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id="toc-Hormones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pituitary_gland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pituitary_gland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Pituitary gland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pituitary_gland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypophysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypophysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Hypophysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypophysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other animals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intermediate_lobe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intermediate_lobe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Intermediate lobe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intermediate_lobe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Additional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pituitary gland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipofise" title="Hipofise – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hipofise" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="غدة نخامية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غدة نخامية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipofiz" title="Hipofiz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hipofiz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="هیپوفیز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیپوفیز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF" title="পিটুইটারি গ্রন্থি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পিটুইটারি গ্রন্থি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7" title="Гіпофіз – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гіпофіз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Мазгавы прывесак – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мазгавы прывесак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Хипофиза – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хипофиза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%95%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B" title="ཀླད་པའི་འཕྱང་གཟུགས་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀླད་པའི་འཕྱང་གཟུགས་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipofiza" title="Hipofiza – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hipofiza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B2fisi" title="Hipòfisi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hipòfisi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypof%C3%BDza" title="Hypofýza – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hypofýza" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chwarren_bitwidol" title="Chwarren bitwidol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Chwarren bitwidol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypofyse" title="Hypofyse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hypofyse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypophyse" title="Hypophyse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hypophyse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%95%DE%A8%DE%93%DE%AB%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%93%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A9_%DE%8E%DE%B0%DE%8D%DE%AD%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%B0" title="ޕިޓޫއިޓަރީ ގްލޭންޑް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޕިޓޫއިޓަރީ ގްލޭންޑް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajuripats" title="Ajuripats – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ajuripats" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%86%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Υπόφυση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υπόφυση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B3fisis" title="Hipófisis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hipófisis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipofizo" title="Hipofizo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hipofizo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipofisi" title="Hipofisi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hipofisi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="هیپوفیز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیپوفیز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypophyse" title="Hypophyse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hypophyse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faireog_phiot%C3%BAtach" title="Faireog phiotútach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Faireog phiotútach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%A1ndula_hip%C3%B3fise" title="Glándula hipófise – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Glándula hipófise" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%BE%D8%A4%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="هيپؤفيز – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="هيپؤفيز" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A5%E0%AA%BF" title="કફોત્પાદક ગ્રંથિ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કફોત્પાદક ગ્રંથિ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%87%8C%ED%95%98%EC%88%98%EC%B2%B4" title="뇌하수체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뇌하수체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%A6" title="Հիպոֆիզ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիպոֆիզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF" title="पीयूष ग्रन्थि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पीयूष ग्रन्थि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipofiza" title="Hipofiza – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hipofiza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipofizo" title="Hipofizo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hipofizo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipofisis" title="Hipofisis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hipofisis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiladingull" title="Heiladingull – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Heiladingull" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipofisi" title="Ipofisi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ipofisi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97" title="בלוטת יותרת המוח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בלוטת יותרת המוח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klanjer_pituwitari" title="Klanjer pituwitari – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Klanjer pituwitari" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BF" title="ಪಿಟ್ಯುಟರಿ ಗ್ರಂಥಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಿಟ್ಯುಟರಿ ಗ್ರಂಥಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ჰიპოფიზი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰიპოფიზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%90%DA%86%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%BA%DB%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%97%D8%AF" title="پِچوٹری غۆدوٗد – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پِچوٹری غۆدوٗد" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B9sk%C3%B2w%C3%B4_gr%C3%AB%C5%BCelka" title="Mùskòwô grëżelka – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Mùskòwô grëżelka" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Гипофиз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гипофиз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AEpof%C3%AEz" title="Hîpofîz – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hîpofîz" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Гипофиз – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гипофиз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glandula_pituitaria" title="Glandula pituitaria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Glandula pituitaria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipof%C4%ABze" title="Hipofīze – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hipofīze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipofiz%C4%97" title="Hipofizė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hipofizė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agyalapi_mirigy" title="Agyalapi mirigy – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Agyalapi mirigy" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Хипофиза – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хипофиза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B7_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BF" title="പീയൂഷ ഗ്രന്ഥി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പീയൂഷ ഗ്രന്ഥി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelenjar_pituitari" title="Kelenjar pituitari – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kelenjar pituitari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯄꯤꯇꯨꯏꯇꯔꯤ ꯒ꯭ꯂꯥꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯤꯇꯨꯏꯇꯔꯤ ꯒ꯭ꯂꯥꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypofyse" title="Hypofyse – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hypofyse" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsenanhangsel" title="Harsenanhangsel – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Harsenanhangsel" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF" title="पिट्युटरी ग्रन्थि – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पिट्युटरी ग्रन्थि" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%B3%E4%B8%8B%E5%9E%82%E4%BD%93" title="脳下垂体 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="脳下垂体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Гипофиз – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Гипофиз" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypofyse" title="Hypofyse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hypofyse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypofyse" title="Hypofyse – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hypofyse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipofiz" title="Gipofiz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gipofiz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przysadka_m%C3%B3zgowa" title="Przysadka mózgowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przysadka mózgowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B3fise" title="Hipófise – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hipófise" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipofiz%C4%83" title="Hipofiză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hipofiză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Гипофиз