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Sterols</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Fecal Sterols"> <meta name="keywords" content="Fecal Sterols"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Fecal Sterols"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 15</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Fecal Sterols</h1> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15</span> Study on the Derivatization Process Using N-O-bis-(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide, N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroace tamide, Trimethylsilydiazomethane for the Determination of Fecal Sterols by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jingming%20Wu">Jingming Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ruikang%20Hu"> Ruikang Hu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Junqi%20Yue"> Junqi Yue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Zhaoguang%20Yang"> Zhaoguang Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Lifeng%20Zhang"> Lifeng Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fecal sterol has been proposed as a chemical indicator of human fecal pollution even when fecal coliform populations have diminished due to water chlorination or toxic effects of industrial effluents. This paper describes an improved derivatization procedure for simultaneous determination of four fecal sterols including coprostanol, epicholestanol, cholesterol and cholestanol using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), via optimization study on silylation procedures using N-O-bis (trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA), and N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA), which lead to the formation of trimethylsilyl (TMS) and tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS) derivatives, respectively. Two derivatization processes of injection-port derivatization and water bath derivatization (60 oC, 1h) were inspected and compared. Furthermore, the methylation procedure at 25 oC for 2h with trimethylsilydiazomethane (TMSD) for fecal sterols analysis was also studied. It was found that most of TMS derivatives demonstrated the highest sensitivities, followed by methylated derivatives. For BSTFA or MTBSTFA derivatization processes, the simple injection-port derivatization process could achieve the same efficiency as that in the tedious water bath derivatization procedure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Fecal%20Sterols" title="Fecal Sterols">Fecal Sterols</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Methylation" title=" Methylation"> Methylation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Silylation" title=" Silylation"> Silylation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=BSTFA" title=" BSTFA"> BSTFA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=MTBSTFA" title=" MTBSTFA"> MTBSTFA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=TMSD" title=" TMSD"> TMSD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=GC-MS." title=" GC-MS."> GC-MS.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/325/study-on-the-derivatization-process-using-n-o-bis-trimethylsilyl-trifluoroacetamide-n-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-n-methyltrifluoroace-tamide-trimethylsilydiazomethane-for-the-determination-of-fecal-sterols-by-gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/325/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/325/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/325/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/325/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/325/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/325/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/325/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/325/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/325/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/325/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/325.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2260</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14</span> Study on the Derivatization Process Using N-O-bis-(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide,N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide, Trimethylsilydiazomethane for the Determination of Fecal Sterols by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jingming%20Wu">Jingming Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ruikang%20Hu"> Ruikang Hu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Junqi%20Yue"> Junqi Yue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Zhaoguang%20Yang"> Zhaoguang Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Lifeng%20Zhang"> Lifeng Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fecal sterol has been proposed as a chemical indicator of human fecal pollution even when fecal coliform populations have diminished due to water chlorination or toxic effects of industrial effluents. This paper describes an improved derivatization procedure for simultaneous determination of four fecal sterols including coprostanol, epicholestanol, cholesterol and cholestanol using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), via optimization study on silylation procedures using N-O-bis (trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA), and N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA), which lead to the formation of trimethylsilyl (TMS) and tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS) derivatives, respectively. Two derivatization processes of injection-port derivatization and water bath derivatization (60 oC, 1h) were inspected and compared. Furthermore, the methylation procedure at 25 oC for 2h with trimethylsilydiazomethane (TMSD) for fecal sterols analysis was also studied. It was found that most of TMS derivatives demonstrated the highest sensitivities, followed by methylated derivatives. For BSTFA or MTBSTFA derivatization processes, the simple injection-port derivatization process could achieve the same efficiency as that in the tedious water bath derivatization procedure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Fecal%20Sterols" title="Fecal Sterols">Fecal Sterols</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Methylation" title=" Methylation"> Methylation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Silylation" title=" Silylation"> Silylation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=BSTFA" title=" BSTFA"> BSTFA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=MTBSTFA" title="MTBSTFA">MTBSTFA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=TMSD" title=" TMSD"> TMSD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=GC-MS." title=" GC-MS."> GC-MS.