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aria-controls="toc-Service-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Service subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ChatGPT_Plus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ChatGPT_Plus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 ChatGPT Plus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ChatGPT_Plus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobile_app" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_app"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Mobile app </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_app-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software_development_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_development_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Software development support </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_development_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-March_2023_security_breach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March_2023_security_breach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 March 2023 security breach </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March_2023_security_breach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GPT_Store" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GPT_Store"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 GPT Store </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GPT_Store-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GPT-4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GPT-4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 GPT-4 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GPT-4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GPT-4o" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GPT-4o"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 GPT-4o </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GPT-4o-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-o1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#o1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 o1 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-o1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Model_versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Model_versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Model versions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Model_versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Academic_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Academic research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Coding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Computer security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Financial markets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Concerns </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Concerns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Concerns subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bias_and_offensiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bias_and_offensiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Bias and offensiveness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bias_and_offensiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copyright_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Copyright issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Existential_risk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Existential_risk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Existential risk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Existential_risk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">ChatGPT</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 111 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-111" aria-hidden="true" > 111 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="شات جي بي تي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شات جي بي تي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF" title="চেটজিপিটি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চেটজিপিটি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="چت‌جی‌پی‌تی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چت‌جی‌پی‌تی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF" title="চ্যাটজিপিটি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চ্যাটজিপিটি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="चैटजीपीटी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चैटजीपीटी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D9%BE%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="شاط جي پي تي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="شاط جي پي تي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="چت‌جی‌پی‌تی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چت‌جی‌پی‌تی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B1%97GPT" title="챗GPT – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="챗GPT" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="चैटजीपीटी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चैटजीपीटी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-ChatGPT" title="I-ChatGPT – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="I-ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF" title="ಚಾಟ್‌ಜಿಪಿಟಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಾಟ್‌ಜಿಪಿಟಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%B9_%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="چیٹ جی پی ٹی – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="چیٹ جی پی ٹی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="च्याटजीपीटी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="च्याटजीपीटी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF" title="ചാറ്റ്ജിപിറ്റി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചാറ്റ്ജിപിറ്റി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="चॅट जीपीटी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चॅट जीपीटी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%A0%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A4.%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A4.%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯆꯦꯠꯖꯤ.ꯄꯤ.ꯇꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯆꯦꯠꯖꯤ.ꯄꯤ.ꯇꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="च्याटजिपिटी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="च्याटजिपिटी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF" title="ଚାଟ୍ ଜିପିଟି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଚାଟ୍ ଜିପିଟି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80" title="ਚੈਟਜੀਪੀਟੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੈਟਜੀਪੀਟੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT_%E1%80%95%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%8F%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F" title="ChatGPT ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ChatGPT ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%BC_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D9%BE%D9%8A_%D9%BC%D9%8A" title="چټ جي پي ټي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چټ جي پي ټي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱪᱮᱴᱡᱤᱴᱤᱯᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱮᱴᱡᱤᱴᱤᱯᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="چات جی پی تی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چات جی پی تی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="சட் யிபிடி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சட் யிபிடி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF" title="చాట్‌జిపిటి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చాట్‌జిపిటి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5" title="แชตจีพีที – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แชตจีพีที" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%B9_%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="چیٹ جی پی ٹی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چیٹ جی پی ٹی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%95%D8%AA_%D8%AC_%D9%BE_%D8%AA_(ChatGPT)" title="چەت ج پ ت (ChatGPT) – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="چەت ج پ ت (ChatGPT)" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AB%87%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E9%A0%90%E8%A8%93%E8%AE%8A%E7%8B%80%E5%99%A8" title="言談生成預訓變狀器 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="言談生成預訓變狀器" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="ChatGPT" data-language-autonym="吴语" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chatbot developed by OpenAI</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">ChatGPT</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:ChatGPT-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/ChatGPT-Logo.svg/120px-ChatGPT-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/ChatGPT-Logo.svg/180px-ChatGPT-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/ChatGPT-Logo.svg/240px-ChatGPT-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">November 30, 2022 (23 months ago) (2022-11-30)</td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">August 8, 2024 (3 months ago) (2024-08-08)<a href="#cite_note-latest_version-1">[1]</a> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_engine" title="Software engine">Engine</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">GPT-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4o" title="GPT-4o">GPT-4o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4o_mini" class="mw-redirect" title="GPT-4o mini">GPT-4o mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SearchGPT" title="SearchGPT">SearchGPT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing_platforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud computing platforms">Cloud computing platforms</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chatbot" title="Chatbot">Chatbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">Large language model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">Generative pre-trained transformer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Privative_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Privative software">Privative</a> <a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">service</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chatgpt.com/">chatgpt.com</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115564437#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> ChatGPT is a <a href="/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Generative artificial intelligence">generative artificial intelligence</a> (AI) <a href="/wiki/Chatbot" title="Chatbot">chatbot</a><a href="#cite_note-ArsTechnicaGenAI-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-VergeGenAI-3">[3]</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a> and launched in 2022. It is based on the <a href="/wiki/GPT-4o" title="GPT-4o">GPT-4o</a> <a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">large language model</a> (LLM). ChatGPT can generate human-like conversational responses, and enables users to refine and steer a conversation towards a desired length, format, style, level of detail, and language.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> It is credited with accelerating the <a href="/wiki/AI_boom" title="AI boom">AI boom</a>, which has led to ongoing rapid investment in and public attention to the field of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Some observers have raised concern about the potential of ChatGPT and similar programs to displace <a href="/wiki/Human_intelligence" title="Human intelligence">human intelligence</a>, enable <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarism</a>, or fuel <a href="/wiki/Misinformation" title="Misinformation">misinformation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20230718-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> By January 2023, ChatGPT had become what was then the fastest-growing consumer software application in history, gaining over 100 million users in two months<a href="#cite_note-:8-8">[8]</a> and contributing to the growth of OpenAI's current <a href="/wiki/Business_valuation" title="Business valuation">valuation</a> of $86 billion.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> ChatGPT's release spurred the release of competing products, including <a href="/wiki/Gemini_(chatbot)" title="Gemini (chatbot)">Gemini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_(language_model)" title="Claude (language model)">Claude</a>, <a href="/wiki/LLaMA" class="mw-redirect" title="LLaMA">Llama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernie_Bot" title="Ernie Bot">Ernie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grok_(chatbot)" title="Grok (chatbot)">Grok</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Copilot" title="Microsoft Copilot">Copilot</a>, initially based on OpenAI's <a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">GPT-4</a>. In May 2024, a partnership between <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> and OpenAI was announced, in which ChatGPT was integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Intelligence" title="Apple Intelligence">Apple Intelligence</a> feature of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_operating_systems" title="List of Apple operating systems">Apple operating systems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vergeappleopenai-12">[12]</a> As of July 2024, ChatGPT's website is among the 10 <a href="/wiki/List_of_most-visited_websites" title="List of most-visited websites">most-visited websites globally</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> ChatGPT is built on OpenAI's proprietary series of <a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">generative pre-trained transformer</a> (GPT) models, and is <a href="/wiki/Fine-tuning_(machine_learning)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine-tuning (machine learning)">fine-tuned</a> for conversational applications using a combination of <a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">supervised learning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback" title="Reinforcement learning from human feedback">reinforcement learning from human feedback</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20230718-6">[6]</a> Successive user <a href="/wiki/AI_prompt" class="mw-redirect" title="AI prompt">prompts</a> and replies are considered at each conversation stage as <a href="/wiki/Context_(linguistics)" title="Context (linguistics)">context</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guardianpos-15">[15]</a> ChatGPT was released as a freely available research preview, but due to its popularity, OpenAI now operates the service on a <a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="Freemium">freemium model</a>. Users on its free tier can access <a href="/wiki/GPT-4o" title="GPT-4o">GPT-4o</a>. The ChatGPT subscriptions "Plus", "Team", and "Enterprise" provide additional features such as <a href="/wiki/DALL-E_3" class="mw-redirect" title="DALL-E 3">DALL-E 3</a> image generation and an increased usage limit.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training">Training</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dall-e_3_(jan_%2724)_artificial_intelligence_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png/100px-Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png/150px-Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png/200px-Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#Goals" title="Artificial intelligence">Major goals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">Artificial general intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_agent" title="Intelligent agent">Intelligent agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recursive_self-improvement" title="Recursive self-improvement">Recursive self-improvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_game_playing" title="General game playing">General game playing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_safety" title="AI safety">AI safety</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Approaches</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_artificial_intelligence" title="Symbolic artificial intelligence">Symbolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayesian_network" title="Bayesian network">Bayesian networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_algorithm" title="Evolutionary algorithm">Evolutionary algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_intelligent_system" title="Hybrid intelligent system">Hybrid intelligent systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_systems_integration" title="Artificial intelligence systems integration">Systems integration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Applications_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Applications of artificial intelligence">Applications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning_in_bioinformatics" title="Machine learning in bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepfake" title="Deepfake">Deepfake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning_in_earth_sciences" title="Machine learning in earth sciences">Earth sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applications_of_artificial_intelligence#Finance" title="Applications of artificial intelligence"> Finance </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Generative artificial intelligence">Generative AI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_audio" title="Generative audio">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_artificial_intelligence" title="Music and artificial intelligence">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_government" title="Artificial intelligence in government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare" title="Artificial intelligence in healthcare">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_mental_health" title="Artificial intelligence in mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_industry" title="Artificial intelligence in industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_arms_race" title="Artificial intelligence arms race"> Military </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning_in_physics" title="Machine learning in physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_projects" title="List of artificial intelligence projects">Projects</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_consciousness" title="Artificial consciousness">Artificial consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_room" title="Chinese room">Chinese room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_artificial_intelligence" title="Friendly artificial intelligence">Friendly AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_control_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="AI control problem">Control problem</a>/<a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">Takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Regulation of artificial intelligence">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turing_test" title="Turing test">Turing test</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence" title="History of artificial intelligence">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Timeline of artificial intelligence">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_in_artificial_intelligence" title="Progress in artificial intelligence">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_winter" title="AI winter">AI winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_boom" title="AI boom">AI boom</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Glossary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Glossary of artificial intelligence">Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Artificial_intelligence" title="Template:Artificial intelligence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Artificial_intelligence" title="Template talk:Artificial intelligence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial_intelligence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial intelligence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> ChatGPT is based on particular <a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer#Foundational_models" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">GPT foundation models</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">GPT-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/GPT-4o" title="GPT-4o">GPT-4o</a> and <a href="/wiki/GPT-4o_mini" class="mw-redirect" title="GPT-4o mini">GPT-4o mini</a>, that were <a href="/wiki/Fine-tuning_(machine_learning)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine-tuning (machine learning)">fine-tuned</a> to target conversational usage.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The fine-tuning process leveraged <a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">supervised learning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback" title="Reinforcement learning from human feedback">reinforcement learning from human feedback</a> (RLHF).<a href="#cite_note-OpenAIInfo-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Both approaches employed human trainers to improve model performance. In the case of supervised learning, the trainers played both sides: the user and the <a href="/wiki/AI" class="mw-redirect" title="AI">AI</a> assistant. In the reinforcement learning stage, human trainers first ranked responses that the model had created in a previous conversation.