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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Second phase</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Second_phase-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Second phase subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Second_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foundation_deposit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_deposit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Foundation deposit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_deposit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Destruction</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rediscovery_of_the_temple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rediscovery_of_the_temple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rediscovery of the temple</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rediscovery_of_the_temple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cult_and_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cult_and_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cult and influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cult_and_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ephesian_Artemis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ephesian_Artemis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ephesian Artemis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ephesian_Artemis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panorama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panorama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Panorama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panorama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Temple of Artemis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempel_van_Artemis" title="Tempel van Artemis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tempel van Artemis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="هيكل آرتميس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيكل آرتميس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templu_d%27Artemisa_(%C3%89fesu)" title="Templu d'Artemisa (Éfesu) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Templu d'Artemisa (Éfesu)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemida_m%C9%99b%C9%99di" title="Artemida məbədi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Artemida məbədi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0" title="আর্টেমিসের মন্দির – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আর্টেমিসের মন্দির" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_S%C3%AEn-ti%C4%81n" title="Artemis Sîn-tiān – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Artemis Sîn-tiān" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D2%93%D0%B8%D0%B1%D3%99%D2%99%D3%99%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Артемида ғибәҙәтханаһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Артемида ғибәҙәтханаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Храм Артэміды Эфескай – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Храм Артэміды Эфескай" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8B_(%D0%AD%D1%84%D1%8D%D1%81)" title="Храм Артэміды (Эфэс) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Храм Артэміды (Эфэс)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81)" title="Храм на Артемида (Ефес) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Храм на Артемида (Ефес)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemidin_hram_u_Efesu" title="Artemidin hram u Efesu – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Artemidin hram u Efesu" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_d%27%C3%80rtemis_a_Efes" title="Temple d'Àrtemis a Efes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Temple d'Àrtemis a Efes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%C4%95%D0%B2%C4%95" title="Эфесри Артемида чиркĕвĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эфесри Артемида чиркĕвĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemidin_chr%C3%A1m_v_Efesu" title="Artemidin chrám v Efesu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Artemidin chrám v Efesu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teml_Artemis_(Effesus)" title="Teml Artemis (Effesus) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Teml Artemis (Effesus)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemistemplet_i_Efesos" title="Artemistemplet i Efesos – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Artemistemplet i Efesos" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempel_der_Artemis_in_Ephesos" title="Tempel der Artemis in Ephesos – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tempel der Artemis in Ephesos" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A7%DE%93%DE%A8%DE%89%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%B0_%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%85%DE%A8" title="އާޓިމިސް ފައްޅި – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އާޓިމިސް ފައްޅި" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemise_tempel_Ephesoses" title="Artemise tempel Ephesoses – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Artemise tempel Ephesoses" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%81%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CE%88%CF%86%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82)" title="Ναός της Αρτέμιδος (Έφεσος) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ναός της Αρτέμιδος (Έφεσος)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_de_Artemisa_(%C3%89feso)" title="Templo de Artemisa (Éfeso) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Templo de Artemisa (Éfeso)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_de_Artemiso" title="Templo de Artemiso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Templo de Artemiso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisaren_tenplua_(Efeso)" title="Artemisaren tenplua (Efeso) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Artemisaren tenplua (Efeso)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="معبد آرتمیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معبد آرتمیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_d%27Art%C3%A9mis_%C3%A0_%C3%89ph%C3%A8se" title="Temple d'Artémis à Éphèse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Temple d'Artémis à Éphèse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_de_Artemisa_en_%C3%89feso" title="Templo de Artemisa en Éfeso – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Templo de Artemisa en Éfeso" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%ED%85%8C%EB%AF%B8%EC%8A%A4_%EC%8B%A0%EC%A0%84" title="아르테미스 신전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아르테미스 신전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A8_%D4%B5%D6%83%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Արտեմիսի տաճարը Եփեսոսում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արտեմիսի տաճարը Եփեսոսում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0" title="अर्टेमिस का मन्दिर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अर्टेमिस का मन्दिर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemidin_hram_u_Efezu" title="Artemidin hram u Efezu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Artemidin hram u Efezu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_di_Artemis" title="Templo di Artemis – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Templo di Artemis" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuil_Artemis" title="Kuil Artemis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kuil Artemis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemismusteri%C3%B0" title="Artemismusterið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Artemismusterið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempio_di_Artemide_(Efeso)" title="Tempio di Artemide (Efeso) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tempio di Artemide (Efeso)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%A9_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A1" title="מקדש ארטמיס באפסוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקדש ארטמיס באפסוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuil_Artemis" title="Kuil Artemis – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kuil Artemis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ეფესოს ტაძარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეფესოს ტაძარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D2%93%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Артемида ғибадатханасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Артемида ғибадатханасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hekalu_la_Artemis_mjini_Efeso" title="Hekalu la Artemis mjini Efeso – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hekalu la Artemis mjini Efeso" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Артемида храмы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Артемида храмы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templum_Dianae_Ephesium" title="Templum Dianae Ephesium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Templum Dianae Ephesium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artem%C4%ABdas_templis" title="Artemīdas templis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Artemīdas templis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemid%C4%97s_%C5%A1ventykla" title="Artemidės šventykla – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Artemidės šventykla" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epheszoszi_Artemisz-templom" title="Epheszoszi Artemisz-templom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Epheszoszi Artemisz-templom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Храм на Артемида во Ефес – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Храм на Артемида во Ефес" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ആർട്ടെമിസ്സ് ക്ഷേത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആർട്ടെമിസ്സ് ക്ഷേത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0" title="आर्टेमिसचे मंदिर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आर्टेमिसचे मंदिर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="ეფესოშ ოხიდა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ეფესოშ ოხიდა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="هيكل ارتميس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هيكل ارتميس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuil_Artemis" title="Kuil Artemis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kuil Artemis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%81%D2%AF%D0%BC" title="Артемисийн сүм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Артемисийн сүм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%96%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%B2%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD_%E1%80%98%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အီဖီးဆပ်ရှိ အာတဲမိ ဘုရားကျောင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီဖီးဆပ်ရှိ အာတဲမိ ဘုရားကျောင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempel_van_Artemis_in_Efeze" title="Tempel van Artemis in Efeze – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tempel van Artemis in Efeze" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0" title="आर्टेमिसको मन्दिर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आर्टेमिसको मन्दिर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B9%E7%A5%9E%E6%AE%BF" title="アルテミス神殿 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルテミス神殿" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemistempelet_i_Efesos" title="Artemistempelet i Efesos – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Artemistempelet i Efesos" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemistempelet_i_Efesos" title="Artemistempelet i Efesos – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Artemistempelet i Efesos" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_d%27Art%C3%A8mis_a_Ef%C3%A8s" title="Temple d'Artèmis a Efès – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Temple d'Artèmis a Efès" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="ارٹیمس دا مندر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ارٹیمس دا مندر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%85tynia_Artemidy_w_Efezie" title="Świątynia Artemidy w Efezie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Świątynia Artemidy w Efezie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_de_%C3%81rtemis" title="Templo de Ártemis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Templo de Ártemis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templul_zei%C8%9Bei_Artemis_din_Efes" title="Templul zeiței Artemis din Efes – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Templul zeiței Artemis din Efes" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesos_Artemis_manqus_wasi" title="Ephesos Artemis