человека – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гипофиз человека" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pituitary gland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipofiza" title="Hipofiza – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hipofiza" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pituitary gland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podmozgov%C3%A1_%C5%BE%C4%BEaza" title="Podmozgová žľaza – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Podmozgová žľaza" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipofiza" title="Hipofiza – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hipofiza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="ھیپۆفیز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھیپۆفیز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Хипофиза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хипофиза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipofiza" title="Hipofiza – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hipofiza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipofisis" title="Hipofisis – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hipofisis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aivolis%C3%A4ke" title="Aivolisäke – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aivolisäke" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypofys" title="Hypofys – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hypofys" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glandulang_pituitaryo" title="Glandulang pituitaryo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Glandulang pituitaryo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF" title="கபச் சுரப்பி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கபச் சுரப்பி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Гипофиз – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гипофиз" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B7_%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BF" title="పియూష గ్రంధి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పియూష గ్రంధి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="ต่อมใต้สมอง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ต่อมใต้สมอง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipofiz" title="Hipofiz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hipofiz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7" title="Гіпофіз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гіпофіз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%AF%DB%81_%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DB%81" title="غدہ نخامیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="غدہ نخامیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%90%DA%AD%DB%95_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%89_%D8%A8%DB%90%D8%B2%D9%89" title="مېڭە ئاستى بېزى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Endocrine gland of the brain</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Technical plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-technical" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be too technical for most readers to understand</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pituitary_gland&action=edit">help improve it</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">make it understandable to non-experts</a>, without removing the technical details.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lemonchiffon">Pituitary gland</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hypophyse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hypophyse.png/250px-Hypophyse.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hypophyse.png/330px-Hypophyse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hypophyse.png/500px-Hypophyse.png 2x" data-file-width="2252" data-file-height="2072" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Lateral view</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1806_The_Hypothalamus-Pituitary_Complex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/1806_The_Hypothalamus-Pituitary_Complex.jpg/250px-1806_The_Hypothalamus-Pituitary_Complex.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/1806_The_Hypothalamus-Pituitary_Complex.jpg/330px-1806_The_Hypothalamus-Pituitary_Complex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/1806_The_Hypothalamus-Pituitary_Complex.jpg/500px-1806_The_Hypothalamus-Pituitary_Complex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="626" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Lateral view of <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>–pituitary complex</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Precursor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Neural and oral <a href="/wiki/Ectoderm" title="Ectoderm">ectoderm</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Rathke%27s_pouch" title="Rathke's pouch">Rathke's pouch</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Organ_system" title="Organ system">System</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine system</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Superior_hypophyseal_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior hypophyseal artery">Superior hypophyseal artery</a>, infundibular artery, prechiasmal artery, <a href="/wiki/Inferior_hypophyseal_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior hypophyseal artery">inferior hypophyseal artery</a>, capsular artery, artery of the inferior cavernous sinus<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>hypophysis cerebri, glandula pituitaria</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D010902">D010902</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroLex" title="NeuroLex">NeuroLex</a> ID</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uri.neuinfo.org/nif/nifstd/birnlex_1353">birnlex_1353</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/11.1.00.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A11.1.00.001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=3853">3853</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma13889">13889</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_neuroanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy">Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156871" class="extiw" title="d:Q156871">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>pituitary gland</b> or <b>hypophysis</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_gland" title="Endocrine gland">endocrine gland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>, the pituitary gland is located at the base of the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a>, protruding off the bottom of the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>. The human pituitary gland is <a href="/wiki/Ovoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovoid">oval shaped</a>, about 1 cm in diameter, 0.5–1 gram (0.018–0.035 oz) in weight on average, and about the size of a <a href="/wiki/Kidney_bean" title="Kidney bean">kidney bean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Standring2016_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Standring2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two main lobes of the pituitary, an <a href="/wiki/Anterior_pituitary" title="Anterior pituitary">anterior lobe</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Posterior_pituitary" title="Posterior pituitary">posterior lobe</a> joined and separated by a small <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_lobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate lobe">intermediate lobe</a>. The anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) is the glandular part that produces and secretes several <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a>. The posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) secretes <a href="/wiki/Neurohypophysial_hormone" title="Neurohypophysial hormone">neurohypophysial hormones</a> produced in the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>. Both lobes have different origins and they are both controlled by the hypothalamus. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">Hormones</a> secreted from the pituitary gland help to control <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_human_body" title="Development of the human body">growth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>, energy management, all functions of the <a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">sex organs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid gland">thyroid gland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>, as well as some aspects of <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osmoregulation" title="Osmoregulation">water/salt concentration</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a>, temperature regulation, and pain relief. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pituitary_gland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In humans, the pituitary gland rests upon the <a href="/wiki/Hypophyseal_fossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypophyseal fossa">hypophyseal fossa</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sphenoid_bone" title="Sphenoid bone">sphenoid bone</a>, in the center of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_cranial_fossa" title="Middle cranial fossa">middle cranial fossa</a>. It sits in a protective bony enclosure called the <a href="/wiki/Sella_turcica" title="Sella turcica">sella turcica</a>, covered by the <a href="/wiki/Dura_mater" title="Dura mater">dural</a> fold <a href="/wiki/Diaphragma_sellae" title="Diaphragma sellae">diaphragma sellae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pituitary gland is composed of the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_pituitary" title="Anterior pituitary">anterior pituitary</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_pituitary" title="Posterior pituitary">posterior pituitary</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Pars_intermedia" title="Pars intermedia">intermediate lobe</a> that joins them.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intermediate lobe is <a href="/wiki/Avascular" class="mw-redirect" title="Avascular">avascular</a> and almost absent in humans. In many animals, these three lobes are distinct. The intermediate lobe is present in many animal species, particularly in rodents, mice, and rats, which have been used extensively to study pituitary development and function.