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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no" /> <link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel="pingback" href="https://www.popsci.com/xmlrpc.php"> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s.skimresources.com' />  <link rel="preload" fetchpriority="high" as="image" href="https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?quality=85&w=2000" imagesrcset="https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png 2000w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=768&h=432 768w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=1536&h=864 1536w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=800&h=450 800w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=356&h=200 356w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=1173&h=660 1173w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=711&h=400 711w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=1486&h=836 1486w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=1227&h=690 1227w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=384&h=216 384w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=718&h=404 718w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=1589&h=894 1589w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=1337&h=752 1337w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=1234&h=694 1234w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=280&h=158 280w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=1440&h=810 1440w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=289&h=163 289w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=370&h=208 370w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=308&h=173 308w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=50&h=28 50w" imagesizes="(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px" /> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <link rel="preconnect" href="//fonts.googleapis.com" /> <link rel="preconnect" href="//fonts.gstatic.com" />  <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//static.chartbeat.com" /> <script type="text/javascript"> (function() { /** CONFIGURATION START **/ var _sf_async_config = window._sf_async_config = (window._sf_async_config || {}); _sf_async_config.uid = '59650'; _sf_async_config.domain = 'popsci.com'; _sf_async_config.useCanonical = true; _sf_async_config.useCanonicalDomain = true; _sf_async_config.sections = 'Animals,Biology,Environment,Fish,Health,Medicine,Science,Wildlife'; _sf_async_config.authors = 'Laura Baisas'; /** CONFIGURATION END **/ function loadChartbeat() { var e = document.createElement('script'); var n = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; e.type = 'text/javascript'; e.async = true; e.src = '//static.chartbeat.com/js/chartbeat.js'; n.parentNode.insertBefore(e, n); } loadChartbeat(); })(); </script>   <title>Mapping the shifting gaze of 'fishlets' | Popular Science</title> <meta name="description" content="Zebrafish brains may only have 500 neurons, but they're still a scientific wonder." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.popsci.com/science/zebrafish-neuron-map/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Mapping the shifting gaze of 'fishlets'" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Zebrafish brains may only have 500 neurons, but they're still a scientific wonder." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.popsci.com/science/zebrafish-neuron-map/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Popular Science" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/PopSci/" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=2000" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="2000" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1125" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png" /> <meta name="author" content="Laura Baisas" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@popsci" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@popsci" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="Laura Baisas" /> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="4 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"NewsArticle","@id":"https://www.popsci.com/science/zebrafish-neuron-map/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.popsci.com/science/zebrafish-neuron-map/"},"author":[{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.popsci.com#/schema/person/d3e3fa1e8066d91632896ded1ff1e3a5","name":"Laura Baisas","description":"Laura is a science news writer, covering a wide variety of subjects, but she is particularly fascinated by all things aquatic, paleontology, nanotechnology, and exploring how science influences daily life. Laura is a proud former resident of the New Jersey shore, a competitive swimmer, and a fierce defender of the Oxford comma.","url":"https://www.popsci.com/authors/laura-baisas/","image":"https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/19/laura.jpg?quality=85","sameAs":["https://www.instagram.com/popsci/"]}],"headline":"Mapping the shifting gaze of ‘fishlets’","datePublished":"2024-11-22T10:30:43-05:00","dateModified":"2024-11-22T10:30:43-05:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.popsci.com/science/zebrafish-neuron-map/"},"wordCount":866,"publisher":{"@id":"https://www.popsci.com/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.popsci.com/science/zebrafish-neuron-map/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?quality=85","keywords":["Brain","news"],"articleSection":["Animals","Biology","Environment","Fish","Health","Medicine","Science","Wildlife"],"inLanguage":"en-US","ArticleBody":"Zebrafish are a scientific wonderfish. They have Wolverine-like regeneration abilities–and can almost entirely regrow their spinal cords after damage. They also give scientists insight into some of the animal brain’s most primal states. While working with week-old zebrafish larvae, a team of scientists decoded how the connections made by a network of neurons in the brainstem guide where the fish looks. They also created a simplified artificial circuit that can predict visual movement and activity in the animal's brain. This discovery sheds light on how the brain handles short-term memory and could lead to some new ways to treat eye movement disorders in humans. The findings are detailed in a study published November 22 in the journal Nature Neuroscience. It also comes with a striking image taken with a microscope, with vibrant colors that show off the brain regions that are controlling eye movements.\n\n\n\nShifty eyes and changing brain states\n\n\n\nAnimal brains are constantly taking in a wide variety of sensory information about the environment, even when we don’t consciously realize it. This data is often changing from one moment to the next and the brain faces the challenge of retaining these quick, little kernels of information for long enough to make sense out of them. For example, it must link together what a set of mysterious sounds might be or allow an animal to keep its eyes directed to an area of interest like prey or a potential threat lurking in the distance.\n\n\n\n“Trying to understand how these short-term memory behaviors are generated at the level of neural mechanism is the core goal of the project,” study co-author and Weill Cornell Medicine physiologist Emre Aksay said in a statement. \n\n\n\n[Related: How animals see the world, according to a new camera system.]