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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Níð_and_ergi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Níð_and_ergi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Níð and ergi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Níð_and_ergi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scolding_and_níðstang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scolding_and_níðstang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Scolding and níðstang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scolding_and_níðstang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nīþ_and_criminality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nīþ_and_criminality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nīþ and criminality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nīþ_and_criminality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nīþ_and_witchcraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nīþ_and_witchcraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Nīþ and witchcraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nīþ_and_witchcraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Association_with_physical_disability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Association_with_physical_disability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Association with physical disability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Association_with_physical_disability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Association_with_effeminacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Association_with_effeminacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Association with effeminacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Association_with_effeminacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Runestones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Runestones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Runestones</span> </div> </a> <ul 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Nidingr" redirects here. For the band, see <a href="/wiki/Nidingr_(band)" title="Nidingr (band)">Nidingr (band)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg/36px-Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg/54px-Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg/72px-Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>A request that this article title be changed to <i><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%C3%AD%C3%B0&redirect=no">Níð</a></span></i> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:N%C4%AB%C3%BE#Requested_move_23_November_2024" title="Talk:Nīþ">under discussion</a></b>. Please <em>do not move</em> this article until the discussion is closed.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In historical <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> society, <b><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">nīþ</i></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: <i lang="non">níð</i> <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: <i lang="ang">nīþ, nīð</i>; <a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Dutch language">Old Dutch</a>: <i lang="odt">nīth</i>) was a term for a <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">social stigma</a> implying the loss of <a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">honour</a> and the status of a <a href="/wiki/Villain" title="Villain">villain</a>. A person affected with the stigma is a <b><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">nīðing</i></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: <i lang="non">níðingr</i>/<span title="Old Norse-language text"><span lang="non-Runr">ᚾᛁᚦᛁᚴᛦ</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: <i lang="ang">nīðing, nīðgæst</i>, or <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old High German language">Old High German</a>: <i lang="goh">nidding</i>). <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> retained a cognate <i lang="enm"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nithe#Middle_English" class="extiw" title="wikt:nithe">nithe</a></i>, meaning 'envy' (compare modern Dutch <i lang="nl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nijd#Dutch" class="extiw" title="wikt:nijd">nijd</a></i> and modern German <i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Neid#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Neid">Neid</a></i>), 'hate', or 'malice'.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A related term is <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Ergi" title="Ergi">ergi</a></i></span>, carrying the connotation of 'unmanliness'. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Níð_and_ergi"><span id="N.C3.AD.C3.B0_and_ergi"></span>Níð and ergi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%AB%C3%BE&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Níð and ergi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ergi" title="Ergi">Ergi</a></i> and <i>argr</i> or <i>ragr</i> can be regarded as specifying swearwords. <i>Ergi</i>, <i>argr</i> and <i>ragr</i> were the severe insults made by calling someone a <i>coward</i>, and due to its severity old Scandinavian laws demanded retribution for this accusation if it had turned out unjustified. The Icelandic <a href="/wiki/Gray_Goose_Laws" title="Gray Goose Laws">Gray Goose Laws</a><sup id="cite_ref-graugans_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graugans-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referred to three words that were regarded as equal to <i>argr</i> by themselves. Those were <i>ragr</i>, <i>strodinn</i>, and <i>sordinn</i>, all three meaning the passive role of a man in sexual activities, being womanly, and being subservient.