manqus wasi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ephesos Artemis manqus wasi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Храм Артемиды Эфесской – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Храм Артемиды Эфесской" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempulli_i_Artemid%C3%ABs_n%C3%AB_Efes" title="Tempulli i Artemidës në Efes – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tempulli i Artemidës në Efes" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ආටිමිස් දේවස්ථානය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආටිමිස් දේවස්ථානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Temple of Artemis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemidin_chr%C3%A1m_v_Efeze" title="Artemidin chrám v Efeze – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Artemidin chrám v Efeze" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemidin_tempelj_v_Efezu" title="Artemidin tempelj v Efezu – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Artemidin tempelj v Efezu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="پەرستگای ئارتیمیس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەرستگای ئارتیمیس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Артемидин храм – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Артемидин храм" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemidin_hram" title="Artemidin hram – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Artemidin hram" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemiin_temppeli_(Efesos)" title="Artemiin temppeli (Efesos) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Artemiin temppeli (Efesos)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemistemplet_i_Efesos" title="Artemistemplet i Efesos – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Artemistemplet i Efesos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_ni_Artemis" title="Templo ni Artemis – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Templo ni Artemis" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆர்ட்டெமிஸ் கோயில் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆர்ட்டெமிஸ் கோயில்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efesta%C4%9F%C4%B1_Artemida_%C4%9Fib%C3%A4d%C3%A4tx%C3%A4n%C3%A4se" title="Efestağı Artemida ğibädätxänäse – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Efestağı Artemida ğibädätxänäse" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA" title="วิหารอาร์ทิมิส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิหารอาร์ทิมิส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_Tap%C4%B1na%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Artemis Tapınağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Artemis Tapınağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Храм Артеміди – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Храм Артеміди" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="معبد آرتمیس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معبد آرتمیس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%81n_Artemis" title="Đền Artemis – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đền Artemis" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_ni_Artemis" title="Templo ni Artemis – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Templo ni Artemis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%80%B3%E5%BF%92%E5%BC%A5%E6%96%AF%E7%A5%9E%E5%BA%99" title="阿耳忒弥斯神庙 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿耳忒弥斯神庙" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF%E7%A5%9E%E6%AE%BF" title="阿提密斯神殿 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿提密斯神殿" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Greek temple in Ephesus (near present-day Selçuk, Turkey)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other shrines dedicated to Artemis, see <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Temple of Artemis (disambiguation)">Temple of Artemis (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miniaturk_009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="color view of reconstructed model of Temple of Artemis, at Miniatürk Park, Istanbul, Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Miniaturk_009.jpg/220px-Miniaturk_009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Miniaturk_009.jpg/330px-Miniaturk_009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Miniaturk_009.jpg/440px-Miniaturk_009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>This model of the Temple of Artemis, at <a href="/wiki/Miniat%C3%BCrk" title="Miniatürk">Miniatürk</a> Park, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey, attempts to recreate the probable appearance of the third temple.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Templo-Artemisa-Efeso-2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="columns in field at the site of the temple today." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Templo-Artemisa-Efeso-2017.jpg/220px-Templo-Artemisa-Efeso-2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Templo-Artemisa-Efeso-2017.jpg/330px-Templo-Artemisa-Efeso-2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Templo-Artemisa-Efeso-2017.jpg/440px-Templo-Artemisa-Efeso-2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3250" data-file-height="2566" /></a><figcaption>The site of the temple in 2017.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_seven_wonders_timeline.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ancient_seven_wonders_timeline.svg/220px-Ancient_seven_wonders_timeline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ancient_seven_wonders_timeline.svg/330px-Ancient_seven_wonders_timeline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ancient_seven_wonders_timeline.svg/440px-Ancient_seven_wonders_timeline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>Timeline and map of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World" title="Seven Wonders of the Ancient World">Seven Wonders of the Ancient World</a>, including the Temple of Artemis</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Temple of Artemis</b> or <b>Artemision</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Ἀρτεμίσιον</span>; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Artemis Tapınağı</i>), also known as the <b>Temple of Diana</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Greek_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek temple">Greek temple</a> dedicated to an ancient, localised form of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> (equated with the <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman goddess</a> <a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a>). It was located in <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> (near the modern town of <a href="/wiki/Sel%C3%A7uk" title="Selçuk">Selçuk</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>). By AD 401 it is believed it had been ruined or destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only foundations and fragments of the last temple remain at the site. </p><p>The earliest version of the temple (a <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Temenos" title="Temenos">temenos</a></i>) antedated the <a href="/wiki/Ionic_immigration" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic immigration">Ionic immigration</a> by many years. <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a>, in his <i>Hymn to Artemis</i>, attributed it to the <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a>. In the 7th century BC, it was destroyed by a flood. </p><p>Its reconstruction, in more grandiose form, began around 550 BC, under <a href="/wiki/Chersiphron" title="Chersiphron">Chersiphron</a>, the Cretan <a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">architect</a>, and his son <a href="/wiki/Metagenes" title="Metagenes">Metagenes</a>. The project was funded by <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>, and took 10 years to complete. This version of the temple was destroyed in 356 BC by an <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arsonist</a>, commonly thought to have been a madman named <a href="/wiki/Herostratus" title="Herostratus">Herostratus</a>. </p><p>The next, greatest, and last form of the temple, funded by the Ephesians themselves, is described in <a href="/wiki/Antipater_of_Sidon" title="Antipater of Sidon">Antipater of Sidon</a>'s list of the world's <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World" title="Seven Wonders of the Ancient World">Seven Wonders</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>I have set eyes on the wall of lofty <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> on which is a road for chariots, and the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Zeus_at_Olympia" title="Statue of Zeus at Olympia">statue of Zeus by the Alpheus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon" title="Hanging Gardens of Babylon">hanging gardens</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Colossus_of_Rhodes" title="Colossus of Rhodes">colossus of the Sun</a>, and the huge labour of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">high pyramids</a>, and the vast <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Mausolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mausoleum of Mausolus">tomb of Mausolus</a>; but when I saw the house of Artemis that mounted to the clouds, those other marvels lost their brilliancy, and I said, "Lo, apart from Olympus, the Sun never looked on aught so grand".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location_and_history">Location and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Artemis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Artemis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="imaginary Temple of Artemis 16th-century hand-colored engraving by Martin Heemskerck" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Temple_of_Artemis.jpg/220px-Temple_of_Artemis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Temple_of_Artemis.jpg/330px-Temple_of_Artemis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Temple_of_Artemis.jpg/440px-Temple_of_Artemis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="381" /></a><figcaption>The fame of the Temple of Artemis was known in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, as demonstrated in this imagined portrayal of the temple in a 16th-century hand-colored engraving by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heemskerck" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Heemskerck">Martin Heemskerck</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Temple of Artemis (artemisia) was located near the ancient city of Ephesus, about 75 kilometres (47 mi) south from the modern port city of <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>, in Turkey. Today the site lies on the edge of the modern town of <a href="/wiki/Sel%C3%A7uk" title="Selçuk">Selçuk</a>. </p><p>The sacred site (<i><a href="/wiki/Temenos" title="Temenos">temenos</a></i>) at Ephesus was far older than the <i>Artemision</i> itself. <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> was certain that it antedated the Ionic immigration by many years, being older even than the oracular shrine of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> at <a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didyma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pausanias-7_2_6_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pausanias-7_2_6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said that the pre-Ionic inhabitants of the city were <a href="/wiki/Leleges" title="Leleges">Leleges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydians</a>. <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a>, in his <i>Hymn to Artemis</i> attributed the earliest <i>temenos</i> at Ephesus to the <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a>, legendary warrior-women whose religious practise he imagined already centered upon an image (<i>bretas</i>) of Artemis, their matron goddess. Pausanias believed that the temple pre-dated the <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pausanias-7_2_6_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pausanias-7_2_6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pausanias's estimation of the site's antiquity seems well-founded. Before World War I, site excavations by <a href="/wiki/David_George_Hogarth" title="David George Hogarth">David George Hogarth</a> seemed to identify three successive temple buildings. Re-excavations in 1987–1988 and re-appraisal of Hogarth's account<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> confirmed that the site was occupied as early as the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, with a sequence of pottery finds that extend forward to <a href="/wiki/Geometric_art" title="Geometric art">Middle Geometric times</a>, when a <a href="/wiki/Peripteral" class="mw-redirect" title="Peripteral">peripteral</a> temple with a floor of hard-packed clay was constructed in the second half of the 8th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The peripteral temple at Ephesus offers the earliest example of a peripteral type on the coast of Asia Minor, and perhaps the earliest Greek temple surrounded by colonnades anywhere. </p><p>In the 7th century BC, a flood<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> destroyed the temple, depositing over half a meter of sand and flotsam over the original clay floor. Among the flood debris were the remains of a carved <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> plaque of a <a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">griffin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree of Life">Tree of Life</a>, apparently North Syrian, and some drilled tear-shaped <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a> drops of elliptical cross-section. These probably once dressed a wooden effigy (<i><a href="/wiki/Xoanon" title="Xoanon">xoanon</a></i>) of the Lady of Ephesus, which must have been destroyed or recovered from the flood. Bammer notes that though the site was prone to flooding, and raised by silt deposits about two metres between the 8th and 6th centuries, and a further 2.4 m between the sixth and the fourth, its continued use "indicates that maintaining the identity of the actual location played an important role in the sacred organization".