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all animals, the fleshy, glandular anterior pituitary is distinct from the neural composition of the posterior pituitary, which is an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The height of the pituitary gland ranges from 5.3 to 7.0 mm. The volume of the pituitary gland ranges from 200 to 440 mm<sup>3</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its most common shape, found in 46% of people is flat, it is convex in 31.2% and concave in 22.8%.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anterior">Anterior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pituitary_gland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Anterior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anterior_pituitary" title="Anterior pituitary">Anterior pituitary</a></div> <p>The anterior pituitary lobe (adenohypophysis) arises from an <a href="/wiki/Evagination" class="mw-redirect" title="Evagination">evagination</a> of the oral <a href="/wiki/Ectoderm" title="Ectoderm">ectoderm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rathke%27s_pouch" title="Rathke's pouch">Rathke's pouch</a>). This contrasts with the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_pituitary" title="Posterior pituitary">posterior pituitary</a>, which originates from <a href="/wiki/Neuroectoderm" title="Neuroectoderm">neuroectoderm</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocrine cell">Endocrine cells</a> of the anterior pituitary are controlled by regulatory hormones released by <a href="/wiki/Parvocellular_neurosecretory_cell" title="Parvocellular neurosecretory cell">parvocellular neurosecretory cells</a> in the hypothalamic capillaries leading to infundibular blood vessels, which in turn lead to a second capillary bed in the anterior pituitary. This vascular relationship constitutes the <a href="/wiki/Hypophyseal_portal_system" title="Hypophyseal portal system">hypophyseal portal system</a>. Diffusing out of the second capillary bed, the hypothalamic <a href="/wiki/Releasing_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Releasing hormone">releasing hormones</a> then bind to anterior pituitary endocrine cells, upregulating or downregulating their release of hormones.<sup id="cite_ref-Boron2009_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boron2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The anterior lobe of the pituitary can be divided into the <a href="/wiki/Pars_tuberalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pars tuberalis">pars tuberalis</a> (pars infundibularis) and <a href="/wiki/Pars_distalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pars distalis">pars distalis</a> (pars glandularis) that constitutes ~80% of the gland. The <a href="/wiki/Pars_intermedia" title="Pars intermedia">pars intermedia</a> (the intermediate lobe) lies between the pars distalis and the pars tuberalis, and is rudimentary in the human, although in other species it is more developed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It develops from a depression in the dorsal wall of the <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a> (stomal part) known as Rathke's pouch. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Anterior_pituitary" title="Anterior pituitary">anterior pituitary</a> contains several different types of cells<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that synthesize and secrete hormones. Usually there is one type of cell for each major hormone formed in <a href="/wiki/Anterior_pituitary" title="Anterior pituitary">anterior pituitary</a>. With special stains attached to high-affinity antibodies that bind with distinctive hormone, at least 5 types of cells can be differentiated. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>S.No. </th> <th>Type of cell </th> <th>Hormone secreted </th> <th>Percentage<br />of type of cell </th></tr> <tr> <td>1. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Somatotrope" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatotrope">Somatotropes</a> </td> <td>human Growth Hormone (hGH) </td> <td>30–50% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Corticotrope" class="mw-redirect" title="Corticotrope">Corticotropes</a> </td> <td>AdrenoCorticoTropic Hormone (ACTH) </td> <td>20% </td></tr> <tr> <td>3. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thyrotrope" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyrotrope">Thyrotropes</a> </td> <td>Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) </td> <td>3–5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>4. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gonadotrope" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonadotrope">Gonadotropes</a> </td> <td>Gonadotropic hormones = both Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) </td> <td>3–5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>5. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lactotrope" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactotrope">Lactotropes</a> </td> <td>Prolactin (PRL) </td> <td>3–5% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posterior">Posterior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pituitary_gland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Posterior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Posterior_pituitary" title="Posterior pituitary">Posterior pituitary</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Posterior_pituitary" title="Posterior pituitary">posterior pituitary</a> consists of the posterior lobe and the <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_stalk" title="Pituitary stalk">pituitary stalk</a> (infundibulum) that connects it to the hypothalamus. It develops as an extension of the hypothalamus, from the floor of the <a href="/wiki/Third_ventricle" title="Third ventricle">third ventricle</a>. The posterior pituitary hormones are synthesized by cell bodies in the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Magnocellular_neurosecretory_cell" title="Magnocellular neurosecretory cell">magnocellular neurosecretory cells</a>, of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei located in the hypothalamus, project axons down the infundibulum to terminals in the posterior pituitary. This simple arrangement differs sharply from that of the adjacent anterior pituitary, which does not develop from the hypothalamus. </p><p>The release of pituitary hormones by both the anterior and posterior lobes is under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>, albeit in different ways.<sup id="cite_ref-Boron2009_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boron2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pituitary_gland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pituiary_gland_-_regulatory_hormones.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pituiary_gland_-_regulatory_hormones.png/280px-Pituiary_gland_-_regulatory_hormones.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pituiary_gland_-_regulatory_hormones.png/420px-Pituiary_gland_-_regulatory_hormones.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pituiary_gland_-_regulatory_hormones.png/560px-Pituiary_gland_-_regulatory_hormones.png 2x" data-file-width="1282" data-file-height="938" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_hormones" class="mw-redirect" title="Pituitary hormones">Pituitary hormones</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The anterior pituitary regulates several physiological processes by secreting hormones. This includes stress (by secreting <a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">ACTH</a>), growth (by secreting <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">GH</a>), reproduction (by secreting <a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">FSH</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">LH</a>), metabolism rate (by secreting <a href="/wiki/Thyroid-stimulating_hormone" title="Thyroid-stimulating hormone">TSH</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">lactation</a> (by secreting <a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">prolactin</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_lobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate lobe">intermediate lobe</a> synthesizes and secretes <a href="/wiki/Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone" title="Melanocyte-stimulating hormone">melanocyte-stimulating hormone</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Posterior_pituitary" title="Posterior pituitary">posterior pituitary</a> (or neurohypophysis) is a lobe of the gland that is functionally connected to the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Median_eminence" title="Median eminence">median eminence</a> via a small tube called the <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_stalk" title="Pituitary stalk">pituitary stalk</a> (also called the infundibular stalk or the infundibulum). It regulates hydroelectrolytic stability (by secreting <a href="/wiki/Vasopressin" title="Vasopressin">ADH</a>), uterine contraction during labor and human attachment (by secreting <a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">oxytocin</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anterior_2">Anterior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pituitary_gland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anterior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The anterior pituitary synthesizes and secretes hormones. All <b>releasing hormones</b> (-RH) referred to can also be referred to as <b>releasing factors</b> (-RF). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Somatotropic_cell" title="Somatotropic cell">Somatotropes</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">Growth hormone</a> (GH), also known as somatotropin, is released under the influence of hypothalamic <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone-releasing_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Growth hormone-releasing hormone">growth hormone-releasing hormone</a> (GHRH), and is <a href="/wiki/Releasing_and_inhibiting_hormones" title="Releasing and inhibiting hormones">inhibited</a> by hypothalamic <a href="/wiki/Somatostatin" title="Somatostatin">somatostatin</a>.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Corticotropic_cell" title="Corticotropic cell">Corticotropes</a>: </p> <ul><li>Cleaved from the precursor <a href="/wiki/Proopiomelanocortin" title="Proopiomelanocortin">proopiomelanocortin</a> protein, and include <a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">adrenocorticotropic hormone</a> (ACTH), and <a href="/wiki/Beta-endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-endorphin">beta-endorphin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone" title="Melanocyte-stimulating hormone">melanocyte-stimulating hormone</a> are released.