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12084/study-on-the-derivatization-process-using-n-o-bis-trimethylsilyl-trifluoroacetamiden-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-n-methyltrifluoroacetamide-trimethylsilydiazomethane-for-the-determination-of-fecal-sterols-by-gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12084/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12084/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12084/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12084/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12084/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12084/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12084/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12084/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12084/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12084/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12084.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">3197</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> The Impact of Open Defecation on Fecal-Oral Infections: A Case Study in Burat and Ngaremara Wards of Isiolo County, Kenya</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Kimutai%20Joan%20Jepkorir">Kimutai Joan Jepkorir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Moturi%20Wilkister%20Nyaora"> Moturi Wilkister Nyaora</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The practice of open defecation can be devastating for human health as well as the environment, and this practice persistence could be due to ingrained habits that individuals continue to engage in despite having a better alternative. Safe disposal of human excreta is essential for public health protection. This study sought to find if open defecation relates to fecal-oral infections in Burat and Ngaremara Wards in Isiolo County. This was achieved through conducting a cross-sectional study. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 385 households that were used in the study. Data collection was done by use of questionnaires and observation checklists. The result show that 66% of the respondents disposed-off fecal matter in a safe manner, whereas 34% disposed-off fecal matter in unsafe manner through open defecation. The prevalence proportions per 1000 of diarrhea and intestinal worms among children under-5 years of age were 142 and 21, respectively. The prevalence proportions per 1000 of diarrhea and typhoid among children over-5 years of age were 20 and 20, respectively.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Fecal-oral%20infections" title="Fecal-oral infections">Fecal-oral infections</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=open%20defecation" title=" open defecation"> open defecation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=prevalence%20proportion" title=" prevalence proportion"> prevalence proportion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=sanitation." title=" sanitation."> sanitation.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009570/the-impact-of-open-defecation-on-fecal-oral-infections-a-case-study-in-burat-and-ngaremara-wards-of-isiolo-county-kenya" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009570/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009570/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009570/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009570/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009570/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009570/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009570/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009570/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009570/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009570/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009570.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">793</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> Trial of Fecal Microbial Transplantation for the Prevention of Canine Atopic Dermatitis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Caroline%20F.%20Moeser">Caroline F. Moeser</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The skin-gut axis defines the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and the development of pathological skin diseases. Low diversity within the gut can predispose to the development of allergic skin conditions, and a greater diversity of the gastrointestinal microflora has been associated with a reduction of skin flares in people with atopic dermatitis. Manipulation of the gut microflora has been used as a treatment option for several conditions in people, but there is limited data available on the use of fecal transplantation as a preventative measure in either people or dogs. Six, 4-month-old pups from a litter of 10 were presented for diarrhea and/or signs of skin disease (chronic scratching, otitis externa). Of these pups, two were given probiotics with a resultant resolution of diarrhea. The other four pups were given fecal transplantation, either as a sole treatment or in combination with other treatments. Follow-up on the litter of 10 pups was performed at 18 months of age. At this stage, three out of the four pups that had received fecal transplantation had resolved all clinical signs and had no recurrence of either skin or gastrointestinal symptoms, the other pup had one episode of Malassezia otitis. Of the remaining six pups from the litter, all had developed at least one episode of Malassezia otitis externa within the period of five to 18 months of age. Two pups had developed two Malassezia otitis infections, and one had developed three Malassezia otitis infections during this period. Favrot’s criteria for the diagnosis of canine atopic dermatitis include chronic or recurrent Malassezia infections by the age of three years. Early results from this litter predict a reduction in the development of canine atopic disease in dogs given fecal microbial transplantation. Follow-up studies at three years of age and within a larger population of dogs can enhance understanding of the impact of early fecal transplantation in the prevention of canine atopic dermatitis.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Canine%20atopic%20dermatitis" title="Canine atopic dermatitis">Canine atopic dermatitis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=fecal%20microbial%20transplant" title=" fecal microbial transplant"> fecal microbial transplant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=skin-gut%20axis" title=" skin-gut axis"> skin-gut axis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=otitis" title=" otitis"> otitis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012273/trial-of-fecal-microbial-transplantation-for-the-prevention-of-canine-atopic-dermatitis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012273/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012273/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012273/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012273/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012273/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012273/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012273/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012273/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012273/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012273/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012273.