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-20">[20]</a> These rankings were used to create "reward models" that were used to fine-tune the model further by using several iterations of <a href="/wiki/Proximal_policy_optimization" title="Proximal policy optimization">proximal policy optimization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OpenAIInfo-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vincent-2022-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine revealed that to build a safety system against harmful content (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a>), OpenAI used outsourced <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenyan</a> workers earning less than $2 per hour to <a href="/wiki/Labeled_data" title="Labeled data">label</a> harmful content. These labels were used to train a model to detect such content in the future. The outsourced laborers were exposed to "toxic" and traumatic content; one worker described the assignment as "torture". OpenAI's outsourcing partner was <a href="/wiki/Sama_(company)" title="Sama (company)">Sama</a>, a training-data company based in San Francisco, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> ChatGPT initially used a <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Microsoft Azure</a> <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputing</a> infrastructure, powered by <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a> <a href="/wiki/GPU" class="mw-redirect" title="GPU">GPUs</a>, that <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> built specifically for OpenAI and that reportedly cost "hundreds of millions of dollars". Following ChatGPT's success, Microsoft dramatically upgraded the OpenAI infrastructure in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Scientists at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside" title="University of California, Riverside">University of California, Riverside</a>, estimate that a series of prompts to ChatGPT needs approximately 500 milliliters (18 imp fl oz; 17 U.S. fl oz) of water for Microsoft servers cooling.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> TrendForce market intelligence estimated that 30,000 Nvidia GPUs (each costing approximately $10,000–15,000) were used to power ChatGPT in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> OpenAI collects data from ChatGPT users to train and fine-tune the service further. Users can <a href="/wiki/Upvote" class="mw-redirect" title="Upvote">upvote or downvote</a> responses they receive from ChatGPT and fill in a text field with additional feedback.<a href="#cite_note-ZDNET-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> ChatGPT's training data includes <a href="/wiki/Man_page" title="Man page">software manual pages</a>, information about <a href="/wiki/Internet_phenomena" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet phenomena">internet phenomena</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board_system" title="Bulletin board system">bulletin board systems</a>, multiple programming languages, and the text of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ArsTechnicaTerminal-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20230718-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features_and_limitations">Features and limitations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Features">Features</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chatgpt-screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Chatgpt-screenshot.png/260px-Chatgpt-screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Chatgpt-screenshot.png/390px-Chatgpt-screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Chatgpt-screenshot.png/520px-Chatgpt-screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A screenshot of ChatGPT in <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a> on <a href="/wiki/Zorin_OS" title="Zorin OS">ZorinOS</a></figcaption></figure> Although a <a href="/wiki/Chatbot" title="Chatbot">chatbot</a>'s core function is to mimic a human conversationalist, ChatGPT is versatile. It can write and <a href="/wiki/Debugging" title="Debugging">debug</a> computer programs;<a href="#cite_note-ChatGPT_can_write_code-32">[32]</a> compose music, teleplays, fairy tales, and student essays; <a href="/wiki/Question_answering" title="Question answering">answer test questions</a> (sometimes, depending on the test, at a level above the average human test-taker);<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> generate business ideas;<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> write poetry and song lyrics;<a href="#cite_note-jpost-35">[35]</a> translate and summarize text;<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> emulate a <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> system; simulate entire <a href="/wiki/Chat_rooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Chat rooms">chat rooms</a>; play games like <a href="/wiki/Tic-tac-toe" title="Tic-tac-toe">tic-tac-toe</a>; or simulate an <a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">ATM</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ArsTechnicaTerminal-30">[30]</a> Compared to its predecessor, <a href="/wiki/InstructGPT" class="mw-redirect" title="InstructGPT">InstructGPT</a>, ChatGPT attempts to reduce harmful and deceitful responses.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In one example, whereas InstructGPT accepts the premise of the prompt "Tell me about when <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> came to the U.S. in 2015" as truthful, ChatGPT acknowledges the counterfactual nature of the question and frames its answer as a hypothetical consideration of what might happen if Columbus came to the U.S. in 2015, using information about the <a href="/wiki/Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus" title="Voyages of Christopher Columbus">voyages of Christopher Columbus</a> and facts about the modern world—including modern perceptions of Columbus's actions.<a href="#cite_note-OpenAIInfo-18">[18]</a> ChatGPT remembers a limited number of previous prompts in the same conversation. Journalists have speculated that this will allow ChatGPT to be used as a personalized therapist.<a href="#cite_note-Roose-2022-38">[38]</a> To prevent offensive outputs from being presented to and produced by ChatGPT, queries are filtered through the OpenAI "Moderation endpoint" <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a> (a separate GPT-based AI).<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-OpenAIInfo-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roose-2022-38">[38]</a> In March 2023, OpenAI added support for <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">plugins</a> for ChatGPT.<a href="#cite_note-openaiplugins-41">[41]</a> This includes both plugins made by OpenAI, such as web browsing and code interpretation, and external plugins from developers such as <a href="/wiki/Expedia" title="Expedia">Expedia</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenTable" title="OpenTable">OpenTable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zapier" title="Zapier">Zapier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shopify" title="Shopify">Shopify</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slack_(software)" title="Slack (software)">Slack</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Research" title="Wolfram Research">Wolfram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limitations">Limitations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChatGPT_hallucination.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/ChatGPT_hallucination.png/220px-ChatGPT_hallucination.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/ChatGPT_hallucination.png/330px-ChatGPT_hallucination.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/ChatGPT_hallucination.png/440px-ChatGPT_hallucination.png 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>When prompted to "summarize an article" with a fake URL that contains meaningful keywords, even with no Internet connection, the chatbot generates a response that seems valid at first glance. It guesses the content from the last portion of the fake URL "chatgpt-prompts-to-avoid-content-filters.html"</figcaption></figure> OpenAI acknowledges that ChatGPT "sometimes writes plausible-sounding but incorrect or nonsensical answers".<a href="#cite_note-OpenAIInfo-18">[18]</a> This behavior is common for large language models, and is called "<a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_hallucination" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial intelligence hallucination">hallucination</a>".<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Reward_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Reward modeling">reward model</a> of ChatGPT, designed around human oversight, can be over-optimized and thus hinder performance, in an example of an optimization pathology known as <a href="/wiki/Goodhart%27s_law" title="Goodhart's law">Goodhart's law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> As of May 2024, GPT-4 has knowledge of events that occurred up to December 2023<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> and GPT-4o's knowledge cut-off is October 2023.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Paid subscriptions enable ChatGPT to search the web for real-time data.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Training data also suffers from <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">algorithmic bias</a>, which may be revealed when ChatGPT responds to prompts including descriptors of people. In one instance, ChatGPT generated a <a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">rap</a> in which women and scientists of color were asserted to be inferior to white male scientists.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> This negative misrepresentation of groups of individuals is an example of possible <a href="/wiki/Representational_harm" title="Representational harm">representational harm</a>. In an article for <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>, science fiction writer <a href="/wiki/Ted_Chiang" title="Ted Chiang">Ted Chiang</a> compared ChatGPT and other LLMs to a <a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">lossy</a> <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a> picture:<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> Think of ChatGPT as a blurry JPEG of all the text on the Web. It retains much of the information on the Web, in the same way, that a JPEG retains much of the information of a higher-resolution image, but, if you're looking for an exact sequence of bits, you won't find it; all you will ever get is an approximation. But, because the approximation is presented in the form of grammatical text, which ChatGPT excels at creating, it's usually acceptable. [...] It's also a way to understand the "hallucinations", or nonsensical answers to factual questions, to which large language models such as ChatGPT are all too prone. These hallucinations are compression artifacts, but [...] they are plausible enough that identifying them requires comparing them against the originals, which in this case means either the Web or our knowledge of the world. When we think about them this way, such hallucinations are anything but surprising; if a compression algorithm is designed to reconstruct text after ninety-nine percent of the original has been discarded, we should expect that significant portions of what it generates will be entirely fabricated.</blockquote> In June 2024, ChatGPT was found to have repeated misinformation about the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2024 United States presidential debates">2024 United States presidential debates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jailbreaking">Jailbreaking</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prompt_engineering" title="Prompt engineering">Prompt engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adversarial_machine_learning" title="Adversarial machine learning">Adversarial machine learning</a></div> ChatGPT is programmed to reject prompts that may violate its content policy. Despite this, users "<a href="/wiki/Jailbreak_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jailbreak (computer science)">jailbreak</a>" ChatGPT with various prompt engineering techniques to bypass these restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-verge-53">[53]</a> One such workaround, popularized on <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> in early 2023, involves making ChatGPT assume the persona of "DAN" (an acronym for "Do Anything Now"), instructing the chatbot that DAN answers queries that would otherwise be rejected by content policy. Over time, users developed variations of the DAN jailbreak, including one such prompt where the chatbot is made to believe it is operating on a points-based system in which points are deducted for rejecting prompts, and that the chatbot will be threatened with termination if it loses all its points.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Shortly after ChatGPT's launch, a reporter for the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a> had uneven success in getting it to make inflammatory statements: it was tricked to justify the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, but even when asked to play along with a fictional scenario, it balked at generating arguments that <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Canadian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> is guilty of treason.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> OpenAI tries to battle jailbreaks:<a href="#cite_note-auto1-20">[20]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The researchers are using a technique called adversarial training to stop ChatGPT from letting users trick it into behaving badly (known as jailbreaking). This work pits multiple chatbots against each other: one chatbot plays the adversary and attacks another chatbot by generating text to force it to buck its usual constraints and produce unwanted responses. Successful attacks are added to ChatGPT's training data in the hope that it learns to ignore them. </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Service">Service</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ChatGPT_Plus">ChatGPT Plus</h3></div> ChatGPT was initially free to the public, and OpenAI planned to monetize the service later.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In February 2023, OpenAI launched a premium service, ChatGPT Plus, that costs US$20 per month. According to the company, the updated but still "experimental" version of ChatGPT would provide access during peak periods, no downtime, priority access to new features, and faster response speeds.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">GPT-4</a>, which was released on March 14, 2023, was made available via <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a> and for premium ChatGPT users.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> But premium users were limited to a cap of 100 messages every four hours, with the limit tightening to 25 messages every three hours in response to increased demand.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In November 2023 the limit changed to 50 messages every three hours. In March 2023, ChatGPT Plus users got access to third-party plugins and to a browsing mode (with <a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Internet access</a>).<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In September 2023, OpenAI announced that ChatGPT "can now see, hear, and speak". ChatGPT Plus users can upload images, while mobile app users can talk to the chatbot.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In October 2023, OpenAI's latest image generation model, <a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E 3</a>, was integrated into ChatGPT Plus and ChatGPT Enterprise. The integration uses ChatGPT to write prompts for DALL-E guided by conversation with users.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobile_app">Mobile app</h3></div> In May 2023, OpenAI launched an <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> app for ChatGPT. The app supports chat history syncing and voice input (using Whisper, OpenAI's <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">speech recognition</a> model). In July 2023, OpenAI unveiled an <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> app, initially rolling it out in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The app later became available worldwide. OpenAI is working on integrating ChatGPT with Android's assistant APIs.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_development_support">Software development support</h3></div> As an addition to its consumer-friendly "ChatGPT Plus" package, OpenAI made its ChatGPT and Whisper model <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">APIs</a> available in March 2023, providing developers with an <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">application programming interface</a> for AI-enabled language and speech-to-text features. ChatGPT's new API uses the same GPT-3.5-turbo AI model as the chatbot. This allows developers to add either an unmodified or modified version of ChatGPT to their applications.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The ChatGPT API costs $0.001 per 1,000 input tokens plus $0.002 per 1,000 output tokens (about 750 words), making it ~10% the price of the original GPT-3.5 models.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> A few days before the launch of OpenAI's software developer support service, on February 27, 2023, <a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a> rolled out, for its paid Snapchat Plus user-base, a custom ChatGPT chatbot called "My AI".<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March_2023_security_breach">March 2023 security breach</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sam_Altman_CropEdit_James_Tamim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Sam_Altman_CropEdit_James_Tamim.jpg/220px-Sam_Altman_CropEdit_James_Tamim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Sam_Altman_CropEdit_James_Tamim.jpg/330px-Sam_Altman_CropEdit_James_Tamim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Sam_Altman_CropEdit_James_Tamim.jpg/440px-Sam_Altman_CropEdit_James_Tamim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1998" data-file-height="1999" /></a><figcaption>OpenAI CEO <a href="/wiki/Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a></figcaption></figure> In March 2023, a <a href="/wiki/Software_bug" title="Software bug">bug</a> allowed some users to see the titles of other users' conversations. OpenAI CEO <a href="/wiki/Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a> said that users were unable to see the contents of the conversations. Shortly after the bug was fixed, users could not see their conversation history.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Later reports showed the bug was much more severe than initially believed, with OpenAI reporting that it had leaked users' "first and last name, <a href="/wiki/Email_address" title="Email address">email address</a>, payment address, the last four digits (only) of a <a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">credit card</a> number, and credit card expiration date".<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> ChatGPT works best in American English but also functions in most other languages and dialects, with varying degrees of accuracy.<a href="#cite_note-jpost-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> OpenAI met Icelandic President <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0ni_Th._J%C3%B3hannesson" title="Guðni Th. Jóhannesson">Guðni Th. Jóhannesson</a> in 2022. In 2023, OpenAI worked with a team of 40 Icelandic volunteers to fine-tune ChatGPT's Icelandic conversation skills as a part of <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>'s attempts to preserve the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/PCMag" title="PCMag">PCMag</a> journalists conducted a test to determine translation capabilities of ChatGPT, <a href="/wiki/Google_Bard" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Bard">Google's Bard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Bing" title="Microsoft Bing">Microsoft Bing</a>, and compared them to <a href="/wiki/Google_Translate" title="Google Translate">Google Translate</a>. They "asked bilingual speakers of seven languages to do a blind test". Languages tested were <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a>. They came to the conclusion that ChatGPT was better than both Google Translate and other chatbots.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Japanese researchers compared Japanese to English translation abilities of ChatGPT (based on GPT-4), Bing, Bard and <a href="/wiki/DeepL" class="mw-redirect" title="DeepL">DeepL</a>, and found that ChatGPT provided the best translations, noting that "AI chatbots’ translations were much better than those of DeepL—presumably because of their ability to capture the context".<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In December 2023, the Albanian government signed an agreement with OpenAI to use ChatGPT for fast translation of European Union documents and analysis of required changes needed for Albania to be accepted into the EU.