Can conservation of single surrogate species protect co-occurring species? | Environmental Science and Pollution Research

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="No"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>Can conservation of single surrogate species protect co-occurring species? | Environmental Science and Pollution Research</title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Can conservation of single surrogate species protect co-occurring species?"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Conservation of surrogate species is expected to benefit co-occurring species with similar distributions that share the same habitat, yet the..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11356-013-1675-0/MediaObjects/11356_2013_1675_Fig1_HTML.gif"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="11356"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Can conservation of single surrogate species protect co-occurring species?"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2013 20:9"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2013-04-16"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="Conservation of surrogate species is expected to benefit co-occurring species with similar distributions that share the same habitat, yet the usefulness of this approach to protect nontarget species has been extensively challenged. In this study, we aimed to assess whether co-occurring species could be afforded protection under the conservation of two proposed surrogate species, the giant panda and the takin. We undertook a thorough study on the habitat requirements of these two endangered species, based on the analysis of their habitat preferences. The results revealed that the giant panda exhibits more specialized habitat preferences than does the takin and that habitat separation between these species mainly reflected differences in their dietary requirements and preferences. We suggest that these differences might facilitate their coexistence in sympatric areas. Meanwhile, results of a discriminant function analysis showed that protection of giant pandas would protect 82.1&nbsp;% of the panda’s habitat, but only 25.4&nbsp;% of the takin’s habitat and just 57.0&nbsp;% of the joint habitats of these species. Importantly, our results also showed that a joint surrogate species approach to conservation would protect 86.9&nbsp;% of the panda’s habitat, 53.7&nbsp;% of the takin’s habitat, and 72.2&nbsp;% of the joint habitats of these species. This is a higher degree of habitat protection than the single surrogate conservation of pandas. We conclude that the joint surrogate species approach should be adopted to improve biodiversity conservation."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1614-7499"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Environmental Science and Pollution Research"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2013-04-16"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="20"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="9"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="6290"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="6296"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-013-1675-0"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s11356-013-1675-0"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11356-013-1675-0.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-013-1675-0"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Environmental Science and Pollution Research"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Environ Sci Pollut Res"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer Berlin Heidelberg"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1614-7499"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Can conservation of single surrogate species protect co-occurring species?"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="20"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="9"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2013/09"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2013/04/16"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="6290"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="6296"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Research Article"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/s11356-013-1675-0"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/s11356-013-1675-0"/> <meta name="size" content="122035"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s11356-013-1675-0"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/s11356-013-1675-0&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="Conservation of surrogate species is expected to benefit co-occurring species with similar distributions that share the same habitat, yet the usefulness of"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Kang, Dongwei"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Yang, Hongwei"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Li, Junqing"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Chen, Youping"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Environment, general"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Environmental Chemistry"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Ecotoxicology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Environmental Health"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Behav Ecol Sociobiol; 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In this study, we aimed to assess whether co-occurring species could be afforded protection under the conservation of two proposed surrogate species, the giant panda and the takin. We undertook a thorough study on the habitat requirements of these two endangered species, based on the analysis of their habitat preferences. The results revealed that the giant panda exhibits more specialized habitat preferences than does the takin and that habitat separation between these species mainly reflected differences in their dietary requirements and preferences. We suggest that these differences might facilitate their coexistence in sympatric areas. Meanwhile, results of a discriminant function analysis showed that protection of giant pandas would protect 82.1 % of the panda’s habitat, but only 25.4 % of the takin’s habitat and just 57.0 % of the joint habitats of these species. Importantly, our results also showed that a joint surrogate species approach to conservation would protect 86.9 % of the panda’s habitat, 53.7 % of the takin’s habitat, and 72.2 % of the joint habitats of these species. This is a higher degree of habitat protection than the single surrogate conservation of pandas. We conclude that the joint surrogate species approach should be adopted to improve biodiversity conservation."