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_phase">Second phase</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Artemis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Second phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The new temple was sponsored at least in part by <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who founded <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>'s empire and was overlord of Ephesus.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was designed and constructed from around 550 BC by the Cretan <a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">architect</a> <a href="/wiki/Chersiphron" title="Chersiphron">Chersiphron</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Metagenes" title="Metagenes">Metagenes</a>. It was 115 m (377 ft) long and 46 m (151 ft) wide, supposedly the first Greek temple built of marble. Its <a href="/wiki/Peripteral" class="mw-redirect" title="Peripteral">peripteral</a> columns stood some 13 m (40 ft) high, in double rows that formed a wide ceremonial passage around the <i><a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">cella</a></i> that housed the goddess's cult image. Thirty-six of these columns were, according to <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, decorated by carvings in relief. A new ebony or blackened grapewood <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">cult statue</a> was sculpted by Endoios,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <i><a href="/wiki/Naiskos" title="Naiskos">naiskos</a></i> to house it was erected east of the open-air altar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_deposit">Foundation deposit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Artemis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Foundation deposit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stater,_Phanes,_625-600_BC,_Ionia_(British_Museum_copy).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Stater%2C_Phanes%2C_625-600_BC%2C_Ionia_%28British_Museum_copy%29.jpg/220px-Stater%2C_Phanes%2C_625-600_BC%2C_Ionia_%28British_Museum_copy%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Stater%2C_Phanes%2C_625-600_BC%2C_Ionia_%28British_Museum_copy%29.jpg/330px-Stater%2C_Phanes%2C_625-600_BC%2C_Ionia_%28British_Museum_copy%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Stater%2C_Phanes%2C_625-600_BC%2C_Ionia_%28British_Museum_copy%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="269" /></a><figcaption> Electrotype of <a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">electrum</a> coin from <a href="/wiki/Ephesus#Archaic_period" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, 625–600 BC. Stag grazing right, <span class="texhtml">ΦΑΕΝΟΣ ΕΜΙ ΣΕΜΑ</span> (retrograde, "I am the badge of Phaenos").</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triti,_Phanes,_625-600_BC,_Ionia_-_301224.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Triti%2C_Phanes%2C_625-600_BC%2C_Ionia_-_301224.jpg/220px-Triti%2C_Phanes%2C_625-600_BC%2C_Ionia_-_301224.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Triti%2C_Phanes%2C_625-600_BC%2C_Ionia_-_301224.jpg/330px-Triti%2C_Phanes%2C_625-600_BC%2C_Ionia_-_301224.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Triti%2C_Phanes%2C_625-600_BC%2C_Ionia_-_301224.jpg/440px-Triti%2C_Phanes%2C_625-600_BC%2C_Ionia_-_301224.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption>The earliest known inscribed coinage, from the foundation deposit of the Temple of Artemis: <a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">electrum</a> coin of <a href="/wiki/Phanes_(coin_issuer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanes (coin issuer)">Phaneos</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ephesus#Archaic_period" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, 625–600 BC. Obverse: <a href="/wiki/Stag" class="mw-redirect" title="Stag">Stag</a> grazing right, <span class="texhtml">ΦΑΝΕΟΣ</span> (retrograde). Reverse: Two incuse punches, each with raised intersecting lines.<sup id="cite_ref-CNG_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNG-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A rich foundation deposit from this era, also called the "Artemision deposit", yielded more than a thousand items, including what may be the earliest coins made from the silver-gold alloy <a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">electrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CNG_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNG-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deposit contains some of the earliest inscribed coins, those of <a href="/wiki/Phanes_(coin_issuer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanes (coin issuer)">Phanes</a>, dated to 625–600 BC from <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, with the legend <span class="texhtml">ΦΑΕΝΟΣ ΕΜΙ ΣΗΜΑ</span> (or similar) ("I am the badge of Phanes"), or just bearing the name <span class="texhtml">ΦΑΝΕΟΣ</span> ("of Phanes").<sup id="cite_ref-CNG_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNG-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fragments of bas-relief on the lowest drums of the temple columns, preserved in the British Museum, show that the enriched columns of the later temple, of which a few survive (<i>illustration below</i>) were versions of this earlier feature. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, seemingly unaware of the ancient continuity of the sacred site, claims that the new temple's architects chose to build it on marshy ground as a precaution against earthquakes, with lower foundation layers of fleeces and pounded charcoal.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The temple became an important attraction, visited by merchants, kings, and sightseers, many of whom paid homage to Artemis in the form of <a href="/wiki/Jewelry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewelry">jewelry</a> and various goods. It also offered sanctuary to those fleeing persecution or punishment, a tradition linked in myth to the Amazons who twice fled there seeking the goddess's protection from punishment, firstly by <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> and later, by <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_Laertius" title="Diogenes Laertius">Diogenes Laertius</a> claims that the misanthropic philosopher <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a>, thoroughly disapproving of civil life at Ephesus, played <a href="/wiki/Knucklebones" title="Knucklebones">knucklebones</a> in the temple with the boys, and later deposited his writings there.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destruction">Destruction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Artemis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Destruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 356 BC, the temple burned down. Various sources describe this as a vainglorious act of <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a> by a man, <a href="/wiki/Herostratus" title="Herostratus">Herostratus</a>, who set fire to the wooden roof-beams, seeking fame at any cost; thus the term <i><a href="/wiki/Herostratus#In_language" title="Herostratus">herostratic fame</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this outrage, the Ephesians sentenced the perpetrator to death and <a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">forbade anyone from mentioning his name</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Theopompus" title="Theopompus">Theopompus</a> later noted it.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> describes the temple's conflagration, but not its cause.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Greek and Roman historical tradition, the temple's destruction coincided with the birth of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> (around 20–21 July 356 BC). <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> remarks that Artemis was too preoccupied with Alexander's delivery to save her burning temple; he does not specify a cause for the fire.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Herostratus' part in the temple's destruction has been questioned in modern scholarship. Stefan Karweise notes that any arsonist would have needed access to the wooden roof framing;<sup id="cite_ref-Karwiese1995_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karwiese1995-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  57">(p 57)</span></sup> <a href="#CITEREFKnibbe1998">Knibbe (1998)</a> writes of an "entire corps" of attested temple guards and custodians.<sup id="cite_ref-Knibbe1998_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knibbe1998-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages:  88–89">(pp 88–89)</span></sup> The fire might even have been deliberately and covertly set by the temple's administrators, who were aware that the temple's foundation was sinking but were prevented from re-siting it elsewhere by religious constraints;<sup id="cite_ref-Knibbe1998_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knibbe1998-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  89">(p 89)</span></sup> Bammer has noted the conservation of the original sacred location throughout successive rebuildings, despite continued problems with flooding and foundations.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karwiese questions the motive of Herostratus since he only divulged his purpose under torture, which does not fit a man seeking fame.<sup id="cite_ref-Karwiese1995_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karwiese1995-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  57">(p 57)</span></sup> <a href="#CITEREFKnibbe1998">Knibbe (1998)</a> considers Herostratus a "useful idiot in the service of the priesthood".<sup id="cite_ref-Knibbe1998_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knibbe1998-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  89">(p 89)</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third_phase">Third phase</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Artemis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Third phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alexander offered to pay for the temple's rebuilding; the Ephesians tactfully refused, saying "it would be improper for one god to build a temple to another",<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eventually rebuilt it after his death, at their own expense. Work started in 323 BC and continued for many years. The third temple was larger than the second; 137 m (450 ft) long by 69 m (225 ft) wide and 18 m (60 ft) high, with more than 127 columns. <a href="/wiki/Athenagoras_of_Athens" title="Athenagoras of Athens">Athenagoras of Athens</a> names <a href="/wiki/Endoeus" title="Endoeus">Endoeus</a>, a pupil of <a href="/wiki/Daedalus" title="Daedalus">Daedalus</a>, as sculptor of Artemis' main cult image.<sup id="cite_ref-Pausanias-10_38_6_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pausanias-10_38_6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Column_drum_Ephesus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A drum from the base of a column from the 4th-century rebuilding at Ephesus in the British Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Column_drum_Ephesus.JPG/170px-Column_drum_Ephesus.