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">826</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> Use of Caffeine and Human Pharmaceutical Compounds to Identify Sewage Contamination</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jingming%20Wu">Jingming Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Junqi%20Yue"> Junqi Yue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ruikang%20Hu"> Ruikang Hu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Zhaoguang%20Yang"> Zhaoguang Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Lifeng%20Zhang"> Lifeng Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fecal coliform bacteria are widely used as indicators of sewage contamination in surface water. However, there are some disadvantages in these microbial techniques including time consuming (18-48h) and inability in discriminating between human and animal fecal material sources. Therefore, it is necessary to seek a more specific indicator of human sanitary waste. In this study, the feasibility was investigated to apply caffeine and human pharmaceutical compounds to identify the human-source contamination. The correlation between caffeine and fecal coliform was also explored. Surface water samples were collected from upstream, middle-stream and downstream points respectively, along Rochor Canal, as well as 8 locations of Marina Bay. Results indicate that caffeine is a suitable chemical tracer in Singapore because of its easy detection (in the range of 0.30-2.0 ng/mL), compared with other chemicals monitored. Relative low concentrations of human pharmaceutical compounds (< 0.07 ng/mL) in Rochor Canal and Marina Bay water samples make them hard to be detected and difficult to be chemical tracer. However, their existence can help to validate sewage contamination. In addition, it was discovered the high correlation exists between caffeine concentration and fecal coliform density in the Rochor Canal water samples, demonstrating that caffeine is highly related to the human-source contamination. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Human%20Pharmaceutical%20Compounds" title=" Human Pharmaceutical Compounds"> Human Pharmaceutical Compounds</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Chemical%20Tracer" title="Chemical Tracer">Chemical Tracer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sewage%20Contamination." title=" Sewage Contamination."> Sewage Contamination.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8464/use-of-caffeine-and-human-pharmaceutical-compounds-to-identify-sewage-contamination" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8464/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8464/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8464/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8464/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8464/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8464/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8464/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8464/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8464/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8464/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8464.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2512</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> Analysis and Remediation of Fecal Coliform Bacteria Pollution in Selected Surface Water Bodies of Enugu State of Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Chime%20Charles%20C.">Chime Charles C.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ikechukwu%20Alexander%20Okorie"> Ikechukwu Alexander Okorie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ekanem%20E.J."> Ekanem E.J.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Kagbu%20J.%20A."> Kagbu J. A.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The assessment of surface waters in Enugu metropolis for fecal coliform bacteria was undertaken. Enugu urban was divided into three areas (A1, A2 and A3), and fecal coliform bacteria analysed in the surface waters found in these areas for four years (2005-2008). The plate count method was used for the analyses. Data generated were subjected to statistical tests involving; Normality test, Homogeneity of variance test, correlation test, and tolerance limit test. The influence of seasonality and pollution trends were investigated using time series plots. Results from the tolerance limit test at 95% coverage with 95% confidence, and with respect to EU maximum permissible concentration show that the three areas suffer from fecal coliform pollution. To this end, remediation procedure involving the use of saw-dust extracts from three woods namely; Chlorophora-Excelsa (C-Excelsa),Khayan-Senegalensis,(CSenegalensis) and Erythrophylum-Ivorensis (E-Ivorensis) in controlling the coliforms was studied. Results show that mixture of the acetone extracts of the woods show the most effective antibacterial inhibitory activities (26.00mm zone of inhibition) against E-coli. Methanol extract mixture of the three woods gave best inhibitory activity (26.00mm zone of inhibition) against S-areus, and 25.00mm zones of inhibition against E-Aerogenes. The aqueous extracts mixture gave acceptable zones of inhibitions against the three bacteria organisms. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Coliform%20bacteria" title="Coliform bacteria">Coliform bacteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Pollution" title=" Pollution"> Pollution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Remediation" title=" Remediation"> Remediation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Saw-dust" title=" Saw-dust"> Saw-dust</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/252/analysis-and-remediation-of-fecal-coliform-bacteria-pollution-in-selected-surface-water-bodies-of-enugu-state-of-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/252/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/252/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/252/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/252/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/252/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/252/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/252/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/252/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/252/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/252/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/252.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2041</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Treatment of Tannery Effluents by the Process of Coagulation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=G.