+McDonald%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lavanguardia.com/cribeo/cultura/20171012/47420295576/las-razones-por-las-que-bolivia-es-el-unico-pais-donde-ha-quebrado-mcdonald-s.html">"Las razones por las que Bolivia es el único país donde ha quebrado McDonald's"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Liverpool+Echo&rft.atitle=10+things+from+1980s+and+1990s+you+no+longer+see+at+McDonald%27s&rft.date=2022-05-19&rft.aulast=Grimsditch&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liverpoolecho.co.uk%2Fincoming%2F10-things-1980s-1990s-you-23990652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+McDonald%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed" class="citation web cs1">Reed, Eric. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestreet.com/markets/history-of-mcdonalds-15128096">"History of McDonald's: Timeline and Facts"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+McDonald%27s%3A+Timeline+and+Facts&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestreet.com%2Fmarkets%2Fhistory-of-mcdonalds-15128096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+McDonald%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Restaurant caters to Muslim customers." <i><a href="/wiki/The_Detroit_News" title="The Detroit News">The Detroit News</a></i>. September 28, 2000. Retrieved on July 5, 2013. "A Dearborn McDonald's has become the first McDonald's restaurant in the state and the only McDonald's east of the Mississippi to offer food acceptable to strict Muslim dietary laws. The McDonald's at 14860 Michigan, east of Greenfield, now offers halal McNuggets. Halal is an Arabic word meaning lawful, or permitted. Halal meat is prepared according to the dictates of the Koran, much like kosher food. Muslims are[...]" Available from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_action=keyword&s_search_type=keyword&p_product=DTNB&p_theme=gannett&s_site=detnews">the archives of</a> <i>The Detroit News</i>: Article ID det8723702.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120905091852/http://www.news-record.com/content/2012/01/25/article/mcdonalds_unveils_chicken_mcbites">"McDonald's Unveils Chicken McBites"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. January 25, 2012. 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October 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KFLY&rft.atitle=McDonald%27s+franchisees+say+all-day+breakfast+launch+a+disaster&rft.date=2015-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fklfy.com%2F2015%2F10%2F17%2Fmcdonalds-franchisees-say-all-day-breakfast-launch-a-disaster%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+McDonald%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittle2015" class="citation web cs1">Little, Katie (October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/01/mcdonalds-to-serve-breakfast-all-day.html">"McDonald's all-day breakfast? The wait is over for some"</a>. <i>CNBC</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=McDonald%27s+all-day+breakfast%3F+The+wait+is+over+for+some&rft.date=2015-10&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2015%2F10%2F01%2Fmcdonalds-to-serve-breakfast-all-day.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+McDonald%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLa_Monica2016" class="citation web cs1">La Monica, Paul R (January 25, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/2016/01/25/investing/mcdonalds-earnings/index.html">"McDonald's sales soar thanks to all day breakfast"</a>. <i>CNBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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October 25, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221215050220/https://www.dw.com/en/germany-2016-munich-attack-had-radical-right-wing-motives-say-police/a-50991641">Archived</a> from the original on December 15, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Radical+right-wing%27+motives+in+Munich+2016+attack&rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&rft.date=2019-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fgermany-2016-munich-attack-had-radical-right-wing-motives-say-police%2Fa-50991641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+McDonald%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoichet,_Catherine_E.Ellis,_RalphHanna,_Jason2016" class="citation web cs1">Shoichet, Catherine E.; Ellis, Ralph; Hanna, Jason (July 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/22/europe/germany-munich-shooting/index.html">"Munich shooting: 9 victims, gunman dead"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024023553/http://edition.cnn.com/2016/07/22/europe/germany-munich-shooting/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Munich+shooting%3A+9+victims%2C+gunman+dead&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2016-07-23&rft.au=Shoichet%2C+Catherine+E.&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Ralph&rft.au=Hanna%2C+Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2016%2F07%2F22%2Feurope%2Fgermany-munich-shooting%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+McDonald%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN3.10.22-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CNN3.10.22_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNN3.10.22_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNN3.10.22_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiener-Bronner,_Danielle2022" class="citation web cs1">Wiener-Bronner, Danielle (March 10, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2022/03/10/business/mcdonalds-russia-history/index.html">"McDonald's transformed Russia ... now it's abandoning the country"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311005749/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/03/10/business/mcdonalds-russia-history/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 11, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=McDonald%27s+transformed+Russia+...