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another semantic belonging to <i>argr</i>, <i>ragr</i> and <i>ergi</i> was, from the <i>Gray Goose</i>, "being a sorcerer's friend." </p><p>Examples from Old Scandinavian Laws: The <i>Gulathing</i> law<sup id="cite_ref-gulathing3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gulathing3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referred to "being a male <a href="/wiki/Bottom_(sex)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom (sex)">bottom</a>," "being a <a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">thrall</a> (slave)," "being a <a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0ma%C3%B0r" class="mw-redirect" title="Seiðmaðr">seiðmaðr</a> (wizard)," the <i>Bergen/Island</i><sup id="cite_ref-birkinsel1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birkinsel1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> law referred to "being a <a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">seiðmaðr</a>," "being a sorcerer and/or desiring same-sex activities as a [passive] male (<i>kallar ragann</i>)," the <i>Frostathing</i> law<sup id="cite_ref-frostothing1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frostothing1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to "desiring male same-sex activities as a bottom." Thus, it is apparent that <i>ergi</i> of a <i>níðingr</i> was strongly connoted not only with sorcery, unmanliness, weakness, and <a href="/wiki/Effeminacy" title="Effeminacy">effeminacy</a> but also especially with lecherousness or sexual perversion in the view of Old Scandinavian people during the Early and High Middle Ages. <i>Ergi</i> of females was considered as excessive lecherousness bordering raging madness, <i>ergi</i> of males as perversity, effeminacy and the passive role within <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_intercourse_between_men" class="mw-redirect" title="Same-sex intercourse between men">same-sex intercourse between men</a>, while an active role of a man, who had been included into same-sex intercourse, was not tinged by <i>ergi</i>, <i>ragr</i>, <i>argr</i> or <i>níð</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scolding_and_níðstang"><span id="Scolding_and_n.C3.AD.C3.B0stang"></span>Scolding and níðstang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%AB%C3%BE&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scolding and níðstang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%B0ing_Pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Niðing Pole">Niðing Pole</a></div> <p><i>Níðing</i>s had to be <i>scolded</i>, i. e. they had to be shouted in their faces what they were in most derogatory terms, as <i>scolding</i> (Anglo-Saxon <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">scald</i></span>, Norse <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skald</a></i></span>, Icelandic <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">skalda</i></span>, OHG <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">scelta</i></span>, Modern German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schelte</i></span>; compare <i>scoff</i>, Modern Dutch <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">schelden</i></span>, Anglo-Saxon <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang"><a href="/wiki/Scop" title="Scop">scop</a></i></span>, and <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang"><a href="/wiki/Flyting" title="Flyting">flyting</a></i></span>) was supposed to break the concealing <i>seiðr</i> spell and would thus force the <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">fiend</a> to give away its true nature.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The actual meaning of the adjective <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">argr</i></span> or <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">ragr</i></span> [Anglo-Saxon <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">earg</i></span>] was the nature or appearance of effeminacy, especially by obscene acts. <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Argr</i></span> was the worst, most derogatory swearword of all known to the Norse language. According to Icelandic law, the accused was allowed to kill the accuser without paying <a href="/wiki/Weregild" title="Weregild">weregild</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>If the accused did not retort by violent attack, either right on the spot or by demanding <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Holmgang" title="Holmgang">holmgang</a></i></span>, yielding either the challenging accuser to take his words back or the accuser's death, he was hence proven to be a weak and cowardly <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">níðingr</i></span> by not retorting accordingly.<sup id="cite_ref-heusler_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heusler-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beside by words, <i>scolding</i> could also be performed by pejorative visual portrayals, especially by so-called <i>níðstang</i>s or <i>nīþing poles</i>. These were usually single poles with a carved man's head, on which a horse or a horse's head was impaled. In two attested instances (<i>Bjarnar saga Hítdælakappa</i> ch. 17, <i>Gísla saga Súrssonar</i>), two <i>níðstang</i>s were arranged so as to suggest homosexual intercourse.<sup id="cite_ref-thule2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thule2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A "classical definition of <i>ergi</i> is found in the <i>scoldings</i> (see section below) of opposing warriors Gudmund and Sinfyötli in the <i>New Helgi song</i>, offending each other as <i>earg</i> and thus challenging each other before a fight. Gudmund perjorates Sinfyötli in verse 36:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <dl><dd><b>Verse 36</b></dd> <dd>Prince you cannot</dd> <dd>talk about me</dd> <dd>like that,</dd> <dd>scolding a</dd> <dd>noble man.