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropic_cell" title="Thyrotropic cell">Thyrotropes</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid-stimulating_hormone" title="Thyroid-stimulating hormone">Thyroid-stimulating hormone</a> (TSH) is released under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Thyrotropin-releasing hormone">thyrotropin-releasing hormone</a> (TRH) and is inhibited by somatostatin.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropic_cell" title="Gonadotropic cell">Gonadotropes</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">Luteinizing hormone</a> (LH). stimulated by Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">Follicle-stimulating hormone</a> (FSH), also stimulated by Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH), and also by Activin</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Lactotropic_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactotropic cell">Lactotropes</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">Prolactin</a> (PRL), whose release is inconsistently stimulated by hypothalamic TRH, oxytocin, vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, angiotensin II, neuropeptide Y, galanin, substance P, bombesin-like peptides (gastrin-releasing peptide, neuromedin B and C), and neurotensin, and inhibited by hypothalamic dopamine.<sup id="cite_ref-Melmed2010_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melmed2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>These hormones are released from the anterior pituitary under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>. Hypothalamic hormones are secreted to the anterior lobe by way of a special <a href="/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary">capillary</a> system, called the <a href="/wiki/Hypophyseal_portal_system" title="Hypophyseal portal system">hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system</a>. </p><p>There is also a non-endocrine cell population called <a href="/wiki/Folliculostellate_cell" title="Folliculostellate cell">folliculostellate cells</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posterior_2">Posterior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pituitary_gland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Posterior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The posterior pituitary stores and secretes (but does not synthesize) the following important endocrine hormones: </p><p><a href="/wiki/Magnocellular_neurosecretory_cell" title="Magnocellular neurosecretory cell">Magnocellular neurons</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antidiuretic_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidiuretic hormone">Antidiuretic hormone</a> (ADH, also known as <a href="/wiki/Vasopressin" title="Vasopressin">vasopressin</a> and arginine vasopressin AVP), the majority of which is released from the <a href="/wiki/Supraoptic_nucleus" title="Supraoptic nucleus">supraoptic nucleus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a>, most of which is released from the <a href="/wiki/Paraventricular_nucleus" title="Paraventricular nucleus">paraventricular nucleus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>. Oxytocin is one of the few hormones to create a <a href="/wiki/Positive_feedback" title="Positive feedback">positive feedback</a> loop. For example, uterine contractions stimulate the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary, which, in turn, increases uterine contractions. This positive feedback loop continues throughout labour.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hormones">Hormones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pituitary_gland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hormones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hormones secreted from the pituitary gland help control the following body processes: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_development_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human development (biology)">Growth</a> (GH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">Blood pressure</a></li> <li>Some aspects of <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a> including stimulation of <a href="/wiki/Uterine_contraction#Childbirth" title="Uterine contraction">uterine contractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactation#Hormonal_influences" title="Lactation">Breast milk production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">Sex organ</a> functions in both <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sexes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid gland">Thyroid gland</a> function</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolic</a> conversion of food into <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osmolarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmolarity">osmolarity</a> regulation in the body</li> <li>Water balance via the control of reabsorption of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Kidneys" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidneys">kidneys</a></li> <li>Temperature regulation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">Pain</a> relief</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pituitary_gland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pituitary_gland" title="Special:EditPage/Pituitary gland">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The development of the pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is a complex process that occurs early in embryonic life and involves contributions from two distinct embryonic tissues. Here’s a detailed explanation: </p><p>1.Embryological Origin The pituitary gland develops from two embryonic tissues: Rathke's pouch: An ectodermal outpocketing from the roof of the primitive oral cavity, or stomodeum, which gives rise to the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis). Infundibulum: A downward extension from the neuroectoderm of the diencephalon in the brain, which forms the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis). </p><p>2. Developmental Stages Formation of Rathke's pouch (4th week of gestation): During the 4th week, an invagination of the oral ectoderm occurs, creating Rathke's pouch. </p><p>Differentiation and Migration (5th to 6th week): Rathke's pouch grows towards the developing brain. The upper part of the pouch eventually constricts and detaches from the oral cavity. Cells in Rathke's pouch differentiate to form three parts of the adenohypophysis: the pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis. </p><p>Formation of the Posterior Pituitary (4th to 8th week): The infundibulum from the diencephalon elongates downward, forming a stalk that connects with Rathke’s pouch. This stalk will develop into the pars nervosa, or posterior pituitary. Specialized cells from the hypothalamus, known as pituicytes, migrate to the posterior pituitary, where they help store and release hormones such as oxytocin and vasopressin. </p><p>3. Hormone Production and Functional Maturity By around the 12th to 16th week of gestation, the anterior pituitary begins producing hormones like growth hormone (GH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and others essential for fetal development. The posterior pituitary functions primarily in storage, as it stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus and releases them into the bloodstream. </p><p>4. Final Structural Differentiation The pituitary gland achieves its final form, including the complete separation of anterior and posterior lobes, by the end of the first trimester The gland remains connected to the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk, allowing it to integrate signals from the brain and regulate various endocrine functions in the body. This dual-origin structure and function are what make the pituitary gland a unique and critical component of the endocrine system, acting as a bridge between the nervous and endocrine systems. </p><p>5. Pituitary stem cells: stem cells are found in the pituitary<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>which can differentiate into various types of hormone-producing cells in times of physiological need.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the neonate, these stem cells undergo a massive wave of differentiation specifically to gonadotropes, which forms the basis of most of the adult gonadotrope population, though some gonadotropes of embryonic origin remain.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pituitary_gland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_disease" title="Pituitary disease">Pituitary disease</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acromegaly_hands.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Acromegaly_hands.JPEG/250px-Acromegaly_hands.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Acromegaly_hands.JPEG/330px-Acromegaly_hands.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Acromegaly_hands.