\n\n\n\nTo decode the behavior going on in these dynamic brain circuits, neuroscientists build mathematical models that describe how the state of a system changes over time and where that current state determines the circuit’s future states according to a set of rules. One of the brain’s short-term memory circuits will remain in a single preferred state, only until a new stimulus comes along. When that new stimulus appears, the circuit will settle into a new activity state. In the visual-motor system, each one of these states can store the memory of exactly where an animal should be looking.\n\n\n\nHowever, questions remain about the rules and parameters that help set up that type of shifting system. One possibility comes down to the anatomy of the circuit–the connections that form in between each neuron and how many connections they make up. A second possibility is the  physiological strength of those connections. This strength is established by several factors, including the amount of a neurotransmitter that is released, the type of receptors that catch the neurotransmitters, and concentration of those receptors.  \n\n\n\nBuilding a neural circuit from scratch\n\n\n\nIn this new study, the team sought to understand what contributions the circuit anatomy made in the visual system. When they are only five-days-old, zebra “fishlets” are already swimming around and hunting prey. Looking for something to eat involves sustained visual attention and the brain region that controls eye movement is structurally similar in both fish and mammals. However, the zebrafish system contains only 500 neurons. By comparison, the human brain has roughly 100 billion neurons. \n\n\n\n“So, we can analyze the entire circuit—microscopically and functionally,” said Aksay. “That’s very difficult to do in other vertebrates.”\n\n\n\n[Related: Why do we send so many fish to space?]\n\n\n\nWhile using several advanced imaging techniques, the team identified the neurons that participate in controlling the zebrafish’s gaze and how all of these neurons are wired together. They found that the system consists of two prominent feedback loops. Each of these feedback loops contains three clusters of tightly connected cells. Using this set up, they built out a computer model of what is going on in this part of the zebrafish’s brain. \n\n\n\nWhen the team compared the artificial network that they built with physiological data from a real zebrafish, they found that their fake network could accurately predict the activity patterns.\n\n\n\n“I consider myself a physiologist, first and foremost,” said Aksay. “So, I was surprised how much of the behavior of the circuit we could predict from the anatomical architecture alone.”\n\n\n\n[Related: Scientists mapped every neuron of an adult animal’s brain for the first time.]\n\n\n\nFuture applications\n\n\n\nIn future studies, the team plans to explore how the cells in each cluster contribute to the circuit’s behavior and whether the neurons in the different clusters have specific genetic signatures. This kind of data could help clinicians to therapeutically target the cells that might be malfunctioning in human eye movement disorders. Strabismus occurs when both eyes don't line up in the same direction and results in \"crossed eyes\" or \"walleye.” The disorder nystagmus presents as fast, uncontrollable eye movements, sometimes called \"dancing eyes.\"\n\n\n\nThe findings also provide scientists with a way for unraveling the more complex computational systems in the brain that rely on short-term memory, like those that understand speech or decipher images."},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.popsci.com/science/zebrafish-neuron-map/","url":"https://www.popsci.com/science/zebrafish-neuron-map/","name":"Mapping the shifting gaze of 'fishlets' | Popular Science","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.popsci.com/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.popsci.com/science/zebrafish-neuron-map/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.popsci.com/science/zebrafish-neuron-map/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?quality=85","datePublished":"2024-11-22T10:30:43-05:00","dateModified":"2024-11-22T10:30:43-05:00","description":"Zebrafish brains may only have 500 neurons, but they're still a scientific wonder.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.popsci.com/science/zebrafish-neuron-map/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.popsci.com/science/zebrafish-neuron-map/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.popsci.com/science/zebrafish-neuron-map/#primaryimage","url":"https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?quality=85","contentUrl":"https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?quality=85","width":2000,"height":1125,"caption":"Zebrafish, photographed with a confocal microscope. The brain region that controls eye movement is structurally similar in fish and mammals, but the zebrafish system contains only 500 neurons, making it a good model organism."},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.popsci.com/science/zebrafish-neuron-map/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":"https://www.popsci.com/category/science/","description":"Science spans our understanding of how Earth and the cosmos work. Get the biggest news on biology, physics, space, dinosaurs, and more—along with the latest episodes of the Ask Us Anything and Weirdest Thing podcasts.","name":"Science"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":"https://www.popsci.com/category/biology/","description":"A guide to life, on Earth and beyond, including the top news about plants, animals, and physiology.","name":"Biology"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Mapping the shifting gaze of 'fishlets'"}],"numberOfItems":3,"itemListOrder":"Ascending","@context":"https://schema.org"},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.popsci.com/#website","url":"https://www.popsci.com/","name":"Popular Science","description":"Awe-inspiring science reporting, technology news, and DIY projects. Skunks to space robots, primates to climates. 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scientific wonderfish. They have Wolverine-like regeneration abilities–and can almost entirely regrow their spinal cords after damage. They also give scientists insight into some of the animal brain’s most primal states. 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</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  </header> <main class="container pt-10"> <header class="recurrent-article-full-width-hero mb-10" aria-label="Article Hero"> <nav class="article-breadcrumbs-wrapper mb-2"> <nav class="breadcrumb-container hover"><a class="breadcrumb-link no-underline hover:no-underline font-tertiary font-semibold text-accent-900 text-xs uppercase tracking-wide" href="https://www.popsci.com/category/science/">Science</a> <div class="breadcrumb-arrow relative inline-block ml-1 mr-2 h-0 w-0 border-y-[4px] border-y-transparent border-l-[8px] border-l-primary-900 -top-[1px]"></div></nav><nav class="breadcrumb-container hover"><a class="breadcrumb-link no-underline hover:no-underline font-tertiary font-semibold text-accent-900 text-xs uppercase tracking-wide" href="https://www.popsci.com/category/biology/">Biology</a> </nav> </nav> <h1 class="article-title font-primary text-secondary-900 text-4xl lg:text-15xl font-bold leading-2xl lg:leading-15xl mb-2">Mapping the shifting gaze of ‘fishlets’</h1> <div class="article-dek font-secondary text-base lg:text-2xl mb-2">Zebrafish brains may only have 500 neurons, but they're still a scientific wonder.