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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Plain_text_and_rich_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plain_text_and_rich_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Plain text and rich text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plain_text_and_rich_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_text_editors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_text_editors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of text editors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_text_editors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typical_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typical_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Typical features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typical_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advanced_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advanced_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Advanced features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advanced_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialized_editors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialized_editors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Specialized editors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialized_editors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Text editor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B1_%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B5" title="محرر نصوص – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محرر نصوص" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99tn_redaktoru" title="Mətn redaktoru – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mətn redaktoru" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95" title="লেখা সম্পাদক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লেখা সম্পাদক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Тэкставы рэдактар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэкставы рэдактар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Текстов редактор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Текстов редактор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texteditor" title="Texteditor – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Texteditor" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor_de_text" title="Editor de text – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Editor de text" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textov%C3%BD_editor" title="Textový editor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Textový editor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teksteditor" title="Teksteditor – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Teksteditor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texteditor" title="Texteditor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Texteditor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstiredaktor" title="Tekstiredaktor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tekstiredaktor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Επεξεργαστής κειμένου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επεξεργαστής κειμένου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor_de_texto" title="Editor de texto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Editor de texto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstoredaktilo" title="Tekstoredaktilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tekstoredaktilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testu-editore" title="Testu-editore – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Testu-editore" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86" title="ویرایشگر متن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویرایشگر متن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89diteur_de_texte" title="Éditeur de texte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Éditeur de texte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagarth%C3%B3ir_t%C3%A9acs" title="Eagarthóir téacs – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eagarthóir téacs" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor_de_texto" title="Editor de texto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Editor de texto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C_%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%91%EA%B8%B0" title="문서 편집기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="문서 편집기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AD%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9" title="Տեքստային խմբագրիչ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տեքստային խմբագրիչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="पाठ सम्पादित्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पाठ सम्पादित्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ure%C4%91iva%C4%8D_teksta" title="Uređivač teksta – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Uređivač teksta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyunting_teks" title="Penyunting teks – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyunting teks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textaritill" title="Textaritill – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Textaritill" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor_di_testo" title="Editor di testo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Editor di testo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9A_%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%98" title="עורך טקסט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עורך טקסט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Мәтіндік редактор – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мәтіндік редактор" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teksta_redaktors" title="Teksta redaktors – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Teksta redaktors" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekst%C5%B3_rengykl%C4%97" title="Tekstų rengyklė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tekstų rengyklė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%B6vegszerkeszt%C5%91" title="Szövegszerkesztő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szövegszerkesztő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyunting_teks" title="Penyunting teks – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penyunting teks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teksteditor" title="Teksteditor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Teksteditor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%82%A8%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%BF" title="テキストエディタ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テキストエディタ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teksteditor" title="Teksteditor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Teksteditor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teksteditor" title="Teksteditor – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Teksteditor" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edytor_tekstu" title="Edytor tekstu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edytor tekstu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor_de_texto" title="Editor de texto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Editor de texto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor_de_text" title="Editor de text – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Editor de text" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Текстовый редактор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Текстовый