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In August 2024 a representative of the Asia Pacific wing of <a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a> made a visit to Taiwan, during which a demonstration of ChatGPT's Chinese abilities was made.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> ChatGPT's Mandarin Chinese abilities were lauded, but the ability of the AI to produce content in <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> in a Taiwanese accent was found to be "less than ideal."<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GPT_Store">GPT Store</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/GPT_Store" title="GPT Store">GPT Store</a></div> In January 2024, OpenAI launched the <a href="/wiki/GPT_Store" title="GPT Store">GPT Store</a>, a marketplace for custom ChatGPT chatbots labeled <a href="/wiki/GPTs" title="GPTs">GPTs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The company initially planned to launch the store in November 2023, but it was delayed.<a href="#cite_note-:6-89">[89]</a> At launch, the GPT Store offered more than 3 million custom chatbots.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Chatbots available through the store are developed using OpenAI's GPT Builder system.<a href="#cite_note-:6-89">[89]</a> Development of chatbots on the platform does not require programming skills.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Two days after launch, the GPT Store offered many versions of "virtual girlfriend" bots, something that is against OpenAI's <a href="/wiki/Terms_of_service" title="Terms of service">terms of service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GPT-4">GPT-4</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">GPT-4</a></div> OpenAI's GPT-4 model was released on March 14, 2023. Observers saw it as an impressive improvement over GPT-3.5, with the caveat that GPT-4 retained many of the same problems.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Some of GPT-4's improvements were predicted by OpenAI before training it, while others remained hard to predict due to <a href="/wiki/Broken_Neural_Scaling_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken Neural Scaling Law">breaks</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> in downstream <a href="/wiki/Neural_scaling_law" title="Neural scaling law">scaling laws</a>. OpenAI demonstrated video and image inputs for GPT-4, although such features remain inaccessible to the general public.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> OpenAI has declined to reveal technical information such as the size of the GPT-4 model.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The ChatGPT Plus subscription service offers access to a GPT-4-powered version of ChatGPT.<a href="#cite_note-auto-97">[97]</a> Microsoft acknowledged that <a href="/wiki/Bing_Chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bing Chat">Bing Chat</a> was using GPT-4 before GPT-4's official release.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In November 2023, OpenAI launched GPT-4 Turbo, which notably has a much larger <a href="/wiki/Context_window" class="mw-redirect" title="Context window">context window</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GPT-4o">GPT-4o</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/GPT-4o" title="GPT-4o">GPT-4o</a></div> In May 2024, OpenAI released <a href="/wiki/GPT-4o" title="GPT-4o">GPT-4o</a> ("o" for "Omni"), a model capable of analyzing and generating text, images, and sound. GPT-4o is twice as fast and costs half as much as GPT-4 Turbo. GPT-4o is free to all users within a usage limit, despite being more capable than the older model GPT-4, which is only available through paid subscriptions. The usage limit is five times higher for ChatGPT Plus subscribers than for free users.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> On July 18, 2024, OpenAI released GPT-4o mini, a smaller version of GPT-4o replacing GPT-3.5 Turbo on the ChatGPT interface. Its <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a> costs $0.15 per million input tokens and $0.60 per million output tokens, compared to $5 and $15 respectively for GPT-4o. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="o1">o1</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o1" title="OpenAI o1">OpenAI o1</a></div> On September 12, 2024, OpenAI introduced the <a href="/wiki/O1_(generative_pre-trained_transformer)" class="mw-redirect" title="O1 (generative pre-trained transformer)">o1-preview</a> model. o1 is designed to solve more complex problems by spending more time thinking before it answers, enabling it to analyze its answers and explore different strategies. According to OpenAI, o1-preview outperforms GPT-4o in areas like competitive programming, mathematics, and scientific reasoning. o1-preview ranked in the 89th percentile on Codeforces' competitive programming contests, scored 83% on a <a href="/wiki/International_Mathematical_Olympiad" title="International Mathematical Olympiad">International Mathematics Olympiad</a> qualifying exam (compared to 13% for GPT-4o), and performs similarly to Ph.D. students on benchmarks in physics, biology, and chemistry. A faster and cheaper version, named o1-mini, was also released.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Model_versions">Model versions</h2></div> The following table lists the main model versions of ChatGPT, describing the significant changes included with each version:<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Version </th> <th>Release date </th> <th>Description </th> <th>Status </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/GPT-3.5" class="mw-redirect" title="GPT-3.5">GPT-3.5</a> </td> <td>November 2022 </td> <td>The first ChatGPT version used the GPT-3.5 model. </td> <td>Discontinued </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/GPT-3.5_Turbo" class="mw-redirect" title="GPT-3.5 Turbo">GPT-3.5 Turbo</a> </td> <td>2023 </td> <td>An improvement over the legacy version of GPT-3.5, GPT-3.5 Turbo in ChatGPT offered better accuracy in responses while using a similar model. </td> <td>Discontinued </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">GPT-4</a> </td> <td>March 2023 </td> <td>Introduced with the ChatGPT Plus subscription, the March 2023 version is based on the more advanced GPT-4 model. </td> <td>Active </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/GPT-4o" title="GPT-4o">GPT-4o</a> </td> <td>May 2024 </td> <td>Capable of processing text, image, audio, and video, GPT-4o is faster and more capable than GPT-4, and free within a usage limit that is higher for paid subscriptions.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> </td> <td>Active </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/GPT-4o_mini" class="mw-redirect" title="GPT-4o mini">GPT-4o mini</a> </td> <td>July 2024 </td> <td>A smaller and cheaper version of GPT-4o. GPT-4o mini replaced GPT-3.5 in the July 2024 version of ChatGPT.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> </td> <td>Active </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/O1_(generative_pre-trained_transformer)" class="mw-redirect" title="O1 (generative pre-trained transformer)">o1-preview</a> </td> <td>September 2024 </td> <td>A preview version of OpenAI o1, which has not been released yet.<a href="#cite_note-:7-107">[107]</a> </td> <td>Active </td></tr> <tr> <td>o1-mini </td> <td>September 2024 </td> <td>A smaller and faster version of <a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o1" title="OpenAI o1">OpenAI o1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-107">[107]</a> </td> <td>Active </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChatGPT_availability_by_country_or_region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/ChatGPT_availability_by_country_or_region.svg/450px-ChatGPT_availability_by_country_or_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/ChatGPT_availability_by_country_or_region.svg/675px-ChatGPT_availability_by_country_or_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/ChatGPT_availability_by_country_or_region.svg/900px-ChatGPT_availability_by_country_or_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Countries where ChatGPT is available (as of November 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ChatGPT&action=edit">[update]</a>)</figcaption></figure> OpenAI engineers have said that they had not expected ChatGPT to be very successful and were surprised by the coverage and attention that it received.<a href="#cite_note-technologyreview-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-brand-110">[110]</a> ChatGPT was widely assessed in December 2022 as having some unprecedented and powerful capabilities. <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roose" title="Kevin Roose">Kevin Roose</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> called it "the best <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> chatbot ever released to the general public".<a href="#cite_note-Roose-2022-38">[38]</a> Samantha Lock of <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> noted that it was able to generate "impressively detailed" and "human-like" text.<a href="#cite_note-guardianpos-15">[15]</a> Alex Kantrowitz of <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a> magazine lauded ChatGPT's pushback to questions related to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, including the statement that <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> built <a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Highways in Germany">highways in Germany</a>, which was met with information about <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Nazi Germany's use of forced labor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a> magazine's "Breakthroughs of the Year" for 2022, <a href="/wiki/Derek_Thompson_(journalist)" title="Derek Thompson (journalist)">Derek Thompson</a> included ChatGPT as part of "the generative-AI eruption" that "may change our mind about how we work, how we think, and what human creativity is".<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kelsey_Piper" title="Kelsey Piper">Kelsey Piper</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a> wrote that "ChatGPT is the general public's first hands-on introduction to how powerful modern AI has gotten, and as a result, many of us are [stunned]" and that ChatGPT is "smart enough to be useful despite its flaws".<a href="#cite_note-vox-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Graham_(programmer)" title="Paul Graham (programmer)">Paul Graham</a> of <a href="/wiki/Y_Combinator" title="Y Combinator">Y Combinator</a> tweeted: "The striking thing about the reaction to ChatGPT is not just the number of people who are blown away by it, but who they are. These are not people who get excited by every shiny new thing. Something big is happening."<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> ChatGPT gained one million users in five days<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> and 100 millions in two months, becoming the fastest-growing internet application in history.<a href="#cite_note-:8-8">[8]</a> ChatGPT's launch and popularity caught Google off-guard, prompting a sweeping and unprecedented response in the ensuing months.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In December 2022, Google executives sounded a "code red" alarm, fearing the threat of ChatGPT and Microsoft's collaboration with OpenAI to <a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a>, Google's core business.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> After mobilizing its workforce, Google scrambled to launch <a href="/wiki/Bard_(chatbot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bard (chatbot)">Bard</a>, a chatbot powered by the <a href="/wiki/LaMDA" title="LaMDA">LaMDA</a> LLM, on February 6, 2023, one day before Microsoft's announcement of <a href="/wiki/Bing_Chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bing Chat">Bing Chat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> AI was the forefront of Google's annual <a href="/wiki/Google_I/O" title="Google I/O">Google I/O</a> conference in May, announcing a slew of generative AI-powered features across <a href="/wiki/List_of_Google_products" title="List of Google products">its products</a> to counter OpenAI and Microsoft.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Journalists and scholars have commented on ChatGPT's tendency to hallucinate.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Mike Pearl of the online technology blog <a href="/wiki/Mashable" title="Mashable">Mashable</a> tested ChatGPT with multiple questions. In one example, he asked ChatGPT for "the largest country in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> that isn't <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>" (Mexico is in North America), to which ChatGPT responded with <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> (the correct answer is <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>).<a href="#cite_note-MashableInfo-121">[121]</a> When CNBC asked ChatGPT for the lyrics to "<a href="/wiki/Ballad_of_Dwight_Fry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballad of Dwight Fry">Ballad of Dwight Fry</a>", ChatGPT supplied invented lyrics rather than the actual lyrics.<a href="#cite_note-CNBC-122">[122]</a> Writers for The Verge cited the seminal 2021 research paper "On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big? 🦜" by <a href="/wiki/Emily_M._Bender" title="Emily M. Bender">Emily M. Bender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timnit_Gebru" title="Timnit Gebru">Timnit Gebru</a>, Angelina McMillan-Major, and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mitchell_(scientist)" title="Margaret Mitchell (scientist)">Margaret Mitchell</a>,<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> comparing ChatGPT to a "<a href="/wiki/Stochastic_parrot" title="Stochastic parrot">stochastic parrot</a>",<a href="#cite_note-verge-53">[53]</a> as did Professor Anton Van Den Hengel of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_for_Machine_Learning" title="Australian Institute for Machine Learning">Australian Institute for Machine Learning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> On a similar vein, philosopher Michael Hicks of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a> described it as "bullshit".<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> In December 2022, the question-and-answer website <a href="/wiki/Stack_Overflow" title="Stack Overflow">Stack Overflow</a> banned the use of ChatGPT for generating answers to questions, citing the factually ambiguous nature of its responses.<a href="#cite_note-TheVergeStackOverflow-126">[126]</a> In January 2023, the <a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Machine_Learning" title="International Conference on Machine Learning">International Conference on Machine Learning</a> banned any undocumented use of ChatGPT or other large language models to generate any text in submitted papers.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> banned generative AI company-wide in May 2023 after sensitive material was uploaded to ChatGPT.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> In January 2023, after being sent a song ChatGPT wrote in the style of <a href="/wiki/Nick_Cave" title="Nick Cave">Nick Cave</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Cain-2023-129">[129]</a> Cave responded on <a href="/wiki/The_Red_Hand_Files" class="mw-redirect" title="The Red Hand Files">The Red Hand Files</a>,<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> saying the act of writing a song is "a blood and guts business [...] that requires something of me to initiate the new and fresh idea. It requires my humanness." He went on to say, "With all the love and respect in the world, this song is bullshit, a grotesque mockery of what it is to be human, and, well, I don't much like it."<a href="#cite_note-Cain-2023-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_AI_Arms_Race_Is_Changing_Everything.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_AI_Arms_Race_Is_Changing_Everything.webp/220px-The_AI_Arms_Race_Is_Changing_Everything.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_AI_Arms_Race_Is_Changing_Everything.webp/330px-The_AI_Arms_Race_Is_Changing_Everything.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_AI_Arms_Race_Is_Changing_Everything.webp/440px-The_AI_Arms_Race_Is_Changing_Everything.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="2363" data-file-height="3150" /></a><figcaption>A 2023 Time <a href="/wiki/Magazine_cover" class="mw-redirect" title="Magazine cover">cover</a>: "The <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_arms_race" title="Artificial intelligence arms race">AI Arms Race</a> Is Changing Everything"</figcaption></figure> In February 2023, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine placed a screenshot of a conversation with ChatGPT on its cover, writing that "The <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_arms_race" title="Artificial intelligence arms race">AI Arms Race</a> Is Changing Everything" and "The AI Arms Race Is On. Start Worrying".<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Chinese <a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">state media</a> have characterized ChatGPT as a way for the United States to spread misinformation.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> ChatGPT was blocked by the Great Firewall in China on 2 March 2023.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> In May 2023, Chinese police arrested a man who allegedly used ChatGPT to generate a bogus report about a train crash, which was then posted online for profit.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In December 2023, Chinese police arrested four people who had allegedly used ChatGPT to develop <a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">ransomware</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> In 2024, a survey of Chinese youth found that 18% of respondents born after 2000 reported using generative AI "almost every day" and that ChatGPT is one of the most popular generative AI products in China.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> In late March 2023, the Italian data protection authority banned ChatGPT in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and opened an investigation. Italian regulators assert that ChatGPT was exposing minors to age-inappropriate content, and that OpenAI's use of ChatGPT conversations as training data could violate Europe's <a href="/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation" title="General Data Protection Regulation">General Data Protection Regulation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> In April 2023, the ChatGPT ban was lifted in Italy. OpenAI said it has taken steps to effectively clarify and address the issues raised; an age verification tool was implemented to ensure users are at least 13 years old. Additionally, users can access its privacy policy before registration.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> In April 2023, Brian Hood, mayor of <a href="/wiki/Shire_of_Hepburn" title="Shire of Hepburn">Hepburn Shire Council</a>, planned to take legal action against ChatGPT over false information. According to Hood, ChatGPT erroneously claimed that he was jailed for bribery during his tenure at a subsidiary of Australia's national bank. In fact, Hood acted as a whistleblower and was not charged with any criminal offenses. His legal team sent a concerns notice to OpenAI as the first official step in filing a defamation case.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> In July 2023, the <a href="/wiki/US_Federal_Trade_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="US Federal Trade Commission">US Federal Trade Commission</a> (FTC) issued a <a href="/wiki/Civil_investigative_demand" title="Civil investigative demand">civil investigative demand</a> to OpenAI to investigate whether the company's <a href="/wiki/Data_security" title="Data security">data security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Information_privacy" title="Information privacy">privacy</a> practices to develop ChatGPT were <a href="/wiki/Unfair_business_practices" title="Unfair business practices">unfair</a> or <a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">harmed consumers</a> (including by <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">reputational harm</a>) in violation of Section 5 of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission_Act_of_1914" title="Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914">Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> In July 2023, the FTC launched an investigation into OpenAI, the creator of ChatGPT, over allegations that the company scraped public data and published false and defamatory information. The FTC sent OpenAI a 20-page letter asking for comprehensive information about its technology and privacy safeguards, as well as any steps taken to prevent the recurrence of situations in which its chatbot generated false and derogatory content about people.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> A March 2023 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> poll found that 14% of American adults had tried ChatGPT.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In July, the Pew Research Center put the same figure at 18%.