</div> <div class="flex flex-col gap-2"> <div class="article-byline overflow-hidden lg:flex lg:flex-wrap lg:gap-2 w-full mb-2 "> <div class="item-wrapper--author item-wrapper flex items-center mr-3"> <div class="byline-author-wrapper flex relative"> <p class="byline-item byline-item-author font-tertiary font-normal text-sm text-primary capitalize"> <span class="recurrent-byline"><span class="byline-segment"><span class="byline-text">By </span><a class="hover-link no-underline hover:underline" href="https://www.popsci.com/authors/laura-baisas/">Laura Baisas</a></span></span> </p> </div> </div> <div class="item-wrapper--date item-wrapper flex items-center mr-3"> <div class="byline-date-wrapper flex relative"> <p class="byline-item byline-item-timestamp font-tertiary font-normal text-sm text-primary mb-0">Posted on Nov 22, 2024</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="article-layout-wrapper w-full flex flex-col lg:flex-row gap-5 max-w-full"> <article id="post-673355" class="flex-auto post-673355 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-animals category-biology category-environment category-fish category-health category-medicine category-science category-wildlife tag-brain tag-news author_tag-laura-baisas content_type-1-group content_type-2-page-type content_type-3-timeframe content_type-news content_type-non-evergreen content_type-non-membership internal_tag-news"> <div class="article-content-featured-image lg:ml-[-4] pt-5"> <figure> <img class="archive-post-thumb article-featured-image w-full h-full mb-3 object-center" src="https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?quality=85&w=2000" srcset="https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png 2000w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=768&h=432 768w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=1536&h=864 1536w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=800&h=450 800w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=356&h=200 356w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=1173&h=660 1173w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=711&h=400 711w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=1486&h=836 1486w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=1227&h=690 1227w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=384&h=216 384w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=718&h=404 718w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=1589&h=894 1589w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=1337&h=752 1337w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=1234&h=694 1234w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=280&h=158 280w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=1440&h=810 1440w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=289&h=163 289w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=370&h=208 370w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=308&h=173 308w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/zebrafish-brain.png?w=50&h=28 50w" sizes="(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px" fetchpriority="high" alt="a scan of a zebrafish with its eye highlighted in green and other parts of its anatomy stained red and blue" /> <div class="article-featured-image-caption-container"> <figcaption class="article-featured-image-caption font-primary font-normal text-sm text-secondary-800">Zebrafish, photographed with a confocal microscope. The brain region that controls eye movement is structurally similar in fish and mammals, but the zebrafish system contains only 500 neurons, making it a good model organism. <span style="font-weight: 400">Jessica Plavicki</span></figcaption> </div> </figure> </div> <section class="entry-content py-8 max-w-[730px] lg:mx-auto" data-module="TableOfContents"> <section class="recurrent-share lg:px-0 mb-5" data-post-id="673355" data-content-type="News,Non-Evergreen,Non-Membership"> <div class="block-content-wrapper flex flex-row align-center gap-4 lg:gap-8 w-full text-center mx-auto md:mx-0 items-center justify-center"> <h2 class="recurrent-share-block-title font-primary font-bold text-2xl text-secondary-900">Share</h2> <ul class="flex flex-row list-none gap-4 lg:gap-8"> <li class="list-none"> <a class="flex items-center justify-center w-5 h-5 svg-social-icon" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Mapping%20the%20shifting%20gaze%20of%20%E2%80%98fishlets%E2%80%99 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0-44.912 20.146-44.912 44.912v269.47c0 24.766 20.146 44.912 44.912 44.912h389.234c24.766 0 44.912-20.146 44.912-44.912v-269.47c0-24.766-20.146-44.912-44.912-44.912zm0 29.941c2.034 0 3.969.422 5.738 1.159l-200.355 173.649-200.356-173.649c1.769-.736 3.704-1.159 5.738-1.159zm0 299.411h-389.234c-8.26 0-14.971-6.71-14.971-14.971v-251.648l199.778 173.141c2.822 2.441 6.316 3.655 9.81 3.655s6.988-1.213 9.81-3.655l199.778-173.141v251.649c-.001 8.26-6.711 14.97-14.971 14.97z"/> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="product-disclosure"> <p><i><span style="font-weight: 400">We may earn revenue from the products available on this page and participate in affiliate programs. </span></i><a href="https://www.popsci.com/affiliate-disclosure/"><i><span style="font-weight: 400">Learn more ›</span></i></a></p> </div> <div class="content-wrapper" data-toc-container> <p class="article-paragraph skip">Zebrafish are a <a href="https://www.popsci.com/science/fish-in-space/" target="_blank">scientific wonderfish</a>. They have <a href="https://www.popsci.com/science/regeneration-zebrafish-spine/" target="_blank">Wolverine-like regeneration abilities</a>–and can almost entirely regrow their spinal cords after damage. They also give scientists insight into some of the <a href="https://www.popsci.com/environment/zebra-fish-hindbrain/" target="_blank">animal brain’s most primal states</a>. While working with week-old zebrafish larvae, a team of scientists decoded how the connections made by a <a href="https://www.popsci.com/science/neural-network-fourier-mathematics/" target="_blank">network of neurons</a> in the brainstem guide where the fish looks. They also created a simplified artificial circuit that can predict visual movement and activity in the animal’s brain. This discovery sheds light on how the brain handles short-term memory and could lead to some new ways to treat eye movement disorders in humans. The findings are detailed in a <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-024-01784-3" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">study published November 22 in the journal Nature <em>Neuroscience</em></a>. It also comes with a striking image taken with a microscope, with vibrant colors that show off the brain regions that are controlling eye movements.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shifty-eyes-and-changing-brain-states">Shifty eyes and changing brain states</h2> <p class="article-paragraph skip"><a href="https://www.popsci.com/environment/animal-vision-facts/" target="_blank">Animal brains are constantly taking in a wide variety of sensory information</a> about the environment, even when we don’t consciously realize it. This data is often changing from one moment to the next and the brain faces the challenge of retaining these quick, little kernels of information for long enough to make sense out of them. For example, it must link together what a set of mysterious sounds might be or allow an animal to <a href="https://www.popsci.com/environment/how-animals-see/" target="_blank">keep its eyes directed to an area of interest</a> like prey or a potential threat lurking in the distance.</p> <p class="article-paragraph skip">“Trying to understand how these short-term memory behaviors are generated at the level of neural mechanism is the core goal of the project,” study co-author and Weill Cornell Medicine physiologist Emre Aksay <a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1065615" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">said in a statement</a>. </p> <p class="article-paragraph skip"><strong>[Related: </strong><a href="https://www.popsci.com/environment/how-animals-see/" target="_blank"><strong>How animals see the world, according to a new camera system</strong></a><strong>.]