%20Shegani">G. Shegani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Coagulation is a process that sanitizes leather effluents. It aims to reduce pollutants such as Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), chloride, sulfate, chromium, suspended solids, and other dissolved solids. The current study aimed to evaluate coagulation efficiency of tannery wastewater by analyzing the change in organic matter, odor, color, ammonium ions, nutrients, chloride, H<sub>2</sub>S, sulfate, suspended solids, total dissolved solids, fecal pollution, and chromium hexavalent before and after treatment. Effluent samples were treated with coagulants Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> and FeSO<sub>4 </sub><sup>.</sup>7H<sub>2</sub>O. The best advantages of this treatment included the removal of: COD (81.60%); ammonia ions (98.34%); nitrate ions (92%); chromium hexavalent (75.00%); phosphate (70.00%); chloride (69.20%); and H₂S (50%). Results also indicated a high level of efficiency in the reduction of fecal pollution indicators. Unfortunately, only a modest reduction of sulfate (19.00%) and TSS (13.00%) and an increase in TDS (15.60%) was observed. </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Coagulation" title="Coagulation">Coagulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Effluent" title=" Effluent"> Effluent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Tannery" title=" Tannery"> Tannery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Treatment." title=" Treatment."> Treatment.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997910/treatment-of-tannery-effluents-by-the-process-of-coagulation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997910/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997910/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997910/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997910/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997910/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997910/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997910/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997910/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997910/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997910/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997910.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">4162</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> A New Rigid Fistulectomy Set for Minimally Invasive “Core-Out“ Excision of High Anal Fistulas</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Siamak%20Najarian">Siamak Najarian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Meysam%20Esmaeili"> Meysam Esmaeili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mohsen%20Towliat%20Kashani"> Mohsen Towliat Kashani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this article, we propose a new surgical device for circumferentially excision of high anal fistulas in a minimally invasive manner. The new apparatus works on the basis of axially rotating and moving a tubular blade along a fistulous tract straightened using a rigid straight guidewire. As the blade moves along the tract, its sharp circular cutting edge circumferentially separates approximately 2.25 mm thickness of tract encircling the rigid guidewire. We used the new set to excise two anal fistulas in a 62-year-old male patient, an extrasphincteric type and a long tract with no internal opening. With regard to the results of this test, the new device can be considered as a sphincter preserving mechanism for treatment of high anal fistulas. Consequently, a major reduction in the risk of fecal incontinence, recurrence rate, convalescence period and patient morbidity may be achieved using the new device for treatment of fistula-in-ano. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Fecal%20Incontinence" title="Fecal Incontinence">Fecal Incontinence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Fistulectomy" title=" Fistulectomy"> Fistulectomy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=High%20Anal%20Fistula" title=" High Anal Fistula"> High Anal Fistula</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Minimally%20Invasive." title="Minimally Invasive.">Minimally Invasive.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3420/a-new-rigid-fistulectomy-set-for-minimally-invasive-core-out-excision-of-high-anal-fistulas" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3420/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3420/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3420/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3420/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3420/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3420/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3420/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3420/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3420/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3420/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3420.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1731</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Laxative Potential of The Konjac Flour (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) in Treatment of Loperamide Induced Constipation on Sprague Dawley Rats</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Simon%20Bambang%20Widjanarko">Simon Bambang Widjanarko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Novita%20Wijayanti"> Novita Wijayanti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Aji%20Sutrisno"> Aji Sutrisno</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>There is long history of konjac tubers being used as a cure for certain diseases in China and Japan. Konjac flour is prepared from konjac tubers and it contains high concentration of glucomannan. Konjac Glucomannan (KGM) is dietary fiber and the role of which has been demonstrated in weight reduction, lowering blood cholesterol and sugar level, promoting intestinal activity etc. Konjac glucomanan has a property of swelling by absorbing water, more than a hundred times its own weight. Therefore it helps increasing weight of feces, water content of feces, and promotes satiety feeling. Mode of actions of dietary fibre as laxatives agents includes holding water inside the bowel lumen, inhibition of water absorption in the colon and stimulating colonic motility. Number of fecal pellets did not effected in rats were fed on 300 and 600 mg/kg of konjac flour, as well as constipated control and Dulcolax treatment. Water content, weight of fecal pellets and gastrointestinal transit ratio were higher in rats treated with 600 mg/kg than 300 mg/kg of konjac flour. Rats were administered with Dulcolax showed the highest gastrointestinal transit ratio, followed by 600 mg/kg konjac flour. The lowest feed consumption was noted in 600 mg/kg konjac flour diet group.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Laxative" title="Laxative">Laxative</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=konjac%20flour" title=" konjac flour"> konjac flour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Amorphophallus%20muelleri%20Blume" title=" Amorphophallus muelleri Blume"> Amorphophallus muelleri Blume</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=glucomannan" title=" glucomannan"> glucomannan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=constipation." title=" constipation."