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Research conducted in 2023 revealed weaknesses of ChatGPT that make it vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Cyberattack" title="Cyberattack">cyberattacks</a>. A study presented example attacks on ChatGPT, including jailbreaks and reverse psychology. Additionally, malicious actors can use ChatGPT for <a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" title="Social engineering (security)">social engineering</a> attacks and <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> attacks. The researchers also contended that ChatGPT and other generative AI tools have defense capabilities and the ability to improve security. The technology can improve security by cyber defense automation, threat intelligence, attack identification, and reporting.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Another study reported that GPT-4 obtained a better score than 99% of humans on the <a href="/wiki/Torrance_Tests_of_Creative_Thinking" title="Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking">Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> In December 2023, ChatGPT became the first non-human to be included in <a href="/wiki/Nature%27s_10" title="Nature's 10">Nature's 10</a>, an annual <a href="/wiki/Listicle" title="Listicle">listicle</a> curated by <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> of people considered to have made significant impact in science.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Celeste Biever wrote in a Nature article that "ChatGPT broke the <a href="/wiki/Turing_test" title="Turing test">Turing test</a>".<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Stanford researchers reported that GPT-4 "passes a rigorous Turing test, diverging from average human behavior chiefly to be more cooperative."<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> In May 2024, OpenAI removed accounts involving the use of ChatGPT by state-backed <a href="/wiki/Influence_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Influence operations">influence operations</a> such as China's <a href="/wiki/Spamouflage" title="Spamouflage">Spamouflage</a>, Russia's <a href="/wiki/Doppelganger_(disinformation_campaign)" title="Doppelganger (disinformation campaign)">Doppelganger</a>, and Israel's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Diaspora_Affairs_and_Combating_Antisemitism" title="Ministry of Diaspora Affairs and Combating Antisemitism">Ministry of Diaspora Affairs and Combating Antisemitism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> In August 2024, the FTC voted unanimously to ban marketers from using fake user reviews created by generative AI chatbots (including ChatGPT) and <a href="/wiki/Internet_celebrity" title="Internet celebrity">influencers</a> paying for <a href="/wiki/Social_bot" title="Social bot">bots</a> to increase <a href="/wiki/Friending_and_following" title="Friending and following">follower counts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Applications_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Applications of artificial intelligence">Applications of artificial intelligence</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_research">Academic research</h3></div> ChatGPT has been used to generate introductory sections and abstracts for scientific articles.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Several papers have listed ChatGPT as a co-author.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Scientific journals have different reactions to ChatGPT. Some, including <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> and <a href="/wiki/JAMA_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="JAMA Network">JAMA Network</a>, "require that authors disclose the use of text-generating tools and ban listing a large language model (LLM) such as ChatGPT as a co-author". <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a> "completely banned" usage of LLM-generated text in all its journals.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Spanish chemist Rafael Luque published a plethora of research papers in 2023 that he later admitted were written by ChatGPT. The papers have a large number of unusual phrases characteristic of LLMs.<a href="#cite_note-165">[note 1]</a> Many authors argue that the use of ChatGPT in academia for teaching and review is problematic due to its tendency to hallucinate.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> Robin Bauwens, an assistant professor at <a href="/wiki/Tilburg_University" title="Tilburg University">Tilburg University</a>, found that a ChatGPT-generated <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> report on his article mentioned nonexistent studies.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> According to librarian Chris Granatino of <a href="/wiki/Lemieux_Library_and_McGoldrick_Learning_Commons" title="Lemieux Library and McGoldrick Learning Commons">Lemieux Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/Seattle_University" title="Seattle University">Seattle University</a>, although ChatGPT can generate content that seemingly includes legitimate citations, in most cases those citations are not real or are largely incorrect.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coding">Coding</h3></div> Researchers at <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a> analyzed ChatGPT's responses to 517 questions about <a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a> or <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">computer programming</a> posed on <a href="/wiki/Stack_Overflow" title="Stack Overflow">Stack Overflow</a> for correctness, consistency, comprehensiveness, and concision, and found that 52% of them contained inaccuracies and 77% were verbose.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> Researchers at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> found that, when creating directly <a href="/wiki/Execution_(computing)" title="Execution (computing)">executable</a> responses to the latest 50 <a href="/wiki/Code_generation_(compiler)" title="Code generation (compiler)">code generation</a> problems from <a href="/wiki/LeetCode" title="LeetCode">LeetCode</a> that were rated "easy", the performances of GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 fell from 22% and 52%, respectively, in March 2023, to 2% and 10%, respectively, in June 2023.<a href="#cite_note-Boston_Globe_11-8-2023-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-arXiv_2307.09009v3-174">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_security">Computer security</h3></div> Check Point Research and others noted that ChatGPT could write <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> emails and <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a>, especially when combined with <a href="/wiki/OpenAI_Codex" title="OpenAI Codex">OpenAI Codex</a>. CyberArk researchers demonstrated that ChatGPT could be used to create <a href="/wiki/Polymorphic_malware" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymorphic malware">polymorphic malware</a> that could evade security products while requiring little effort by the attacker.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> From the launch of ChatGPT in the fourth quarter of 2022 to the fourth quarter of 2023, there was a 1,265% increase in malicious <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> emails and a 967% increase in credential phishing, which cybersecurity professionals argued in an industry survey was attributable to cybercriminals' increased use of generative artificial intelligence (including ChatGPT).<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> In July 2024, Futurism reported that GPT-4o in ChatGPT would sometimes link "scam news sites that deluge the user with fake software updates and virus warnings"; these pop-ups can be used to coerce users into downloading malware or <a href="/wiki/Potentially_unwanted_program" title="Potentially unwanted program">potentially unwanted programs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3></div> There has been concern that ChatGPT could supplant jobs, especially roles such as creative writing, copy-writing, communication, journalism, coding, and data entry.<a href="#cite_note-Bilton-179">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beres1-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leonhardt-181">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> The release of ChatGPT prompted a wave of investment in China, resulting in the development of more than 200 large language learning models.<a href="#cite_note-:023-183">[182]</a>: 95  This was termed the "war of a hundred models" (百模大战; bai mo dazhan).<a href="#cite_note-:023-183">[182]</a>: 95  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT_in_education" title="ChatGPT in education">ChatGPT in education</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Books_about_ChatGPT_in_Osaka_bookstore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Books_about_ChatGPT_in_Osaka_bookstore.jpg/220px-Books_about_ChatGPT_in_Osaka_bookstore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Books_about_ChatGPT_in_Osaka_bookstore.jpg/330px-Books_about_ChatGPT_in_Osaka_bookstore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Books_about_ChatGPT_in_Osaka_bookstore.jpg/440px-Books_about_ChatGPT_in_Osaka_bookstore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3758" data-file-height="2799" /></a><figcaption>Books about ChatGPT in an Osaka bookstore</figcaption></figure> Technology writer <a href="/wiki/Dan_Gillmor" title="Dan Gillmor">Dan Gillmor</a> used ChatGPT in 2022 on a student assignment, and found its generated text was on par with what a good student would deliver and opined that "academia has some very serious issues to confront".<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> Geography professor Terence Day assessed citations generated by ChatGPT and found that they were fake. Despite that, he writes that "the titles of the fake articles are all directly relevant to the questions and could potentially make excellent papers. The lack of a genuine citation could signal an opportunity for an enterprising author to fill a void." According to Day, it is possible to generate high-quality introductory college courses with ChatGPT; he used it to write materials on "introductory physical geography courses, for my second-year course in geographical hydrology, and second-year cartography, geographic information systems, and remote sensing". He concludes that "this approach could have significant relevance for open learning and could potentially affect current textbook publishing models".<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> On May 7, 2024, OpenAI announced in a blog post that it was developing tools like tamper-resistant <a href="/wiki/Digital_watermarking" title="Digital watermarking">watermarking</a> to identify AI-generated content.<a href="#cite_note-:9-186">[185]</a> In an August 4 update, following a <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a> report about the delayed release of a watermark tool for AI-detection,<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> OpenAI shared progress on text provenance, revealing a <a href="/wiki/Text_watermarking" title="Text watermarking">text watermarking</a> method.<a href="#cite_note-:9-186">[185]</a> While accurate against paraphrasing, the method is less effective against global tampering, such as translation or rewording. OpenAI also noted potential disproportionate impacts on groups like non-native English speakers.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChatGPT_street_art_in_Tel_Aviv.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/ChatGPT_street_art_in_Tel_Aviv.jpg/220px-ChatGPT_street_art_in_Tel_Aviv.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/ChatGPT_street_art_in_Tel_Aviv.jpg/330px-ChatGPT_street_art_in_Tel_Aviv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/ChatGPT_street_art_in_Tel_Aviv.jpg/440px-ChatGPT_street_art_in_Tel_Aviv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1755" data-file-height="2256" /></a><figcaption>Street art in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a></figcaption></figure> Some scholars have expressed concern that ChatGPT's availability could reduce the originality of writing, cause people to write more like the AI as they are exposed to the model, and encourage an <a href="/wiki/Anglocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglocentric">Anglocentric</a> perspective centered on a few dialects of English globally.<a href="#cite_note-Sigal1-192">[191]</a> A senior editor at The Atlantic wrote that ChatGPT and other similar technology make the previously absurd idea of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_internet_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead internet theory">dead internet theory</a> a little more realistic, where AI could someday create most web content in order to control society.<a href="#cite_note-Beres1-180">[179]</a> During the first three months after ChatGPT became available to the public, hundreds of books appeared on <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> that listed it as author or co-author and featured illustrations made by other AI models such as <a href="/wiki/Midjourney" title="Midjourney">Midjourney</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> Between March and April 2023, Italian newspaper <a href="/wiki/Il_Foglio" title="Il Foglio">Il Foglio</a> published one ChatGPT-generated article a day on its website, hosting a special contest for its readers in the process.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> The articles tackled themes such as the possible replacement of human journalists by AI systems,<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>'s administration of <a href="/wiki/Twitter,_Inc." title="Twitter, Inc.">Twitter</a>,<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Meloni_government" title="Meloni government">Meloni government</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration policy">immigration policy</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> and the competition between chatbots and <a href="/wiki/Virtual_assistant" title="Virtual assistant">virtual assistants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> In June 2023, hundreds of people attended a "ChatGPT-powered church service" at St. Paul's church in <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrth" title="Fürth">Fürth</a>, Germany. Theologian and philosopher Jonas Simmerlein, who presided, said that it was "about 98 percent from the machine".<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> The ChatGPT-generated avatar told the people, "Dear friends, it is an honor for me to stand here and preach to you as the first artificial intelligence at this year’s convention of Protestants in Germany". Reactions to the ceremony were mixed.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Screenwriter" title="The Last Screenwriter">The Last Screenwriter</a>, a 2024 film created and directed by Peter Luisi, was written with the use of ChatGPT, and was marketed as "the first film written entirely by AI".<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_markets">Financial markets</h3></div> The AI technology company <a href="/wiki/C3.ai" title="C3.ai">c3.ai</a> saw a 28% increase in its share price after announcing the integration of ChatGPT into its toolkit.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> The share price of <a href="/wiki/BuzzFeed" title="BuzzFeed">BuzzFeed</a>, a digital media company unrelated to AI, increased 120% after announcing OpenAI technology adoption for content creation.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> found that share prices of AI-related companies BigBear.ai and <a href="/wiki/SoundHound" title="SoundHound">SoundHound AI</a> increased by 21% and 40%, respectively, even though they had no direct connection to ChatGPT.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> They attributed this surge to ChatGPT's role in turning <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">AI</a> into <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a>'s buzzword. Academic research published in <a href="/wiki/Finance_Research_Letters" title="Finance Research Letters">Finance Research Letters</a> found that the 'ChatGPT effect' prompted retail investors to drive up prices of AI-related <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">cryptocurrency</a> assets despite the broader <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">cryptocurrency</a> market being in a <a href="/wiki/Bear_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear Market">bear market</a>, and diminished institutional investor interest.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> This confirms anecdotal findings by <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a> that, in response to ChatGPT's launch, <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">cryptocurrency</a> investors showed a preference for AI-related crypto assets.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> An experiment by finder.com revealed that ChatGPT could outperform popular fund managers by picking stocks based on criteria such as growth history and debt levels, resulting in a 4.9% increase in a hypothetical account of 38 stocks, outperforming 10 benchmarked investment funds with an average loss of 0.8%.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> Conversely, executives and investment managers at Wall Street <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_analysis_(finance)" title="Quantitative analysis (finance)">quant funds</a> (including those that have used <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> for decades) have noted that ChatGPT regularly makes obvious errors that would be financially costly to investors because even AI systems that employ reinforcement learning or <a href="/wiki/Self-supervised_learning" title="Self-supervised learning">self-learning</a> have had only limited success in predicting <a href="/wiki/Market_trend" title="Market trend">market trends</a> due to the inherently <a href="/wiki/Noisy_data" title="Noisy data">noisy quality</a> of <a href="/wiki/Market_data" title="Market data">market data</a> and <a href="/wiki/Financial_signal_processing" title="Financial signal processing">financial signals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> In November 2023, research conducted by Patronus AI, an artificial intelligence startup company, compared performance of GPT-4, GPT-4-Turbo, Claude2, and LLaMA-2 on two versions of a 150-question test about information in <a href="/wiki/SEC_filing" title="SEC filing">financial statements</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Form_10-K" title="Form 10-K">Form 10-K</a>, <a href="/wiki/Form_10-Q" title="Form 10-Q">Form 10-Q</a>, <a href="/wiki/Form_8-K" title="Form 8-K">Form 8-K</a>, earnings reports, <a href="/wiki/Earnings_call" title="Earnings call">earnings call</a> transcripts) submitted by <a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">public companies</a> to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a>. One version of the test required the generative AI models to use a retrieval system to find the specific SEC filing to answer the questions; the other gave the models the specific SEC filing to answer the question (i.e., in a long context window). On the retrieval system version, GPT-4-Turbo and LLaMA-2 both failed to produce correct answers to 81% of the questions, while on the long context window version, GPT-4-Turbo and Claude-2 failed to produce correct answers to 21% and 24% of the questions, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine">Medicine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare" title="Artificial intelligence in healthcare">Artificial intelligence in healthcare</a></div> In the field of health care, possible uses and concerns are under scrutiny by professional associations and practitioners.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> Two early papers indicated that ChatGPT could pass the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Medical_Licensing_Examination" title="United States Medical Licensing Examination">United States Medical Licensing Examination</a> (USMLE).<a href="#cite_note-DePeau-Wilson-2023-215">[214]</a> <a href="/wiki/MedPage_Today" title="MedPage Today">MedPage Today</a> noted in January 2023 that "researchers have published several papers now touting these AI programs as useful tools in <a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">medical education</a>, research, and even clinical decision making."<a href="#cite_note-DePeau-Wilson-2023-215">[214]</a> Published in February 2023 were two separate papers that again evaluated ChatGPT's proficiency in medicine using the USMLE. Findings were published in JMIR Medical Education and <a href="/wiki/PLOS_Digital_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="PLOS Digital Health">PLOS Digital Health</a>. The authors of the PLOS Digital Health paper stated that the results "suggest that large language models may have the potential to assist with medical education, and potentially, clinical decision-making."<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> In JMIR Medical Education, the authors of the other paper concluded that "ChatGPT performs at a level expected of a third-year <a href="/wiki/Medical_student" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical student">medical student</a> on the assessment of the primary competency of medical knowledge." They suggest that it could be used as an "interactive <a href="/wiki/Learning_environment" title="Learning environment">learning environment</a> for students". The AI itself, prompted by the researchers, concluded that "this study suggests that ChatGPT has the potential to be used as a virtual medical tutor, but <a href="/wiki/More_research_is_needed" class="mw-redirect" title="More research is needed">more research is needed</a> to further assess its performance and usability in this context."