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11356-013-1675-0/MediaObjects/11356_2013_1675_Fig1_HTML.gif"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-16x16-ed57f42bd2.png> <link rel="shortcut icon" data-test="shortcut-icon" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-c6d59aafac.ico> <meta name="theme-color" content="#e6e6e6">   <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" 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In this study, we aimed to assess whether co-occurring species could be afforded protection under the conservation of two proposed surrogate species, the giant panda and the takin. We undertook a thorough study on the habitat requirements of these two endangered species, based on the analysis of their habitat preferences. The results revealed that the giant panda exhibits more specialized habitat preferences than does the takin and that habitat separation between these species mainly reflected differences in their dietary requirements and preferences. We suggest that these differences might facilitate their coexistence in sympatric areas. Meanwhile, results of a discriminant function analysis showed that protection of giant pandas would protect 82.1 % of the panda’s habitat, but only 25.4 % of the takin’s habitat and just 57.0 % of the joint habitats of these species. Importantly, our results also showed that a joint surrogate species approach to conservation would protect 86.9 % of the panda’s habitat, 53.7 % of the takin’s habitat, and 72.2 % of the joint habitats of these species. This is a higher degree of habitat protection than the single surrogate conservation of pandas. We conclude that the joint surrogate species approach should be adopted to improve biodiversity conservation.","datePublished":"2013-04-16T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2013-04-16T00:00:00Z","pageStart":"6290","pageEnd":"6296","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1675-0","keywords":["Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)","Takin (Budorcas taxicolor)","Habitat","Co-occurring","Surrogate species","Joint surrogate species approach","Environment","general","Environmental Chemistry","Ecotoxicology","Environmental Health","Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution","Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution"],"image":["https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11356-013-1675-0/MediaObjects/11356_2013_1675_Fig1_HTML.gif"],"isPartOf":{"name":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","issn":["1614-7499","0944-1344"],"volumeNumber":"20","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"Dongwei Kang","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Forestry University","address":{"name":"The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Hongwei Yang","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Forestry University","address":{"name":"The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Junqing Li","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Forestry University","address":{"name":"The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"email":"lijunqing8100@gmail.com","@type":"Person"},{"name":"Youping Chen","affiliation":[{"name":"Wanglang National Nature Reserve Administration Bureau","address":{"name":"Wanglang National Nature Reserve Administration Bureau, Sichuan, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"}],"isAccessibleForFree":false,"hasPart":{"isAccessibleForFree":false,"cssSelector":".main-content","@type":"WebPageElement"},"@type":"ScholarlyArticle"},"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"WebPage"}</script> </head> <body class="" >  <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript>   <noscript data-test="gtm-body"> <iframe 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alt=""> </picture> <span class="app-article-masthead__journal-title">Environmental Science and Pollution Research</span> </a> <a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/11356/aims-and-scope" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_aims_and_scope" data-track-action="aims and scope" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> Aims and scope <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> <a href="https://www.editorialmanager.com/espr/" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_submit_manuscript" data-track-context="article masthead on springerlink article page" data-track-action="submit manuscript" data-track-label="link"> Submit manuscript <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="c-article-main u-container u-mt-24 u-mb-32 l-with-sidebar" id="main-content" data-component="article-container"> <main class="u-serif js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Dongwei-Kang-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Dongwei-Kang-Aff1" data-author-search="Kang, Dongwei">Dongwei Kang</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Hongwei-Yang-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Hongwei-Yang-Aff1" data-author-search="Yang, Hongwei">Hongwei Yang</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Junqing-Li-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Junqing-Li-Aff1" data-author-search="Li, Junqing" data-corresp-id="c1">Junqing Li<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 4 authors for this article" title="Show all 4 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Youping-Chen-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Youping-Chen-Aff2" data-author-search="Chen, Youping">Youping Chen</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <div data-test="article-metrics"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-accesses-medium"></use> </svg>660 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p 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class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Conservation of surrogate species is expected to benefit co-occurring species with similar distributions that share the same habitat, yet