+now+it%27s+abandoning+the+country&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2022-03-10&rft.au=Wiener-Bronner%2C+Danielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2022%2F03%2F10%2Fbusiness%2Fmcdonalds-russia-history%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+McDonald%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5407638">"Сменившую McDonald's в России сеть ресторанов назвали "Вкусно — и точка"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Kommersant" title="Kommersant">Kommersant</a></i>. 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Flughafen München. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230731144337/https://flughafen-muenchen-riem.de/en/history/piper-sturzt-auf-mc-donalds-restaurant-in-trudering/">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=20+years+of+Big+Macs+as+McDonald%27s+marks+Scottish+anniversary&rft.date=2007-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Fnews%2F20-years-of-big-macs-as-mcdonalds-marks-scottish-anniversary-2452091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+McDonald%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://index.hu/belfold/tegnapiujsag/2008/04/29/1988_megnyit_az_elso_magyar_mcdonald_s/">"1988: The First Hungarian McDonald's Opens (article in Hungarian)"</a>. <i>Index</i>. Budapest. April 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Index&rft.atitle=1988%3A+The+First+Hungarian+McDonald%27s+Opens+%28article+in+Hungarian%29&rft.date=2008-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findex.hu%2Fbelfold%2Ftegnapiujsag%2F2008%2F04%2F29%2F1988_megnyit_az_elso_magyar_mcdonald_s%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+McDonald%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/history/329911-ussrs-first-mcdonalds">"Russia Beyond"</a>. January 29, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+Beyond&rft.date=2019-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbth.com%2Fhistory%2F329911-ussrs-first-mcdonalds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+McDonald%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.wrtv.com/lifestyle/history/1990-mcdonalds-bids-farewell-to-foam-containers">https://www.wrtv.com/lifestyle/history/1990-mcdonalds-bids-farewell-to-foam-containers</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ls01-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ls01_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lasegunda.com/Noticias/economia/2010/11/602367/mcdonalds-cumple-20-anos-de-presencia-en-chile">"McDonald's cumple 20 años de presencia en Chile"</a>. <i>La Segunda</i> (in Spanish). November 16, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Segunda&rft.atitle=McDonald%27s+cumple+20+a%C3%B1os+de+presencia+en+Chile&rft.date=2010-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lasegunda.com%2FNoticias%2Feconomia%2F2010%2F11%2F602367%2Fmcdonalds-cumple-20-anos-de-presencia-en-chile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+McDonald%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saltwire.com/nova-scotia/news/lone-survivor-of-sydney-river-mcdonalds-murders-has-died-234771/#:~:text=SYDNEY%2C%20N.S.%20%E2%80%94%20The%20lone%20survivor,Wednesday%20at%20the%20Halifax%20Infirmary.">"Lone survivor of Sydney River McDonald's murders has died"</a>. SaltWire. August 17, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210918073107/https://www.saltwire.com/nova-scotia/news/lone-survivor-of-sydney-river-mcdonalds-murders-has-died-234771/">Archived</a> from the original on September 18, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lone+survivor+of+Sydney+River+McDonald%27s+murders+has+died&rft.pub=SaltWire&rft.date=2018-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saltwire.com%2Fnova-scotia%2Fnews%2Flone-survivor-of-sydney-river-mcdonalds-murders-has-died-234771%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DSYDNEY%252C%2520N.S.%2520%25E2%2580%2594%2520The%2520lone%2520survivor%2CWednesday%2520at%2520the%2520Halifax%2520Infirmary.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+McDonald%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mcdonalds.ee/et/meie-ajalugu/">"Meie ajalugu"</a> [Our history] (in Estonian). McDonald's.ee<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meie+ajalugu&rft.pub=McDonald%27s.ee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmcdonalds.ee%2Fet%2Fmeie-ajalugu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+McDonald%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://app.McDonalds.com/countries/usa/whatsnew/pressrelease/2002/10112002/">McDonald's press release</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030622080816/https://www.mcdepk.com/McDonalds3n1restaurant/index.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'McDonald's 3'n1' Debuts Second Restaurant in Lincoln, Nebraska"</a>. <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a>. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcdepk.com/McDonalds3n1restaurant/index.html">the original</a> on June 22, 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27McDonald%27s+3%27n1%27+Debuts+Second+Restaurant+in+Lincoln%2C+Nebraska&rft.pub=McDonald%27s&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcdepk.com%2FMcDonalds3n1restaurant%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+McDonald%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060313113315/http://www.fastcompany.com/fast50_05/winners/6.html">"6. A Brand to Go, With Everything on It"</a>. <i>Fast Company</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fastcompany.com/fast50_05/winners/6.html">the original</a> on March 13, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fast+Company&rft.atitle=6.