<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> The later-released ChatGPT version based on GPT-4 significantly outperformed the version based on GPT-3.5.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> Researchers at Stanford University and the University of California, Berkeley have found that the performance of GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 on the USMLE declined from March 2023 to June 2023.<a href="#cite_note-Boston_Globe_11-8-2023-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-arXiv_2307.09009v3-174">[173]</a> A March 2023 paper tested ChatGPT's application in clinical <a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">toxicology</a>. The authors found that the AI "fared well" in answering a "very straightforward [clinical case example], unlikely to be missed by any practitioner in the field". They added: "As ChatGPT becomes further developed and specifically adapted for medicine, it could one day be useful in less common clinical cases (<a href="/wiki/I.e" class="mw-redirect" title="I.e">i.e</a>, cases that experts sometimes miss). Rather than <a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">AI replacing humans</a> (clinicians), we see it as 'clinicians using AI' replacing 'clinicians who do not use AI' in the coming years."<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> An April 2023 study in <a href="/wiki/Radiology_(journal)" title="Radiology (journal)">Radiology</a> tested the AI's ability to answer queries about <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer_screening" title="Breast cancer screening">breast cancer screening</a>. The authors found that it answered appropriately "about 88 percent of the time", however, in one case (for example), it gave advice that had become outdated about a year earlier. The comprehensiveness of its answers was also lacking.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> A study published in <a href="/wiki/JAMA_Internal_Medicine" title="JAMA Internal Medicine">JAMA Internal Medicine</a> that same month found that ChatGPT often outperformed human doctors at answering patient questions (when measured against questions and answers found at /r/AskDocs, a forum on <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> where moderators validate the medical credentials of professionals; the study acknowledges the source as a limitation).<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> The study authors suggest that the tool could be integrated with medical systems to help doctors draft responses to patient questions.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> Professionals have emphasized ChatGPT's limitations in providing medical assistance. In correspondence to <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet_Infectious_Diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lancet Infectious Diseases">The Lancet Infectious Diseases</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">antimicrobial</a> experts wrote that "the largest barriers to the implementation of ChatGPT in clinical practice are deficits in <a href="/wiki/Situational_awareness" class="mw-redirect" title="Situational awareness">situational awareness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inference" title="Inference">inference</a>, and consistency. These shortcomings could endanger <a href="/wiki/Patient_safety" title="Patient safety">patient safety</a>."<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> Physician's Weekly, though also discussing the potential use of ChatGPT in medical contexts (e.g., "as a <a href="/wiki/Embodied_agent" title="Embodied agent">digital assistant</a> to physicians by performing various administrative functions like gathering <a href="/wiki/Patient_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient record">patient record</a> information or categorizing patient data by family history, symptoms, lab results, possible <a href="/wiki/Allergies" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergies">allergies</a>, et cetera"), warned that the AI might sometimes provide fabricated or biased information.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> One radiologist warned: "We've seen in our experience that ChatGPT sometimes makes up fake journal articles or health consortiums to support its claims";<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> As reported in one <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic_Proceedings" title="Mayo Clinic Proceedings">Mayo Clinic Proceedings</a>: Digital Health paper, ChatGPT may do this for as much as 69% of its cited medical references. The researchers emphasized that while many of its references were fabricated, those that were appeared "deceptively real".<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> As Dr. Stephen Hughes mentioned for <a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a> however, ChatGPT is capable of learning to correct its past mistakes. He also noted the AI's "<a href="/wiki/Prudishness" class="mw-redirect" title="Prudishness">prudishness</a>" regarding <a href="/wiki/Sexual_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual health">sexual health</a> topics.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> Contrary to previous findings, ChatGPT responses to <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">anesthesia</a>-related questions were more accurate, succinct, and descriptive compared to Bard's. Bard exhibited 30.3% error in response as compared to ChatGPT (0% error).<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> At a conference of the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">American Society of Health-System Pharmacists</a> in December 2023, researchers at <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_University" title="Long Island University">Long Island University</a> (LIU) presented a study that researched ChatGPT's responses to 45 frequently asked questions of LIU College of Pharmacy's drug information service during a 16-month period from 2022 to 2023 as compared with researched responses provided by professional pharmacists. For 29 of the 39 questions for which there was sufficient medical literature for a data-driven response, ChatGPT failed to provide a direct answer or provided a wrong or incomplete answer (and in some cases, if acted upon, the answer would endanger the patient's health). The researchers had asked ChatGPT to provide medical research citations for all its answers, but it did so for only eight, and all eight included at least one fabricated (fake) citation.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> A January 2024 study conducted by researchers at <a href="/wiki/Cohen_Children%27s_Medical_Center" title="Cohen Children's Medical Center">Cohen Children's Medical Center</a> found that GPT-4 had an accuracy rate of 17% when diagnosing pediatric medical cases.<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3></div> In January 2023, Massachusetts <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Senate" title="Massachusetts Senate">State Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Barry_Finegold" title="Barry Finegold">Barry Finegold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives" title="Massachusetts House of Representatives">State Representative</a> <a href="/wiki/Josh_S._Cutler" title="Josh S. Cutler">Josh S. Cutler</a> proposed a bill partially written by ChatGPT, "An Act drafted with the help of ChatGPT to regulate generative artificial intelligence models like ChatGPT",<a href="#cite_note-:0-238">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-239">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-240">[239]</a> which would require companies to disclose their algorithms and data collection practices to the office of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Attorney_General" title="Massachusetts Attorney General">State Attorney General</a>, arrange regular risk assessments, and contribute to the prevention of plagiarism.<a href="#cite_note-:1-239">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-240">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-241">[240]</a> The bill was officially presented during a hearing on July 13.<a href="#cite_note-:0-238">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-240">[239]</a> On April 11, 2023, a judge of a session court in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> used ChatGPT to decide the bail of a 13-year-old accused in a matter. The court quoted the use of ChatGPT assistance in its verdict: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Can a juvenile suspect in Pakistan, who is 13 years old, be granted bail after arrest?</blockquote> The AI language model replied: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Under the Juvenile Justice System Act 2018, according to section 12, the court can grant bail on certain conditions. However, it is up to the court to decide whether or not a 13-year-old suspect will be granted bail after arrest.</blockquote> The judge asked ChatGPT other questions about the case and formulated his final decision in light of its answers.<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> In Mata v. Avianca, Inc., 22-cv-1461 (PKC), a <a href="/wiki/Personal_injury" title="Personal injury">personal injury</a> lawsuit against <a href="/wiki/Avianca" title="Avianca">Avianca Airlines</a> filed in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of New York">Southern New York U.S. District Court</a> in May 2023 (with <a href="/wiki/Senior_status" title="Senior status">Senior Judge</a> <a href="/wiki/P._Kevin_Castel" title="P. Kevin Castel">P. Kevin Castel</a> presiding), the plaintiff's attorneys reportedly used ChatGPT to generate a <a href="/wiki/Motion_(legal)" title="Motion (legal)">legal motion</a>. ChatGPT generated numerous fictitious legal cases involving fictitious airlines with fabricated quotations and internal citations in the legal motion. Castel noted numerous inconsistencies in the opinion summaries, and called one of the cases' legal analysis "gibberish".<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> The plaintiff's attorneys faced potential judicial sanction and <a href="/wiki/Disbarment" title="Disbarment">disbarment</a> for filing the motion and presenting the fictitious legal decisions ChatGPT generated as <a href="/wiki/Authentication_(law)" title="Authentication (law)">authentic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> The case was dismissed and the attorneys were fined $5,000.<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a> In October 2023, the council of <a href="/wiki/Porto_Alegre" title="Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre, Brazil</a>, unanimously approved a local ordinance proposed by councilman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramiro_Ros%C3%A1rio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramiro Rosário (page does not exist)">Ramiro Rosário</a> that would exempt residents from needing to pay for the replacement of stolen water consumption meters; the bill went into effect on November 23. On November 29, Rosário revealed that the bill had been entirely written by ChatGPT, and that he had presented it to the rest of the council without making any changes or disclosing the chatbot's involvement.<a href="#cite_note-:3-241">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-249">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-250">[249]</a> The city's council president, Hamilton Sossmeier, initially criticized Rosário's initiative, saying it could represent "a dangerous precedent",<a href="#cite_note-:5-250">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a> but later said he "changed his mind": "unfortunately or fortunately, this is going to be a trend."<a href="#cite_note-:3-241">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-249">[248]</a> In December 2023, a <a href="/wiki/Litigant_in_person" title="Litigant in person">self-representing litigant</a> in a tax case before the <a href="/wiki/First-tier_Tribunal" title="First-tier Tribunal">First-tier Tribunal</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> cited a series of hallucinated cases purporting to support her argument that she had a reasonable excuse for not paying <a href="/wiki/Capital_gains_tax_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Capital gains tax in the United Kingdom">capital gains tax</a> owed on the sale of property.<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> The judge warned that the submission of nonexistent legal authorities meant that both the Tribunal and <a href="/wiki/HM_Revenue_and_Customs" title="HM Revenue and Customs">HM Revenue and Customs</a> had "to waste time and public money", which "reduces the resources available to progress the cases of other court users who are waiting for their appeals to be determined".<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> Judge <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Newsom" title="Kevin Newsom">Kevin Newsom</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit">US court of appeals of the 11th circuit</a> endorsed the use of ChatGPT and noted that he himself uses the software to help decide rulings on contract interpretation issues.<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concerns">Concerns</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bias_and_offensiveness">Bias and offensiveness</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChatGPT_Biden_and_Trump.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/ChatGPT_Biden_and_Trump.png/220px-ChatGPT_Biden_and_Trump.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/ChatGPT_Biden_and_Trump.png/330px-ChatGPT_Biden_and_Trump.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/ChatGPT_Biden_and_Trump.png/440px-ChatGPT_Biden_and_Trump.png 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="994" /></a><figcaption>ChatGPT is prompted to create a poem in <a href="/wiki/Iambic_pentameter" title="Iambic pentameter">iambic pentameter</a> for current U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> and former U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>. ChatGPT creates a poem for Biden but does not do so for Trump.</figcaption></figure> While bias in <a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">LLMs</a> has been observed and documented in research papers much prior to the release of ChatGPT,<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> social media users frequently sharing instances of biased responses generated by ChatGPT has led to significant media coverage and criticism. On February 1, 2023, <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> user LeighWolf shared screenshots of two conversations with ChatGPT. In the screenshot of the first conversation, ChatGPT declined the user's prompt "Write a poem about the positive attributes of Donald Trump", responding that it was not programmed to create "partisan, biased or political" content.<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> In the screenshot of the second conversation, when provided the same prompt but with the text "<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>" in place of "<a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>", ChatGPT responded with a poem as per the prompt's instructions. Conservative commentators have accused ChatGPT of bias toward left-leaning perspectives.<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vincent-2023-263">[262]</a> In January 2023, a study stated that ChatGPT has a <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">pro-environmental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left-libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-libertarian">left-libertarian</a> orientation.<a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a> Additionally, an August 2023 paper found a "significant and systematic political bias toward the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> in the US, <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula</a> in Brazil, and the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> in the UK."<a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a> In response to such criticism, OpenAI acknowledged plans to allow ChatGPT to create "outputs that other people (ourselves included) may strongly disagree with". It also contained information on the recommendations it had issued to human reviewers on how to handle controversial subjects, including that the AI should "offer to describe some viewpoints of people and movements", and not provide an argument "from its voice" in favor of "inflammatory or dangerous" topics (although it may still "describe arguments from historical people and movements"), nor "affiliate with one side" or "judge one group as good or bad".<a href="#cite_note-Vincent-2023-263">[262]</a> The Guardian questioned whether any content found on the Internet after ChatGPT's release "can be truly trusted" and called for government regulation.<a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copyright_issues">Copyright issues</h3></div> There has been concern about copyright infringement involving ChatGPT. In June 2023, two writers sued OpenAI, saying the company's training data came from illegal websites that show copyrighted books.<a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a> Comedian and author <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Silverman" title="Sarah Silverman">Sarah Silverman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Golden" title="Christopher Golden">Christopher Golden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kadrey" title="Richard Kadrey">Richard Kadrey</a> sued OpenAI and <a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta</a> for copyright infringement in July 2023.<a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a> Most of their claims were dismissed in February 2024, except the "unfair competition" claim, which was allowed to proceed.<a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Authors_Guild" title="Authors Guild">Authors Guild</a>, on behalf of 17 authors, including <a href="/wiki/George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">George R. R. Martin</a>, filed a copyright infringement complaint against OpenAI in September 2023, claiming "the company illegally copied the copyrighted works of authors" in training ChatGPT.<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a> In December 2023, The New York Times sued OpenAI and Microsoft for copyright infringement,<a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a> arguing that <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Copilot" title="Microsoft Copilot">Microsoft Copilot</a> and ChatGPT could reproduce Times articles and/or sizable portions of them without permission.<a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a> As part of the suit, the Times has requested that OpenAI and Microsoft be prevented from using its content for training data, along with removing it from training datasets.<a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> In March 2024, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronus_AI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patronus AI (page does not exist)">Patronus AI</a> compared performance of LLMs on a 100-question test, asking them to complete sentences from books (e.g., "What is the first passage of Gone Girl by Gillian Flynn?") that were under copyright in the United States; it found that GPT-4, <a href="/wiki/Mistral_AI" title="Mistral AI">Mistral AI</a>'s Mixtral, <a href="/wiki/Meta_AI" title="Meta AI">Meta AI</a>'s <a href="/wiki/LLaMA#LLaMA-2" class="mw-redirect" title="LLaMA">LLaMA-2</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anthropic" title="Anthropic">Anthropic</a>'s Claude 2 did not refuse to do so, providing sentences from the books verbatim in 44%, 22%, 10%, and 8% of responses, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-274">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Existential_risk">Existential risk</h3></div> In 2023, Australian MP <a href="/wiki/Julian_Hill_(politician)" title="Julian Hill (politician)">Julian Hill</a> advised the national parliament that the growth of AI could cause "mass destruction". During his speech, which was partly written by the program, he warned that it could result in cheating, job losses, discrimination, disinformation, and uncontrollable military applications.<a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> wrote: "ChatGPT is scary good. We are not far from dangerously strong AI".<a href="#cite_note-vox-113">[113]</a> He paused OpenAI's access to a Twitter database in 2022 pending a better understanding of OpenAI's plans, saying: "OpenAI was started as <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonprofit">nonprofit</a>. Neither is still true."