редактор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_editor" title="Text editor – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Text editor" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textov%C3%BD_editor" title="Textový editor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Textový editor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ure%C4%91iva%C4%8D_teksta" title="Uređivač teksta – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Uređivač teksta" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ure%C4%91iva%C4%8D_teksta" title="Uređivač teksta – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Uređivač teksta" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstieditori" title="Tekstieditori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tekstieditori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textredigerare" title="Textredigerare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Textredigerare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF" title="உரைத்தொகுப்பி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உரைத்தொகுப்பி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="โปรแกรมแก้ไขข้อความ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โปรแกรมแก้ไขข้อความ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metin_d%C3%BCzenleyici" title="Metin düzenleyici – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Metin düzenleyici" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Текстовий редактор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Текстовий редактор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%ACnh_so%E1%BA%A1n_th%E1%BA%A3o_v%C4%83n_b%E1%BA%A3n" title="Trình soạn thảo văn bản – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trình soạn thảo văn bản" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E5%99%A8" title="文本编辑器 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="文本编辑器" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E7%B7%A8%E8%BC%AF%E5%99%A8" title="文字編輯器 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="文字編輯器" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E5%99%A8" title="文本编辑器 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="文本编辑器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131212#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Text_editor" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Text_editor" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Text_editor"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Text_editor&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Text_editor&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Text_editor"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Text_editor&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Text_editor&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Text_editor" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Text_editor" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Text_editor&oldid=1258407881" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Text_editor&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Text_editor&id=1258407881&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FText_editor"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FText_editor"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Text_editor&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Text_editor&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Text_editor_software" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131212" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Computer software used to edit plain text documents</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">For the use of text editors with Wikipedia, see <a href="/wiki/Help:Text_editor_support" title="Help:Text editor support">Help:Text editor support</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leafpad-screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Leafpad-screenshot.png/220px-Leafpad-screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Leafpad-screenshot.png/330px-Leafpad-screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Leafpad-screenshot.png/440px-Leafpad-screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>Editors like <a href="/wiki/Leafpad" title="Leafpad">Leafpad</a>, shown here, are often included with operating systems as a default <a href="/wiki/Helper_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Helper application">helper application</a> for opening text files.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>text editor</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a> that edits <a href="/wiki/Plain_text" title="Plain text">plain text</a>. An example of such program is "<b>notepad</b>" software (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Windows_Notepad" title="Windows Notepad">Windows Notepad</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Text editors are provided with <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> and software development packages, and can be used to change files such as <a href="/wiki/Configuration_file" title="Configuration file">configuration files</a>, documentation files and <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plain_text_and_rich_text">Plain text and rich text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Text_editor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Plain text and rich text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Plain_text" title="Plain text">Plain text</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rich_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Rich text">Rich text</a></div> <p>There are important differences between plain text (created and edited by text editors) and <a href="/wiki/Rich_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Rich text">rich text</a> (such as that created by <a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">word processors</a> or <a href="/wiki/Desktop_publishing_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Desktop publishing software">desktop publishing software</a>). </p><p>Plain text exclusively consists of character representation. Each character is represented by a fixed-length sequence of one, two, or four bytes, or as a variable-length sequence of one to four bytes, in accordance to specific <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encoding</a> conventions, such as <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">ISO/IEC 2022</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shift_JIS" title="Shift JIS">Shift JIS</a>, <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a>, or <a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a>. These conventions define many printable characters, but also <a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">non-printing characters</a> that control the flow of the text, such as <a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">space</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newline" title="Newline">line break</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Page_break" title="Page break">page break</a>. Plain text contains no other information about the text itself, not even the character encoding convention employed. Plain text is stored in <a href="/wiki/Text_file" title="Text file">text files</a>, although text files do not exclusively store plain text. Since the early days of computers, plain text was (once by necessity and now by convention) generally displayed using a <a href="/wiki/Monospace_font" class="mw-redirect" title="Monospace font">monospace font</a>, such that horizontal alignment and columnar formatting were sometimes done using whitespace