> constipation.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996562/laxative-potential-of-the-konjac-flour-amorphophallus-muelleri-blume-in-treatment-of-loperamide-induced-constipation-on-sprague-dawley-rats" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996562/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996562/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996562/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996562/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996562/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996562/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996562/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996562/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996562/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996562/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996562.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">3047</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> The Acaricidal and Repellent Effect of Cinnamon Essential Oil against House Dust Mite</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Je-Hoon%20Michael%20Oh">Je-Hoon Michael Oh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The major source of allergy in home is the house dust mite (Dematophagoides farina, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) causing allergic symptom include atopic dermatitis, asthma, perennial rhinitis and even infant death syndrome. Control of this mite species is dependent on the use of chemical methods such as fumigation treatments with methylene bromide, spraying with organophosphates such as pirimiphos-methyl, or treatments with repellents such as DEET and benzyl benzoate. Although effective, their repeated use for decades has sometimes resulted in development of resistance and fostered environmental and human health concerns. Both decomposing animal parts and the protein that surrounds mite fecal pellets cause mite allergy. So it is more effective to repel than to kill them because allergen is not living house dust mite but dead body or fecal particles of house dust mite. It is important to find out natural repellent material against house dust mite to control them and reduce the allergic reactions. Plants may be an alternative source for dust mite control because they contain a range of bioactive chemicals. The research objectives of this paper were to verify the acaricidal and repellent effects of cinnamon essential oil and to find out it-s most effective concentrations. We could find that cinnamon bark essential oil was very effective material to control the house dust mite. Furthermore, it could reduce chemical resistance and danger for human health. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=house%20dust%20mite" title="house dust mite">house dust mite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=cinnamon" title=" cinnamon"> cinnamon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=repellent%20effect" title=" repellent effect"> repellent effect</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14817/the-acaricidal-and-repellent-effect-of-cinnamon-essential-oil-against-house-dust-mite" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14817/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14817/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14817/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14817/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14817/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14817/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14817/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14817/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14817/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14817/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14817.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">4574</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Probiotic Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Enterococcus faecium Isolated from Chicken Caecal and Fecal Samples</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Salma%20H.%20Abu%20Hafsa">Salma H. Abu Hafsa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20Mendonca"> A. Mendonca</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=B.%20Brehm-Stecher"> B. Brehm-Stecher</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20A.%20Hassan"> A. A. Hassan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20A.%20Ibrahim"> S. A. Ibrahim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Enterococci are important inhabitants of the animal intestine and are widely used in probiotic products. A probiotic strain is expected to possess several desirable properties in order to exert beneficial effects. Therefore, the objective of this study was to isolate, characterize and identify Enterococcus sp. from chicken cecal and fecal samples to determine potential probiotic properties. Enterococci were isolated from chicken ceca and feces of thirty three clinically healthy chickens from a local farm. In vitro studies were performed to assess antibacterial activity of the isolated LAB (using agar well diffusion and cell free supernatant broth technique against Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis), survival in acidic conditions, resistance to bile salts, and their survival during simulated gastric juice conditions at pH 2.5. Isolates were identified by biochemical carbohydrate fermentation patterns using an API 50 CHL kit and API ZYM kits and by sequenced 16S rDNA. An isolate belonging to E. faecium species exhibited inhibitory effect against S. enteritidis. This isolate producing a clear zone as large as 10.30 mm or greater and was able to grow in the coculture medium and at the same time, inhibited the growth S. enteritidis. In addition, E. faecium exhibited significant resistance under highly acidic conditions at pH 2.5 for 8 h and survived well in bile salt at 0.2% for 24 h and showing ability to survive in the presence of simulated gastric juice at pH 2.5. Based on these results, E. faecium isolate fulfills some of the criteria to be considered as a probiotic strain and therefore, could be used as a feed additive with good potential for controlling S. Enteritidis in chickens. However, in vivo studies are needed to determine the safety of the strain.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Acid%20tolerance" title="Acid tolerance">Acid tolerance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=antimicrobial%20activity" title=" antimicrobial activity"> antimicrobial activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Enterococcus%0D%0Afaecium" title=" Enterococcus faecium"> Enterococcus faecium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=probiotic." title=" probiotic."> probiotic.