+A+Brand+to+Go%2C+With+Everything+on+It&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastcompany.com%2Ffast50_05%2Fwinners%2F6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+McDonald%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDougal2006" class="citation magazine cs1">McDougal, Paul (October 16, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208173443/http://www.informationweek.com/news/management/showArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=VVJ5HWSFFVOKOQSNDLOSKHSCJUNN2JVN?articleID=193302693&_requestid=271307">"<i>8 Expensive IT Blunders</i>"</a>. <i>Information Week</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informationweek.com/news/management/showArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=VVJ5HWSFFVOKOQSNDLOSKHSCJUNN2JVN?articleID=193302693&_requestid=271307">the original</a> on December 8, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+Week&rft.atitle=8+Expensive+IT+Blunders&rft.date=2006-10-16&rft.aulast=McDougal&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informationweek.com%2Fnews%2Fmanagement%2FshowArticle.jhtml%3Bjsessionid%3DVVJ5HWSFFVOKOQSNDLOSKHSCJUNN2JVN%3FarticleID%3D193302693%26_requestid%3D271307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+McDonald%27s" class="Z3988"></span> (Ambiguous, maybe 8 April 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2003" class="citation news cs1">Day, Sherri (March 3, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/03/business/03BURG.html?ex=1047272400&en=5a465b7c664cef9e&ei=5062&partner=GOOGLE">"McDonald's Strives to Regain Ground"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=McDonald%27s+Strives+to+Regain+Ground&rft.date=2003-03-03&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Sherri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F03%2F03%2Fbusiness%2F03BURG.html%3Fex%3D1047272400%26en%3D5a465b7c664cef9e%26ei%3D5062%26partner%3DGOOGLE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+McDonald%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3432155.stm">"McDonald's on track for recovery"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. January 26, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=McDonald%27s+on+track+for+recovery&rft.date=2004-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F3432155.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+McDonald%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040502151142/https://money.cnn.com/2004/04/19/news/fortune500/McDonalds_ceo/index.htm">"Sad day at McDonald's"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. April 19, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/2004/04/19/news/fortune500/McDonalds_ceo/index.htm">the original</a> on May 2, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sad+day+at+McDonald%27s&rft.date=2004-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2004%2F04%2F19%2Fnews%2Ffortune500%2FMcDonalds_ceo%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+McDonald%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120731010229/http://www.economist.com/node/3285898?story_id=E1_PNRVRJR">"<i>Big Mac's Makeover: McDonald's Turned Around</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. October 14, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_PNRVRJR">the original</a> on July 31, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Big+Mac%27s+Makeover%3A+McDonald%27s+Turned+Around&rft.date=2004-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbusiness%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3DE1_PNRVRJR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+McDonald%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080904231436/http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/news/corppr/2005/cpr_01162005.html">"McDonald's Former President and CEO Charlie Bell Dies of Cancer"</a>. McDonald's Press Release. January 17, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.McDonalds.com/corp/news/corppr/2005/cpr_01162005.html">the original</a> on September 4, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=McDonald%27s+Former+President+and+CEO+Charlie+Bell+Dies+of+Cancer&rft.pub=McDonald%27s+Press+Release&rft.date=2005-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.McDonalds.com%2Fcorp%2Fnews%2Fcorppr%2F2005%2Fcpr_01162005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+McDonald%27s" class="Z3988"></span>(Ambiguous, may be 8 April 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080324060706/http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/about/bios/jim_skinner0.html">"McDonald's Corporation Biographies: Jim Skinner"</a>. McDonald's Corporation. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=McDonald%27s+Corporation+Biographies%3A+Jim+Skinner&rft.pub=McDonald%27s+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.McDonalds.com%2Fcorp%2Fabout%2Fbios%2Fjim_skinner0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+McDonald%27s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArndt2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Arndt, Michael (November 23, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050313030059/http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/nov2004/nf20041123_2846_db016.htm">"<i>What McDonald's Newest Cook Faces</i>"</a>. <i>BusinessWeek</i>. 