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Column_drum_Ephesus.JPG/255px-Column_drum_Ephesus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Column_drum_Ephesus.JPG/340px-Column_drum_Ephesus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2422" data-file-height="2998" /></a><figcaption>A drum from the base of a column from the 4th-century rebuilding, now in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> (c. 2nd century AD) reports another image and altar in the temple, dedicated to Artemis <i>Protothronia</i> (Artemis "of the first seat") and a gallery of images above this altar, including an ancient figure of <a href="/wiki/Nyx" title="Nyx">Nyx</a> (the primordial goddess of Night) by the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Rhoecus" title="Rhoecus">Rhoecus</a> (6th century BC). Pliny describes images of Amazons, the legendary founders of Ephesus and Ephesian Artemis' original protégés, carved by <a href="/wiki/Scopas" title="Scopas">Scopas</a>. Literary sources describe the temple's adornment by paintings, columns gilded with gold and silver, and religious works of renowned Greek sculptors <a href="/wiki/Polyclitus_(sculptor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyclitus (sculptor)">Polyclitus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pheidias" class="mw-redirect" title="Pheidias">Pheidias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cresilas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cresilas">Cresilas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phradmon" title="Phradmon">Phradmon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pausanias-10_38_6_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pausanias-10_38_6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_claims_of_destruction">Further claims of destruction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Artemis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further claims of destruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This reconstruction survived for 600 years and appears multiple times in early <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> accounts of Ephesus. According to the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">first Christian missionary</a> in Ephesus caused locals to fear for the temple's dishonor.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2nd century <i><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_John" title="Acts of John">Acts of John</a></i> includes an <a href="/wiki/Apocryphal" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocryphal">apocryphal</a> tale of the temple's destruction: The <a href="/wiki/Apostle_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle John">apostle John</a> prayed publicly in the Temple of Artemis, <a href="/wiki/Exorcising" class="mw-redirect" title="Exorcising">exorcising</a> its <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a> and "of a sudden the altar of Artemis split in many pieces ... and half the temple fell down," instantly converting the Ephesians, who wept, prayed, or took flight.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Against this, a Roman edict of 162 AD acknowledges the importance of <i>Artemesion</i>, the annual Ephesian festival to Artemis, and officially extended it from a few holy days over March–April to a whole month, "one of the largest and most magnificent religious festivals in Ephesus' liturgical calendar".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 268 AD, according to <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Jordanes-Getica_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordanes-Getica-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a raid by the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, under their leaders "Respa, Veduc, and Thurar",<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "laid waste many populous cities and set fire to the renowned temple of Diana at Ephesus."<sup id="cite_ref-Jordanes-Getica_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordanes-Getica-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extent and severity of the damage are unknown; the temple may have been repaired and open to us again, or it may have lain derelict until its official closure during the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Trombley_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trombley-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are signs that it may have been of use after 268, since Christians authors refers to its closure in the 5th-century. <a href="/wiki/Ammonius_of_Alexandria_(Christian_philosopher)" title="Ammonius of Alexandria (Christian philosopher)">Ammonius of Alexandria</a> comments on its closure, perhaps as early as 407 CE,<sup id="cite_ref-Trombley_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trombley-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or no later than the mid 5th century. After the city had been made Christian and the temple had been closed, the name of Artemis appears to have been erased from inscriptions throughout Ephesus.<sup id="cite_ref-Trombley_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trombley-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a> credited <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Constantinople">Archbishop of Constantinople</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a> with destroying the temple, referring to him as "the destroyer of the demons and overthrower of the temple of Diana". A later Archbishop of Constantinople, <a href="/wiki/Proclus_of_Constantinople" title="Proclus of Constantinople">Proclus</a>, noted the achievements of John, saying "In Ephesus, he despoiled the art of Midas," but there is little evidence to support this claim.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At least some of the stone from the abandoned temple was used in construction of other buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-Foss-1979_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foss-1979-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A legend of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> claims that some of the columns in the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> were taken from the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, but there is no truth to this story.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main primary sources for the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus are <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Pliny%27s_Natural_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Pliny's Natural History">Natural History</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> writings by <a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>'s Life of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rediscovery_of_the_temple">Rediscovery of the temple</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Artemis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rediscovery of the temple"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artemistempleplan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Artemistempleplan.jpg/220px-Artemistempleplan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Artemistempleplan.jpg/330px-Artemistempleplan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Artemistempleplan.jpg/440px-Artemistempleplan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1826" data-file-height="2836" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructive plan of Temple of Artemis at <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> according to <a href="/wiki/John_Turtle_Wood" title="John Turtle Wood">John Turtle Wood</a> (1877)</figcaption></figure> <p>The site of the temple was rediscovered in 1869, after six years of searching by an expedition led by <a href="/wiki/John_Turtle_Wood" title="John Turtle Wood">John Turtle Wood</a> and sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. These excavations continued until 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few further fragments of sculpture were found during the 1904–1906 excavations directed by <a href="/wiki/David_George_Hogarth" title="David George Hogarth">David George Hogarth</a>. The recovered sculptured fragments of the 4th-century rebuilding and a few from the earlier temple, which had been used in the rubble fill for the rebuilding, were assembled and displayed in the "Ephesus Room" of the British Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the museum has part of possibly the oldest cache of coins in the world (600 BC) that had been buried in the foundations of the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a> temple.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today the site of the temple, which lies just outside <a href="/wiki/Sel%C3%A7uk" title="Selçuk">Selçuk</a>, is marked by a single column constructed of miscellaneous fragments discovered at the site. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cult_and_influence">Cult and influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Artemis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cult and influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The archaic <i>temenos</i> beneath the later temples clearly housed some form of "<a href="/wiki/Great_Goddess" title="Great Goddess">Great Goddess</a>" but nothing is known of her cult. The literary accounts that describe it as "<a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazonian</a>" refer to the later founder-myths of Greek émigrés who developed the cult and temple of <i>Artemis Ephesia</i>. The wealth and splendor of temple and city were taken as evidence of Artemis Ephesia's power, and were the basis for her local and international prestige: despite the successive traumas of Temple destruction, each rebuilding – a gift and honor to the goddess – brought further prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large numbers of people came to Ephesus in March and in the beginning of May to attend the main Artemis Procession.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Artemis' shrines, temples and festivals (<i>Artemisia</i>) could be found throughout the Greek world, but Ephesian Artemis was unique. The Ephesians considered her theirs, and resented any foreign claims to her protection. Once Persia ousted and replaced their Lydian overlord <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a>, the Ephesians played down his contribution to the temple's restoration. On the whole, the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persians</a> dealt fairly with Ephesus, but removed some religious artifacts from Artemis' Temple to <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a> and brought Persian priests into her Ephesian cult; this was not forgiven.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Alexander conquered the Persians, his offer to finance the temple's second rebuilding was politely but firmly refused.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ephesian Artemis lent her city's diplomacy a powerful religious edge. </p><p>Under Hellenic rule, and later, under Roman rule, the Ephesian <i>Artemisia</i> festival was increasingly promoted as a key element in the pan-Hellenic festival circuit. It was part of a definitively Greek political and cultural identity, essential to the economic life of the region, and an excellent opportunity for young, unmarried Greeks of both sexes to seek out marriage partners. Games, contests and theatrical performances were held in the goddess's name, and <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> describes her procession as a magnificent crowd-puller; it was shown in one of <a href="/wiki/Apelles" title="Apelles">Apelles</a>' best paintings, which depicted the goddess's image carried through the streets and surrounded by maidens.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Imperial era</a>, the emperor <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a> lent his name to the festival games, and might have sponsored them.