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000953/probiotic-potential-and-antimicrobial-activity-of-enterococcus-faecium-isolated-from-chicken-caecal-and-fecal-samples" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000953/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000953/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000953/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000953/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000953/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000953/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000953/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000953/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000953/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000953/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000953.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2889</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> The Effect of Carboxymethyl Cellulose on the Stability of Emulsions Stabilized by Whey Proteins under Digestion in vitro and in vivo</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=D.%20Leskauskaite">D. Leskauskaite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=I.%20Jasutiene"> I. Jasutiene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20Kersiene"> M. Kersiene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=E.%20Malinauskyte"> E. Malinauskyte</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=P.%20Matusevicius"> P. Matusevicius</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>In vitro gastro-duodenal digestion model was used to investigate the changes of emulsions under digestion conditions. Oil in water emulsions stabilized by whey proteins (2%) and stabilized by whey proteins (2%) with addition of carboxymethyl cellulose (0.75%) as gelling agent of continuous phase were prepared at pH7. Both emulsions were destabilized under gastric conditions; however the protective role of carboxymethyl cellulose was indicated by recording delay of fat digestibility of this emulsion. In the presence of carboxymethyl cellulose whey proteins on the interfacial surface of droplets were more resistant to gastric degradation causing limited hydrolysis of fat due to the poor acceptability of lipids for the enzymes. Studies of emulsions using in vivo model supported results from in vitro studies. Lower content of triglycerides in blood serum and higher amount of fecal fat of rats were determined when rats were fed by diet containing emulsion made with whey proteins and carboxymethyl cellulose. </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Digestibility" title="Digestibility">Digestibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=emulsions" title=" emulsions"> emulsions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=lipids" title=" lipids"> lipids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=rats." title=" rats."> rats.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16316/the-effect-of-carboxymethyl-cellulose-on-the-stability-of-emulsions-stabilized-by-whey-proteins-under-digestion-in-vitro-and-in-vivo" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16316/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16316/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16316/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16316/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16316/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16316/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16316/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16316/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16316/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16316/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16316.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">3785</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Surface Charge Based Rapid Method for Detection of Microbial Contamination in Drinking Water and Food Products</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Kandpal%20M.">Kandpal M. </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gundampati%20R.%20K"> Gundampati R. K </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Debnath%20M."> Debnath M.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Microbial contamination, most of which are fecal born in drinking water and food industry is a serious threat to humans. Escherichia coli is one of the most common and prevalent among them. We have developed a sensor for rapid and an early detection of contaminants, taking E.coli as a threat indicator organism. The sensor is based on co-polymerizations of aniline and formaldehyde in form of thin film over glass surface using the vacuum deposition technique. The particular doping combination of thin film with Fe-Al and Fe-Cu in different concentrations changes its non conducting properties to p- type semi conductor. This property is exploited to detect the different contaminants, believed to have the different surface charge. It was found through experiments that different microbes at same OD (0.600 at 600 nm) have different conductivity in solution. Also the doping concentration is found to be specific for attracting microbes on the basis of surface charge. This is a simple, cost effective and quick detection method which not only decreases the measurement time but also gives early warnings for highly contaminated samples.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sensor" title="Sensor">Sensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Vacuum%20deposition%20technique" title=" Vacuum deposition technique"> Vacuum deposition technique</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=thin%20film" title=" thin film"> thin film</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=E.coli%20detection" title=" E.coli detection"> E.coli detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=doping%20concentration." title=" doping concentration."> doping concentration.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12365/surface-charge-based-rapid-method-for-detection-of-microbial-contamination-in-drinking-water-and-food-products" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12365/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12365/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12365/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12365/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12365/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12365/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12365/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12365/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12365/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12365/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12365.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1592</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Use of Treated Municipal Wastewater on Artichoke Crop</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Disciglio%20G.">Disciglio G.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gatta%20G."> Gatta G.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Libutti%20A."> Libutti A.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Tarantino%20A."