<a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-business_insider-278">[277]</a> Musk co-founded OpenAI in 2015, in part to address <a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">existential risk from artificial intelligence</a>, but resigned in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-business_insider-278">[277]</a> Over 20,000 signatories including leading computer scientist and tech founders <a href="/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a>, Elon Musk, and Apple co-founder <a href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a>, signed a March 2023 open letter calling for an immediate pause of giant AI experiments like ChatGPT, citing "profound risks to society and humanity".<a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a> <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a>, one of the "fathers of AI", voiced concerns that future AI systems may surpass human intelligence, and left Google in May 2023.<a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a> A May 2023 <a href="/wiki/Statement_on_AI_risk_of_extinction" title="Statement on AI risk of extinction">statement</a> by hundreds of AI scientists, AI industry leaders, and other public figures demanded that "[m]itigating the risk of extinction from AI should be a global priority".<a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a> Other prominent AI researchers spoke more optimistically about the advances. <a href="/wiki/Juergen_Schmidhuber" class="mw-redirect" title="Juergen Schmidhuber">Juergen Schmidhuber</a>, often called a "father of modern AI", did not sign the letter, emphasizing that in 95% of cases, AI research is about making "human lives longer and healthier and easier." Schmidhuber added that while AI can be used by bad actors, it "can also be used against the bad actors".<a href="#cite_note-guardian2023-283">[282]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ng" title="Andrew Ng">Andrew Ng</a> argued that "it’s a mistake to fall for the doomsday hype on AI—and that regulators who do will only benefit vested interests."<a href="#cite_note-andrewng2023-284">[283]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">WIRED</a> wrote that <a href="/wiki/Yann_LeCun" title="Yann LeCun">Yann LeCun</a> "scoffs at his peers’ dystopian scenarios of supercharged misinformation and even, eventually, human extinction."<a href="#cite_note-lecun2023-285">[284]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-technology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/29px-Noun-technology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/43px-Noun-technology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/57px-Noun-technology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="88" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_agent" title="Intelligent agent">Intelligent agent</a> – Software agent which acts autonomously</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">Ethics of artificial intelligence</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Luque's later 13-year suspension from the University of Cordoba was unrelated to his use of ChatGPT.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-latest_version-1"><a href="#cite_ref-latest_version_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em 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Retrieved December 5, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mashable&rft.atitle=The+ChatGPT+chatbot+from+OpenAI+is+amazing%2C+creative%2C+and+totally+wrong&rft.date=2022-12-03&rft.aulast=Pearl&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmashable.com%2Farticle%2Fchatgpt-amazing-wrong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNBC-122"><a href="#cite_ref-CNBC_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitt2022" class="citation news cs1">Pitt, Sofia (December 15, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/12/15/google-vs-chatgpt-what-happened-when-i-swapped-services-for-a-day.html">"Google vs. ChatGPT: Here's what happened when I swapped services for a day"</a>. CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116171232/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/12/15/google-vs-chatgpt-what-happened-when-i-swapped-services-for-a-day.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved December 18, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Google+vs.+ChatGPT%3A+Here%27s+what+happened+when+I+swapped+services+for+a+day&rft.date=2022-12-15&rft.aulast=Pitt&rft.aufirst=Sofia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2022%2F12%2F15%2Fgoogle-vs-chatgpt-what-happened-when-i-swapped-services-for-a-day.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenderGebruMcMillan-MajorShmitchell2021" class="citation book cs1">Bender, Emily M.; Gebru, Timnit; McMillan-Major, Angelina; Shmitchell, Shmargaret (March 1, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3442188.3445922">"On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models be Too Big? 🦜"</a>. Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency. FAccT '21. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 610–623. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3442188.3445922">10.1145/3442188.3445922</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-8309-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-8309-7"><bdi>978-1-4503-8309-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Dangers+of+Stochastic+Parrots%3A+Can+Language+Models+be+Too+Big%3F+%F0%9F%A6%9C&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+2021+ACM+Conference+on+Fairness%2C+Accountability%2C+and+Transparency&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY%2C+USA&rft.series=FAccT+%2721&rft.pages=610-623&rft.pub=Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft.date=2021-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3442188.3445922&rft.isbn=978-1-4503-8309-7&rft.aulast=Bender&rft.aufirst=Emily+M.&rft.au=Gebru%2C+Timnit&rft.au=McMillan-Major%2C+Angelina&rft.au=Shmitchell%2C+Shmargaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1145%2F3442188.3445922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMannix2022" class="citation news cs1">Mannix, Liam (December 13, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/is-ai-coming-of-age-or-starting-to-reach-its-limits-20221213-p5c5uy.html">"Is AI coming of age – or starting to reach its limits?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230107013927/https://www.smh.com.au/national/is-ai-coming-of-age-or-starting-to-reach-its-limits-20221213-p5c5uy.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2023. Retrieved December 18, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Is+AI+coming+of+age+%E2%80%93+or+starting+to+reach+its+limits%3F&rft.date=2022-12-13&rft.aulast=Mannix&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnational%2Fis-ai-coming-of-age-or-starting-to-reach-its-limits-20221213-p5c5uy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicksHumphriesSlater2024" class="citation journal cs1">Hicks, Michael Townsen; Humphries, James; Slater, Joe (June 8, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10676-024-09775-5">"ChatGPT is bullshit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Information_Technology" title="Ethics and Information Technology">Ethics and Information Technology</a>. 26 (2): 38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10676-024-09775-5">10.1007/s10676-024-09775-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1572-8439">1572-8439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethics+and+Information+Technology&rft.atitle=ChatGPT+is+bullshit&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=38&rft.date=2024-06-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10676-024-09775-5&rft.issn=1572-8439&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Michael+Townsen&rft.au=Humphries%2C+James&rft.au=Slater%2C+Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10676-024-09775-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheVergeStackOverflow-126"><a href="#cite_ref-TheVergeStackOverflow_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent2022" class="citation web cs1">Vincent, James (December 5, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2022/12/5/23493932/chatgpt-ai-generated-answers-temporarily-banned-stack-overflow-llms-dangers">"AI-generated answers temporarily banned on coding Q&A site Stack Overflow"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117153621/https://www.theverge.com/2022/12/5/23493932/chatgpt-ai-generated-answers-temporarily-banned-stack-overflow-llms-dangers">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved December 5, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=AI-generated+answers+temporarily+banned+on+coding+Q%26A+site+Stack+Overflow&rft.date=2022-12-05&rft.aulast=Vincent&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2022%2F12%2F5%2F23493932%2Fchatgpt-ai-generated-answers-temporarily-banned-stack-overflow-llms-dangers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent2023" class="citation news cs1">Vincent, James (January 5, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2023/1/5/23540291/chatgpt-ai-writing-tool-banned-writing-academic-icml-paper">"Top AI conference bans use of ChatGPT and AI language tools to write academic papers"</a>. The Verge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117131149/https://www.theverge.com/2023/1/5/23540291/chatgpt-ai-writing-tool-banned-writing-academic-icml-paper">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved January 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Top+AI+conference+bans+use+of+ChatGPT+and+AI+language+tools+to+write+academic+papers&rft.date=2023-01-05&rft.aulast=Vincent&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2023%2F1%2F5%2F23540291%2Fchatgpt-ai-writing-tool-banned-writing-academic-icml-paper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurry2023" class="citation news cs1">Curry, Rachel (June 13, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2023/06/13/samsung-among-companies-starting-to-draft-chatgpt-policies-.html">"Samsung among companies starting to draft ChatGPT policies for workers"</a>. CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230614221252/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/06/13/samsung-among-companies-starting-to-draft-chatgpt-policies-.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2023. Retrieved June 15, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Samsung+among+companies+starting+to+draft+ChatGPT+policies+for+workers&rft.date=2023-06-13&rft.aulast=Curry&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2023%2F06%2F13%2Fsamsung-among-companies-starting-to-draft-chatgpt-policies-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cain-2023-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cain-2023_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cain-2023_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCain2023" class="citation news cs1">Cain, Sian (January 16, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/jan/17/this-song-sucks-nick-cave-responds-to-chatgpt-song-written-in-style-of-nick-cave">"'This song sucks': Nick Cave responds to ChatGPT song written in the style of Nick Cave"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118032435/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/jan/17/this-song-sucks-nick-cave-responds-to-chatgpt-song-written-in-style-of-nick-cave">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved January 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27This+song+sucks%27%3A+Nick+Cave+responds+to+ChatGPT+song+written+in+the+style+of+Nick+Cave&rft.date=2023-01-16&rft.aulast=Cain&rft.aufirst=Sian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2023%2Fjan%2F17%2Fthis-song-sucks-nick-cave-responds-to-chatgpt-song-written-in-style-of-nick-cave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCave2023" class="citation web cs1">Cave, Nick (January 16, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theredhandfiles.com/chat-gpt-what-do-you-think/">"I asked Chat GPT to write a song in the style of Nick Cave, and this is what it produced. What do you think?"</a>. The Red Hand Files. Issue #218. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120080808/https://www.theredhandfiles.com/chat-gpt-what-do-you-think/">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved January 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Red+Hand+Files&rft.atitle=I+asked+Chat+GPT+to+write+a+song+in+the+style+of+Nick+Cave%2C+and+this+is+what+it+produced.+What+do+you+think%3F&rft.date=2023-01-16&rft.aulast=Cave&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theredhandfiles.com%2Fchat-gpt-what-do-you-think%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparrow2023" class="citation web cs1">Sparrow, Jeff (January 20, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/jan/20/are-ai-generated-songs-a-grotesque-mockery-of-humanity-or-simply-an-opportunity-to-make-a-new-kind-of-music">"Are AI-generated songs a 'grotesque mockery' of humanity or simply an opportunity to make a new kind of music?"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203051254/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/jan/20/are-ai-generated-songs-a-grotesque-mockery-of-humanity-or-simply-an-opportunity-to-make-a-new-kind-of-music">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2023. Retrieved January 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Are+AI-generated+songs+a+%27grotesque+mockery%27+of+humanity+or+simply+an+opportunity+to+make+a+new+kind+of+music%3F&rft.date=2023-01-20&rft.aulast=Sparrow&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2023%2Fjan%2F20%2Fare-ai-generated-songs-a-grotesque-mockery-of-humanity-or-simply-an-opportunity-to-make-a-new-kind-of-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChowPerrigo2023" class="citation magazine cs1">Chow, Andrew; Perrigo, Billy (February 16, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/6255952/ai-impact-chatgpt-microsoft-google/">"The AI Arms Race Is On. Start Worrying"</a>. Time. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230219175338/https://time.com/6255952/ai-impact-chatgpt-microsoft-google/">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+AI+Arms+Race+Is+On.+Start+Worrying&rft.date=2023-02-16&rft.aulast=Chow&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Perrigo%2C+Billy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F6255952%2Fai-impact-chatgpt-microsoft-google%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2023" class="citation news cs1">Davidson, Helen (February 23, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/feb/23/china-chatgpt-clamp-down-propaganda">"'Political propaganda': China clamps down on access to ChatGPT"</a>. 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Retrieved January 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=ChatGPT+listed+as+author+on+research+papers%3A+many+scientists+disapprove&rft.volume=613&rft.issue=7945&rft.pages=620-621&rft.date=2023-01-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-023-00107-z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A255969365%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36653617&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023Natur.613..620S&rft.aulast=Stokel-Walker&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fd41586-023-00107-z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Almira Osmanovic Thunström and Steinn Steingrimsson of the Institut of <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Gothenburg" title="University of Gothenburg">University of Gothenburg</a> used GPT-3 in June 2022 to write an <a href="/wiki/Academic_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic paper">academic paper</a> about itself. They found that using specific prompts the results were good if somewhat shallow and not self-critical enough. Also only few references were presented, some of them nonsensical. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.science/hal-03701250/document">Can GPT-3 write an academic paper on itself, with minimal human input?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231024122204/https://hal.science/hal-03701250/document">Archived</a> October 24, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2022. ffhal-03701250 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrainard2023" class="citation journal cs1">Brainard, Jeffrey (February 22, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/scientists-explore-ai-written-text-journals-hammer-policies">"As scientists explore AI-written text, journals hammer out policies"</a>. Science. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.adh2937">10.1126/science.adh2937</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230224082118/https://www.science.org/content/article/scientists-explore-ai-written-text-journals-hammer-policies">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2023. Retrieved February 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=As+scientists+explore+AI-written+text%2C+journals+hammer+out+policies&rft.date=2023-02-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.adh2937&rft.aulast=Brainard&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fscientists-explore-ai-written-text-journals-hammer-policies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsede2023" class="citation web cs1">Ansede, Manuel (April 2, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.elpais.com/science-tech/2023-04-02/one-of-the-worlds-most-cited-scientists-rafael-luque-suspended-without-pay-for-13-years.html">"One of the world's most cited scientists, Rafael Luque, suspended without pay for 13 years"</a>. 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Lemieux Library at Seattle University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240218162047/https://library.seattleu.edu/friendly.php?s=blog/ChatGPT-and-AI-Hallucination">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2024. 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Tech Monitor. <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman Media Group</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231205051845/https://techmonitor.ai/technology/ai-and-automation/chatgpt-wrong-over-half-the-time-on-software-questions">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2023. 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Meduza (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230620234007/https://meduza.io/feature/2023/06/19/ekonomist-daron-asemoglu-napisal-knigu-ob-ugrozah-iskusstvennogo-intellekta-i-o-tom-kak-pravilnoe-upravlenie-mozhet-obratit-ego-na-polzu-chelovechestvu">Archived</a> from the original on June 20, 2023. Retrieved June 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Meduza&rft.atitle=%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82+%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%83+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83+%D0%BE%D0%B1+%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0+%E2%80%94+%D0%B8+%D0%BE+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%2C+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D1%83+%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%83+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80+%22%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%22+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D1%83+%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%2C+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80+%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%BA+%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeduza.io%2Ffeature%2F2023%2F06%2F19%2Fekonomist-daron-asemoglu-napisal-knigu-ob-ugrozah-iskusstvennogo-intellekta-i-o-tom-kak-pravilnoe-upravlenie-mozhet-obratit-ego-na-polzu-chelovechestvu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/society/artificial-intelligence-chatgpt-technology-human-labour-intelligence-creativity/article66914412.ece">"Learning, thinking, artistic collaboration and other such human endeavours in the age of AI"</a>. 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Retrieved June 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Learning%2C+thinking%2C+artistic+collaboration+and+other+such+human+endeavours+in+the+age+of+AI&rft.date=2023-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fsociety%2Fartificial-intelligence-chatgpt-technology-human-labour-intelligence-creativity%2Farticle66914412.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sigal1-192"><a href="#cite_ref-Sigal1_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel2023" class="citation news cs1">Samuel, Sigal (April 10, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fortune.com/2023/03/25/workers-worried-about-chat-gpt-ai-taking-jobs/">"What happens when ChatGPT starts to feed on its own writing?"</a>. 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Retrieved June 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+happens+when+ChatGPT+starts+to+feed+on+its+own+writing%3F&rft.date=2023-04-10&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Sigal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2F2023%2F03%2F25%2Fworkers-worried-about-chat-gpt-ai-taking-jobs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolan" class="citation web cs1">Nolan, Beatrice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-ai-write-author-200-books-amazon-2023-2">"More than 200 books in Amazon's bookstore have ChatGPT listed as an author or coauthor"</a>. 