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ephesian_Artemis">Ephesian Artemis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Artemis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ephesian Artemis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:508px;max-width:508px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Efes_M%C3%BCzesi,_2019_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Efes_M%C3%BCzesi%2C_2019_11.jpg/250px-Efes_M%C3%BCzesi%2C_2019_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Efes_M%C3%BCzesi%2C_2019_11.jpg/375px-Efes_M%C3%BCzesi%2C_2019_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Efes_M%C3%BCzesi%2C_2019_11.jpg/500px-Efes_M%C3%BCzesi%2C_2019_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Lady of Ephesus no. 712, 1st century AD, <a href="/wiki/Ephesus_Archaeological_Museum" title="Ephesus Archaeological Museum">Ephesus Archaeological Museum</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Efes_M%C3%BCzesi,_2019_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Efes_M%C3%BCzesi%2C_2019_10.jpg/250px-Efes_M%C3%BCzesi%2C_2019_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Efes_M%C3%BCzesi%2C_2019_10.jpg/375px-Efes_M%C3%BCzesi%2C_2019_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Efes_M%C3%BCzesi%2C_2019_10.jpg/500px-Efes_M%C3%BCzesi%2C_2019_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Lady of Ephesus no. 718, 1st century AD, <a href="/wiki/Ephesus_Archaeological_Museum" title="Ephesus Archaeological Museum">Ephesus Archaeological Museum</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>From the Greek point of view, the Ephesian Artemis is a distinctive form of their goddess <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a>. In Greek cult and myth, Artemis is the twin sister of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, a virgin goddess of the hunt, the wilderness and the moon, who, despite being a goddess of childbirth was nevertheless known for her chastity. At Ephesus, a goddess whom the Greeks associated with Artemis was venerated in an archaic, pre-Hellenic <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">cult image</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fleischer-1973_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleischer-1973-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that was carved of wood (a <i><a href="/wiki/Xoanon" title="Xoanon">xoanon</a></i>) and kept decorated with jewelry. </p><p>The features are most similar to Near-Eastern and Egyptian deities, and least similar to Greek ones. The body and legs are enclosed within a tapering pillar-like <a href="/wiki/Term_(architecture)" title="Term (architecture)">term</a>, from which the goddess' feet protrude. On the coins minted at Ephesus, the goddess wears a <a href="/wiki/Mural_crown" title="Mural crown">mural crown</a> (like a city's walls), an attribute of <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a> as a protector of cities (see <i><a href="/wiki/Polos" title="Polos">polos</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Fleischer-1973_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleischer-1973-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fontana_di_Diana_Efesina-Tivoli,_Villa_d%27Este.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="16th-century fountain of Diana Efesina, at Villa d'Este, Tivoli, Lazio, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Fontana_di_Diana_Efesina-Tivoli%2C_Villa_d%27Este.jpg/170px-Fontana_di_Diana_Efesina-Tivoli%2C_Villa_d%27Este.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Fontana_di_Diana_Efesina-Tivoli%2C_Villa_d%27Este.jpg/255px-Fontana_di_Diana_Efesina-Tivoli%2C_Villa_d%27Este.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Fontana_di_Diana_Efesina-Tivoli%2C_Villa_d%27Este.jpg/340px-Fontana_di_Diana_Efesina-Tivoli%2C_Villa_d%27Este.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Traditional many-breasted interpretation in a 16th-century fountain of <i>Diana Efesina</i>, <a href="/wiki/Villa_d%27Este" title="Villa d'Este">Villa d'Este</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tivoli,_Lazio" title="Tivoli, Lazio">Tivoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The traditional interpretation of the oval objects covering the upper part of the Ephesian Artemis is that they represent multiple breasts, symbolizing her fertility. This interpretation began in late antiquity and resulted in designations of the Ephesian goddess as <i>Diana Efesia Multimammia</i> and other related descriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-Nielsen_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nielsen-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This interpretation was rooted in <a href="/wiki/Minucius_Felix" class="mw-redirect" title="Minucius Felix">Minucius Felix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>'s Christian attacks on pagan popular religion, and modern scholarship has cast doubt on the traditional interpretation that the statue depicts a many-breasted goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-Nielsen_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nielsen-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Evidence suggests that the oval objects were not intended to depict part of the goddess' anatomy at all. In some versions of the statue, the goddess' skin has been painted black, likely to emulate the aged wood of the original, while her clothes and regalia, including the so-called "breasts", were left unpainted or cast in different colors.<sup id="cite_ref-Nielsen_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nielsen-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="#CITEREFFleischer1973">Fleischer (1973)</a> suggested that instead of breasts, the oval objects were decorations that would have been hung ceremonially on the original wood statue (possibly eggs, or the <a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">testicles</a> of sacrificed bulls<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and which were incorporated as carved features on later copies.<sup id="cite_ref-Nielsen_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nielsen-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The "breasts" of the Lady of Ephesus, it now appears, were likely based on <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a> gourd-shaped drops, elliptical in cross-section and drilled for hanging, that were rediscovered in the archaeological excavations of 1987–1988. These objects remained in place where the ancient wooden statue of the goddess had been caught by an 8th century flood. This form of jewelry, then, had already been developed by the <a href="/wiki/Geometric_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geometric Period">Geometric Period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artemis_of_Ephesus_MAN_Napoli_Inv6278.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Artemis_of_Ephesus_MAN_Napoli_Inv6278.jpg/220px-Artemis_of_Ephesus_MAN_Napoli_Inv6278.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="440" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Artemis_of_Ephesus_MAN_Napoli_Inv6278.jpg/330px-Artemis_of_Ephesus_MAN_Napoli_Inv6278.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Artemis_of_Ephesus_MAN_Napoli_Inv6278.jpg/440px-Artemis_of_Ephesus_MAN_Napoli_Inv6278.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1950" data-file-height="3900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Farnese_Artemis" title="Farnese Artemis">Farnese Artemis</a> (2nd century) in the <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Naples" title="National Archaeological Museum, Naples">National Archaeological Museum, Naples</a> (no. 6278)</figcaption></figure> <p>On the coins she rests either arm on a staff formed of entwined <a href="/wiki/Serpent_(symbolism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpent (symbolism)">serpents</a> or of a stack of <i><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">ouroboroi</a></i> – the eternal serpent with its tail in its mouth. In some accounts, the Lady of Ephesus was attended by eunuch priests called <i>"Megabyzoi"</i>; this might have been either a proper name or a title. The practice of ritual self-emasculation as qualification to serve a deity is usually identified with <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a>'s eunuch mendicant priests, the <a href="/wiki/Galli" title="Galli">Galli</a>. The Megabyzoi of Ephesian Artemis were assisted by young, virgin girls (<a href="/wiki/Kore_(sculpture)" title="Kore (sculpture)">korai</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A votive inscription mentioned by <a href="#CITEREFBennett1912">Bennett (1912)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which dates probably from about the 3rd century BC, associates Ephesian Artemis with Crete: </p> <dl><dd>"To the Healer of diseases, to Apollo, Giver of Light to mortals, Eutyches has set up in votive offering [a statue of] the Cretan Lady of Ephesus, the Light-Bearer."</dd></dl> <p>The Greek habits of <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> assimilated all foreign gods under some form of the <a href="/wiki/Olympian_pantheon" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympian pantheon">Olympian pantheon</a> familiar to them – the <i><a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">interpretatio graeca</a></i> – and it is clear that at Ephesus, the identification with Artemis that the <a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionian</a> settlers made of the "Lady of Ephesus" was slender. Nevertheless, later Greeks and Romans identified her with both Artemis and Diana, and there was a tradition in ancient Rome that identified her with the <a href="/wiki/Isis_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isis (mythology)">goddess Isis</a> as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Nielsen_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nielsen-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Christian approach was at variance with the syncretistic approach of pagans to gods who were not theirs. A Christian inscription at Ephesus suggests why so little remains at the site: </p> <dl><dd>Destroying the delusive image of the demon Artemis, Demeas has erected this symbol of Truth, the God that drives away idols, and the Cross of priests, deathless and victorious sign of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The assertion that the Ephesians thought that their cult image had fallen from the sky, though it was a familiar origin-myth at other sites, is only known for the temple at Ephesus from <a href="/wiki/Acts_19" title="Acts 19">Acts 19:35</a>: </p> <dl><dd>After the city secretary quieted the crowd, he said, “Men of Ephesus, what person is there who does not know that the city of the Ephesians is the keeper of the temple of the great Artemis and of her image that fell from heaven?"</dd></dl> <p>Lynn LiDonnici observes that modern scholars are likely to be more concerned with origins of the Lady of Ephesus and her iconology than her adherents were at any point in time, and are prone to creating a synthetic account of the Lady of Ephesus by drawing together documentation that ranges over more than a millennium in its origins, creating a falsified, unitary picture, as of an unchanging icon.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Panorama">Panorama</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Artemis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Panorama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Site_of_Temple_of_Artemis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 360 degree panoramic view of the site of the temple"><img alt="A view of a landscape rising to a hilltop covered with small trees. There are many small hollows, ridges and tracks. The landscape is littered with the remains of marble buildings, including a single column standing to the left." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Site_of_Temple_of_Artemis.jpg/1000px-Site_of_Temple_of_Artemis.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Site_of_Temple_of_Artemis.jpg/1500px-Site_of_Temple_of_Artemis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Site_of_Temple_of_Artemis.jpg/2000px-Site_of_Temple_of_Artemis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="602" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Site_of_Temple_of_Artemis.jpg" title="File:Site of Temple of Artemis.jpg"> </a></div>A 360 degree panoramic view of the site of the temple</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Artemis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">List of Ancient Greek temples</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Artemis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFBammer1990">Bammer (1990)</a>, pp. 137–160 offers a critical re-appraisal of Hogarth's methods, findings and conclusions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFBammer1990">Bammer (1990)</a>, p. 142 noted some still earlier placements of stones, <a href="/wiki/Helladic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Helladic period">Mycenaean</a> pottery and crude clay animal figurines, but warned "it is still to early to come to conclusions about a cult sequence."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Herodotus' statement to this effect is confirmed by the conjectural reading of a fragmentary dedicatory inscription, conserved in the British Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>'s source was the Roman <a href="/wiki/Mucianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucianus">Mucianus</a>, who thought that the cult image by an "Endoios" was extremely ancient,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however. Endoios' name appears in late 7th century Attic inscriptions, and <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> notes works attributed to him. Perhaps more importantly, the Ephesians of Mucianus' time maintained the tradition that the particular sculptor Endoios had created the remade image (<a href="#CITEREFLiDonnici1992">LiDonnici 1992</a>, p. 398).