> Tarantino A.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Frabboni%20L."> Frabboni L.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Tarantino%20E."> Tarantino E.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Results of a field study carried out at Trinitapoli (Puglia region, southern Italy) on the irrigation of an artichoke crop with three types of water (secondary-treated wastewater, SW; tertiary-treated wastewater, TW; and freshwater, FW) are reported. Physical, chemical and microbiological analyses were performed on the irrigation water, and on soil and yield samples.</p> <p>The levels of most of the chemical parameters, such as electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, Na<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>+2</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, sodium adsorption ratio, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand over 5 days, NO<sub>3</sub> –N, total N, CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2</sup>, HCO<sub>3</sub>, phenols and chlorides of the applied irrigation water were significantly higher in SW compared to GW and TW. No differences were found for Mg<sup>2+</sup>, PO<sub>4</sub>-P, K<sup>+</sup> only between SW and TW. Although the chemical parameters of the three irrigation water sources were different, few effects on the soil were observed. Even though monitoring of <em>Escherichia coli</em> showed high SW levels, which were above the limits allowed under Italian law (DM 152/2006), contamination of the soil and the marketable yield were never observed. Moreover, no <em>Salmonella </em>spp. were detected in these irrigation waters; consequently, they were absent in the plants. Finally, the data on the quantitative-qualitative parameters of the artichoke yield with the various treatments show no significant differences between the three irrigation water sources. Therefore, if adequately treated, municipal wastewater can be used for irrigation and represents a sound alternative to conventional water resources.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Artichoke" title="Artichoke">Artichoke</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=soil%20chemical%20characteristics" title=" soil chemical characteristics"> soil chemical characteristics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=fecal%20indicators" title=" fecal indicators"> fecal indicators</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=treated%20municipal%20wastewater" title=" treated municipal wastewater"> treated municipal wastewater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=water%20recycling." title=" water recycling."> water recycling.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998120/use-of-treated-municipal-wastewater-on-artichoke-crop" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998120/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998120/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998120/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998120/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998120/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998120/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998120/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998120/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998120/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998120/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998120.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1866</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Pilot Scale Investigation on the Removal of Pollutants from Secondary Effluent to Meet Botswana Irrigation Standards Using Roughing and Slow Sand Filters</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Moatlhodi%20Wise%20Letshwenyo">Moatlhodi Wise Letshwenyo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Lesedi%20Lebogang"> Lesedi Lebogang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Botswana is an arid country that needs to start reusing wastewater as part of its water security plan. Pilot scale slow sand filtration in combination with roughing filter was investigated for the treatment of effluent from Botswana International University of Science and Technology to meet Botswana irrigation standards. The system was operated at hydraulic loading rates of 0.04 m/hr and 0.12 m/hr. The results show that the system was able to reduce turbidity from 262 Nephelometric Turbidity Units to a range between 18 and 0 Nephelometric Turbidity Units which was below 30 Nephelometric Turbidity Units threshold limit. The overall efficacy ranged between 61% and 100%. Suspended solids, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, and Chemical Oxygen Demand removal efficiency averaged 42.6%, 45.5%, and 77% respectively and all within irrigation standards. Other physio-chemical parameters were within irrigation standards except for bicarbonate ion which averaged 297.7±44 mg L<sup>-1</sup> in the influent and 196.22±50 mg L<sup>-1</sup> in the effluent which was above the limit of 92 mg L<sup>-1</sup>, therefore averaging a reduction of 34.1% by the system. Total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and <em>Escherichia coli</em> in the effluent were initially averaging 1.1 log counts, 0.5 log counts, and 1.3 log counts respectively compared to corresponding influent log counts of 3.4, 2.7 and 4.1, respectively. As time passed, it was observed that only roughing filter was able to reach reductions of 97.5%, 86% and 100% respectively for faecal coliforms, <em>Escherichia coli</em>, and total coliforms. These organism numbers were observed to have increased in slow sand filter effluent suggesting multiplication in the tank. Water quality index value of 22.79 for the physio-chemical parameters suggests that the effluent is of excellent quality and can be used for irrigation purposes. However, the water quality index value for the microbial parameters (1820) renders the quality unsuitable for irrigation. It is concluded that slow sand filtration in combination with roughing filter is a viable option for the treatment of secondary effluent for reuse purposes. However, further studies should be conducted especially for the removal of microbial parameters using the system.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=roughing%20filter" title=" roughing filter"> roughing filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=slow%20sand%20filter" title=" slow sand filter"> slow sand filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=turbidity" title=" turbidity"> turbidity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=water%20quality%20index." title=" water quality index."> water quality index.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10008983/pilot-scale-investigation-on-the-removal-of-pollutants-from-secondary-effluent-to-meet-botswana-irrigation-standards-using-roughing-and-slow-sand-filters" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a 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