</dd> <dd>For you ate</dd> <dd>a wolf's treat,</dd> <dd>shedding your brother's</dd> <dd>blood, often</dd> <dd>you sucked on wounds</dd> <dd>with an icy maw,</dd> <dd>creeping to</dd> <dd>dead bodies,</dd> <dd>being hated by all.</dd></dl> <p>and in following verses 37-39 Sinfyötli rebuts this:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Verse 37</b><br /> Walkury, an abhorrent<br /> monster have you been<br /> frightening, and <i>earg</i>,<br /> by Odin!<br /> The <a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjars</a><br /> fought in desire<br /> about you<br /> stubborn whore. </p> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Verse 38</b><br /> Hag on Warinsey Island<br /> that was you<br /> so insidiously<br /> conjuring illusions.<br /> You said that<br /> the only warrior<br /> you desired to marry<br /> was I, Sinfyötli.<br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Verse 39</b><br /> On <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ga_and_S%C3%B6kkvabekkr" title="Sága and Sökkvabekkr">Sága's Inlet</a><br /> you gave birth<br /> to nine wolves<br /> fathered by<br /> Sinfyötli.   </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>In accordance with these more detailed descriptions of what constituted <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">ergi</i></span> as appearing in the <i>New Helgi song</i>, the <i>Gulathing</i> law<sup id="cite_ref-gulathing4_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gulathing4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referred to <i>eacans</i> swearwords further describing <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">earg</i></span> as "being a mare," "being a pregnant animal," "being a bitch," "having indecent intercourse with animals," the <i>Bergen/Island</i> law<sup id="cite_ref-birkinsel2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birkinsel2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referred to "biting another man," "being a pregnant animal," the <i>Frostothing</i> law<sup id="cite_ref-frostothing1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frostothing1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to "being a female animal," the <i>Uplandslag</i> law to "having sexual intercourse with an animal."<sup id="cite_ref-uplandslag_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uplandslag-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It's worth to note that such activities as being "a pregnant animal" and having intercourse with animals are activities which are attributed to the god <a href="/wiki/Loki" title="Loki">Loki</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Lokasenna" title="Lokasenna">Lokasenna</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Gylfaginning" title="Gylfaginning">Gylfaginning</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nīþ_and_criminality"><span id="N.C4.AB.C3.BE_and_criminality"></span>Nīþ and criminality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%AB%C3%BE&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nīþ and criminality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic law">Early Germanic law</a></div> <p>The <i>seiðr</i> used prominently by <i>níðing</i>s was linguistically closely linked to botany and poisoning.<sup id="cite_ref-schrader1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schrader1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-philippson1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philippson1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, <i>seiðr</i> to a degree might have been regarded as identical to murder by poisoning.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This Norse concept of poisoning based on magic was equally present in Roman law: </p> <blockquote><p>[The] equality in Germanic and Roman law about equalling poisoning and magic was not created by influence of Roman laws upon Germanic people, even though an identical conception was indeed manifest in Roman law. This apparent likeness is probably based upon the shared original primitive conceptions about religion due to a shared Indo-European origin of both people.<sup id="cite_ref-vordemfelde1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vordemfelde1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><i>Níðing</i> poisoning ties in with the legal Germanic differentiation of <i>murder</i> and <i>killing</i>. Criminal murder differed from legitimate killing as by being performed in secret insidiously, away from the eyes of the community that had not been involved in the matter. </p> <blockquote><p>Sorcery [in Norse antiquity] equalled mysteriously utilizing evil forces, just as mysterious and abhorrent a crime as sexual deviancy. As for theft and murder, even more recent common Old Scandinavian belief still regarded them to be so closely associated to magical practices as to be entirely impossible without these latter. Those that were capable of breaking open heavy locks at night without being noticed by watchdogs nor waking up people had to be in command of supernatural abilities. Equally weird were those that were capable of murdering innocent lives. They were aided, guided, or coerced by an evil force to do their evil deeds.<sup id="cite_ref-klein1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klein1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Since sorcery "was not accepted officially, it could not serve the kinship as a whole, only private cravings; no decent person was safe from the secret arts of sorcerers,"<sup id="cite_ref-lehmann1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lehmann1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as nīþ was insidiousness, a níðing was also thought to be a pathological liar and an oathbreaker, prone to committing perjury and especially treason. Summing up the relations between <i>nīþ</i> and criminality: </p> <blockquote><p>Severe misdeeds were perjury deeds, especially if they had been committed insidiously and in secret. Such perpetrators were <i>nithing</i>s, despicable beings. Their perjury deeds included: Murder, theft, nightly arson, as well as any deeds that harmed the kinship's legally protected rights (treason, deserting to the enemy, deserting from the army, resisting to fight in a war, and perversion).