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "A man was found to <span style="color:gray">[have]</span> plan<span style="color:gray">[ned]</span> the burning of the temple of Ephesian Diana so that through the destruction of this most beautiful building his name might be spread through the whole world."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The Roman edict of 162 AD was made as a form of official apology and compensation: A senior Roman official had unwittingly offended the goddess by conducting business during one or more of her holy days. The need for, and extent of, the edict shows that the political, economic, and religious importance of Ephesian Artemis was undiminished in 162, more than one hundred years after Paul's visit.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The names <i>Respa, Veduco, and Thurar</i> are otherwise unknown; see <a href="#CITEREFWolfram1988">Wolfram (1988)</a>, p. 52 and note 84.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfram-1979-1988_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfram-1979-1988-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  52 and note 84">(p 52 and note 84)</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The date 268 CE is from <a href="#CITEREFWolfram1988">Wolfram (1988)</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wolfram-1979-1988_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfram-1979-1988-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who correlates multiple sources to correct the date of the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a> advance into the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean Region">Aegean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfram-1979-1988_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfram-1979-1988-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFStevenson2001">Stevenson (2001)</a>, p. 77<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson-2001_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson-2001-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  77">(p 77)</span></sup> cites <a href="/wiki/Aelius_Aristides" title="Aelius Aristides">Aristides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For an exposition of the mechanisms involved in these social, religious, and economic advantages, see <a href="#CITEREFStevenson2001">Stevenson (2001)</a>, pp. 70–80 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The intended offering might have included a divine statue of Alexander himself, or simply an inscription commemorating his subsidy as a gift to the Goddess, with himself as her particular protege. The Ephesians protested with great diplomacy, it being "inappropriate for a god to dedicate offerings to a god".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Sometimes the existence of a college of priests of the Ephesian Artemis is disputed, and a succession of priests given the title of "Megabyzos" is preferred instead.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may have been few in number; their existence in any form is also disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Artemis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFreely2004" class="citation book cs1">Freely, John (2004). <i>The Western Shores of Turkey: Discovering the Aegean and Mediterranean coasts</i>. p. 148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Western+Shores+of+Turkey%3A+Discovering+the+Aegean+and+Mediterranean+coasts&rft.pages=148&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Freely&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoss1979" class="citation book cs1">Foss, Clive (1979). <i>Ephesus after Antiquity: A late antique, Byzantine, and Turkish city</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i6Q8AAAAIAAJ&dq=Artemis%20Ephesus%20John%20Chrysostom%20mob&pg=PA86">pp. 86–89 & footnote 83</a> – via Google books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ephesus+after+Antiquity%3A+A+late+antique%2C+Byzantine%2C+and+Turkish+city&rft.pages=pp.+86-89+%26+footnote-83&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Foss&rft.aufirst=Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntipater_of_Sidon" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antipater_of_Sidon" title="Antipater of Sidon">Antipater of Sidon</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Greek_Anthology" title="Greek Anthology">Greek Anthology</a></i>. IX.58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Anthology&rft.pages=IX.58&rft.au=Antipater+of+Sidon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pausanias-7_2_6-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pausanias-7_2_6_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pausanias-7_2_6_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPausanias" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Description_of_Greece" title="Description of Greece">Description of Greece</a></i>. 7.2.6–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Description+of+Greece&rft.pages=7.2.6-8&rft.au=Pausanias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBammer1990">Bammer (1990)</a>, p. 141: The flooding is dated by fragmentary ceramics.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBammer1990">Bammer (1990)</a>, pp. 144, 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeloux2018" class="citation journal cs1">Leloux, Kevin (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38848219/The_Campaign_Of_Croesus_Against_Ephesus_Historical_and_Archaeological_Considerations_Polemos_21-2_2018_p._47-63">"The campaign of Croesus against Ephesus: Historical and archaeological considerations"</a>. <i>Polemos: Journal of Interdisciplinary Research on War and Peace</i>. <b>21</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">47–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2268%2F234532">2268/234532</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1331-5595">1331-5595</a> – via academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polemos%3A+Journal+of+Interdisciplinary+Research+on+War+and+Peace&rft.atitle=The+campaign+of+Croesus+against+Ephesus%3A+Historical+and+archaeological+considerations&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2268%2F234532&rft.issn=1331-5595&rft.aulast=Leloux&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38848219%2FThe_Campaign_Of_Croesus_Against_Ephesus_Historical_and_Archaeological_Considerations_Polemos_21-2_2018_p._47-63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A Guide to the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></i>. p. 84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Department+of+Greek+and+Roman+Antiquities+in+the+British+Museum&rft.pages=84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPliny_the_Elder" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>. <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)"><i>Natural History</i></a>. 16.79.213–216.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+History&rft.pages=16.79.213-216&rft.au=Pliny+the+Elder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNG-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CNG_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNG_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNG_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=301224">"CNG: IONIA, Ephesos. Phanes"</a>. <i>cngcoins.com</i>. <q>Circa 625–600 BC. EL Trite (14 mm, 4.67 g)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cngcoins.com&rft.atitle=CNG%3A+IONIA%2C+Ephesos.+Phanes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cngcoins.com%2FCoin.aspx%3FCoinID%3D301224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPliny_the_Elder1938" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (1938). <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)"><i>Natural History</i></a>. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Rackham, H.; et al. 36.21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+History&rft.series=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.pages=36.21&rft.date=1938&rft.au=Pliny+the+Elder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRigsby1996" class="citation book cs1">Rigsby, Kent J. (1996). <i>Asylia: Territorial inviolability in the Hellenistic world</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Biography+and+Mythology&rft.pages=439&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancientlibrary.com%2Fsmith-bio%2F1547.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/meteorology.html"><i>Meteorology</i></a>. Translated by Webster, E.W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/meteorology.3.iii.html">Book 3 Part 1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2021</span> – via The Internet Classics Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meteorology&rft.pages=Book-3+Part-1&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FAristotle%2Fmeteorology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span> See also wiki article <a href="/wiki/Meteorology_(Aristotle)" title="Meteorology (Aristotle)"><i>Meteorology</i> (Aristotle)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>. <i>Life of Alexander</i>. 1.3.5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Alexander&rft.pages=1.3.5&rft.au=Plutarch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karwiese1995-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karwiese1995_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karwiese1995_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarwiese1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Karwiese, Stefan (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nTUbAAAAYAAJ"><i>Gross ist die Artemis von Ephesos: Die Geschichte einer der grossen Städt der Antike</i></a> [<i>Great is the Artemis of Ephesus: The history of one of the great cities of antiquity</i>] (in German). Phoibos Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-901232-05-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-901232-05-3"><bdi>978-3-901232-05-3</bdi></a> – via Google books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gross+ist+die+Artemis+von+Ephesos%3A+Die+Geschichte+einer+der+grossen+St%C3%A4dt+der+Antike&rft.pub=Phoibos+Verlag&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-3-901232-05-3&rft.aulast=Karwiese&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnTUbAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knibbe1998-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knibbe1998_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knibbe1998_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knibbe1998_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnibbe1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Knibbe, Dieter (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tBwMAQAAMAAJ"><i>Ephesus: Geschichte einer bedeutenden antiken Stadt und Portrait einer modernen Grossgrabung im 102. Jahr der Wiederkehr des Beginnes österreichischer Forschungen (1895–1997)</i></a> (in German). P. Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-32152-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-32152-2"><bdi>978-3-631-32152-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ephesus%3A+Geschichte+einer+bedeutenden+antiken+Stadt+und+Portrait+einer+modernen+Grossgrabung+im+102.+Jahr+der+Wiederkehr+des+Beginnes+%C3%B6sterreichischer+Forschungen+%281895%E2%80%931997%29&rft.pub=P.+Lang&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-631-32152-2&rft.aulast=Knibbe&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtBwMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBammer1990">Bammer (1990)</a>, pp. 144, 153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrabo" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geography_(Strabo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography (Strabo)"><i>Geography</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D14%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D22">Book 14, chapter 1, section 22</a> – via perseus.tufts.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography&rft.pages=Book+14%2C+chapter-1%2C+section-22&rft.au=Strabo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pausanias-10_38_6-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pausanias-10_38_6_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pausanias-10_38_6_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPausanias1918" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pausanias" class="mw-disambig" title="Pausanias">Pausanias</a> (1918). <i><a href="/wiki/Description_of_Greece" title="Description of Greece">Description of Greece</a></i>. Translated by Jones, W.H.S.; Ormerod, H.A. Cambridge, MA / London, UK: Harvard University Press / William Heinemann Ltd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.