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="McDonald&#039;s" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:McDonald%27s" title="Template:McDonald's"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:McDonald%27s" title="Template talk:McDonald's"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:McDonald%27s" title="Special:EditPage/Template:McDonald's"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="McDonald&#039;s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_advertising" title="McDonald's advertising">Advertising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_McDonald%27s_marketing_campaigns" title="List of McDonald's marketing campaigns">marketing campaigns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_McDonald%27s_restaurants" title="List of countries with McDonald's restaurants">Countries with franchises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_legal_cases" title="McDonald's legal cases">Legal cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_McDonald%27s_products" title="List of McDonald's products">Product list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_availability_of_McDonald%27s_products" title="International availability of McDonald's products">International availability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_and_unions" title="McDonald's and unions">McDonald's and unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_and_Maurice_McDonald" title="Richard and Maurice McDonald">Richard and Maurice McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Kroc" title="Ray Kroc">Ray Kroc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Kroc" title="Joan Kroc">Joan Kroc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Alvarez" title="Ralph Alvarez">Ralph Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Bell_(businessman)" title="Charlie Bell (businessman)">Charlie Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Bernardin" title="Al Bernardin">Al Bernardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Cantalupo" title="Jim Cantalupo">Jim Cantalupo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cohon" title="George Cohon">George Cohon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Coudreaut" title="Dan Coudreaut">Dan Coudreaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Easterbrook" title="Steve Easterbrook">Steve Easterbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Fields" title="Jan Fields">Janice L. Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_Fujita" title="Den Fujita">Den Fujita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Gorske" title="Don Gorske">Don Gorske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_M._Greenberg" title="Jack M. Greenberg">Jack M. Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Groen" title="Lou Groen">Lou Groen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eik%C5%8D_Harada" title="Eikō Harada">Eikō Harada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Kempczinski" title="Chris Kempczinski">Chris Kempczinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Martino" title="June Martino">June Martino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Peterson" title="Herb Peterson">Herb Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_R._Quinlan" title="Michael R. Quinlan">Michael R. Quinlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Rensi" title="Ed Rensi">Ed Rensi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Scott" title="Willard Scott">Willard Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Skinner" title="James A. Skinner">James A. Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_N._Smith" title="Donald N. Smith">Donald N. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_J._Sonneborn" title="Harry J. Sonneborn">Harry J. Sonneborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Thompson_(executive)" title="Don Thompson (executive)">Don Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_L._Turner" title="Fred L. Turner">Fred L. Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_T._Yang" title="George T. Yang">George T. Yang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Company</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamburger_University" title="Hamburger University">Hamburger University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaps_and_Bounds_(playplace)" title="Leaps and Bounds (playplace)">Leaps and Bounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McBarge" title="McBarge">McBarge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCaf%C3%A9" title="McCafé">McCafé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CosMc%27s" title="CosMc's">CosMc's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_Chicago_Flagship" title="McDonald's Chicago Flagship">McDonald's Chicago Flagship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_No._1_Store_Museum" title="McDonald's No. 1 Store Museum">McDonald's #1 Store Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Rogers_Archway" title="Will Rogers Archway">McDonald's at the Will Rogers Archway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldland" title="McDonaldland">McDonaldland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldest_McDonald%27s_restaurant" title="Oldest McDonald's restaurant">Oldest McDonald's restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_PlayPlace" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonald's PlayPlace">PlayPlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_McDonald" title="Ronald McDonald">Ronald McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_McDonald_House_Charities" title="Ronald McDonald House Charities">Ronald McDonald House Charities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World%27s_Largest_Entertainment_McDonald%27s" title="World's Largest Entertainment McDonald's">World's Largest Entertainment McDonald's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECrew_Development_Program" title="ECrew Development Program">eCrew Development Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_ice_cream_machine" title="McDonald's ice cream machine">Ice cream machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_McDonald%27s_products" title="List of McDonald's products">Products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beef</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Mac" title="Big Mac">Big Mac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_N%27_Tasty" title="Big N' Tasty">Big N' Tasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_Deluxe_line" title="McDonald's Deluxe line">Deluxe