characters. </p><p>Rich text, on the other hand, may contain metadata, character formatting data (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Font#Characteristics" title="Font">typeface, size, weight and style</a>), paragraph formatting data (e.g. indentation, alignment, letter and word distribution, and space between lines or other paragraphs), and page specification data (e.g. size, margin and reading direction). Rich text can be very complex. Rich text can be saved in <a href="/wiki/Binary_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary format">binary format</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Doc_(computing)" title="Doc (computing)">DOC</a>), text files adhering to a <a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">markup language</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Rich_Text_Format" title="Rich Text Format">RTF</a> or <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>), or in a hybrid form of both (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">Office Open XML</a>). </p><p>Text editors are intended to open and save text files containing either plain text or anything that can be interpreted as plain text, including the markup for rich text or the markup for something else (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalable Vector Graphics">SVG</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Text_editor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PunchCardDecks.agr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/PunchCardDecks.agr.jpg/220px-PunchCardDecks.agr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/PunchCardDecks.agr.jpg/330px-PunchCardDecks.agr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/PunchCardDecks.agr.jpg/440px-PunchCardDecks.agr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="1554" /></a><figcaption>A box of <a href="/wiki/Punched_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Punched cards">punched cards</a> with several program decks.</figcaption></figure> <p>Before text editors existed, computer text was punched into <a href="/wiki/Punched_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Punched cards">cards</a> with <a href="/wiki/Keypunch" title="Keypunch">keypunch</a> machines.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physical boxes of these thin cardboard cards were then inserted into a <a href="/wiki/Punched_card_input/output" title="Punched card input/output">card reader</a>. <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_drum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic drum">drum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">disk</a> <a href="/wiki/Card_image" title="Card image">card image</a> files created from such card decks often had no line-separation characters at all, and assumed fixed-length<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 80- or 90-character<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> records.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative to cards was <a href="/wiki/Punched_tape" title="Punched tape">Punched tape</a>. It could be created by some <a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">teleprinters</a> (such as the Teletype), which used special characters to indicate ends of records.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some early operating systems included batch text editors, either integrated with language processors or as separate utility programs; one early example was the ability to edit <a href="/wiki/SQUOZE" title="SQUOZE">SQUOZE</a> source files for SCAT<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/SHARE_Operating_System" title="SHARE Operating System">SHARE Operating System</a>. </p><p>The first interactive text editors were <a href="/wiki/Line_editor" title="Line editor">"line editors"</a> oriented to teleprinter- or <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriter</a>-style terminals without displays. Commands (often a single keystroke) effected edits to a file at an imaginary insertion point called the "cursor". Edits were verified by typing a command to print a small section of the file, and periodically by printing the entire file. In some line editors, the cursor could be moved by commands that specified the line number in the file, text <a href="/wiki/String_(computer_science)" title="String (computer science)">strings</a> (context) for which to search, and eventually <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expressions</a>. Line editors were major improvements over keypunching. Some line editors could be used by keypunch; editing commands could be taken from a deck of cards and applied to a specified file. Some common line editors supported a "verify" mode in which change commands displayed the altered lines. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Computer_terminal" title="Computer terminal">computer terminals</a> with video screens became available, screen-based text editors (sometimes called just "screen editors")<span class="anchor" id="screen-based_text_editor"></span> became common. One of the earliest full-screen editors was <a href="/wiki/O26_(text_editor)" title="O26 (text editor)">O26</a>, which was written for the operator console of the <a href="/wiki/CDC_6000_series" title="CDC 6000 series">CDC 6000 series</a> computers in 1967. Another early full-screen editor was <a href="/wiki/Vi_(text_editor)" title="Vi (text editor)">vi</a>. Written in the 1970s, it is still a standard editor<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> operating systems. Also written in the 1970s was the <a href="/wiki/UCSD_Pascal" title="UCSD Pascal">UCSD Pascal</a> Screen Oriented Editor, which was optimized both for indented source code and general text.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">Emacs</a>, one of the first <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open_source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and open source software">free and open-source software</a> projects, is another early full-screen or real-time editor, one that was <a href="/wiki/Port_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Port (software)">ported</a> to many systems.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1977 <a href="/wiki/Commodore_PET" title="Commodore PET">Commodore PET</a> was the first mass-market computer to feature a full-screen editor. A full-screen editor's ease-of-use and speed (compared to the line-based editors) motivated many early purchases of video terminals.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The core data structure in a text editor is the one that manages the string (sequence of characters) or list of <a href="/wiki/Storage_record" title="Storage record">records</a> that represents the current state of the file being edited. While the former could be stored in a single long consecutive <a href="/wiki/Array_data_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Array data structure">array</a> of characters, the desire for text editors that could more quickly insert text, delete text, and undo/redo previous edits led to the development of more complicated sequence data structures.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A typical text editor uses a <a href="/wiki/Gap_buffer" title="Gap buffer">gap buffer</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Linked_list" title="Linked list">linked list</a> of lines (as in <a href="/wiki/PaperClip" title="PaperClip">PaperClip</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Piece_table" title="Piece table">piece table</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Rope_(data_structure)" title="Rope (data structure)">rope</a>, as its sequence data structure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_text_editors">Types of text editors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Text_editor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types of text editors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colorsyntax.