%2010.38.6&lang=original">10.38.6</a> – via perseus.tufts.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Description+of+Greece&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA+%2F+London%2C+UK&rft.pages=10.38.6&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press+%2F+William+Heinemann+Ltd.&rft.date=1918&rft.au=Pausanias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrelan1996a" class="citation book cs1">Strelan, R. (1996a). <i>Paul, Artemis, and the Jews in Ephesus</i>. de Gruyter. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nw1xdz7fO18C&dq=Ephesus+Nyx&pg=PA157">157 </a> – via Google books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul%2C+Artemis%2C+and+the+Jews+in+Ephesus&rft.pages=157+&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Strelan&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span> — see for discussion of <i>Artemis Prôtothroniê</i> (<span class="texhtml">πρωτοθρονιη</span> lit. "of the first throne") as a separate aspect of Ephesian cult to Artemis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2019:27">Acts 19:27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacMullen1984" class="citation book cs1">MacMullen, Ramsay (1984). <i>Christianizing the Roman Empire A.D. 100–400</i>. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianizing+the+Roman+Empire+A.D.+100%E2%80%93400&rft.pages=26&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=MacMullen&rft.aufirst=Ramsay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrelan1996b" class="citation book cs1">Strelan, Rick (1996b). <i>Paul, Artemis, and the Jews in Ephesus</i>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nw1xdz7fO18C&q=Ephesus+Artemisiapp.&pg=PR7">57–58, footnote 83</a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul%2C+Artemis%2C+and+the+Jews+in+Ephesus&rft.pages=57-58%2C+footnote+83&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Strelan&rft.aufirst=Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jordanes-Getica-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jordanes-Getica_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jordanes-Getica_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordanes" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a>. <i>Getica</i>. xx.107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Getica&rft.pages=xx.107&rft.au=Jordanes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolfram-1979-1988-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfram-1979-1988_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfram-1979-1988_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfram-1979-1988_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfram1988" class="citation book cs1">Wolfram, Herwig (1988) [1979]. <i>History of the Goths</i>. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas J. p. 52 ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Goths&rft.pages=52-ff&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Wolfram&rft.aufirst=Herwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trombley-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trombley_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trombley_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trombley_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrombley1995" class="citation book cs1">Trombley, Frank R. (December 1995). <i>Hellenic Religion and Christianization c. 370–529</i>. Vol. 1. Brill. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HZefAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA145">145</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004276772" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004276772"><bdi>978-9004276772</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenic+Religion+and+Christianization+c.+370%E2%80%93529&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1995-12&rft.isbn=978-9004276772&rft.aulast=Trombley&rft.aufirst=Frank+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/greece/paganism/artemis.html">"Temple of Artemis at Ephesus"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Romana</i>. Penelope. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">U. Chicago</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Romana&rft.atitle=Temple+of+Artemis+at+Ephesus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2F~grout%2Fencyclopaedia_romana%2Fgreece%2Fpaganism%2Fartemis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foss-1979-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foss-1979_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoss1979" class="citation book cs1">Foss, Clive (1979). <i>Ephesus After Antiquity: A late antique, Byzantine, and Turkish city</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i6Q8AAAAIAAJ&dq=Artemis%20Ephesus%20John%20Chrysostom%20mob&pg=PA86">86–87 & footnote 83</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ephesus+After+Antiquity%3A+A+late+antique%2C+Byzantine%2C+and+Turkish+city&rft.pages=86-87+%26+footnote+83&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Foss&rft.aufirst=Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrautheimer1986" class="citation book cs1">Krautheimer, Richard (1986). <i>Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture</i>. Pelican History of Art (4th ed.). New Haven, CT / London: Yale University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WXwX7fQ2DkUC&pg=PA205">205</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05296-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05296-1"><bdi>978-0-300-05296-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+and+Byzantine+Architecture&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT+%2F+London&rft.series=Pelican+History+of+Art&rft.pages=205&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-300-05296-1&rft.aulast=Krautheimer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMango1985" class="citation book cs1">Mango, Cyril (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/byzantinearchite0000mang"><i>Byzantine Architecture</i></a> (1st ed.). New York: Electa / Rizzoli. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/byzantinearchite0000mang/page/65">65</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-0615-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-0615-7"><bdi>978-0-8478-0615-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Architecture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=65&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Electa+%2F+Rizzoli&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8478-0615-7&rft.aulast=Mango&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbyzantinearchite0000mang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPliny_the_Elder" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pliny%27s_Natural_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Pliny's Natural History">Natural History</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/36*.html#95">XXXVI.xxi.95</a> – via penelope.uchicago.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+History&rft.pages=XXXVI.xxi.95&rft.au=Pliny+the+Elder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPomponius_Mela" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a>. <i>De Situ Orbis</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050307230420/http://ourworld-top.cs.com/latintexts/m117.htm">i:17</a> – via archive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Situ+Orbis&rft.pages=i%3A17&rft.au=Pomponius+Mela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>. <i>Life of Alexander</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Alexander*/3.html#3.5">III.5</a> – via penelope.uchicago.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Alexander&rft.pages=III.5&rft.au=Plutarch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span> (Plutarch mentions the burning of the <i>Artemiseum</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oeai.at/eng/ausland/geschichte.html">"Ephesos – An Ancient Metropolis: Exploration and History"</a>. Austrian Archaeological Institute. October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ephesos+%E2%80%93+An+Ancient+Metropolis%3A+Exploration+and+History&rft.pub=Austrian+Archaeological+Institute&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oeai.at%2Feng%2Fausland%2Fgeschichte.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The sculptures were published in the British Museum <i>Catalogue of Sculpture</i>, vol. II, part VI.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150205042158/https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/cm/t/the_pot-hoard_from_the_temple.aspx">"British Museum – The pot-hoard from the Temple of Artemis at Ephesos"</a>. 5 February 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/cm/t/the_pot-hoard_from_the_temple.aspx">the original</a> on 5 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Museum+%E2%80%93+The+pot-hoard+from+the+Temple+of+Artemis+at+Ephesos&rft.date=2015-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fexplore%2Fhighlights%2Fhighlight_objects%2Fcm%2Ft%2Fthe_pot-hoard_from_the_temple.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevenson-2001-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson-2001_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson-2001_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2001" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, Gregory (2001). <i>Power and Place: Temple and identity in the 'Book of Revelation'<span></span></i>. de Gruyter. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4vRPx7Ujyn0C&dq=Strabo+14.1.22&pg=PA70">70–80</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+Place%3A+Temple+and+identity+in+the+%27Book+of+Revelation%27&rft.pages=70-80&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublius_Aelius_Aristides_Theodorus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Aristides" title="Aelius Aristides">Publius Aelius Aristides Theodorus</a>. <i>Concerning Concord</i>. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concerning+Concord&rft.pages=25&rft.au=Publius+Aelius+Aristides+Theodorus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohstrom2016" class="citation news cs1">Bohstrom, Philippe (11 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/archaeology/1.736389">"Archaeologists Unveil Blazing Mosaics From Apostle Paul-era Ephesus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Archaeologists+Unveil+Blazing+Mosaics+From+Apostle+Paul-era+Ephesus&rft.date=2016-08-11&rft.aulast=Bohstrom&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fjewish%2Farchaeology%2F1.736389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiDonnici1992">LiDonnici (1992)</a>, p. 401</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrabo" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>. <i>Geography</i>. 14.1.22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography&rft.pages=14.1.22&rft.au=Strabo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>'s account<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is variously interpreted in <a href="#CITEREFStrelan1996a">Strelan (1996a)</a>, p. 80, and <a href="#CITEREFStevenson2001">Stevenson (2001)</a>, p. 79.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson-2001_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson-2001-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  79">(p 79)</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPliny_the_Elder" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>. <i>Natural History</i>. 