line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwiburger" title="Kiwiburger">Kiwiburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_Pounder" title="Quarter Pounder">Quarter Pounder (McRoyal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDouble" title="McDouble">McDouble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKroket" title="McKroket">McKroket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chicken</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_McNuggets" title="Chicken McNuggets">Chicken McNuggets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McChicken" title="McChicken">McChicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snack_Wrap" title="Snack Wrap">Snack Wrap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_french_fries" title="McDonald's french fries">McDonald's french fries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTS_Meal" title="BTS Meal">BTS Meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filet-O-Fish" title="Filet-O-Fish">Filet-O-Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgie_Pie" title="Georgie Pie">Georgie Pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_Meal" title="Happy Meal">Happy Meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McArabia" title="McArabia">McArabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McFlurry" title="McFlurry">McFlurry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGriddles" title="McGriddles">McGriddles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMuffin" title="McMuffin">McMuffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McPlant" title="McPlant">McPlant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McRib" title="McRib">McRib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McVegan" title="McVegan">McVegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McVeggie" title="McVeggie">McVeggie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_Premium_line" title="McDonald's Premium line">Premium line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamrock_Shake" title="Shamrock Shake">Shamrock Shake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimace_Shake" title="Grimace Shake">Grimace Shake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_Deluxe" title="Arch Deluxe">Arch Deluxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk_Crispy_Tenders" title="Buttermilk Crispy Tenders">Buttermilk Crispy Tenders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_Fruit_and_Walnut_Salad" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonald's Fruit and Walnut Salad">Fruit and Walnut Salad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McAfrika" title="McAfrika">McAfrika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advertising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changeables" title="Changeables">Changeables</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Donald_Land" title="Donald Land">Donald Land</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Global_Gladiators" title="Global Gladiators">Global Gladiators</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Arches" title="Golden Arches">Golden Arches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Tonight" title="Mac Tonight">Mac Tonight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_Monopoly" title="McDonald's Monopoly">McDonald's Monopoly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_Treasure_Land_Adventure" title="McDonald's Treasure Land Adventure">McDonald's Treasure Land Adventure</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M.C._Kids" title="M.C. Kids">M.C. Kids</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKids" title="McKids">McKids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teenie_Beanies" title="Teenie Beanies">Teenie Beanies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wacky_Adventures_of_Ronald_McDonald" title="The Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald">The Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grimace%27s_Birthday" title="Grimace's Birthday">Grimace's Birthday</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sponsorships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubba_Wallace" title="Bubba Wallace">Bubba Wallace</a> (<a href="/wiki/NASCAR" title="NASCAR">NASCAR</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Rahal" title="Graham Rahal">Graham Rahal</a> (<a href="/wiki/IndyCar_Series" title="IndyCar Series">IndyCar Series</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_1984_Olympics_promotion" title="McDonald's 1984 Olympics promotion">McDonald's 1984 Olympics promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_All-American_Game" title="McDonald's All-American Game">McDonald's All-American Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_Championship" title="McDonald's Championship">McDonald's Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_Championship_(golf)" title="McDonald's Championship (golf)">McDonald's Championship (golf)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_Cycle_Center" title="McDonald's Cycle Center">McDonald's Cycle Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_Gospelfest" title="McDonald's Gospelfest">McDonald's Gospelfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Smash_(men%27s_cricket)" title="Super Smash (men's cricket)">McDonald's Super Smash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uytengsu_Aquatics_Center" title="Uytengsu Aquatics Center">McDonald's Olympic Swim Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burger_wars" title="Burger wars">Burger wars</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dreaming_in_Mono" title="Dreaming in Mono">Dreaming in Mono</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food_advertising" title="Fast food advertising">Fast food advertising</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mac_and_Me" title="Mac and Me">Mac and Me</a></i> (1988 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_sign_(Pine_Bluff,_Arkansas)" title="McDonald's sign (Pine Bluff, Arkansas)">McDonald's sign (Pine Bluff, Arkansas)</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Stop_it._Get_some_help." title="Stop it. Get some help.">Stop it. Get some help.