</strong></p> <p class="article-paragraph skip">To decode the behavior going on in these dynamic brain circuits, neuroscientists <a href="https://www.popsci.com/science/neural-network-fourier-mathematics/" target="_blank">build mathematical models</a> that describe how the state of a system changes over time and where that current state determines the circuit’s future states according to a set of rules. One of the brain’s short-term memory circuits will remain in a single preferred state, only until a new stimulus comes along. When that new stimulus appears, the circuit will settle into a new activity state. In the visual-motor system, each one of these states can store the memory of exactly where an animal should be looking.</p> <p class="article-paragraph skip">However, questions remain about the <a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1065615" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">rules and parameters that help set up that type of shifting system</a>. One possibility comes down to the <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-024-01784-3" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">anatomy of the circuit</a>–the connections that form in between each neuron and how many connections they make up. A second possibility is the  physiological strength of those connections. This strength is established by several factors, including the amount of a neurotransmitter that is released, the type of receptors that catch the neurotransmitters, and concentration of those receptors.  </p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-building-a-neural-circuit-from-scratch">Building a neural circuit from scratch</h2> <p class="article-paragraph skip">In this <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-024-01784-3" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">new study</a>, the team sought to understand what contributions the circuit anatomy made in the visual system. When they are only five-days-old, zebra “fishlets” are already swimming around and hunting prey. <a href="https://www.popsci.com/science/octopus-and-fish-hunt-together/" target="_blank">Looking for something to eat</a> involves sustained visual attention and the brain region that controls eye movement is structurally similar in both fish and mammals. However, the zebrafish system contains only <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-024-01784-3" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">500 neurons</a>. By comparison, the human brain has <a href="https://medicine.yale.edu/lab/colon-ramos/overview/#:~:text=The%20human%20brain%20consists%20of,and%20assemble%20into%20functional%20circuits." rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">roughly 100 billion neurons</a>. </p> <p class="article-paragraph skip">“So, we can analyze the entire circuit—microscopically and functionally,” said Aksay. “That’s very difficult to do in other vertebrates.”</p> <p class="article-paragraph skip"><strong>[Related: </strong><a href="https://www.popsci.com/science/fish-in-space/" target="_blank"><strong>Why do we send so many fish to space?</strong></a><strong>]</strong></p> <p class="article-paragraph skip">While using several advanced imaging techniques, the team <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-024-01784-3" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">identified the neurons that participate in controlling the zebrafish’s gaze</a> and how all of these neurons are wired together. They found that the system consists of two prominent feedback loops. Each of these feedback loops contains <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-024-01784-3" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">three clusters of tightly connected cells</a>. Using this set up, they built out a computer model of what is going on in this part of the zebrafish’s brain. </p> <p class="article-paragraph skip">When the team compared the artificial network that they built with physiological data from a real zebrafish, they found that their fake network could <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-024-01784-3" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">accurately predict the activity patterns</a>.</p> <p class="article-paragraph skip">“I consider myself a physiologist, first and foremost,” said Aksay. “So, I was surprised how much of the behavior of the circuit we could predict from the anatomical architecture alone.”</p> <p class="article-paragraph skip"><strong>[Related: <a href="https://www.popsci.com/environment/complete-brain-map/" target="_blank">Scientists mapped every neuron of an adult animal’s brain for the first time</a>.]</strong></p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-applications">Future applications</h2> <p class="article-paragraph skip"><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1065615" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">In future studies</a>, the team plans to explore how the cells in each cluster contribute to the circuit’s behavior and whether the neurons in the different clusters have specific genetic signatures. This kind of data could help clinicians to therapeutically target the cells that might be malfunctioning in human <a href="https://medlineplus.gov/eyemovementdisorders.html" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">eye movement disorders</a>. Strabismus occurs when both eyes don’t line up in the same direction and results in “crossed eyes” or “walleye.” The disorder nystagmus presents as fast, uncontrollable eye movements, sometimes called “dancing eyes.”</p> <p class="article-paragraph skip">The findings also provide scientists with a way for unraveling the more complex computational systems in the brain that rely on <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/short-term-memory" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">short-term memory,</a> like those that understand speech or decipher images.</p> <section class="commerce-widget commerce-widget--large"> <span class="block bg-secondary-300 h-2 w-16 mt-10 mb-8"> </span> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row items-start justify-items-start"> <div class="mb-4 md:mb-0 md:w-4/12 w-full"> <img width="300" height="169" src="https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?quality=85&w=300" class="max-w-[100%]" alt="The best Black Friday deals including a jackery generator, airpods, a TV arranged on a plain background." srcset="https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg 1600w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=768&h=432 768w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=1536&h=864 1536w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=800&h=450 800w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=356&h=200 356w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=1173&h=660 1173w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=711&h=400 711w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=1486&h=836 1486w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=1227&h=690 1227w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=384&h=216 384w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=718&h=404 718w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=1589&h=894 1589w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=1337&h=752 1337w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=1234&h=694 1234w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=280&h=158 280w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=1440&h=810 1440w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=289&h=163 289w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=370&h=208 370w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=308&h=173 308w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/24/black-friday-2023-header.jpg?w=50&h=28 50w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /> </div> <div class="ml-0 md:ml-10 md:w-8/12 w-full"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading"> SEE LATEST GIFT GUIDES </h3> <div class="commerce-widget-content mb-4"> <p>Shopping for, well, anyone? 