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="232" /></a><figcaption>Normal-sized hand (left) and enlarged hand caused by acromegaly (right)</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the diseases involving the pituitary gland are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_diabetes_insipidus" title="Central diabetes insipidus">Central diabetes insipidus</a> caused by a deficiency of <a href="/wiki/Vasopressin" title="Vasopressin">vasopressin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigantism" title="Gigantism">Gigantism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acromegaly" title="Acromegaly">acromegaly</a> caused by an excess of growth hormone in childhood and adult, respectively</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothyroidism" title="Hypothyroidism">Hypothyroidism</a> caused by a deficiency of <a href="/wiki/Thyroid-stimulating_hormone" title="Thyroid-stimulating hormone">thyroid-stimulating hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperpituitarism" title="Hyperpituitarism">Hyperpituitarism</a>, the increased (hyper) secretion of one or more of the hormones normally produced by the pituitary gland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypopituitarism" title="Hypopituitarism">Hypopituitarism</a>, the decreased (hypo) secretion of one or more of the hormones normally produced by the pituitary gland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhypopituitarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Panhypopituitarism">Panhypopituitarism</a> a decreased secretion of most of the pituitary hormones</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_tumour" class="mw-redirect" title="Pituitary tumour">Pituitary tumours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_adenoma" title="Pituitary adenoma">Pituitary adenomas</a>, noncancerous <a href="/wiki/Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">tumors</a> that occur in the pituitary gland</li></ul> <p>All of the functions of the pituitary gland can be adversely affected by an over- or under-production of associated hormones. </p><p>The pituitary gland is important for mediating the stress response, via the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93adrenal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis">hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis</a> (HPA axis). Critically, pituitary gland growth during adolescence can be altered by early life stress such as childhood maltreatment or maternal dysphoric behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been demonstrated that, after controlling for age, sex, and BMI, larger quantities of <a href="/wiki/DHEA" class="mw-redirect" title="DHEA">DHEA</a> and <a href="/wiki/DHEA-S" class="mw-redirect" title="DHEA-S">DHEA-S</a> tended to be linked to larger pituitary volume.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, a correlation between pituitary gland volume and Social Anxiety subscale scores was identified which provided a basis for exploring mediation. Again controlling for age, sex, and BMI, <a href="/wiki/DHEA" class="mw-redirect" title="DHEA">DHEA</a> and <a href="/wiki/DHEA-S" class="mw-redirect" title="DHEA-S">DHEA-S</a> have been found to be predictive of larger pituitary gland volume, which was also associated with increased ratings of social anxiety.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This research provides evidence that pituitary gland volume mediates the link between higher DHEA(S) levels (associated with relatively early adrenarche) and traits associated with social anxiety.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children who experience early adrenarcheal development tend to have larger pituitary gland volume compared to children with later adrenarcheal development.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pituitary_gland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pituitary_gland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pituitary_gland" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:pituitary gland">pituitary gland</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hypophysis" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:hypophysis">hypophysis</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pituitary_gland">Pituitary gland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pituitary_gland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pituitary gland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Greek <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> referred to the pituitary gland by only using the (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>) name <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀδήν</span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hyrtl1880_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyrtl1880-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>gland</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Liddell_&_Scott_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liddell_&_Scott-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He described the pituitary gland as part of a series of secretory organs for the excretion of <a href="/wiki/Nasal_mucus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal mucus">nasal mucus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyrtl1880_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyrtl1880-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anatomist <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Vesalius" title="Andreas Vesalius">Andreas Vesalius</a> translated <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀδήν</span></span> with <i>glans, in quam pituita destillat</i>, "gland in which slime (<i>pituita</i><sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_&_Short_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_&_Short-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) drips".<sup id="cite_ref-Hyrtl1880_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyrtl1880-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schreger_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schreger-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides this 'descriptive' name, Vesalius used <i>glandula pituitaria</i>, from which the English name <i>pituitary gland</i><sup id="cite_ref-Dorland_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorland-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is ultimately derived. </p><p>The expression <i>glandula pituitaria</i> is still used as official synonym beside <i>hypophysis</i> in the official Latin nomenclature <i><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">Terminologia Anatomica</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FCAT_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FCAT-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the seventeenth century the supposed function of the pituitary gland to produce nasal mucus was debunked.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyrtl1880_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyrtl1880-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expression <i>glandula pituitaria</i> and its English equivalent <i>pituitary gland</i> can only be justified from a historical point of view.<sup id="cite_ref-Triepel1927_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Triepel1927-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inclusion of this synonym is merely justified by noting that the main term <i>hypophysis</i> is a much less popular term.<sup id="cite_ref-NA3-62_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NA3-62-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hypophysis">Hypophysis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pituitary_gland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hypophysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Hypophysial"></span><span class="anchor" id="Hypophyseal"></span> Note: <i>hypophysial</i> (or <i>hypophyseal</i>) means "related to the hypophysis (pituitary gland)". </p><p>The German anatomist <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Thomas_von_S%C3%B6mmerring" title="Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring">Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring</a> coined the name <i>hypophysis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyrtl1880_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyrtl1880-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This name consists<sup id="cite_ref-Hyrtl1880_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyrtl1880-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Triepel1927_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Triepel1927-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of ὑπό ('under')<sup id="cite_ref-Liddell_&_Scott_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liddell_&_Scott-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and φύειν ('to grow').<sup id="cite_ref-Liddell_&_Scott_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liddell_&_Scott-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later Greek ὑπόφυσις is used differently by Greek physicians as <i>outgrowth</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyrtl1880_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyrtl1880-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sömmering also used the equivalent expression <i>appendix cerebri</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hyrtl1880_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyrtl1880-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schreger_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schreger-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <i>appendix</i> as <i>appendage</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_&_Short_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_&_Short-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In various languages, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hirnanhang</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-Schreger_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schreger-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">hersenaanhangsel</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-Pinkhof1923_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinkhof1923-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, the terms are derived from <i>appendix cerebri</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pituitary_gland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pituitary gland is found in all vertebrates, but its structure varies among different groups. </p><p>The division of the pituitary described above is typical of <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, and is also true, to varying degrees, of all <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a>. However, only in mammals does the posterior pituitary have a compact shape. In <a href="/wiki/Lungfish" title="Lungfish">lungfish</a>, it is a relatively flat sheet of tissue lying above the anterior pituitary, but in <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, it becomes increasingly well developed. The intermediate lobe is, in general, not well developed in any species and is entirely absent in birds.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The structure of the pituitary in fish, apart from the lungfish, is generally different from that in other animals. In general, the intermediate lobe tends to be well developed, and may equal the remainder of the anterior pituitary in size. The posterior lobe typically forms a sheet of tissue at the base of the pituitary stalk, and in most cases sends irregular finger-like projection into the tissue of the anterior pituitary, which lies directly beneath it. The anterior pituitary is typically divided into two regions, a more anterior <i>rostral</i> portion and a posterior <i>proximal</i> portion, but the boundary between the two is often not clearly marked. In <a href="/wiki/Elasmobranch" class="mw-redirect" title="Elasmobranch">elasmobranchs</a>, there is an additional, <i>ventral lobe</i> beneath the anterior pituitary proper.