</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersize" title="Supersize">Supersize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_Canada" title="McDonald's Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_France" title="McDonald's France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_Israel" title="McDonald's Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_New_Zealand" title="McDonald's New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_Pakistan" title="McDonald's Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_Philippines" title="McDonald's Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_in_Russia" title="McDonald's in Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vkusno_i_tochka" title="Vkusno i tochka">Vkusno i tochka</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcos_Dorados_Holdings" title="Arcos Dorados Holdings">Arcos Dorados Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westlife_Foodworld" title="Westlife Foodworld">Westlife Foodworld</a> (India)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_McDonald%27s" title="Criticism of McDonald's">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fast_Food_Nation" title="Fast Food Nation">Fast Food Nation</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Fast_Food_Nation_(film)" title="Fast Food Nation (film)">film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldization" title="McDonaldization">McDonaldization</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_Video_Game" title="McDonald's Video Game">McDonald's Video Game</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_and_unions" title="McDonald's and unions">McDonald's and unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McJob" title="McJob">McJob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McRefugee" title="McRefugee">McRefugee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLibel_(film)" title="McLibel (film)"><i>McLibel</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maxime,_McDuff_%26_McDo" title="Maxime, McDuff & McDo">Maxime, McDuff & McDo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Super_Size_Me" title="Super Size Me">Super Size Me</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Eat_This_Book" title="Don't Eat This Book">Don't Eat This Book</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Liebeck_v._McDonald%27s_Restaurants" title="Liebeck v. McDonald's Restaurants">Liebeck v. McDonald's Restaurants</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magee_v._McDonald%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Magee v. McDonald's">Magee v. McDonald's</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McLibel_case" title="McLibel case">McDonald's Restaurants v. Morris & Steel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sid_%26_Marty_Krofft_Television_Productions_Inc._v._McDonald%27s_Corp." title="Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions Inc. v. McDonald's Corp.">Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions Inc. v. McDonald's Corp.</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Attacks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Ysidro_McDonald%27s_massacre" title="San Ysidro McDonald's massacre">San Ysidro McDonald's massacre</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_McDonald%27s_bombings" title="Taiwan McDonald's bombings">Taiwan McDonald's bombings</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_River_McDonald%27s_murders" title="Sydney River McDonald's murders">Sydney River McDonald's murders</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Wu_Shuoyan" title="Murder of Wu Shuoyan">Murder of Wu Shuoyan</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Munich_shooting" title="2016 Munich shooting">Munich shooting</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificent_Mile_shooting" title="Magnificent Mile shooting">Magnificent Mile shooting</a> (2022)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDelivery" title="McDelivery">McDelivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Mac_Index" title="Big Mac Index">Big Mac Index</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_Young_Entertainers" title="McDonald's Young Entertainers">McDonald's Young Entertainers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McWord" title="McWord">McWords</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Seriously_McDonalds" title="Seriously McDonalds">Seriously McDonalds</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_a_Quarter_Pounder" title="Statue of a Quarter Pounder">Statue of a Quarter Pounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Company" title="Taylor Company">Taylor Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s_urban_legends" title="McDonald's urban legends">Urban legends</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Boom,_Like_That" title="Boom, Like That">Boom, Like That</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Founder" title="The Founder">The Founder</a></i> (2016 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McMillions" title="McMillions">McMillions</a></i> (2020 documentary series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_for_McDonald%27s" title="List of nicknames for McDonald's">List of nicknames for McDonald's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_McDonald%27s_E._coli_outbreak" title="2024 McDonald's E. coli outbreak">2024 McDonald's E. coli outbreak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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