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lg:mx-auto"> </div> </article> <div class="article-sidebar-wrapper w-full lg:w-[300px] lg:flex-shrink-0"> <aside id="article-sidebar" class="article-sidebar py-5"> <section id="author-widgets"> <section class="recurrent-primary-author-widget border-2 rounded border-accent-900 p-6 mb-7 bg-accent-2-700"> <div class="author-widget-header flex gap-3 mb-2"> <a class="block w-[51px] h-[51px]" href="https://www.popsci.com/authors/laura-baisas/"> <img class="author-avatar min-w-[51px] w-full h-auto rounded-full aspect-square object-cover border-2 border-accent-900" src="https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/19/laura.jpg?quality=85&w=102&h=102&crop=1" srcset="https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/19/laura.jpg?w=336&h=336 336w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/19/laura.jpg?w=102&h=102 102w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/19/laura.jpg?w=192&h=192 192w" sizes="(max-width: 102px) 100vw, 102px" alt="Laura Baisas Avatar" loading="lazy" /> </a> <div class="author-name-title"> <h2 class="font-primary text-lg font-semibold text-secondary-900 leading-6"> <a href="https://www.popsci.com/authors/laura-baisas/"> Laura Baisas </a> </h2> <h3 class="primary-author-title font-secondary text-sm text-accent-900 font-semibold leading-6"> Staff writer </h3> </div> </div> <div class="primary-author-bio line-clamp-6 text-sm text-secondary-900 mb-2"><p>Laura is a science news writer, covering a wide variety of subjects, but she is particularly fascinated by all things aquatic, paleontology, nanotechnology, and exploring how science influences daily life.</p> </div> <ul class="author-socials hidden md:flex items-center gap-4 mb-4"> <li class="flex items-center gap-1"> <a class="w-[22px] h-[22px]" href="https://www.instagram.com/popsci/" aria-label="" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </section> <section class="recurrent-latest-posts-widget recurrent-blocks md:px-0 mb-8"> <h3 class="flag-heading 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https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/3D-rendering-of-all-140k-neurons-in-the-fruit-fly-brain.png?w=280&h=158 280w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/3D-rendering-of-all-140k-neurons-in-the-fruit-fly-brain.png?w=1440&h=810 1440w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/3D-rendering-of-all-140k-neurons-in-the-fruit-fly-brain.png?w=289&h=163 289w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/3D-rendering-of-all-140k-neurons-in-the-fruit-fly-brain.png?w=370&h=208 370w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/3D-rendering-of-all-140k-neurons-in-the-fruit-fly-brain.png?w=308&h=173 308w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/3D-rendering-of-all-140k-neurons-in-the-fruit-fly-brain.png?w=50&h=28 50w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" loading="lazy" fetchpriority="auto" alt="3D rendering of all ~140k neurons in the fruit fly brain." /> </div> </a> <div class="post-content relative text-left"> <a class="card-post-title-link" href="https://www.popsci.com/environment/complete-brain-map/"> <h3 class="card-post-title font-primary font-bold text-base lg:text-xl text-secondary-900 leading-tight"> <span class="mobile lg:hidden hover-link"> Scientists mapped every neuron of an adult animal’s brain for the first time </span> <span class="desktop hidden lg:inline-block hover-link">Scientists mapped every neuron of an adult animal’s brain for the first time</span> </h3> </a> <p class="card-post-byline font-secondary font-semibold text-secondary-900 text-sm leading-tighter mt-2"> <span class="recurrent-byline"><span class="byline-segment"><span class="byline-text">By </span><a class="hover-link no-underline hover:underline" href="https://www.popsci.com/authors/tom-hawking/">Tom Hawking</a></span></span> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mb-3"> <div class="card-post linkpack-post"> <a class="card-post-image-link block mb-4" aria-hidden tabindex="-1" href="https://www.popsci.com/environment/wet-dog-shakes/"> <div 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800px" loading="lazy" fetchpriority="auto" alt="a yellow dog shakes excess water off of its fur" /> </div> </a> <div class="post-content relative text-left"> <a class="card-post-title-link" href="https://www.popsci.com/environment/wet-dog-shakes/"> <h3 class="card-post-title font-primary font-bold text-base lg:text-xl text-secondary-900 leading-tight"> <span class="mobile lg:hidden hover-link"> Why wet dogs shake so much </span> <span class="desktop hidden lg:inline-block hover-link">Why wet dogs shake so much</span> </h3> </a> <p class="card-post-byline font-secondary font-semibold text-secondary-900 text-sm leading-tighter mt-2"> <span class="recurrent-byline"><span class="byline-segment"><span class="byline-text">By </span><a class="hover-link no-underline hover:underline" href="https://www.popsci.com/authors/laura-baisas/">Laura Baisas</a></span></span> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mb-3"> <div class="card-post linkpack-post"> <a class="card-post-image-link block mb-4" 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https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/09/Six-layers-of-excitatory-neurons-colored-by-depth.png?w=289&h=163 289w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/09/Six-layers-of-excitatory-neurons-colored-by-depth.png?w=370&h=208 370w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/09/Six-layers-of-excitatory-neurons-colored-by-depth.png?w=308&h=173 308w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/09/Six-layers-of-excitatory-neurons-colored-by-depth.png?w=50&h=28 50w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" loading="lazy" fetchpriority="auto" alt="Six layers of excitatory neurons colored by depth - the human brain" /> </div> </a> <div class="post-content relative text-left"> <a class="card-post-title-link" href="https://www.popsci.com/science/see-the-most-detailed-map-of-human-brain-matter-ever-created/"> <h3 class="card-post-title font-primary font-bold text-base lg:text-xl text-secondary-900 leading-tight"> <span class="mobile lg:hidden hover-link"> See the most detailed map of human brain matter ever created </span> <span class="desktop hidden lg:inline-block hover-link">See the most detailed map of human brain matter ever created</span> </h3> </a> <p class="card-post-byline font-secondary font-semibold text-secondary-900 text-sm leading-tighter mt-2"> <span class="recurrent-byline"><span class="byline-segment"><span class="byline-text">By </span><a class="hover-link no-underline hover:underline" href="https://www.popsci.com/authors/lauren-leffer/">Lauren Leffer</a></span></span> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mb-3"> <div class="card-post linkpack-post"> <a class="card-post-image-link block mb-4" aria-hidden tabindex="-1" href="https://www.popsci.com/science/why-are-we-ticklish/"> <div class="relative"> <img class="archive-post-thumb w-full aspect-thumbnail object-cover rounded-grid-post object-center" src="https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/tickling-hands.jpg?quality=85&w=800" srcset="https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/tickling-hands.jpg 