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The arrangement in <a href="/wiki/Lamprey" title="Lamprey">lampreys</a>, which are among the most primitive of all fish, may indicate how the pituitary originally evolved in ancestral vertebrates. Here, the posterior pituitary is a simple flat sheet of tissue at the base of the brain, and there is no pituitary stalk. Rathke's pouch remains open to the outside, close to the nasal openings. Closely associated with the pouch are three distinct clusters of glandular tissue, corresponding to the intermediate lobe, and the rostral and proximal portions of the anterior pituitary. These various parts are separated by <a href="/wiki/Meninges" title="Meninges">meningial</a> membranes, suggesting that the pituitary of other vertebrates may have formed from the fusion of a pair of separate, but associated, glands.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most <a href="/wiki/Armadillos" class="mw-redirect" title="Armadillos">armadillos</a> also possess a neural secretory gland very similar in form to the posterior pituitary, but located in the tail and associated with the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>. This may have a function in <a href="/wiki/Osmoregulation" title="Osmoregulation">osmoregulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a structure <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">analogous</a> to the pituitary in the <a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">octopus</a> brain.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intermediate_lobe">Intermediate lobe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pituitary_gland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Intermediate lobe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although rudimentary in humans (and often considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_pituitary" title="Anterior pituitary">anterior pituitary</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Pars_intermedia" title="Pars intermedia">intermediate lobe</a> located between the anterior and posterior pituitary is important to many animals. For instance, in fish, it is believed to control physiological color change. In adult humans, it is just a thin layer of cells between the anterior and posterior pituitary. The intermediate lobe produces <a href="/wiki/Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone" title="Melanocyte-stimulating hormone">melanocyte-stimulating hormone</a> (MSH), although this function is often (imprecisely) attributed to the anterior pituitary.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The intermediate lobe is, in general, not well developed in tetrapods, and is entirely absent in birds.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pituitary_gland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_the_position_of_the_pituitary_gland_in_the_brain_CRUK_413.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frontal view"><img alt="Frontal view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Diagram_showing_the_position_of_the_pituitary_gland_in_the_brain_CRUK_413.svg/120px-Diagram_showing_the_position_of_the_pituitary_gland_in_the_brain_CRUK_413.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Diagram_showing_the_position_of_the_pituitary_gland_in_the_brain_CRUK_413.svg/250px-Diagram_showing_the_position_of_the_pituitary_gland_in_the_brain_CRUK_413.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="310" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frontal view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pituitary_gland.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Showing position of pituitary gland"><img alt="Showing position of pituitary gland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pituitary_gland.gif/120px-Pituitary_gland.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pituitary_gland.gif/250px-Pituitary_gland.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Showing position of pituitary gland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illu_pituitary_pineal_glands.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pituitary and pineal glands"><img alt="Pituitary and pineal glands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Illu_pituitary_pineal_glands.jpg/120px-Illu_pituitary_pineal_glands.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Illu_pituitary_pineal_glands.jpg/180px-Illu_pituitary_pineal_glands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Illu_pituitary_pineal_glands.jpg/240px-Illu_pituitary_pineal_glands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="259" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pituitary and pineal glands</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray1180.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Depiction of pituitary gland"><img alt="Depiction of pituitary gland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gray1180.png/120px-Gray1180.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gray1180.png/180px-Gray1180.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gray1180.png/240px-Gray1180.png 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Depiction of pituitary gland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray715.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Mesal aspect of a brain sectioned in the median sagittal plane"><img alt="Mesal aspect of a brain sectioned in the median sagittal plane" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray715.png/120px-Gray715.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray715.png/180px-Gray715.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray715.png/240px-Gray715.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mesal aspect of a brain sectioned in the median sagittal plane</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pituitary_gland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_and_neck_anatomy" title="Head and neck anatomy">Head and neck anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophobe_cell" title="Chromophobe cell">Chromophobe cell</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melanotroph" title="Melanotroph">Melanotroph</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromophil" title="Chromophil">Chromophil</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acidophil_cell" title="Acidophil cell">Acidophil cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basophil_cell" title="Basophil cell">Basophil cell</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxyphil_cell_(parathyroid)" title="Oxyphil cell (parathyroid)">Oxyphil cell (parathyroid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroendocrine_cell" title="Neuroendocrine cell">Neuroendocrine cell</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pituitary_gland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGiboHokamaKyoshimaKobayashi1993" class="citation journal cs1">Gibo H, Hokama M, Kyoshima K, Kobayashi S (1993). "[Arteries to the pituitary]". <i>Nippon Rinsho</i>. <b>51</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">2550–</span>4. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8254920">8254920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nippon+Rinsho&rft.atitle=%5BArteries+to+the+pituitary%5D&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2550-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8254920&rft.aulast=Gibo&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Hokama%2C+M&rft.au=Kyoshima%2C+K&rft.au=Kobayashi%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APituitary+gland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall2011-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hall2011_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHallGuyton2011" class="citation book cs1">Hall, John E.; Guyton, Arthur C. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Pituitary+Analogue+in+the+Octopus&rft.volume=222&rft.issue=5190&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E293-%3C%2Fspan%3E294&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F222293a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4159935%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5778406&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1969Natur.222..293W&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=M.+J.&rft.au=Wells%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APituitary+gland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pituitary_gland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111125135906/http://www.umm.edu/endocrin/pitgland.htm">The Pituitary Gland, from the UMM Endocrinology Health Guide</a> (2011 archive)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212095614/http://instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/Histology/HistologyReference/HREndoframe.htm">Oklahoma State, Endocrine System</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pituitary.org.uk/">The Pituitary Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pituitary.org">The Pituitary Network Association -- pituitary.org</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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title="Joint">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_joint" title="Fibrous joint">Fibrous joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartilaginous_joint" title="Cartilaginous joint">Cartilaginous joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synovial_joint" title="Synovial joint">Synovial joint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscular_system" title="Muscular system">Muscular system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">Muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">Tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">Diaphragm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Cardiovascular system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>peripheral</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Vein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_vessel" title="Lymphatic vessel">Lymphatic vessel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">Heart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">Lymphatic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>primary</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">Bone marrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">Thymus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>secondary</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">Spleen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">Lymph node</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>CNS equivalent</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glymphatic_system" title="Glymphatic system">Glymphatic system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">Spinal cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">Sensory system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eye</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_nervous_system" title="Somatic nervous system">Somatic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_tissue" title="Nervous tissue">Tissue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integumentary_system" title="Integumentary system">Integumentary system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue" title="Subcutaneous tissue">Subcutaneous tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">Mammary gland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Haematopoietic_system" title="Haematopoietic system">Haematopoietic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myeloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Myeloid">Myeloid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Myeloid immune system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">Lymphoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Lymphoid immune system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract#Upper_respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx#Nasopharynx" title="Pharynx">Nasopharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">Larynx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract#Lower_respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Lower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">Trachea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">Bronchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">Lung</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">Salivary gland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">Tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">Lip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">Tooth</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>upper GI</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Oropharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Laryngopharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>lower GI</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small intestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appendix_(anatomy)" title="Appendix (anatomy)">Appendix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_intestine#Structure" title="Large intestine">Colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">Anus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">accessory</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biliary_tract" title="Biliary tract">Biliary tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">Urinary system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Genitourinary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ureter" title="Ureter">Ureter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">Bladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">Urethra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_reproductive_system" title="Human reproductive system">Reproductive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Male_reproductive_system" title="Male reproductive system">Male</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">Prostate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">Testicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">Seminal vesicle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">Female</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">Uterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">Vagina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pituitary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">Pineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">Thyroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_gland" title="Parathyroid gland">Parathyroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_islets" title="Pancreatic islets">Islets of Langerhans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_endocrine_system174" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Endocrine_system_anatomy" title="Template:Endocrine system anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Endocrine_system_anatomy" title="Template talk:Endocrine system anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Endocrine_system_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Endocrine system anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_endocrine_system174" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pituitary gland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anterior_pituitary" title="Anterior pituitary">Anterior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pars_intermedia" title="Pars intermedia">Pars intermedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pars_tuberalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pars tuberalis">Pars tuberalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_pituitary#Pars_distalis" title="Anterior pituitary">Pars distalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acidophil_cell" title="Acidophil cell">Acidophil cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somatotropic_cell" title="Somatotropic cell">Somatotropic cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactotropic_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactotropic cell">Prolactin cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatomammotrophic_cell" title="Somatomammotrophic cell">Somatomammotrophic cell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basophil_cell" title="Basophil cell">Basophil cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropic_cell" title="Corticotropic cell">Corticotropic cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropic_cell" title="Gonadotropic cell">Gonadotropic cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropic_cell" title="Thyrotropic cell">Thyrotropic cell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophobe_cell" title="Chromophobe cell">Chromophobe cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Posterior_pituitary" title="Posterior pituitary">Posterior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_pituitary" title="Posterior pituitary">Pars nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_eminence" title="Median eminence">Median eminence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_stalk" title="Pituitary stalk">Stalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituicyte" title="Pituicyte">Pituicyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring_bodies" title="Herring bodies">Herring bodies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">Thyroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_follicular_cell" title="Thyroid follicular cell">Follicular cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parafollicular_cell" title="Parafollicular cell">Parafollicular cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_gland" title="Parathyroid gland">Parathyroid gland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_chief_cell" title="Parathyroid chief cell">Chief cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyphil_cell_(parathyroid)" title="Oxyphil cell (parathyroid)">Oxyphil cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal gland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_cortex" title="Adrenal cortex">Cortex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zona_glomerulosa" title="Zona glomerulosa">Zona glomerulosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zona_fasciculata" title="Zona fasciculata">Zona fasciculata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zona_reticularis" title="Zona reticularis">Zona reticularis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_medulla" title="Adrenal medulla">Medulla</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromaffin_cell" title="Chromaffin cell">Chromaffin cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">Gonads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">Testicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leydig_cell" title="Leydig cell">Leydig cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertoli_cell" title="Sertoli cell">Sertoli cell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theca_interna" title="Theca interna">Theca interna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulosa_cell" title="Granulosa cell">Granulosa cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_luteum" title="Corpus luteum">Corpus luteum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_islets" title="Pancreatic islets">Islets of pancreas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_cell" title="Alpha cell">Alpha cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_cell" title="Beta cell">Beta cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptide_cells" title="Pancreatic polypeptide cells">PP cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_cell" title="Delta cell">Delta cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_cell" title="Epsilon cell">Epsilon cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">Pineal gland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinealocyte" title="Pinealocyte">Pinealocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpora_arenacea" title="Corpora arenacea">Corpora arenacea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enteroendocrine_cell" title="Enteroendocrine cell">Enteroendocrine cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraganglion" title="Paraganglion">Paraganglia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organ_of_Zuckerkandl" title="Organ of Zuckerkandl">Organ of Zuckerkandl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_endocrine_system" title="Development of the endocrine system">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_endocrine_organs_and_actions" title="List of human endocrine organs and actions">List of human endocrine organs and actions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_diencephalon_of_the_human_brain112" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diencephalon" title="Template:Diencephalon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diencephalon" title="Template