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Colorsyntax.png/220px-Colorsyntax.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Colorsyntax.png/330px-Colorsyntax.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Colorsyntax.png/440px-Colorsyntax.png 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>Emacs, a text editor popular among programmers, running on <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gedit_3.32_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gedit_3.32_screenshot.png/220px-Gedit_3.32_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gedit_3.32_screenshot.png/330px-Gedit_3.32_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gedit_3.32_screenshot.png/440px-Gedit_3.32_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="747" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gedit" title="Gedit">gedit</a> is a text editor shipped with <a href="/wiki/GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some text editors are small and simple, while others offer broad and complex functions. For example, <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> and Unix-like operating systems have the <a href="/wiki/Pico_(text_editor)" title="Pico (text editor)">pico</a> editor (or a variant), but many also include the <a href="/wiki/Vi_(text_editor)" title="Vi (text editor)">vi</a> and Emacs editors. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> systems come with the simple <a href="/wiki/Notepad_(Windows)" class="mw-redirect" title="Notepad (Windows)">Notepad</a>, though many people—especially programmers—prefer other <a href="/wiki/Category:Windows_text_editors" title="Category:Windows text editors">editors</a> with more features. Under <a href="/wiki/Apple_Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Macintosh">Apple Macintosh</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">classic Mac OS</a> there was the native <a href="/wiki/TeachText" title="TeachText">TeachText</a> later replaced by <a href="/wiki/SimpleText" title="SimpleText">SimpleText</a> in 1994, which was replaced in <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a> by <a href="/wiki/TextEdit" title="TextEdit">TextEdit</a>, which combines features of a text editor with those typical of a word processor such as rulers, margins and multiple font selection. These features are not available simultaneously, but must be switched by user command, or through the program automatically determining the <a href="/wiki/File_type" class="mw-redirect" title="File type">file type</a>. </p><p>Most word processors can read and write files in plain text format, allowing them to open files saved from text editors. Saving these files from a word processor, however, requires ensuring the file is written in <a href="/wiki/Plain_text" title="Plain text">plain text</a> format, and that any <a href="/wiki/Text_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Text encoding">text encoding</a> or <a href="/wiki/Byte_Order_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Byte Order Mark">BOM</a> settings will not obscure the file for its intended use. Non-<a href="/wiki/WYSIWYG" title="WYSIWYG">WYSIWYG</a> word processors, such as <a href="/wiki/WordStar" title="WordStar">WordStar</a>, are more easily pressed into service as text editors, and in fact were commonly used as such during the 1980s. The default <a href="/wiki/File_format" title="File format">file format</a> of these word processors often resembles a markup language, with the basic format being plain text and visual formatting achieved using non-printing <a href="/wiki/Control_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Control characters">control characters</a> or <a href="/wiki/Escape_sequence" title="Escape sequence">escape sequences</a>. Later word processors like <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Microsoft Word</a> store their files in a <a href="/wiki/Binary_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary format">binary format</a> and are almost never used to edit plain text files.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some text editors can <a href="/wiki/Memory-mapped_file" title="Memory-mapped file">edit unusually large files</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Logfile" class="mw-redirect" title="Logfile">log files</a> or an entire <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> placed in a single file. Simpler text editors may just read files into the computer's main <a href="/wiki/Random_access_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Random access memory">memory</a>. With larger files, this may be a slow process, and the entire file may not fit. Some text editors do not let the user start editing until this read-in is complete. Editing performance also often suffers in nonspecialized editors, with the editor taking seconds or even minutes to respond to keystrokes or navigation commands. Specialized editors have optimizations such as only storing the visible portion of large files in memory, improving editing performance. </p><p>Some editors are programmable, meaning, e.g., they can be customized for specific uses. With a programmable editor it is easy to automate repetitive tasks or, add new functionality or even implement a new application within the framework of the editor. One common motive for customizing is to make a text editor use the commands of another text editor with which the user is more familiar, or to duplicate missing functionality the user has come to depend on. Software developers often use editor customizations tailored to the programming language or development environment they are working in. The programmability of some text editors is limited to enhancing the core editing functionality of the program, but <a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">Emacs</a> can be extended far beyond editing text files—for web browsing, reading email, online chat, managing files or playing games and is often thought of as a Lisp execution environment with a <a href="/wiki/Text_User_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Text User Interface">Text User Interface</a>. Emacs can even be programmed to emulate <a href="/wiki/Vi_(text_editor)" title="Vi (text editor)">Vi</a>, its rival in the traditional <a href="/wiki/Editor_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Editor wars">editor wars</a> of <a href="/wiki/Unix_philosophy" title="Unix philosophy">Unix culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important group of programmable editors uses <a href="/wiki/REXX" class="mw-redirect" title="REXX">REXX</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a scripting language. These "orthodox editors" contain a "command line" into which commands and macros can be typed and text lines into which line commands<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and macros can be typed. Most such editors are derivatives of <a href="/wiki/ISPF" title="ISPF">ISPF/PDF</a> <a href="/wiki/ISPF#ISPF_Editor" title="ISPF">EDIT</a> or of <a href="/wiki/XEDIT" title="XEDIT">XEDIT</a>, IBM's flagship editor for <a href="/wiki/VM_(operating_system)" title="VM (operating system)">VM/SP</a> through <a href="/wiki/Z/VM" title="Z/VM">z/VM</a>. Among them are <a href="/wiki/The_Hessling_Editor" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hessling Editor">THE</a>, <a href="/wiki/XEDIT#PC_and_Unix_adaptations" title="XEDIT">KEDIT</a>, X2, Uni-edit, and <a href="/wiki/XEDIT#PC_and_Unix_adaptations" title="XEDIT">SEDIT</a>. </p><p>A text editor written or customized for a specific use can determine what the user is editing and assist the user, often by <a href="/wiki/Autocomplete" title="Autocomplete">completing</a> programming terms and showing <a href="/wiki/Tooltip" title="Tooltip">tooltips</a> with relevant documentation. Many text editors for software developers include source code <a href="/wiki/Syntax_highlighting" title="Syntax highlighting">syntax highlighting</a> and automatic <a href="/wiki/Indent_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Indent style">indentation</a> to make programs easier to read and write. Programming editors often let the user select the name of an <a href="/wiki/Include_file" class="mw-redirect" title="Include file">include file</a>, <a href="/wiki/Function_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Function (programming)">function</a> or <a href="/wiki/Variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable (programming)">variable</a>, then jump to its definition. Some also allow for easy navigation back to the original section of code by storing the initial cursor location or by displaying the requested definition in a <a href="/wiki/Popup_window" class="mw-redirect" title="Popup window">popup window</a> or temporary buffer. Some editors implement this ability themselves, but often an auxiliary utility like <a href="/wiki/Ctags" title="Ctags">ctags</a> is used to locate the definitions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typical_features">Typical features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Text_editor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Typical features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Find and replace – Text editors provide extensive facilities for searching and replacing strings of text, either individually, or groups of files in opened tabs or a selected folder. Advanced editors can use <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expressions</a> to search and edit text or code. Additional features may include optional <a href="/wiki/Case_sensitivity" title="Case sensitivity">case sensitivity</a>, a history of search terms for quick recall and <a href="/wiki/Autocomplete" title="Autocomplete">autocompletion</a>, and listing multiple results in one place.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut,_copy,_and_paste" title="Cut, copy, and paste">Cut, copy, and paste</a> – most text editors provide methods to duplicate and move text within the file, or between files.</li> <li>Ability to handle <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> encoded text.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_formatting" class="mw-redirect" title="Text formatting">Text formatting</a> – Text editors often provide basic visual formatting features like <a href="/wiki/Line_wrap" class="mw-redirect" title="Line wrap">line wrap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indentation_(typesetting)" title="Indentation (typesetting)">auto-indentation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bullet_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullet list">bullet list</a> formatting using <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> characters, <a href="/wiki/Comment_(computer_programming)" title="Comment (computer programming)">comment formatting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syntax_highlighting" title="Syntax highlighting">syntax highlighting</a> and so on. These are typically only for display and do not insert formatting codes into the file itself.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undo" title="Undo">Undo and redo</a> – As with word processors, text editors provide a way to undo and redo the last edit, or more. Often—especially with older text editors—there is only one level of edit history remembered and successively issuing the undo command will only "toggle" the last change. Modern or more complex editors usually provide a multiple-level history such that issuing the undo command repeatedly will revert the document to successively older edits. A separate redo command will cycle the edits "forward" toward the most recent changes. The number of changes remembered depends upon the editor and is often configurable by the user.</li> <li>Ability to jump to a specified line number.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advanced_features">Advanced features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Text_editor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Advanced features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Macro or procedure definition: to define new commands or features as combinations of prior commands or other macros, perhaps with passed parameters, or with nesting of macros.</li> <li>Profiles to retain options set by the user between editing session.</li> <li>Profile macros with names specified in, e.g., environment, profile, executed automatically at the beginning of an edit session or when opening a new file.</li> <li>Multi-file editing: the ability to edit multiple files during an edit-session, perhaps remembering the current-line cursor of each file, to insert repeated text into each file, copy or move text among files, <a href="/wiki/File_comparison" title="File comparison">compare files</a> side-by-side (perhaps with a tiled <a href="/wiki/Multiple-document_interface" title="Multiple-document interface">multiple-document interface</a>), etc.</li> <li>Multi-view editors: the ability to display multiple views of the same file, with independent cursor tracking, synchronizing changes among the windows but providing the same facilities as are available for independent files.</li> <li>Collapse/expand, also called <a href="/wiki/Code_folding" title="Code folding">folding</a>: the ability to temporarily exclude sections of the text from view. This may either be based on a range of line numbers or on some syntactic element, e.g., excluding everything between a <b>BEGIN;</b> and the matching <b>END;</b>.</li> <li>Column-based editing; the ability to alter or insert data at a particular column, or to shift data to specific columns.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_transformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transformation">Data transformation</a> – Reading or merging the contents of another text file into the file currently being edited. Some text editors provide a way to insert the output of a command issued to the operating system's <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interpreter" class="mw-redirect" title="Command-line interpreter">shell</a>. Also, a case-shifting feature could translate to lowercase or uppercase.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_(software)" title="Filter (software)">Filtering</a> – Some advanced text editors allow the editor to send all or sections of the file being edited to another utility and read the result back into the file in place of the lines being "filtered". This, for example, is useful for sorting a series of lines alphabetically or numerically, doing mathematical computations, indenting <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>, and so on.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax_highlighting" title="Syntax highlighting">Syntax highlighting</a> – contextually highlights <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>, <a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">markup languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Config_file" class="mw-redirect" title="Config file">config files</a> and other text that appears in an organized or predictable format. Editors generally allow users to customize the colors or styles used for each language element. Some text editors also allow users to install and use <a href="/wiki/Theme_(computing)" title="Theme (computing)">themes</a> to change the <a href="/wiki/Look_and_feel" title="Look and feel">look and feel</a> of the editor's entire <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a>.