the usefulness of this approach to protect nontarget species has been extensively challenged. In this study, we aimed to assess whether co-occurring species could be afforded protection under the conservation of two proposed surrogate species, the giant panda and the takin. We undertook a thorough study on the habitat requirements of these two endangered species, based on the analysis of their habitat preferences. The results revealed that the giant panda exhibits more specialized habitat preferences than does the takin and that habitat separation between these species mainly reflected differences in their dietary requirements and preferences. We suggest that these differences might facilitate their coexistence in sympatric areas. Meanwhile, results of a discriminant function analysis showed that protection of giant pandas would protect 82.1 % of the panda’s habitat, but only 25.4 % of the takin’s habitat and just 57.0 % of the joint habitats of these species. Importantly, our results also showed that a joint surrogate species approach to conservation would protect 86.9 % of the panda’s habitat, 53.7 % of the takin’s habitat, and 72.2 % of the joint habitats of these species. This is a higher degree of habitat protection than the single surrogate conservation of pandas. We conclude that the joint surrogate species approach should be adopted to improve biodiversity conservation.</p></div></div></section> <div class="c-notes"> <p class="c-notes__text c-status-message--info"> <svg width="24" height="24" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="c-status-message__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium"></use> </svg> This is a preview of subscription content, <a id="test-login-banner-link" href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs11356-013-1675-0%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3Dcead4468-892e-4847-a499-7ba90aaf7e25" data-track="click" data-track-action="login" data-track-label="link" class="c-preview-message__link">log in via an institution</a> <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon c-external-link__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" 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China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing (in Chinese)</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 31" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Giant%20pandas%3A%20natural%20heritage%20of%20the%20humanity&publication_year=2005&author=Zhao%2CXM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li></ul><p class="c-article-references__download u-hide-print"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="download citation references" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s11356-013-1675-0?format=refman&flavour=references">Download references<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p></div></div></div></section></div><section data-title="Acknowledgments"><div class="c-article-section" id="Ack1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Ack1">Acknowledgments</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Ack1-content"><p>This study was supported by the National Key Technology Research and Development Program in the 11th Five-Year Plan of China (2008BADB0B04) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (31170500). We would like to thank Wang Xiaorong, Zheng Yong, Ouyang Jie, Zhao Jixu, Lan Gaoshan, Li Yunxi, Gao Xiong, Jiang Wenlong, Huang Jian, Zhang Anlin, Dong Yubin, Zhang Yubo, Xiang Nan, and Duan Lijuan for their participating in the field work. We also thank Zhao Lianjun and Yuan Zhiwei in Wanglang Nature Reserve, and Yan Shuqi and Song Zheng in Xiaohegou Nature Reserve for the assistance during the fieldwork.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, 35 East-Qinghua Road, Beijing, 100083, China</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Dongwei Kang, Hongwei Yang & Junqing Li</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Wanglang National Nature Reserve Administration Bureau, Sichuan, 622550, China</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Youping Chen</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Dongwei-Kang-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Dongwei Kang</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Dongwei%20Kang" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js 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Can conservation of single surrogate species protect co-occurring species?. <i>Environ Sci Pollut Res</i> <b>20</b>, 6290–6296 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1675-0</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s11356-013-1675-0?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Received<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2012-11-23">23 November 2012</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Accepted<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2013-03-22">22 March 2013</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Published<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2013-04-16">16 April 2013</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Issue Date<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2013-09">September 2013</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item c-bibliographic-information__list-item--full-width"><p><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</abbr><span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1675-0</span></p></li></ul><div data-component="share-box"><div 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href="/search?query=Habitat&facet-discipline="Environment"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Habitat</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Co-occurring&facet-discipline="Environment"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Co-occurring</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Surrogate%20species&facet-discipline="Environment"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Surrogate species</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Joint%20surrogate%20species%20approach&facet-discipline="Environment"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Joint surrogate species approach</a></span></li></ul><div data-component="article-info-list"></div></div></div></div></div></section> </div> </main> <div 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