2000w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/tickling-hands.jpg?w=768&h=432 768w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/tickling-hands.jpg?w=1536&h=864 1536w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/tickling-hands.jpg?w=800&h=450 800w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/tickling-hands.jpg?w=356&h=200 356w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/tickling-hands.jpg?w=1173&h=660 1173w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/tickling-hands.jpg?w=711&h=400 711w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/tickling-hands.jpg?w=1486&h=836 1486w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/tickling-hands.jpg?w=1227&h=690 1227w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/tickling-hands.jpg?w=384&h=216 384w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/tickling-hands.jpg?w=718&h=404 718w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/tickling-hands.jpg?w=1589&h=894 1589w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/tickling-hands.jpg?w=1337&h=752 1337w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/tickling-hands.jpg?w=1234&h=694 1234w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/tickling-hands.jpg?w=280&h=158 280w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/tickling-hands.jpg?w=1440&h=810 1440w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/tickling-hands.jpg?w=289&h=163 289w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/tickling-hands.jpg?w=370&h=208 370w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/tickling-hands.jpg?w=308&h=173 308w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/tickling-hands.jpg?w=50&h=28 50w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" loading="lazy" fetchpriority="auto" alt="hands reaching out to tickle you" /> </div> </a> <div class="post-content relative text-left"> <a class="card-post-title-link" href="https://www.popsci.com/science/why-are-we-ticklish/"> <h3 class="card-post-title font-primary font-bold text-base lg:text-xl text-secondary-900 leading-tight"> <span class="mobile lg:hidden hover-link"> Why are we ticklish? The science of the silly response. </span> <span class="desktop hidden lg:inline-block hover-link">Why are we ticklish? The science of the silly response.</span> </h3> </a> <p class="card-post-byline font-secondary font-semibold text-secondary-900 text-sm leading-tighter mt-2"> <span class="recurrent-byline"><span class="byline-segment"><span class="byline-text">By </span><a class="hover-link no-underline hover:underline" href="https://www.popsci.com/authors/lauren-leffer/">Lauren Leffer</a></span></span> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mb-3"> <div class="card-post linkpack-post"> <a class="card-post-image-link block mb-4" aria-hidden tabindex="-1" href="https://www.popsci.com/environment/smartest-animals/"> <div class="relative"> <img class="archive-post-thumb w-full aspect-thumbnail object-cover rounded-grid-post object-center" src="https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/smart-octopus.jpg?quality=85&w=800" srcset="https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/smart-octopus.jpg 2000w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/smart-octopus.jpg?w=768&h=432 768w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/smart-octopus.jpg?w=1536&h=864 1536w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/smart-octopus.jpg?w=800&h=450 800w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/smart-octopus.jpg?w=356&h=200 356w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/smart-octopus.jpg?w=1173&h=660 1173w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/smart-octopus.jpg?w=711&h=400 711w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/smart-octopus.jpg?w=1486&h=836 1486w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/smart-octopus.jpg?w=1227&h=690 1227w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/smart-octopus.jpg?w=384&h=216 384w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/smart-octopus.jpg?w=718&h=404 718w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/smart-octopus.jpg?w=1589&h=894 1589w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/smart-octopus.jpg?w=1337&h=752 1337w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/smart-octopus.jpg?w=1234&h=694 1234w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/smart-octopus.jpg?w=280&h=158 280w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/smart-octopus.jpg?w=1440&h=810 1440w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/smart-octopus.jpg?w=289&h=163 289w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/smart-octopus.jpg?w=370&h=208 370w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/smart-octopus.jpg?w=308&h=173 308w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/smart-octopus.jpg?w=50&h=28 50w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" loading="lazy" fetchpriority="auto" alt="Octopus in water" /> </div> </a> <div class="post-content relative text-left"> <a class="card-post-title-link" href="https://www.popsci.com/environment/smartest-animals/"> <h3 class="card-post-title font-primary font-bold text-base lg:text-xl text-secondary-900 leading-tight"> <span class="mobile lg:hidden hover-link"> The ‘smart’ animal club keeps getting bigger </span> <span class="desktop hidden lg:inline-block hover-link">The ‘smart’ animal club keeps getting bigger</span> </h3> </a> <p class="card-post-byline font-secondary font-semibold text-secondary-900 text-sm leading-tighter mt-2"> <span class="recurrent-byline"><span class="byline-segment"><span class="byline-text">By </span><a class="hover-link no-underline hover:underline" href="https://www.popsci.com/authors/mack-degeurin/">Mack DeGeurin</a></span></span> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mb-3"> <div class="card-post linkpack-post"> <a class="card-post-image-link block mb-4" aria-hidden tabindex="-1" href="https://www.popsci.com/science/does-fidgeting-help-focus/"> <div class="relative"> <img class="archive-post-thumb w-full aspect-thumbnail object-cover rounded-grid-post object-center" src="https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/fidget-spinner-spinning.jpg?quality=85&w=800" srcset="https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/fidget-spinner-spinning.jpg 2000w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/fidget-spinner-spinning.jpg?w=768&h=432 768w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/fidget-spinner-spinning.jpg?w=1536&h=864 1536w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/fidget-spinner-spinning.jpg?w=800&h=450 800w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/fidget-spinner-spinning.jpg?w=356&h=200 356w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/fidget-spinner-spinning.jpg?w=1173&h=660 1173w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/fidget-spinner-spinning.jpg?w=711&h=400 711w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/fidget-spinner-spinning.jpg?w=1486&h=836 1486w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/fidget-spinner-spinning.jpg?w=1227&h=690 1227w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/fidget-spinner-spinning.jpg?w=384&h=216 384w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/fidget-spinner-spinning.jpg?w=718&h=404 718w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/fidget-spinner-spinning.jpg?w=1589&h=894 1589w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/fidget-spinner-spinning.jpg?w=1337&h=752 1337w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/fidget-spinner-spinning.jpg?w=1234&h=694 1234w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/fidget-spinner-spinning.jpg?w=280&h=158 280w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/fidget-spinner-spinning.jpg?w=1440&h=810 1440w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/fidget-spinner-spinning.jpg?w=289&h=163 289w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/fidget-spinner-spinning.jpg?w=370&h=208 370w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/fidget-spinner-spinning.jpg?w=308&h=173 308w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/fidget-spinner-spinning.jpg?w=50&h=28 50w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" loading="lazy" fetchpriority="auto" alt="child playing with fidget spinner" /> </div> </a> <div class="post-content relative text-left"> <a class="card-post-title-link" href="https://www.popsci.com/science/does-fidgeting-help-focus/"> <h3 class="card-post-title font-primary font-bold text-base lg:text-xl text-secondary-900 leading-tight"> <span class="mobile lg:hidden hover-link"> Does fidgeting really help you focus? </span> <span class="desktop hidden lg:inline-block hover-link">Does fidgeting really help you focus?