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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croat_(guerrer)" title="Croat (guerrer) – catalán" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Croat (guerrer)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krucisto" title="Krucisto – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Krucisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crois%C3%A9" title="Croisé – francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Croisé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" 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<div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Página de herramientas"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apariencia"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apariencia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mover a la barra 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class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cruzados%22&num=50">«Cruzados»</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&&as_src=-newswire+-wire+-presswire+-PR+-press+-release+-wikipedia&q=%22Cruzados%22">noticias</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?as_brr=0&as_pub=-icon&q=%22Cruzados%22">libros</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cruzados%22">académico</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://images.google.com/images?safe=off&as_rights=(cc_publicdomain%7ccc_attribute%7ccc_sharealike%7ccc_noncommercial%7ccc_nonderived)&q=%22Cruzados%22">imágenes</a></span></span></span></div><div class="hide-when-compact"><small><div>Este aviso fue puesto el 14 de mayo de 2009.</div></small></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div class="rellink noprint hatnote"> Para otros usos de este término, véase <a href="/wiki/Cruzados_(desambiguaci%C3%B3n)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cruzados (desambiguación)">Cruzados (desambiguación)</a>.</div> <p>Los <b>cruzados</b> eran guerreros <a href="/wiki/Cristianismo" title="Cristianismo">cristianos</a>, inicialmente de <a href="/wiki/Europa_Occidental" title="Europa Occidental">Europa Occidental</a>, que participaron en alguna de las <a href="/wiki/Cruzadas" title="Cruzadas">cruzadas</a> en la <a href="/wiki/Edad_Media" title="Edad Media">Edad Media</a>. El nombre deriva de la costumbre de coser o pintar una cruz en sus ropas (de ahí la expresión «tomar la cruz», que indicaba a aquellas personas que partían para participar en las cruzadas). </p><p>El término «cruzado» no empezó a usarse ampliamente hasta el siglo <span style="font-variant:small-caps;text-transform:lowercase">XV</span>, pues anteriormente se consideraba a estos caballeros como peregrinos armados. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contexto_histórico"><span id="Contexto_hist.C3.B3rico"></span>Contexto histórico</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cruzados&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar sección: Contexto histórico"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La tolerancia, el comercio y las relaciones políticas existentes entre árabes y los reinos cristianos europeos florecieron hasta que en 1072 los fatimíes perdieron el control de Palestina ante el avance del <a href="/wiki/Imperio_sely%C3%BAcida" title="Imperio selyúcida">Imperio selyúcida</a>, un imperio musulmán suní túrquico-persa. </p><p>En 1095 se celebró el <a href="/wiki/Concilio_de_Clermont" title="Concilio de Clermont">Concilio de Clermont</a>, en el que el papa <a href="/wiki/Urbano_II" title="Urbano II">Urbano II</a> hizo un llamamiento a los cristianos para liberar a Jerusalén. En el canon 9 del mismo otorga plenas indulgencias de sus pecados: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r161259348">.mw-parser-output .flexquote{display:flex;flex-direction:column;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle);color:var(--color-base);border-left:3px solid var(--border-color-base);font-size:90%;margin:1em 4em;padding:.4em .8em}.mw-parser-output .flexquote>.flex{display:flex;flex-direction:row}.mw-parser-output .flexquote>.flex>.quote{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .flexquote>.flex>.separator{border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-divider);border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-divider);margin:.4em .8em}.mw-parser-output .flexquote>.cite{text-align:right}@media all and (max-width:600px){.mw-parser-output .flexquote>.flex{flex-direction:column}}</style> <blockquote class="flexquote"> <div class="flex"> <div class="quote">A quien emprenda el viaje a Jerusalén con la finalidad de liberar a la iglesia de Dios, siempre que lo haga por piedad y no por ganar honor o riquezas, este viaje se le contará como penitencia completa.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="mw-references separada"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </div> </blockquote> <p>Este es el comienzo de la <a href="/wiki/Primera_Cruzada" class="mw-redirect" title="Primera Cruzada">Primera Cruzada</a> (1096-1099). </p><p>La marcha a <a href="/wiki/Tierra_Santa" title="Tierra Santa">Tierra Santa</a> constituía una manera de superar las restricciones en las herencias, en un momento en el que la búsqueda de la paz en sus países de origen y una leyes de vasallaje más estrictas limitaban las oportunidades de algunos nobles. Las cruzadas difundieron el espíritu feudal y los preceptos cristianos (el caballero cruzado estaba al servicio de <a href="/wiki/Cristo" title="Cristo">Cristo</a> y de su Iglesia como vasallo). </p><p>El <a href="/wiki/I_Concilio_de_Letr%C3%A1n" title="I Concilio de Letrán">I Concilio de Letrán</a>, en 1123, da estatus legal a las cruzadas: le otorga indulgencias, así como protección de sus familias y bienes, incurriendo en excomunión a aquellos que les molestasen, así como para aquellos que abandonasen en voto de cruzado. </p><p>Las cruzadas no solo se emitieron para combatir en Tierra Santa, sino que también se emitieron contra los musulmanes en la <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> en <a href="/wiki/Espa%C3%B1a" title="España">España</a>, o contra los <a href="/wiki/Catarismo" title="Catarismo">cátaros</a> en el sur de <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Véase_también"><span id="V.C3.A9ase_tambi.C3.A9n"></span>Véase también</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cruzados&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar sección: Véase también"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cruzadas" title="Cruzadas">Cruzadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruzado" class="mw-disambig" title="Cruzado">Cruzado</a> (página de desambiguación)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referencias">Referencias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cruzados&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar sección: Referencias"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="listaref" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. Robert Somerville, <i>The Councils of Urban II</i>, 1: <i>Decreta Claromontensia</i> (<i>Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum, Supplementum</i>, 1), <a href="/wiki/%C3%81msterdam" title="Ámsterdam">Ámsterdam</a>, 1972, 74.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enlaces_externos">Enlaces externos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cruzados&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar sección: Enlaces externos"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dominicos.org/espiritualidad/historia/la-vida-religiosa-en-el-romanico/#caballeros-cruzados">El comienzo de los caballeros cruzados</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r161257576">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox table{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects{display:flex;padding:0.5em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul li{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox-list{border-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox th{background-color:#eeeeff}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#72777d);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#27292d);color:var(--color-base,#eaecf0)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#72777d)!important;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#202122)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox-list{border-color:#202122!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox th{background-color:#27292d!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#72777d)!important;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#27292d)!important;color:var(--color-base,#eaecf0)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#72777d)!important;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#202122)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox-list{border-color:#202122!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox th{background-color:#27292d!important}}</style><div class="mw-authority-control"><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width: inherit;padding:3px"><table class="hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width: 12%; 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