</li> <li>Syntax-oriented editors - some editors have support for the syntax of one or more languages, and allow operations in terms of syntactical unit, e.g., insert a new <b>WHEN</b> clause in a <b>SELECT</b> statement.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensibility" title="Extensibility">Extensibility</a> - a text editor intended for use by programmers must provide some <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">plugin</a> mechanism, or be <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scriptable</a>, so a programmer can customize the editor with features needed to manage individual software projects, customize functionality or <a href="/wiki/Key_bindings" class="mw-redirect" title="Key bindings">key bindings</a> for specific <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> or <a href="/wiki/Version_control" title="Version control">version control</a> systems, or conform to specific <a href="/wiki/Coding_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Coding style">coding styles</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursor_(user_interface)#Text_cursor" title="Cursor (user interface)">Cursor</a> navigation may vary across text editors. For example, pressing <kbd>End</kbd> twice may navigate to the end of a <a href="/wiki/Line_wrap_and_word_wrap" title="Line wrap and word wrap">wrapped line</a> after one press navigated to the end of an on-screen row of text. <a href="/wiki/Block-oriented_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Block-oriented terminal">Block-oriented terminals</a> typically have dedicated cursor movement keys, as do keyboards on personal computers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface#Application_command-line_interfaces" title="Command-line interface">Command line</a> - some editors, e.g., <a href="/wiki/ISPF" title="ISPF">ISPF</a>, <a href="/wiki/XEDIT" title="XEDIT">XEDIT</a>, have a dedicated field on the screen for entering commands as opposed to text. Depending on the editor, the user may have to use cursor keys to switch between the command and text fields or the editor may interpret, e.g., specific function keys , as requests to switch.</li> <li>Line commands, also known as prefix commands or sequence commands - Some editors treat a file as an array of text lines with associated line numbers or sequence numbers, and have a distinct line number field for each text field. A line command is a string that the user types into a line number field and that the editor recognizes as a command operating on that specific line or block of lines, e.g., <b>LC</b> to translate a line to lower case, <b>))3</b> to shift a block right three columns. Some editors also support line macros, also known as prefix macros or sequence macros. Despite the name <i>prefix command</i>, some editors allow the sequence field to appear after the text field.</li> <li>Text editors, especially <a href="/wiki/Source-code_editor" title="Source-code editor">source-code editors</a>, often default to using a monospace font that clearly distinguishes between similar characters (<a href="/wiki/Homoglyph" title="Homoglyph">homoglyphs</a>) such as the colon and the semicolon.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specialized_editors">Specialized editors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Text_editor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Specialized editors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some editors include special features and extra functions, for instance, </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Source_code_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Source code editor">Source code editors</a> are text editors with additional functionality to facilitate the production of source code. These often feature user-programmable syntax highlighting and code navigation functions as well as coding tools or keyboard <a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">macros</a> similar to an HTML editor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folding_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Folding editor">Folding editors</a>. This subclass includes so-called "orthodox editors" that are derivatives of Xedit. Editors that implement folding without programing-specific features are usually called outliners (see below).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outliner" title="Outliner">Outliners</a>. Also called tree-based editors, because they combine a hierarchical outline <a href="/wiki/Tree_view" title="Tree view">tree view</a> with a text editor. Folding (see above) can be considered a specialized form of outlining.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDEs</a> (integrated development environments) are designed to manage and streamline large programming projects. They are usually only used for programming as they contain many features unnecessary for simple text editing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> authors are offered a variety of <a href="/wiki/HTML_editor" title="HTML editor">HTML editors</a> dedicated to the task of creating <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web pages</a>. These include: <a href="/wiki/Dreamweaver" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreamweaver">Dreamweaver</a>, <a href="/wiki/KompoZer" class="mw-redirect" title="KompoZer">KompoZer</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=E_Text_Editor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E Text Editor (page does not exist)">E Text Editor</a>. Many offer the option of viewing a work in progress on a built-in <a href="/wiki/Web_browser_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Web browser engine">HTML rendering engine</a> or standard <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>. However, most <a href="/wiki/Web_development" title="Web development">web development</a> is done in a <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_programming_language" title="Dynamic programming language">dynamic programming language</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a> or <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a> using a source code editor or IDE. The HTML delivered by all but the simplest static web sites is stored as individual <a href="/wiki/Template_file" class="mw-redirect" title="Template file">template files</a> that are assembled by the software controlling the site and do not compose a complete HTML document.</li> <li>Mathematicians, physicists, and computer scientists often produce articles and books using <a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a> or <a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a> in plain text files. Such documents are often produced by a standard text editor, but some people use specialized <a href="/wiki/TeX#Editors" title="TeX">TeX editors</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_real-time_editing" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborative real-time editing">Collaborative editors</a> allow multiple users to work on the same document simultaneously from remote locations over a network. The changes made by individual users are tracked and merged into the document automatically to eliminate the possibility of conflicting edits. These editors also typically include an <a href="/wiki/Online_chat" title="Online chat">online chat</a> component for discussion among editors.