</span> </h3> </a> <p class="card-post-byline font-secondary font-semibold text-secondary-900 text-sm leading-tighter mt-2"> <span class="recurrent-byline"><span class="byline-segment"><span class="byline-text">By </span><a class="hover-link no-underline hover:underline" href="https://www.popsci.com/authors/lauren-leffer/">Lauren Leffer</a></span></span> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mb-3"> <div class="card-post linkpack-post"> <a class="card-post-image-link block mb-4" aria-hidden tabindex="-1" href="https://www.popsci.com/science/3d-printed-brain-tissue/"> <div class="relative"> <img class="archive-post-thumb w-full aspect-thumbnail object-cover rounded-grid-post" src="https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/05/Capture-2024-02-05-150846.png?quality=85&w=800" srcset="https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/05/Capture-2024-02-05-150846.png 2000w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/05/Capture-2024-02-05-150846.png?w=768&h=432 768w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/05/Capture-2024-02-05-150846.png?w=1536&h=864 1536w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/05/Capture-2024-02-05-150846.png?w=800&h=450 800w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/05/Capture-2024-02-05-150846.png?w=356&h=200 356w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/05/Capture-2024-02-05-150846.png?w=1173&h=660 1173w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/05/Capture-2024-02-05-150846.png?w=711&h=400 711w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/05/Capture-2024-02-05-150846.png?w=1486&h=836 1486w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/05/Capture-2024-02-05-150846.png?w=1227&h=690 1227w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/05/Capture-2024-02-05-150846.png?w=384&h=216 384w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/05/Capture-2024-02-05-150846.png?w=718&h=404 718w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/05/Capture-2024-02-05-150846.png?w=1589&h=894 1589w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/05/Capture-2024-02-05-150846.png?w=1337&h=752 1337w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/05/Capture-2024-02-05-150846.png?w=1234&h=694 1234w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/05/Capture-2024-02-05-150846.png?w=280&h=158 280w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/05/Capture-2024-02-05-150846.png?w=1440&h=810 1440w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/05/Capture-2024-02-05-150846.png?w=289&h=163 289w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/05/Capture-2024-02-05-150846.png?w=370&h=208 370w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/05/Capture-2024-02-05-150846.png?w=308&h=173 308w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/05/Capture-2024-02-05-150846.png?w=50&h=28 50w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" loading="lazy" fetchpriority="auto" alt="Illustration of 3D printed brain tissue culture with 25nm scale" /> </div> </a> <div class="post-content relative text-left"> <a class="card-post-title-link" href="https://www.popsci.com/science/3d-printed-brain-tissue/"> <h3 class="card-post-title font-primary font-bold text-base lg:text-xl text-secondary-900 leading-tight"> <span class="mobile lg:hidden hover-link"> Scientists have 3D bioprinted functioning human brain tissue </span> <span class="desktop hidden lg:inline-block hover-link">Scientists have 3D bioprinted functioning human brain tissue</span> </h3> </a> <p class="card-post-byline font-secondary font-semibold text-secondary-900 text-sm leading-tighter mt-2"> <span class="recurrent-byline"><span class="byline-segment"><span class="byline-text">By </span><a class="hover-link no-underline hover:underline" href="https://www.popsci.com/authors/andrew-paul/">Andrew Paul</a></span></span> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mb-3"> <div class="card-post linkpack-post"> <a class="card-post-image-link block mb-4" aria-hidden tabindex="-1" href="https://www.popsci.com/technology/fungus-robot/"> <div class="relative"> <img class="archive-post-thumb w-full aspect-thumbnail object-cover rounded-grid-post object-center" src="https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mushroom-robot.png?quality=85&w=800" srcset="https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mushroom-robot.png 2000w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mushroom-robot.png?w=768&h=432 768w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mushroom-robot.png?w=1536&h=864 1536w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mushroom-robot.png?w=800&h=450 800w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mushroom-robot.png?w=356&h=200 356w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mushroom-robot.png?w=1173&h=660 1173w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mushroom-robot.png?w=711&h=400 711w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mushroom-robot.png?w=1486&h=836 1486w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mushroom-robot.png?w=1227&h=690 1227w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mushroom-robot.png?w=384&h=216 384w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mushroom-robot.png?w=718&h=404 718w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mushroom-robot.png?w=1589&h=894 1589w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mushroom-robot.png?w=1337&h=752 1337w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mushroom-robot.png?w=1234&h=694 1234w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mushroom-robot.png?w=280&h=158 280w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mushroom-robot.png?w=1440&h=810 1440w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mushroom-robot.png?w=289&h=163 289w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mushroom-robot.png?w=370&h=208 370w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mushroom-robot.png?w=308&h=173 308w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mushroom-robot.png?w=50&h=28 50w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" loading="lazy" fetchpriority="auto" alt="This squishy robot uses electrical signals processed from King Oyster mushroom mycelia to scoot back and forth." /> <div class="icon-play-wrapper absolute top-1/2 left-1/2 -translate-y-[21px] -translate-x-[21px] w-[42px] h-[42px] pointer-events-none text-accent-900"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 26 26" fill="none"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M13 0C5.82 0 0 5.82 0 13s5.82 13 13 13 13-5.82 13-13S20.18 0 13 0ZM9.448 18.654V7.346L19.241 13l-9.793 