<sup id="cite_ref-conrad1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conrad1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> [Furthermore these deeds included] any crimes offending the deities, such as breaking a special peace treaty (for example <i><a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">thing</a></i> peace, armistice, security of the ceremony places and buildings, or a special festivity peace), trespass, defilement of graves, sorcery, finally all perjury deeds indicating moral degeneration, such as oathbreaking, perversion, acts of nasty cowardness<sup id="cite_ref-schroeder1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schroeder1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> [i. e. any acts] of moral degeneration.<sup id="cite_ref-schwerin1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schwerin1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This excessive mass of <i>níðing</i> associations might at first seem cumbersome and without any recognizable pattern. However the pattern behind it is outlined in the following sections. </p><p>The immediate consequence of being proven a <i>níðing</i> was outlawing the exile. (see for example<sup id="cite_ref-his1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-his1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p> <blockquote><p>The outlawed did not have any rights, he was <i>exlex</i> (Latin for "outside of the legal system"), in Anglo-Saxon <i>utlah</i>, Middle Low German <i>uutlagh</i>, Old Norse <i>utlagr</i>. Just as feud yielded enmity among kinships, outlawry yielded enmity of all humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-brunner1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brunner1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>"Nobody is allowed to protect, house, or feed the outlaw. He must seek shelter alone in the woods just like a wolf."<sup id="cite_ref-schwerin1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schwerin1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-his2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-his2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Yet that is but one aspect of outlawry. The outlaw is not only expelled from the kinship, he is also regarded henceforth as an enemy to mankind."<sup id="cite_ref-his2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-his2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient dehumanizing terms meaning both "wolf" and "strangler" were common as synonyms for outlaws: OHG <i>warc</i>, Salian <i>wargus</i>, Anglo-Saxon <i>wearg</i>, Old Norse <i>vargr</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-brunner2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brunner2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outlaws were regarded as physically and legally dead,<sup id="cite_ref-aall_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aall-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their spouse was seen as widow or widower and their children as orphans,<sup id="cite_ref-brunner2_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brunner2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their fortune and belongings were either seized by the kinship or destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-brunner3_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brunner3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rickenbacher_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rickenbacher-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "It was every man's duty to capture the outlaw and [...] kill him."<sup id="cite_ref-fehr_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fehr-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Níðing</i>s were considered to re-enter their bodies after death by their <i>seiðr</i> magic<sup id="cite_ref-clemen_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clemen-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maas2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maas2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thule3_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thule3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even their dead bodies themselves were regarded as highly poisonous and contagious.<sup id="cite_ref-groenbech3_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groenbech3-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To prevent them from coming back as the <a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">undead</a>, their bodies had to be made entirely immobile, especially by impaling,<sup id="cite_ref-hentig2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hentig2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-his3_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-his3-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-peuckert_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peuckert-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> burning up,<sup id="cite_ref-vordemfelde148_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vordemfelde148-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brunner4_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brunner4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wilda_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilda-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vries2_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vries2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schwerin2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schwerin2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-his4_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-his4-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> drowning in rivers or bogs (see also Tacitus),<sup id="cite_ref-his4_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-his4-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-glob_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glob-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even all of the above. "Not any measure to this end was considered too awkward."