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distraction-free_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Distraction-free editor">Distraction-free editors</a> provide a <a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(computing)" title="Minimalism (computing)">minimalistic</a> interface with the purpose of isolating the writer from the rest of the applications and operating system, thus being able to focus on the writing without distractions from interface elements like a <a href="/wiki/Toolbar" title="Toolbar">toolbar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Notification_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Notification area">notification area</a>.</li></ul> <p>Programmable editors can usually be enhanced to perform any or all of these functions, but simpler editors focus on just one, or, like <a href="/wiki/GPHPedit" title="GPHPedit">gPHPedit</a>, are targeted at a single programming language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Text_editor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_text_editors" title="List of text editors">List of text editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_text_editors" title="Comparison of text editors">Comparison of text editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editor_war" title="Editor war">Editor war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_viewer" title="File viewer">File viewer</a> – does not change file, faster for very large files and can be more secure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hex_editor" title="Hex editor">Hex editor</a> – used for editing binary files</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sed" title="Sed">Stream editor</a> – used for non-interactive editing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_editor" title="Structure editor">Structure editor</a> – any document editor that is cognizant of the document's underlying structure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WYSIWYG" title="WYSIWYG">WYSIWYG</a> – an acronym for What You See Is What You Get</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_editor" title="Visual editor">Visual editor</a> – computer software for editing text files using a textual or graphical user interface</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Text_editor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">By the late 1960s editors were available that supported variable-length records.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Originally macros were written in assembler, <a href="/wiki/CLIST" title="CLIST">CLIST</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_Sharing_Option" title="Time Sharing Option">TSO</a>), <a href="/wiki/EXEC" class="mw-redirect" title="EXEC">CMS EXEC</a> (<a href="/wiki/VM_(operating_system)" title="VM (operating system)">VM</a>), <a href="/wiki/EXEC2" class="mw-redirect" title="EXEC2">EXEC2</a> (VM/SE) or <a href="/wiki/PL/I" title="PL/I">PL/I</a>, but most users dropped CLIST, EXEC and EXEC2 once REXX was available.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A line command is a command typed into the sequence number entry area associated with a specific line of text and whose scope is limited to that line, or, in the case of a block command, associated with the block of lines between the beginning and ending line commands. An example of the latter would be typing the command <b>ucc</b> (block upper case) into the entry areas of two lines; this has the same effect as typing <b>uc</b> (upper case) into the entry area of each line in the range.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Text_editor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFH._Albert_NapierOllie_N._RiversStuart_Wagner2005" class="citation book cs1">H. Albert Napier; Ollie N. Rivers; Stuart Wagner (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IZQFAAAAQBAJ&q=%22notepad+software%22+%22text+editor%22&pg=PA330"><i>Creating a Winning E-Business</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1111796092" title="Special:BookSources/1111796092"><bdi>1111796092</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+a+Winning+E-Business&rft.pages=330&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1111796092&rft.au=H.+Albert+Napier&rft.au=Ollie+N.+Rivers&rft.au=Stuart+Wagner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIZQFAAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522notepad%2Bsoftware%2522%2B%2522text%2Beditor%2522%26pg%3DPA330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AText+editor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_NortonScott_H._Clark2002" class="citation book cs1">Peter Norton; Scott H. Clark (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O0FTac_k7CIC&q=%22Notepad+software%22&pg=PA54"><i>Peter Norton's New Inside the PC</i></a>. Sams Publishing. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0672322897" title="Special:BookSources/0672322897"><bdi>0672322897</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter+Norton%27s+New+Inside+the+PC&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Sams+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0672322897&rft.au=Peter+Norton&rft.au=Scott+H.+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO0FTac_k7CIC%26q%3D%2522Notepad%2Bsoftware%2522%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AText+editor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._GopalakrishnanG._PadmanabhanSudhat_Shukla2003" class="citation book cs1">L. Gopalakrishnan; G. Padmanabhan; Sudhat Shukla (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7NKLlw5KAbYC&q=%22notepad+software%22+%22text+editor%22&pg=PA190"><i>Your Home PC: Making the Most of Your Personal Computer</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Tata_McGraw-Hill_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Tata McGraw-Hill Education">Tata McGraw-Hill Education</a>. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0070473544" title="Special:BookSources/0070473544"><bdi>0070473544</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Your+Home+PC%3A+Making+the+Most+of+Your+Personal+Computer&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Tata+McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0070473544&rft.au=L.+Gopalakrishnan&rft.au=G.+Padmanabhan&rft.au=Sudhat+Shukla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7NKLlw5KAbYC%26q%3D%2522notepad%2Bsoftware%2522%2B%2522text%2Beditor%2522%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AText+editor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.howtogeek.com/112385/the-best-free-text-editors-for-windows-and-linux/">"The Best Free Text Editors for Windows, Linux, and Mac"</a>. 28 April 2012. <q>Every operating system comes with a default, basic text editor, but most of us install our own enhanced text editors to get more features.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Best+Free+Text+Editors+for+Windows%2C+Linux%2C+and+Mac&rft.date=2012-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.howtogeek.com%2F112385%2Fthe-best-free-text-editors-for-windows-and-linux%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AText+editor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoudenLambert2011" class="citation book cs1">Louden, Kenneth C.; Lambert, Kenneth A. (2011-01-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DcgIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5"><i>Programming Languages: Principles and Practices</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-133-38749-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-133-38749-7"><bdi>978-1-133-38749-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Programming+Languages%3A+Principles+and+Practices&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2011-01-26&rft.isbn=978-1-133-38749-7&rft.aulast=Louden&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+C.