5.654Z"/> </svg> </div> </div> </a> <div class="post-content relative text-left"> <a class="card-post-title-link" href="https://www.popsci.com/technology/fungus-robot/"> <h3 class="card-post-title font-primary font-bold text-base lg:text-xl text-secondary-900 leading-tight"> <span class="mobile lg:hidden hover-link"> This robot is being controlled by a King oyster mushroom </span> <span class="desktop hidden lg:inline-block hover-link">This robot is being controlled by a King oyster mushroom</span> </h3> </a> <p class="card-post-byline font-secondary font-semibold text-secondary-900 text-sm leading-tighter mt-2"> <span class="recurrent-byline"><span class="byline-segment"><span class="byline-text">By </span><a class="hover-link no-underline hover:underline" href="https://www.popsci.com/authors/mack-degeurin/">Mack DeGeurin</a></span></span> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mb-3"> <div class="card-post linkpack-post"> <a class="card-post-image-link block mb-4" aria-hidden tabindex="-1" href="https://www.popsci.com/science/sea-lion-cameras/"> <div class="relative"> <img class="archive-post-thumb w-full aspect-thumbnail object-cover rounded-grid-post object-center" src="https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/australian-sea-lion.jpg?quality=85&w=800" srcset="https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/australian-sea-lion.jpg 2000w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/australian-sea-lion.jpg?w=768&h=432 768w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/australian-sea-lion.jpg?w=1536&h=864 1536w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/australian-sea-lion.jpg?w=800&h=450 800w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/australian-sea-lion.jpg?w=356&h=200 356w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/australian-sea-lion.jpg?w=1173&h=660 1173w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/australian-sea-lion.jpg?w=711&h=400 711w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/australian-sea-lion.jpg?w=1486&h=836 1486w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/australian-sea-lion.jpg?w=1227&h=690 1227w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/australian-sea-lion.jpg?w=384&h=216 384w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/australian-sea-lion.jpg?w=718&h=404 718w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/australian-sea-lion.jpg?w=1589&h=894 1589w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/australian-sea-lion.jpg?w=1337&h=752 1337w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/australian-sea-lion.jpg?w=1234&h=694 1234w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/australian-sea-lion.jpg?w=280&h=158 280w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/australian-sea-lion.jpg?w=1440&h=810 1440w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/australian-sea-lion.jpg?w=289&h=163 289w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/australian-sea-lion.jpg?w=370&h=208 370w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/australian-sea-lion.jpg?w=308&h=173 308w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/australian-sea-lion.jpg?w=50&h=28 50w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" loading="lazy" fetchpriority="auto" alt="two sea lions swim in blue water, with their heads above the water" /> </div> </a> <div class="post-content relative text-left"> <a class="card-post-title-link" href="https://www.popsci.com/science/sea-lion-cameras/"> <h3 class="card-post-title font-primary font-bold text-base lg:text-xl text-secondary-900 leading-tight"> <span class="mobile lg:hidden hover-link"> Sea lion camera crews help scientists map unexplored seabeds </span> <span class="desktop hidden lg:inline-block hover-link">Sea lion camera crews help scientists map unexplored seabeds</span> </h3> </a> <p class="card-post-byline font-secondary font-semibold text-secondary-900 text-sm leading-tighter mt-2"> <span class="recurrent-byline"><span class="byline-segment"><span class="byline-text">By </span><a class="hover-link no-underline hover:underline" href="https://www.popsci.com/authors/laura-baisas/">Laura Baisas</a></span></span> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mb-3"> <div class="card-post linkpack-post"> <a class="card-post-image-link block mb-4" aria-hidden tabindex="-1" href="https://www.popsci.com/science/mice-mirror-test/"> <div class="relative"> <img class="archive-post-thumb w-full aspect-thumbnail object-cover rounded-grid-post" src="https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/05/mice-mirror.png?quality=85&w=800" srcset="https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/05/mice-mirror.png 2000w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/05/mice-mirror.png?w=768&h=432 768w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/05/mice-mirror.png?w=1536&h=864 1536w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/05/mice-mirror.png?w=800&h=450 800w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/05/mice-mirror.png?w=356&h=200 356w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/05/mice-mirror.png?w=1173&h=660 1173w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/05/mice-mirror.png?w=711&h=400 711w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/05/mice-mirror.png?w=1486&h=836 1486w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/05/mice-mirror.png?w=1227&h=690 1227w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/05/mice-mirror.png?w=384&h=216 384w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/05/mice-mirror.png?w=718&h=404 718w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/05/mice-mirror.png?w=1589&h=894 1589w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/05/mice-mirror.png?w=1337&h=752 1337w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/05/mice-mirror.png?w=1234&h=694 1234w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/05/mice-mirror.png?w=280&h=158 280w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/05/mice-mirror.png?w=1440&h=810 1440w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/05/mice-mirror.png?w=289&h=163 289w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/05/mice-mirror.png?w=370&h=208 370w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/05/mice-mirror.png?w=308&h=173 308w, https://www.popsci.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/05/mice-mirror.png?w=50&h=28 50w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" loading="lazy" fetchpriority="auto" alt="A dark-furred mouse looks into a mirror." /> </div> </a> <div class="post-content relative text-left"> <a class="card-post-title-link" href="https://www.popsci.com/science/mice-mirror-test/"> <h3 class="card-post-title font-primary font-bold text-base lg:text-xl text-secondary-900 leading-tight"> <span class="mobile lg:hidden hover-link"> Mice may be able to recognize their own reflections </span> <span class="desktop hidden lg:inline-block hover-link">Mice may be able to recognize their own reflections</span> </h3> </a> <p class="card-post-byline font-secondary font-semibold text-secondary-900 text-sm leading-tighter mt-2"> <span class="recurrent-byline"><span class="byline-segment"><span class="byline-text">By </span><a class="hover-link no-underline hover:underline" href="https://www.popsci.com/authors/laura-baisas/">Laura Baisas</a></span></span> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-span-full flex justify-center"> <a class="smart-linkpacks-see-more-link no-underline min-w-[281px] w-full md:max-w-[281px] h-auto rounded-3px py-3 px-6 inline-flex justify-center font-bold rounded-grid-post whitespace-nowrap bg-accent-900 text-primary-900 hover:bg-accent-800 focus:bg-accent-800 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