Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="pb-page" data-request-id="8e92563803f49d1e-SIN" > <head data-pb-dropzone="head"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder | Psychiatry Online</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/wro/nqm4~article-metrics-phase2.css"> <link rel="icon" href="/products/app/releasedAssets/images/favicon/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/products/app/releasedAssets/css/build-06a61fa4969a4abb402e.css" media="all" id="build-style-sheet"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/products/app/releasedAssets/css/print-06a61fa4969a4abb402e.css"media="print"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/products/app/releasedAssets/css/build-article-06a61fa4969a4abb402e.css" media="all" id="article-style-sheet"> <script nonce="8e92563803f49d1e-SIN"> try { document.documentElement.classList.add('js'); } catch (e) { } </script> <meta name="robots" content="noarchive"/><meta name="description" content="PsychiatryOnline.org is the platform for all American Psychiatric Association Publishing journals, DSM, and bestselling textbooks, as well as APA Practice Guidelines, and continuing medical education." /> <meta property="og:title" content="Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder | Psychiatry Online"/> <meta property="og:type" content="Chapter"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.books.9781615373970.kb47"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://psychiatryonline.org/na101/home/literatum/publisher/app/books/content/books/2021/appi.books.9781615373970/appi.books.9781615373970/20210202/appi.books.9781615373970.cover.jpg" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Books"/> <meta property="og:description" content="An estimated 6%–8% of children (ages 2–18 years) in the United States are diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), making this syndrome the most common neurobehavioral disorder presenting in childhood (Thomas et al. 2015). It is now widely recognized that ADHD persists into adulthood in one-half to two-thirds of cases (Wilens and Spencer 2010), with estimates from epidemiological data indicating that 4%–5% of adults struggle with ADHD (for a review, see Adler et al. 2015). ADHD is characterized by inattention and/or hyperactive and impulsive behaviors that are persistent across multiple settings to a degree that is inconsistent with developmental level and that give rise to social, familial, emotional, interpersonal, educational, or work performance difficulties. Compared with their non-ADHD peers, individuals with the diagnosis are also at increased risk for co-occurring learning disorders and psychiatric disorders, such as mood, anxiety, oppositional, conduct, and substance use disorders (for a review, see Adler et al. 2015). Substance use disorders (SUDs) share many features with ADHD. SUDs commonly begin in childhood, with data suggesting onset before age 18 years in one-half of cases and onset by young adulthood in three-quarters of cases (Compton et al. 2007). Approximately 10% of adolescents have SUDs (Merikangas et al. 2010); among adults, epidemiological data show that 9.9% of adults have had a lifetime drug use disorder and 29.3% of adults have had a lifetime alcohol use disorder (Grant et al. 2015). Like ADHD, SUDs are considered to be chronic disorders with substantial individual, family, and public health consequences. Large-scale epidemiological surveys have linked SUDs to comorbid psychiatric disorders. Among mental disorders overlapping with SUDs, ADHD has been one of the most studied conditions, with evidence of bidirectionality (Charach et al. 2011; van Emmerik-van Oortmerssen et al. 2012; Wilens and Morrison 2011)."/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta name="publication_doi" content="10.1176/appi.books.9781615373970.kb47"/> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <link href="/pb-assets/images/favicons/pol/apple-touch-icon-120x120-1551444064190.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" /> <link href="/pb-assets/images/favicons/pol/apple-touch-icon-180x180-1551444063960.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" /> <link href="/pb-assets/images/favicons/pol/apple-touch-icon-152x152-1551444063937.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" /> <link href="/pb-assets/images/favicons/pol/apple-touch-icon-167x167-1551444063947.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="167x167" /> <link href="/pb-assets/images/favicons/pol/android-192x192-1551444064180.png" rel="icon" sizes="192x192" /> <link href="/pb-assets/images/favicons/pol/android-128x128-1551444064167.png" rel="icon" sizes="128x128" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/pb-assets/head-metadata/app-extra-1730836755630.css"> <script type="text/javascript" src="/pb-assets/lfm/clamp-1560798099353.js" nonce="8e92563803f49d1e-SIN" nonce="8e92563803f49d1e-SIN"></script>     <script type='text/javascript' nonce="8e92563803f49d1e-SIN" nonce="8e92563803f49d1e-SIN"> var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; (function() { var gads = document.createElement('script'); gads.async = true; gads.type = 'text/javascript'; var useSSL = 'https:' == document.location.protocol; gads.src = (useSSL ? 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<div class="content journal-branding"> <div data-widget-def="axelPublicationContent" data-widget-id="axel" class="no-affiliation"> <link id="build-style-article" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/products/app/releasedAssets/css/build-article-06a61fa4969a4abb402e.css"/><article xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" data-design="chapter" data-has="right-rail" id="Chapter-47" vocab="http://schema.org/" typeof="Chapter" lang="en" dir="ltr"><header data-extent="frontmatter"><div class="core-container"><div data-article-access="no" data-article-access-type="other" class="meta-panel"><div class="meta-panel__left-content"><div class="meta-panel__access meta-panel__access--other"><span>No access</span></div></div><div class="meta-panel__right-content"><div class="meta-panel__share"></div></div></div><h1 property="name">Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder</h1><div class="core-relations my-3"></div><div class="contributors"><span class="authors"><span role="list"><span typeof="Person" 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id="tab-information" aria-labelledby="information" role="tabpanel"><h3>Information</h3><section class="core-self-citation"><h4>Published In</h4><div class="core-journal-presentation"> <div class="container-fluid"><div class="row"><div> <div data-widget-def="UX3CoverImage" data-widget-id="b82a0d0c-d33a-44e3-9804-52c7e981168d"> <div class="cover-image d-flex justify-content-center flex-column"><div data-is-viewable="" class="cover-image__image"><a href="/doi/book/10.1176/appi.books.9781615373970" title="Go to The American Psychiatric Association Publishing Textbook of Substance Use Disorder Treatment" class="d-block"><img src="/cms/10.1176/appi.books.9781615373970/asset/1776266c-d917-6266-ed91-76266ced9177/appi.books.9781615373970.cover.jpg" alt="Go to The American Psychiatric Association Publishing Textbook of Substance Use Disorder Treatment" loading="lazy"/></a></div></div> </div> <div class="mt-32 mb-16"> <h5 class="mb-8">The American Psychiatric Association Publishing Textbook of Substance Use Disorder Treatment</h5> <div>January 2021</div> </div> <div>漏American Psychiatric Association Publishing</div> </div></div></div> </div></section></section><section id="tab-contributors" aria-labelledby="contributors" role="tabpanel"><h3>Authors</h3><section class="core-authors"><h4>Details</h4><div id="con1" typeof="Person"><div class="heading"><span property="givenName">Timothy E.</span> <span property="familyName">Wilens</span>, <span property="honorificSuffix">M.D.</span></div><div class="content"></div></div><div id="con2" typeof="Person"><div class="heading"><span property="givenName">Tamar A.</span> <span property="familyName">Kaminski</span>, <span property="honorificSuffix">B.S.</span></div><div class="content"></div></div></section></section></div><div id="core-collateral-metrics" role="tabpanel"><header><h2><i class="icon-timeline" aria-hidden="true"></i>Metrics & Citations</h2></header><section id="tab-metrics-inner" aria-labelledby="metrics-inner" 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