&rft.au=Lambert%2C+Kenneth+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDcgIAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AText+editor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/univac/univac2/UnivacII_Programming_1957.pdf#page=252">"UNIVAC 90-COLUMN PUNCHED 'CARD-TO-MAGNETIC TAPE CONVERTER"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/univac/univac2/UnivacII_Programming_1957.pdf"><i>UNIVAC II Data Automation System</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Remington-Rand" class="mw-redirect" title="Remington-Rand">Remington-Rand</a> Univac Division of <a href="/wiki/Sperry_Rand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperry Rand">Sperry Rand</a> Corporation. 1957. p. 246<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=UNIVAC+90-COLUMN+PUNCHED+%27CARD-TO-MAGNETIC+TAPE+CONVERTER&rft.btitle=UNIVAC+II+Data+Automation+System&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Remington-Rand+Univac+Division+of+Sperry+Rand+Corporation&rft.date=1957&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Funivac%2Funivac2%2FUnivacII_Programming_1957.pdf%23page%3D252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AText+editor" class="Z3988"></span>,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlavudeenVenkateshwaran2008" class="citation book cs1">Alavudeen, A.; Venkateshwaran, N. (2008-08-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GlL0TO6n320C&pg=PA180"><i>Computer Integrated Manufacturing</i></a>. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-203-3345-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-203-3345-1"><bdi>978-81-203-3345-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+Integrated+Manufacturing&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=PHI+Learning+Pvt.+Ltd.&rft.date=2008-08-18&rft.isbn=978-81-203-3345-1&rft.aulast=Alavudeen&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Venkateshwaran%2C+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGlL0TO6n320C%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AText+editor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUptonDuntemannRobertsMamtora2016" class="citation book cs1">Upton, Eben; Duntemann, Jeffrey; Roberts, Ralph; Mamtora, Tim; Everard, Ben (2016-08-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P6XkDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA232"><i>Learning Computer Architecture with Raspberry Pi</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 232–234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-18394-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-18394-5"><bdi>978-1-119-18394-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learning+Computer+Architecture+with+Raspberry+Pi&rft.pages=232-234&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016-08-22&rft.isbn=978-1-119-18394-5&rft.aulast=Upton&rft.aufirst=Eben&rft.au=Duntemann%2C+Jeffrey&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Ralph&rft.au=Mamtora%2C+Tim&rft.au=Everard%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP6XkDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AText+editor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/share/SOS_Reference_Manual_Jun61.pdf#page=95">"Modify and Load"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/share/SOS_Reference_Manual_Jun61.pdf"><i>SOS Reference Manual</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. 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The IEEE and The Open Group. 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Open+Group+Base+Specifications+Issue+6%2C+IEEE+Std+1003.1%2C+2004+Edition&rft.pub=The+IEEE+and+The+Open+Group&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fonlinepubs%2F009695399%2Futilities%2Fvi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AText+editor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._BowlesHollan1978" class="citation journal cs1">L. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/aix/tutorials/au-emacs1/index.html">the original</a> on 2014-06-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IBM&rft.atitle=Introducing+the+Emacs+editing+environment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibm.com%2Fdeveloperworks%2Faix%2Ftutorials%2Fau-emacs1%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AText+editor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.multicians.org/mepap.html">"Multics Emacs: The History, Design and Implementation"</a>. <q>Some Multics users purchased these terminals ..., using them either as "glass teletypes" or via "local editing."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multics+Emacs%3A+The+History%2C+Design+and+Implementation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.multicians.org%2Fmepap.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AText+editor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Charles Crowley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.unm.edu/~crowley/papers/sds.pdf">"Data Structures for Text Sequences"</a>. Section <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.unm.edu/~crowley/papers/sds/node1.html">"Introduction"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cprogramming.com/texteditors.html">"Text Editors for Programmeres - Programming Tools"</a>. <q>If you open a .doc file in a text editor, you will notice that most of the file is formatting codes. Text editors, however, do not add formatting codes, which makes it easier to compile your code.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Text+Editors+for+Programmeres+-+Programming+Tools&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cprogramming.com%2Ftexteditors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AText+editor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://juanjoalvarez.net/posts/2014/vim-emacsevil-chaotic-migration-guide/">"Vim to Emacs' Evil chaotic migration guide"</a>. <i>juanjoalvarez.net</i>. 19 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=juanjoalvarez.net&rft.atitle=Vim+to+Emacs%27+Evil+chaotic+migration+guide&rft.date=2014-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjuanjoalvarez.net%2Fposts%2F2014%2Fvim-emacsevil-chaotic-migration-guide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AText+editor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150528010711/https://gitorious.org/evil/pages/Home%7ctitle=Evil">"Gitorious"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gitorious.org/evil/pages/Home%7ctitle=Evil">the original</a> on 28 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gitorious&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgitorious.org%2Fevil%2Fpages%2FHome%257ctitle%3DEvil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AText+editor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npp-user-manual.org/docs/searching/">"Searching"</a>. <i>Notepad++ User Manual</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Notepad%2B%2B+User+Manual&rft.atitle=Searching&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpp-user-manual.org%2Fdocs%2Fsearching%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AText+editor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Philipp Acsany. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://realpython.com/coding-font/">"Choosing the Best Coding Font for Programming"</a>. 2023.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Text_editor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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