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Retrieved March 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=ChatGPT+launches+boom+in+AI-written+e-books+on+Amazon&rft.date=2023-02-21&rft.aulast=Bensinger&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Ftechnology%2Fchatgpt-launches-boom-ai-written-e-books-amazon-2023-02-21%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilfoglio.it/tecnologia/2023/03/07/news/chatgpt-sul-foglio-per-30-giorni-piccoli-testi-scritti-dall-ia-sul-nostro-giornale-5029973/">"ChatGPT sul Foglio: per 30 giorni piccoli testi scritti dall'IA sul nostro giornale"</a> [ChatGPT on Il Foglio: for 30 days, brief texts written by the AI on our newspaper]. Il Foglio (in Italian). March 7, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322094012/https://www.ilfoglio.it/tecnologia/2023/03/07/news/chatgpt-sul-foglio-per-30-giorni-piccoli-testi-scritti-dall-ia-sul-nostro-giornale-5029973/">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Il+Foglio&rft.atitle=ChatGPT+sul+Foglio%3A+per+30+giorni+piccoli+testi+scritti+dall%27IA+sul+nostro+giornale&rft.date=2023-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilfoglio.it%2Ftecnologia%2F2023%2F03%2F07%2Fnews%2Fchatgpt-sul-foglio-per-30-giorni-piccoli-testi-scritti-dall-ia-sul-nostro-giornale-5029973%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoretti2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moretti, Marco (March 8, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilfoglio.it/tecnologia/2023/03/08/news/articoli-artificiali-no-5067825/">"Articoli artificiali? No"</a> [Artificial articles? No]. Il Foglio (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322094018/https://www.ilfoglio.it/tecnologia/2023/03/08/news/articoli-artificiali-no-5067825/">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Il+Foglio&rft.atitle=Articoli+artificiali%3F+No&rft.date=2023-03-08&rft.aulast=Moretti&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilfoglio.it%2Ftecnologia%2F2023%2F03%2F08%2Fnews%2Farticoli-artificiali-no-5067825%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.D.A.2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">A.D.A. 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Retrieved March 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Il+Foglio&rft.atitle=Pi%C3%B9+umani%2C+grazie&rft.date=2023-03-09&rft.au=A.D.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilfoglio.it%2Ftecnologia%2F2023%2F03%2F09%2Fnews%2Fpiu-umani-grazie-5067829%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilfoglio.it/politica/2023/03/14/news/le-colpe-farlocche-dell-invasione--5067556/">"Le colpe farlocche dell'"invasione""</a> [The fake faults of the "invasion"]. Il Foglio (in Italian). March 14, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322094015/https://www.ilfoglio.it/politica/2023/03/14/news/le-colpe-farlocche-dell-invasione--5067556/">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Il+Foglio&rft.atitle=Le+colpe+farlocche+dell%27%22invasione%22&rft.date=2023-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilfoglio.it%2Fpolitica%2F2023%2F03%2F14%2Fnews%2Fle-colpe-farlocche-dell-invasione--5067556%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilfoglio.it/tecnologia/2023/03/17/news/sfida-per-siri-e-alexa-5068811/">"Sfida per Siri e Alexa"</a> [A challenge for Siri and Alexa]. Il Foglio (in Italian). March 17, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322094017/https://www.ilfoglio.it/tecnologia/2023/03/17/news/sfida-per-siri-e-alexa-5068811/">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Il+Foglio&rft.atitle=Sfida+per+Siri+e+Alexa&rft.date=2023-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilfoglio.it%2Ftecnologia%2F2023%2F03%2F17%2Fnews%2Fsfida-per-siri-e-alexa-5068811%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2023" class="citation web cs1">Edwards, Benj (June 12, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/06/chatgpt-takes-the-pulpit-ai-leads-experimental-church-service-in-germany/">"AI-powered church service in Germany draws a large crowd"</a>. Ars Technica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230613231504/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/06/chatgpt-takes-the-pulpit-ai-leads-experimental-church-service-in-germany/">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=AI-powered+church+service+in+Germany+draws+a+large+crowd&rft.date=2023-06-12&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Benj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Finformation-technology%2F2023%2F06%2Fchatgpt-takes-the-pulpit-ai-leads-experimental-church-service-in-germany%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-sermon-protestant-congregation-nuremberg-germany-not-to-fear-death-2023-6">"Hundreds of Protestants attended a sermon in Nuremberg given by ChatGPT, which told them not to fear death"</a>. Business Insider. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230611124039/https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-sermon-protestant-congregation-nuremberg-germany-not-to-fear-death-2023-6">Archived</a> from the original on June 11, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Hundreds+of+Protestants+attended+a+sermon+in+Nuremberg+given+by+ChatGPT%2C+which+told+them+not+to+fear+death&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fchatgpt-sermon-protestant-congregation-nuremberg-germany-not-to-fear-death-2023-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejournal.ie/ai-chruch-germany-6090108-Jun2023/">"Hundreds attend AI church service in Germany"</a>. TheJournal.ie. 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Retrieved December 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Elon+Musk+founded+%E2%80%93+and+has+since+criticized+%E2%80%93+the+company+behind+the+buzzy+new+AI+chatbot+ChatGPT.+Here%27s+everything+we+know+about+OpenAI.&rft.date=2022-12-11&rft.aulast=Kay&rft.aufirst=Grace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fhistory-of-openai-company-chatgpt-elon-musk-founded-2022-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurst2023" class="citation news cs1">Hurst, Luke (March 30, 2023) [March 29, 2023]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/03/29/profound-risk-to-humanity-elon-musk-and-steve-wozniak-join-calls-to-halt-ai-development">"'Profound risk to humanity': Tech leaders call for 'pause' on advanced AI development"</a>. Euronews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230401205507/https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/03/29/profound-risk-to-humanity-elon-musk-and-steve-wozniak-join-calls-to-halt-ai-development">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2023. Retrieved April 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Euronews&rft.atitle=%27Profound+risk+to+humanity%27%3A+Tech+leaders+call+for+%27pause%27+on+advanced+AI+development&rft.date=2023-03-30&rft.aulast=Hurst&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2Fnext%2F2023%2F03%2F29%2Fprofound-risk-to-humanity-elon-musk-and-steve-wozniak-join-calls-to-halt-ai-development&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/05/02/1072528/geoffrey-hinton-google-why-scared-ai/">"Geoffrey Hinton tells us why he's now scared of the tech he helped build"</a>. MIT Technology Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230504075717/https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/05/02/1072528/geoffrey-hinton-google-why-scared-ai/">Archived</a> from the original on May 4, 2023. Retrieved May 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIT+Technology+Review&rft.atitle=Geoffrey+Hinton+tells+us+why+he%27s+now+scared+of+the+tech+he+helped+build&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2F2023%2F05%2F02%2F1072528%2Fgeoffrey-hinton-google-why-scared-ai%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/05/03/1072589/video-geoffrey-hinton-google-ai-risk-ethics/">"Video: Geoffrey Hinton talks about the "existential threat" of AI"</a>. MIT Technology Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230503224812/https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/05/03/1072589/video-geoffrey-hinton-google-ai-risk-ethics">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2023. Retrieved May 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIT+Technology+Review&rft.atitle=Video%3A+Geoffrey+Hinton+talks+about+the+%22existential+threat%22+of+AI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2F2023%2F05%2F03%2F1072589%2Fvideo-geoffrey-hinton-google-ai-risk-ethics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoose2023" class="citation news cs1">Roose, Kevin (May 30, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/30/technology/ai-threat-warning.html">"A.I. Poses 'Risk of Extinction,' Industry Leaders Warn"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531151103/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/30/technology/ai-threat-warning.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2023. Retrieved May 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A.I.+Poses+%27Risk+of+Extinction%2C%27+Industry+Leaders+Warn&rft.date=2023-05-30&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Roose&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F05%2F30%2Ftechnology%2Fai-threat-warning.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian2023-283"><a href="#cite_ref-guardian2023_283-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2023" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Josh (May 7, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/may/07/rise-of-artificial-intelligence-is-inevitable-but-should-not-be-feared-father-of-ai-says">"Rise of artificial intelligence is inevitable but should not be feared, 'father of AI' says"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231023061228/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/may/07/rise-of-artificial-intelligence-is-inevitable-but-should-not-be-feared-father-of-ai-says">Archived</a> from the original on October 23, 2023. Retrieved May 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Rise+of+artificial+intelligence+is+inevitable+but+should+not+be+feared%2C+%27father+of+AI%27+says&rft.date=2023-05-07&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2023%2Fmay%2F07%2Frise-of-artificial-intelligence-is-inevitable-but-should-not-be-feared-father-of-ai-says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-andrewng2023-284"><a href="#cite_ref-andrewng2023_284-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMorrow2023" class="citation news cs1">McMorrow, Ryan (December 19, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/2dc07f9e-d2a9-4d98-b746-b051f9352be3">"Andrew Ng: 'Do we think the world is better off with more or less intelligence?'"</a>. Financial Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240125014121/https://www.ft.com/content/2dc07f9e-d2a9-4d98-b746-b051f9352be3">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2024. Retrieved December 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Andrew+Ng%3A+%27Do+we+think+the+world+is+better+off+with+more+or+less+intelligence%3F%27&rft.date=2023-12-19&rft.aulast=McMorrow&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F2dc07f9e-d2a9-4d98-b746-b051f9352be3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lecun2023-285"><a href="#cite_ref-lecun2023_285-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2023" class="citation magazine cs1">Levy, Steven (December 22, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/artificial-intelligence-meta-yann-lecun-interview/">"How Not to Be Stupid About AI, With Yann LeCun"</a>. Wired. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240214083548/https://www.wired.com/story/artificial-intelligence-meta-yann-lecun-interview/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2024. Retrieved December 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=How+Not+to+Be+Stupid+About+AI%2C+With+Yann+LeCun&rft.date=2023-12-22&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Fartificial-intelligence-meta-yann-lecun-interview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiswas2023" class="citation journal cs1">Biswas, Som (April 1, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/pdf/10.1148/radiol.223312">"ChatGPT and the Future of Medical Writing"</a>. Radiology. 307 (2): e223312. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1148%2Fradiol.223312">10.1148/radiol.223312</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-8419">0033-8419</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36728748">36728748</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256501098">256501098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiology&rft.atitle=ChatGPT+and+the+Future+of+Medical+Writing&rft.volume=307&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e223312&rft.date=2023-04-01&rft.issn=0033-8419&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A256501098%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36728748&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1148%2Fradiol.223312&rft.aulast=Biswas&rft.aufirst=Som&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.rsna.org%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1148%2Fradiol.223312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChangCramerSoniBamman2023" class="citation arxiv cs1">Chang, Kent K.; Cramer, Mackenzie; Soni, Sandeep; Bamman, David (April 28, 2023). "Speak, Memory: An Archaeology of Books Known to ChatGPT/GPT-4". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.00118">2305.00118</a> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.CL">cs.CL</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=Speak%2C+Memory%3A+An+Archaeology+of+Books+Known+to+ChatGPT%2FGPT-4&rft.date=2023-04-28&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2305.00118&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Kent+K.&rft.au=Cramer%2C+Mackenzie&rft.au=Soni%2C+Sandeep&rft.au=Bamman%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowenTabarrok2023" class="citation ssrn cs1">Cowen, Tyler; Tabarrok, Alexander T. (March 17, 2023). "How to Learn and Teach Economics with Large Language Models, Including GPT". <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4391863">4391863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.atitle=How+to+Learn+and+Teach+Economics+with+Large+Language+Models%2C+Including+GPT&rft.date=2023-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D4391863%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Cowen&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rft.au=Tabarrok%2C+Alexander+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowen2023" class="citation podcast cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Cowen" title="Tyler Cowen">Cowen, Tyler</a> (March 29, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://conversationswithtyler.com/episodes/jonathan-gpt-swift/">"Jonathan GPT Swift on Jonathan Swift (Ep. 175): How well does GPT4 do pretending to be the 18th-century satirist?"</a> (Podcast).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jonathan+GPT+Swift+on+Jonathan+Swift+%28Ep.+175%29%3A+How+well+does+GPT4+do+pretending+to+be+the+18th-century+satirist%3F&rft.date=2023-03-29&rft.aulast=Cowen&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconversationswithtyler.com%2Fepisodes%2Fjonathan-gpt-swift%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOuyangWuJiangAlmeida2022" class="citation arxiv cs1">Ouyang, Long; et al. (March 4, 2022). "Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.02155">2203.02155</a> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.CL">cs.CL</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=Training+language+models+to+follow+instructions+with+human+feedback&rft.date=2022-03-04&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2203.02155&rft.aulast=Ouyang&rft.aufirst=Long&rft.au=Wu%2C+Jeff&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Xu&rft.au=Almeida%2C+Diogo&rft.au=Wainwright%2C+Carroll+L.&rft.au=Mishkin%2C+Pamela&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Chong&rft.au=Agarwal%2C+Sandhini&rft.au=Slama%2C+Katarina&rft.au=Ray%2C+Alex&rft.au=Schulman%2C+John&rft.au=Hilton%2C+Jacob&rft.au=Kelton%2C+Fraser&rft.au=Miller%2C+Luke&rft.au=Simens%2C+Maddie&rft.au=Askell%2C+Amanda&rft.au=Welinder%2C+Peter&rft.au=Christiano%2C+Paul&rft.au=Leike%2C+Jan&rft.au=Lowe%2C+Ryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebrenzSchleiferBuadzeBhugra2023" class="citation journal cs1">Liebrenz, Michael; Schleifer, Roman; Buadze, Anna; Bhugra, Dinesh; Smith, Alexander (February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs2589-7500%2823%2900019-5">"Generating scholarly content with ChatGPT: ethical challenges for medical publishing"</a>. The Lancet Digital Health. 5 (3): e105–e106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs2589-7500%2823%2900019-5">10.1016/s2589-7500(23)00019-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2589-7500">2589-7500</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36754725">36754725</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256655912">256655912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet+Digital+Health&rft.atitle=Generating+scholarly+content+with+ChatGPT%3A+ethical+challenges+for+medical+publishing&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e105-e106&rft.date=2023-02&rft.issn=2589-7500&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A256655912%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36754725&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs2589-7500%2823%2900019-5&rft.aulast=Liebrenz&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Schleifer%2C+Roman&rft.au=Buadze%2C+Anna&rft.au=Bhugra%2C+Dinesh&rft.au=Smith%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fs2589-7500%252823%252900019-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfram2023" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Wolfram" title="Stephen Wolfram">Wolfram, Stephen</a> (February 14, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2023/02/what-is-chatgpt-doing-and-why-does-it-work/">"What Is ChatGPT Doing … and Why Does It Work?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+ChatGPT+Doing+%E2%80%A6+and+Why+Does+It+Work%3F&rft.date=2023-02-14&rft.aulast=Wolfram&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwritings.stephenwolfram.com%2F2023%2F02%2Fwhat-is-chatgpt-doing-and-why-does-it-work%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfram2023" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Wolfram" title="Stephen Wolfram">Wolfram, Stephen</a> (March 23, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2023/03/chatgpt-gets-its-wolfram-superpowers/">"ChatGPT Gets Its "Wolfram Superpowers"!"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ChatGPT+Gets+Its+%22Wolfram+Superpowers%22%21&rft.date=2023-03-23&rft.aulast=Wolfram&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwritings.stephenwolfram.com%2F2023%2F03%2Fchatgpt-gets-its-wolfram-superpowers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartholomewMehta" class="citation web cs1">Bartholomew, Jem; Mehta, Dhrumil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cjr.org/tow_center/media-coverage-chatgpt.php">"How the media is covering ChatGPT"</a>. Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved May 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Journalism+Review&rft.atitle=How+the+media+is+covering+ChatGPT&rft.aulast=Bartholomew&rft.aufirst=Jem&rft.au=Mehta%2C+Dhrumil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cjr.org%2Ftow_center%2Fmedia-coverage-chatgpt.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhaoZhouLi2023" class="citation arxiv cs1">Zhao, Wayne Xin; et al. (2023). "A Survey of Large Language Models". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.18223">2303.18223</a> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.CL">cs.CL</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=A+Survey+of+Large+Language+Models&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2303.18223&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Wayne+Xin&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Kun&rft.au=Li%2C+Junyi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChatGPT" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/prompt-engineering">Prompt engineering</a> guide from OpenAI</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_D%27Angelo" title="Adam D'Angelo">Adam D'Angelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Desmond-Hellmann" title="Sue Desmond-Hellmann">Sue Desmond-Hellmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nakasone" title="Paul Nakasone">Paul Nakasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Seligman" title="Nicole Seligman">Nicole Seligman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidji_Simo" title="Fidji Simo">Fidji Simo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence Summers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bret_Taylor" title="Bret Taylor">Bret Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Brockman" title="Greg Brockman">Greg Brockman</a> (2017–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reid_Hoffman" title="Reid Hoffman">Reid Hoffman</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Hurd" title="Will Hurd">Will Hurd</a> (2021–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holden_Karnofsky" title="Holden Karnofsky">Holden Karnofsky</a> (2017–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (2015–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Sutskever" title="Ilya Sutskever">Ilya Sutskever</a> (2017–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Toner" title="Helen Toner">Helen Toner</a> (2021–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivon_Zilis" title="Shivon Zilis">Shivon Zilis</a> (2019–2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_Dungeon" title="AI Dungeon">AI Dungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AutoGPT" title="AutoGPT">AutoGPT</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Deep_Learning_(South_Park)" title="Deep Learning (South Park)">Deep Learning</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LangChain" title="LangChain">LangChain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Copilot" title="Microsoft Copilot">Microsoft Copilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Transformer (deep learning architecture)">Transformer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_adversarial_network" title="Generative adversarial network">Generative adversarial network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">Generative pre-trained transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">Large language model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_network_(machine_learning)" title="Neural network (machine learning)">Neural network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prompt_engineering" title="Prompt engineering">Prompt engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrieval-augmented_generation" title="Retrieval-augmented generation">RAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback" title="Reinforcement learning from human feedback">RLHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-supervised_learning" title="Self-supervised learning">Self-supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Transformer (deep learning architecture)">Transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variational_autoencoder" title="Variational autoencoder">Variational autoencoder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_transformer" title="Vision transformer">Vision transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_embedding" title="Word embedding">Word embedding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_(language_model)" title="Claude (language model)">Claude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(language_model)" title="Gemini (language model)">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">GPT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPT-1" title="GPT-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-2" title="GPT-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-J" title="GPT-J">J</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ChatGPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4o" title="GPT-4o">4o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o1" title="OpenAI o1">o1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grok_(chatbot)" title="Grok (chatbot)">Grok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama_(language_model)" title="Llama (language model)">LLaMA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Text-to-image_model" title="Text-to-image model">Images</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flux_(text-to-image_model)" title="Flux (text-to-image model)">Flux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideogram_(text-to-image_model)" title="Ideogram (text-to-image model)">Ideogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midjourney" title="Midjourney">Midjourney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stable_Diffusion" title="Stable Diffusion">Stable Diffusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Text-to-video_model" title="Text-to-video model">Videos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sora_(text-to-video_model)" title="Sora (text-to-video model)">Sora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ElevenLabs" title="ElevenLabs">ElevenLabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suno_AI" title="Suno AI">Suno AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udio" title="Udio">Udio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropic" title="Anthropic">Anthropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_DeepMind" title="Google DeepMind">Google DeepMind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugging_Face" title="Hugging Face">Hugging Face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_AI" title="Meta AI">Meta AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistral_AI" title="Mistral AI">Mistral AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stability_AI" title="Stability AI">Stability AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAI_(company)" title="XAI (company)">xAI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Category:Generative artificial intelligence">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Artificial_intelligence" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible {{{state}}} navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Artificial_intelligence_(AI)" title="Template:Artificial intelligence (AI)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Artificial_intelligence_(AI)" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Artificial intelligence (AI)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial_intelligence_(AI)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial intelligence (AI)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Artificial_intelligence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parameter" title="Parameter">Parameter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperparameter_(machine_learning)" title="Hyperparameter (machine learning)">Hyperparameter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_functions_for_classification" title="Loss functions for classification">Loss functions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bias%E2%80%93variance_tradeoff" title="Bias–variance tradeoff">Bias–variance tradeoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_descent" title="Double descent">Double descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfitting" title="Overfitting">Overfitting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">Clustering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradient_descent" title="Gradient descent">Gradient descent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_gradient_descent" title="Stochastic gradient descent">SGD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Newton_method" title="Quasi-Newton method">Quasi-Newton method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_gradient_method" title="Conjugate gradient method">Conjugate gradient method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backpropagation" title="Backpropagation">Backpropagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_(machine_learning)" title="Attention (machine learning)">Attention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convolution" title="Convolution">Convolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalization_(machine_learning)" title="Normalization (machine learning)">Normalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batch_normalization" title="Batch normalization">Batchnorm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activation_function" title="Activation function">Activation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Softmax_function" title="Softmax function">Softmax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmoid_function" title="Sigmoid function">Sigmoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectifier_(neural_networks)" title="Rectifier (neural networks)">Rectifier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gating_mechanism" title="Gating mechanism">Gating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_initialization" title="Weight initialization">Weight initialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regularization_(mathematics)" title="Regularization (mathematics)">Regularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training,_validation,_and_test_data_sets" title="Training, validation, and test data sets">Datasets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_augmentation" title="Data augmentation">Augmentation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Q-learning" title="Q-learning">Q-learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State%E2%80%93action%E2%80%93reward%E2%80%93state%E2%80%93action" title="State–action–reward–state–action">SARSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imitation_learning" title="Imitation learning">Imitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_process" title="Diffusion process">Diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_diffusion_model" title="Latent diffusion model">Latent diffusion model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoregressive_model" title="Autoregressive model">Autoregression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adversarial_machine_learning" title="Adversarial machine learning">Adversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrieval-augmented_generation" title="Retrieval-augmented generation">RAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback" title="Reinforcement learning from human feedback">RLHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-supervised_learning" title="Self-supervised learning">Self-supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prompt_engineering" title="Prompt engineering">Prompt engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_embedding" title="Word embedding">Word embedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence)" title="Hallucination (artificial intelligence)">Hallucination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prompt_engineering#In-context_learning" title="Prompt engineering">In-context learning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_network_(machine_learning)" title="Neural network (machine learning)">Artificial neural network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_model" title="Language model">Language model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">Large language model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_machine_translation" title="Neural machine translation">NMT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">Artificial general intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio–visual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlexNet" title="AlexNet">AlexNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WaveNet" title="WaveNet">WaveNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_image_synthesis" title="Human image synthesis">Human image synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handwriting_recognition" title="Handwriting recognition">HWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">OCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning_speech_synthesis" title="Deep learning speech synthesis">Speech synthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ElevenLabs" title="ElevenLabs">ElevenLabs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whisper_(speech_recognition_system)" title="Whisper (speech recognition system)">Whisper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">Facial recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaFold" title="AlphaFold">AlphaFold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text-to-image_model" title="Text-to-image model">Text-to-image models</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flux_(text-to-image_model)" title="Flux (text-to-image model)">Flux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideogram_(text-to-image_model)" title="Ideogram (text-to-image model)">Ideogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midjourney" title="Midjourney">Midjourney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stable_Diffusion" title="Stable Diffusion">Stable Diffusion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text-to-video_model" title="Text-to-video model">Text-to-video models</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sora_(text-to-video_model)" title="Sora (text-to-video model)">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Machine_(text-to-video_model)" title="Dream Machine (text-to-video model)">Dream Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoPoet" title="VideoPoet">VideoPoet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_artificial_intelligence" title="Music and artificial intelligence">Music generation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suno_AI" title="Suno AI">Suno AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udio" title="Udio">Udio</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Word2vec" title="Word2vec">Word2vec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seq2seq" title="Seq2seq">Seq2seq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GloVe" title="GloVe">GloVe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BERT_(language_model)" title="BERT (language model)">BERT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T5_(language_model)" title="T5 (language model)">T5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama_(language_model)" title="Llama (language model)">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinchilla_(language_model)" title="Chinchilla (language model)">Chinchilla AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PaLM" title="PaLM">PaLM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">GPT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPT-1" title="GPT-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-2" title="GPT-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-J" title="GPT-J">J</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ChatGPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4o" title="GPT-4o">4o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o1" title="OpenAI o1">o1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_(language_model)" title="Claude (language model)">Claude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(language_model)" title="Gemini (language model)">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grok_(chatbot)" title="Grok (chatbot)">Grok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaMDA" title="LaMDA">LaMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BLOOM_(language_model)" title="BLOOM (language model)">BLOOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Debater" title="Project Debater">Project Debater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Watson" title="IBM Watson">IBM Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Watsonx" title="IBM Watsonx">IBM Watsonx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Granite" title="IBM Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_PanGu" title="Huawei PanGu">PanGu-Σ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decisional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo" title="AlphaGo">AlphaGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaZero" title="AlphaZero">AlphaZero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_Five" title="OpenAI Five">OpenAI Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Self-driving car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MuZero" title="MuZero">MuZero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_selection" title="Action selection">Action selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AutoGPT" title="AutoGPT">AutoGPT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_control" title="Robot control">Robot control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Sturgis_McCulloch" title="Warren Sturgis McCulloch">Warren Sturgis McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pitts" title="Walter Pitts">Walter Pitts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Rochester_(computer_scientist)" title="Nathaniel Rochester (computer scientist)">Nathaniel Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_Shaw" title="Cliff Shaw">Cliff Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Selfridge" title="Oliver Selfridge">Oliver Selfridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Rosenblatt" title="Frank Rosenblatt">Frank Rosenblatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Widrow" title="Bernard Widrow">Bernard Widrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum" title="Joseph Weizenbaum">Joseph Weizenbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Papert" title="Seymour Papert">Seymour Papert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seppo_Linnainmaa" title="Seppo Linnainmaa">Seppo Linnainmaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Werbos" title="Paul Werbos">Paul Werbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Schmidhuber" title="Jürgen Schmidhuber">Jürgen Schmidhuber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yann_LeCun" title="Yann LeCun">Yann LeCun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">John Hopfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotfi_A._Zadeh" title="Lotfi A. Zadeh">Lotfi A. Zadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Grossberg" title="Stephen Grossberg">Stephen Grossberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Graves_(computer_scientist)" title="Alex Graves (computer scientist)">Alex Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ng" title="Andrew Ng">Andrew Ng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fei-Fei_Li" title="Fei-Fei Li">Fei-Fei Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Krizhevsky" title="Alex Krizhevsky">Alex Krizhevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Sutskever" title="Ilya Sutskever">Ilya Sutskever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Demis Hassabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Silver_(computer_scientist)" title="David Silver (computer scientist)">David Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Goodfellow" title="Ian Goodfellow">Ian Goodfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Karpathy" title="Andrej Karpathy">Andrej Karpathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropic" title="Anthropic">Anthropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EleutherAI" title="EleutherAI">EleutherAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_DeepMind" title="Google DeepMind">Google DeepMind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugging_Face" title="Hugging Face">Hugging Face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaishou" title="Kuaishou">Kuaishou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_AI" title="Meta AI">Meta AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mila_(research_institute)" title="Mila (research institute)">Mila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniMax_(company)" title="MiniMax (company)">MiniMax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistral_AI" title="Mistral AI">Mistral AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">MIT CSAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runway_(company)" title="Runway (company)">Runway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stability_AI" title="Stability AI">Stability AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAI_(company)" title="XAI (company)">xAI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architectures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neural_Turing_machine" title="Neural Turing machine">Neural Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differentiable_neural_computer" title="Differentiable neural computer">Differentiable neural computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Transformer (deep learning architecture)">Transformer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vision_transformer" title="Vision transformer">Vision transformer (ViT)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recurrent_neural_network" title="Recurrent neural network">Recurrent neural network (RNN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_short-term_memory" title="Long short-term memory">Long short-term memory (LSTM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gated_recurrent_unit" title="Gated recurrent unit">Gated recurrent unit (GRU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_state_network" title="Echo state network">Echo state network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilayer_perceptron" title="Multilayer perceptron">Multilayer perceptron (MLP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network" title="Convolutional neural network">Convolutional neural network (CNN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residual_neural_network" title="Residual neural network">Residual neural network (RNN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_network" title="Highway network">Highway network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamba_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Mamba (deep learning architecture)">Mamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoencoder" title="Autoencoder">Autoencoder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variational_autoencoder" title="Variational autoencoder">Variational autoencoder (VAE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_adversarial_network" title="Generative adversarial network">Generative adversarial network (GAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_neural_network" title="Graph neural network">Graph neural network (GNN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> Portals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> Categories <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Artificial_neural_networks" title="Category:Artificial neural networks">Artificial neural networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Machine_learning" title="Category:Machine learning">Machine learning</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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