35–93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+History&rft.pages=35-93&rft.au=Pliny+the+Elder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArnold1972">Arnold (1972)</a>, p. 18, cites <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> for marriage-broking at the Ephesian <i>Artemesia</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fleischer-1973-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fleischer-1973_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fleischer-1973_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleischer1973" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fleischer, Robert (1973). <i>Artemis von Ephesos und der erwandte Kultstatue von Anatolien und Syrien</i> [<i>Artemis of Ephesus and use of Cult Statuary in Anatolia and Syria</i>]. EPRO (in German). Vol. 35. Leiden: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artemis+von+Ephesos+und+der+erwandte+Kultstatue+von+Anatolien+und+Syrien&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=EPRO&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Fleischer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span> — most thorough assembly of the iconic images</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nielsen-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nielsen_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nielsen_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nielsen_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nielsen_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nielsen_58-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielsen2009" class="citation book cs1">Nielsen, M. (2009). "Diana Efesia multimammia: The metamorphosis of a pagan goddess from the Renaissance to the age of neo-Classicism". In Fischer-Hansen, Tobias; Poulsen, Birte (eds.). <i>From Artemis to Diana: The goddess of man and beast</i>. Museum Tusculanum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788763507882" title="Special:BookSources/9788763507882"><bdi>9788763507882</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diana+Efesia+multimammia%3A+The+metamorphosis+of+a+pagan+goddess+from+the+Renaissance+to+the+age+of+neo-Classicism&rft.btitle=From+Artemis+to+Diana%3A+The+goddess+of+man+and+beast&rft.pub=Museum+Tusculanum+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9788763507882&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8763507889" title="Special:BookSources/8763507889">8763507889</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeiterle1979" class="citation journal cs1">Seiterle (1979). "Artemis: die Grosse Göttin von Ephesos". <i>Antike Welt</i>. <b>10</b>: <span class="nowrap">3–</span>16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antike+Welt&rft.atitle=Artemis%3A+die+Grosse+G%C3%B6ttin+von+Ephesos&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Seiterle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span> — the bull-testicle interpretation was accepted in the 1980s by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Walter Burkert</a> and Brita Alroth, among others, and is widely popularized; but was rejected and criticised by <a href="#CITEREFFleischer1973">Fleischer (1973)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleischer1983" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fleischer (1983). "Neues zur kleinasiatischen Kultstatue" [New cult statue from Asia minor]. <i>Archäologischer Anzeiger</i> (in German). <b>98</b>: <span class="nowrap">81–</span>93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arch%C3%A4ologischer+Anzeiger&rft.atitle=Neues+zur+kleinasiatischen+Kultstatue&rft.volume=98&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Fleischer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBammer1990">Bammer (1990)</a>, p. 153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrabo" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geography_(Strabo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography (Strabo)"><i>Geographica</i></a>. 14.1.23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geographica&rft.pages=14.1.23&rft.au=Strabo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoller1999" class="citation book cs1">Roller, Lynn E. (1999). <i>In Search of God the Mother: The cult of Anatolian Cybele</i>. University of California Press. p. 253, note 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520210240" title="Special:BookSources/9780520210240"><bdi>9780520210240</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+God+the+Mother%3A+The+cult+of+Anatolian+Cybele&rft.pages=253%2C+note-52&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780520210240&rft.aulast=Roller&rft.aufirst=Lynn+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXenophon" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>. <i>Anabasis</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:abo:tlg,0032,006:5:3">5.3.7 </a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anabasis&rft.pages=5.3.7+&rft.au=Xenophon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1912" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Florence Mary (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/wmn/rca/rca04.htm">"Chapter III: Ephesian Artemis"</a>. <i>Religious Cults Associated with the Amazons</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+III%3A+Ephesian+Artemis&rft.btitle=Religious+Cults+Associated+with+the+Amazons&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Florence+Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fwmn%2Frca%2Frca04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacMullen1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacMullen" title="Ramsay MacMullen">MacMullen, R.</a> (1984). "Chapter III Christianity as presented". <i>Christianizing the Roman Empire AD 100–400</i>. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+III+Christianity+as+presented&rft.btitle=Christianizing+the+Roman+Empire+AD+100%E2%80%93400&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=MacMullen&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiDonnici1992">LiDonnici (1992)</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Artemis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1972" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Irene_Ringwood_Arnold" title="Irene Ringwood Arnold">Arnold, Irene Ringwood</a> (1972). "Festivals of Ephesus". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Archaeology" title="American Journal of Archaeology">American Journal of Archaeology</a></i>. <b>77</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">17–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F503607">10.2307/503607</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/503607">503607</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191403956">191403956</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Festivals+of+Ephesus&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191403956%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F503607%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F503607&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Irene+Ringwood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBammer1990" class="citation journal cs1">Bammer, Anton (1990). "A <a href="/wiki/Peripteros" title="Peripteros">Peripteros</a> of the geometric period in the Artemision of Ephesus". <i>Anatolian Studies</i>. <b>40</b>: <span class="nowrap">137–</span>160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3642799">10.2307/3642799</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3642799">3642799</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164151382">164151382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anatolian+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Peripteros+of+the+geometric+period+in+the+Artemision+of+Ephesus&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E137-%3C%2Fspan%3E160&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164151382%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3642799%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3642799&rft.aulast=Bammer&rft.aufirst=Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiDonnici1992" class="citation journal cs1">LiDonnici, Lynn R. (1992). "The images of Artemis Ephesia and Greco-Roman worship: A reconsideration". <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Theological_Review" title="Harvard Theological Review">Harvard Theological Review</a></i>. <b>85</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">389–</span>415. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816000008208">10.1017/S0017816000008208</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1510059">1510059</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154679084">154679084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=The+images+of+Artemis+Ephesia+and+Greco-Roman+worship%3A+A+reconsideration&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E389-%3C%2Fspan%3E415&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154679084%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1510059%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017816000008208&rft.aulast=LiDonnici&rft.aufirst=Lynn+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Artemis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins2023" class="citation book cs1">Higgins, Michael Denis (2023). <i>The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World: Science, Engineering and Technology</i>. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197648155" title="Special:BookSources/9780197648155"><bdi>9780197648155</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seven+Wonders+of+the+Ancient+World%3A+Science%2C+Engineering+and+Technology&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9780197648155&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Michael+Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodríguez_MoyaMínguez2017" class="citation book cs1">Rodríguez Moya, Inmaculada; Mínguez, Víctor (2017). <i>The Seven Ancient Wonders In the Early Modern World</i>. New York, NY: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seven+Ancient+Wonders+In+the+Early+Modern+World&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Rodr%C3%ADguez+Moya&rft.aufirst=Inmaculada&rft.au=M%C3%ADnguez%2C+V%C3%ADctor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomerRomer1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Romer_(Egyptologist)" title="John Romer (Egyptologist)">Romer, John</a>; Romer, Elizabeth (1995). <i>The Seven Wonders of the World: A history of the modern imagination</i> (1st American ed.). New York, NY: Henry Holt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seven+Wonders+of+the+World%3A+A+history+of+the+modern+imagination&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=1st+American&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Romer&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Romer%2C+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Artemis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Artemis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Temple+of+Artemis&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Temple+of+Artemis">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Temple+of+Artemis&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Temple_of_Artemis_at_Ephesus/">World History Encyclopedia - Temple of Artemis at Ephesus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104044244/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/article_index/a/the_archaic_temple_of_artemis.aspx">Temple of Artemis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ephesos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephesos">Ephesos</a>) objects at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/wmn/rca/rca04.htm">Florence Mary Bennett, <i>Religious Cults Associated with the Amazons:</i> (1912)</a>: Chapter III: Ephesian Artemis (text)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/greece/paganism/artemis.html">James Grout: <i>Temple of Artemis</i>, part of the Encyclopædia Romana</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Turkey/_Periods/Greek/_Texts/LETGKB/Ephesus*.html">Diana's Temple at Ephesus</a> (W. R. Lethaby, 1908)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/artemis">Pictures of the current situation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Wonders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Great Pyramid of Giza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon" title="Hanging Gardens of Babylon">Hanging Gardens of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Zeus_at_Olympia" title="Statue of Zeus at Olympia">Statue of Zeus at Olympia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Temple of Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_at_Halicarnassus" title="Mausoleum at Halicarnassus">Mausoleum at Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colossus_of_Rhodes" title="Colossus of Rhodes">Colossus of Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Lighthouse of Alexandria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wonders_of_the_World" title="Wonders of the World">Wonders of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_World_(film)" title="Seven Wonders of the World (film)"><i>Seven Wonders of the World</i> (1956 film)</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World" title="Eighth Wonder of the World">Eighth Wonder of the World</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New7Wonders_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="New7Wonders of the World">New7Wonders of the World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/672287/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4119841-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh91004849">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11992239s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11992239s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007289491705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th 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