talk:Diencephalon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diencephalon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diencephalon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_diencephalon_of_the_human_brain112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Diencephalon" title="Diencephalon">diencephalon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">human brain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epithalamus" title="Epithalamus">Epithalamus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">Pineal gland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habenula" title="Habenula">Habenula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habenular_trigone" title="Habenular trigone">Habenular trigone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habenular_commissure" title="Habenular commissure">Habenular commissure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pretectal_area" title="Pretectal area">Pretectal area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habenular_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Habenular nuclei">Habenular nuclei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcommissural_organ" title="Subcommissural organ">Subcommissural organ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">Thalamus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stria_medullaris" title="Stria medullaris">Stria medullaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalamic_reticular_nucleus" title="Thalamic reticular nucleus">Thalamic reticular nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taenia_thalami" title="Taenia thalami">Taenia thalami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_thalamic_nuclei" title="List of thalamic nuclei">nuclei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>paired:</i> <a href="/wiki/Anterior_nuclei_of_thalamus" title="Anterior nuclei of thalamus">AN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_nuclear_group" title="Ventral nuclear group">Ventral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_anterior_nucleus" title="Ventral anterior nucleus">VA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ventral_lateral_nucleus" title="Ventral lateral nucleus">VL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_posterior_nucleus" title="Ventral posterior nucleus">VP</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ventral_posteromedial_nucleus" title="Ventral posteromedial nucleus">VPM</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ventral_posterolateral_nucleus" title="Ventral posterolateral nucleus">VPL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_nuclear_group" title="Lateral nuclear group">Lateral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_dorsal_nucleus_of_thalamus" title="Lateral dorsal nucleus of thalamus">LD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_posterior_nucleus_of_thalamus" title="Lateral posterior nucleus of thalamus">LP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulvinar_nuclei" title="Pulvinar nuclei">Pulvinar nuclei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metathalamus" class="mw-redirect" title="Metathalamus">Metathalamus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medial_geniculate_nucleus" title="Medial geniculate nucleus">MG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_geniculate_nucleus" title="Lateral geniculate nucleus">LG</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parvocellular_cell" title="Parvocellular cell">P cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnocellular_cell" title="Magnocellular cell">M cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koniocellular_cell" title="Koniocellular cell">K cell</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>midline:</i> <a href="/wiki/Medial_dorsal_nucleus" title="Medial dorsal nucleus">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intralaminar_nuclei_of_thalamus" class="mw-redirect" title="Intralaminar nuclei of thalamus">Intralaminar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centromedian_nucleus" title="Centromedian nucleus">Centromedian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midline_nuclear_group" title="Midline nuclear group">Midline nuclear group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interthalamic_adhesion" title="Interthalamic adhesion">Interthalamic adhesion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammillothalamic_tract" title="Mammillothalamic tract">Mammillothalamic tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallidothalamic_tracts" title="Pallidothalamic tracts">Pallidothalamic tracts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansa_lenticularis" title="Ansa lenticularis">Ansa lenticularis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenticular_fasciculus" title="Lenticular fasciculus">Lenticular fasciculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalamic_fasciculus" title="Thalamic fasciculus">Thalamic fasciculus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_column-medial_lemniscus_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway">DCML</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medial_lemniscus" title="Medial lemniscus">Medial lemniscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_lemniscus" title="Trigeminal lemniscus">Trigeminal lemniscus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinothalamic_tract" title="Spinothalamic tract">Spinothalamic tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_lemniscus" title="Lateral lemniscus">Lateral lemniscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentatothalamic_tract" title="Dentatothalamic tract">Dentatothalamic tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_radiation" title="Acoustic radiation">Acoustic radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optic_radiation" title="Optic radiation">Optic radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subthalamic_fasciculus" title="Subthalamic fasciculus">Subthalamic fasciculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_trigeminal_tract" title="Ventral trigeminal tract">Ventral trigeminal tract</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medullary_laminae_of_thalamus" title="Medullary laminae of thalamus">Medullary laminae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">Hypothalamus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_eminence" title="Median eminence">Median eminence</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tuber_cinereum" title="Tuber cinereum">Tuber cinereum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammillary_body" title="Mammillary body">Mammillary body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_stalk" title="Pituitary stalk">Infundibulum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">Autonomic</a> zones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_hypothalamic_nucleus" title="Anterior hypothalamic nucleus">Anterior (parasympathetic/heat loss)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_nucleus_of_hypothalamus" title="Posterior nucleus of hypothalamus">Posterior (sympathetic/heat conservation)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Posterior_pituitary" title="Posterior pituitary">posterior pituitary</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Paraventricular_nucleus_of_hypothalamus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus">Paraventricular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnocellular_neurosecretory_cell" title="Magnocellular neurosecretory cell">Magnocellular neurosecretory cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvocellular_neurosecretory_cell" title="Parvocellular neurosecretory cell">Parvocellular neurosecretory cell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supraoptic_nucleus" title="Supraoptic nucleus">Supraoptic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">oxytocin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vasopressin" title="Vasopressin">vasopressin</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>other:</i> <a href="/wiki/Arcuate_nucleus_(hypothalamus)" title="Arcuate nucleus (hypothalamus)">Arcuate (dopamine/GHRH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preoptic_area" title="Preoptic area">Preoptic (GnRH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprachiasmatic_nucleus" title="Suprachiasmatic nucleus">Suprachiasmatic (melatonin)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_hypothalamus" title="Lateral hypothalamus">Lateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventromedial_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventromedial nucleus">Ventromedial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsomedial_hypothalamic_nucleus" title="Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus">Dorsomedial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>afferent</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stria_terminalis" title="Stria terminalis">Stria terminalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_forebrain_bundle" title="Medial forebrain bundle">Medial forebrain bundle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinohypothalamic_tract" title="Retinohypothalamic tract">Retinohypothalamic tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>efferent</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammillothalamic_tract" title="Mammillothalamic tract">Mammillothalamic tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus">Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pituitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_pituitary" title="Posterior pituitary">Posterior</a> is diencephalon, but <a href="/wiki/Anterior_pituitary" title="Anterior pituitary">anterior</a> is glandular</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subthalamus" title="Subthalamus">Subthalamus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subthalamic_nucleus" title="Subthalamic nucleus">Subthalamic nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zona_incerta" title="Zona incerta">Zona incerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclei_campi_perizonalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclei campi perizonalis">Nuclei campi perizonalis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fields_of_Forel" title="Fields of Forel">Fields of Forel</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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