<sup id="cite_ref-groenbech3_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groenbech3-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>It could be better to fixate the haunting evil's body by placing large rocks on it, impaling it [..]. Often enough, people saw their efforts had been in vain, so they mounted destruction upon destruction on the individual fiend, maybe starting by beheading, then entirely burning up its body, and finally leaving its ashes in streaming water, hoping to absolutely annihilate the evil, incorporeal spirit itself.<sup id="cite_ref-groenbech4_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groenbech4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nīþ_and_witchcraft"><span id="N.C4.AB.C3.BE_and_witchcraft"></span>Nīþ and witchcraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%AB%C3%BE&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nīþ and witchcraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></div> <p>It was believed that the reason for a <i>nīþing</i> to resort to insidious <i><a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">seiðr</a></i> "witchery" in order to cause harm instead of simply attacking people by decent, belligerent violence to achieve the same end was that it was a cowardly and weak creature, further indicating its being direct opposite of Old Norse warrior ethos.<sup id="cite_ref-hermann_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hermann-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-helm1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-helm1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Earg</i> is often but translated as "cowardly, weak". By definition, any <i>seiðberender</i> (practitioner of <i>seiðr</i>) was immediately rendered <i>argr</i> by these very despicable magic practices.<sup id="cite_ref-weisweiler1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weisweiler1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Nīþ did not only motivate practicing <i>seiðr</i><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was regarded the most likely motivation of all for practicing <i>seid</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-schoeck1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schoeck1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nīþing used its malicious <i>seiðr</i> magic to destroy anything owned and made by man, ultimately the human race and <i><a href="/wiki/Midgard" title="Midgard">Midgard</a></i> itself.<sup id="cite_ref-groenbech1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groenbech1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote> <p>Since primitive societies exclusively attributed their fear of evil sorcerers [i.e., <i>seiðmaðr</i>] to the sorcerer's motivating envy, all Indo-Germanic proverbs on the matter indicate that passive envy easily turns into aggressive crimes. He who envies is not satisfied to passively wait for his neighbours to run into accidents by coincidence to secretly gloat over them (while his gloating habits are widely accepted as a fact), he makes sure that they will live in misery or worse. […] Envy brings death, envy seeks evil ways.<sup id="cite_ref-schoeck1_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schoeck1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote><p>Hence, the nīþing was regarded as a mythological fiend "that only exists to cause harm and bring certain undoing."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harboring a nīþ was regarded as destroying the "individual qualities that constituted man and genetical relation,"<sup id="cite_ref-groenbech2_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groenbech2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making deviant, perverse, and ill instead so that this fiend was considered the direct opposite of decent man and its [nīþ] as contagious. </p><blockquote><p>[Nīþings] were aided, guided, or coerced by an evil force to do their evil deeds. Hence, a <i>nithing</i> was not only degenerated in a general [moral] sense [...] it had originally been a human being of evil, fiendish nature that had either sought evil deliberately or had been taken into possession by evil forces unwillingly.<sup id="cite_ref-klein1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klein1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Association_with_physical_disability">Association with physical disability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%AB%C3%BE&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Association with physical disability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Nithings</i> were thought to be suffering from physical ailments and were associated with disability. Most notably their limping was an outer indication of being a <i>nithing</i> (such as in the story of Rögnvald Straightleg whose last name was in fact but an ironic offence as his legs were actually crippled<sup id="cite_ref-thule1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thule1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and the belief that sorcerers would not only give birth to animals but also to crippled human children.<sup id="cite_ref-hentig1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hentig1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>[...]<i> a </i>nithing<i> was not only degenerated in a general </i>[moral]<i> sense </i>[...]<i> This </i>[moral]<i> degeneration was often innate, especially apparent by physical ailments.</i><sup id="cite_ref-klein1_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klein1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>These physical afflictions were regarded as furthermore supporting weakness of a <i>nithing</i>. It was often hard to distinguish these attributes from actual physical illness, and since "any eeriness and incomprehensibility was what made people suspect a person of being a <i>nithing</i>, whether this was based upon physical anomalies or mental traits", they were often regarded as <i>mentally ill</i> even during ancient times already, as defined by actually or perceivedly deviant social behaviour and feeling.<sup id="cite_ref-mass1_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mass1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sm_5,_Transj%C3%B6.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Sm_5%2C_Transj%C3%B6.JPG/200px-Sm_5%2C_Transj%C3%B6.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Sm_5%2C_Transj%C3%B6.JPG/300px-Sm_5%2C_Transj%C3%B6.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Sm_5%2C_Transj%C3%B6.JPG/400px-Sm_5%2C_Transj%C3%B6.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1921" data-file-height="3214" /></a><figcaption>Runestone <a href="/wiki/England_runestones#Sm_5" title="England runestones">Sm 5</a> uses the opposite of <i>niðingr</i>, or <i>oniðingr</i>, to describe a man who died in England.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Association_with_effeminacy">Association with effeminacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%AB%C3%BE&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Association with effeminacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Nithings</i> sometimes practiced <i>seid</i> in female clothes regardless of their biological sex, and they were considered to lose their physical biological sex by that act if they had been male before.<sup id="cite_ref-stroem1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stroem1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent dialect forms of <i>seid</i> linguistically link it to "female sex organs."<sup id="cite_ref-stroembaeck1_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stroembaeck1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, there exists (or existed) evidence on the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horns_of_Gallehus" title="Golden Horns of Gallehus">Golden Horns of Gallehus</a> that male initiates of <i>seid</i> were ritually "effeminated" or made to appear "genderless" (such as by using "women's clothing" such as <a href="/wiki/Robe" title="Robe">robes</a>, as do priests of other religions, in order to manipulate the genderless spirits).<sup id="cite_ref-danckert_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danckert-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This statement needs a more reliable source or detailed context; the Horns of Gallehus predate this concept by centuries and are not contemporary to this subject. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According <i>eacans</i> in the <i>Gulathing</i> law<sup id="cite_ref-gulathing4_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gulathing4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were "having born children as a male," "being a male whore," while the <i>Gray Goose</i><sup id="cite_ref-graugans_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graugans-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referred to "being a woman each ninth night," and "having born children as a male." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Runestones">Runestones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%AB%C3%BE&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Runestones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although no runic inscription uses the terms <i>níð</i> or <i>níðingr</i>, several <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> runestones use the term <i>oníðingr</i>, which with the <i>o-</i> prefix means the opposite of <i>níðingr</i>, to describe a man as being virtuous. <a href="/wiki/Rundata" title="Rundata">Rundata</a> translates this term as "unvillainous." This term is used as a descriptive term on <a href="/wiki/Runestones" class="mw-redirect" title="Runestones">runestones</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland_Runic_Inscription_77" title="Östergötland Runic Inscription 77">Ög 77</a> in Hovgården, Sö 189 in Åkerby, <a href="/wiki/England_runestones#Sm_5" title="England runestones">Sm 5</a> in Transjö, Sm 37 in Rörbro, Sm 147 in Vasta Ed, and DR 68 in Århus,<sup id="cite_ref-Rundata_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rundata-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and appears as a name or part of a name on inscriptions Ög 217 in Oppeby, <a href="/wiki/Arings%C3%A5s_Runestones#Sm_2" title="Aringsås Runestones">Sm 2</a> in Aringsås, and Sm 131 in Hjortholmen.<sup id="cite_ref-Zilmer_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zilmer-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same <a href="/wiki/Alliterative_verse" title="Alliterative verse">alliterative</a> Old Norse phrase, <i>manna mæstr oniðing<small>R</small></i>, which is translated as "the most unvillainous of men," appears on Ög 77, Sm 5, and Sm 37,<sup id="cite_ref-Zilmer_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zilmer-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and DR 68 uses a variant of this phrase.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%AB%C3%BE&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hostis_humani_generis" title="Hostis humani generis">Hostis humani generis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakia_(effeminacy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malakia (effeminacy)"><i>Malakia</i></a> in ancient Hellenic society (formerly <i>Classical definition of effeminacy</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_turpitude" title="Moral turpitude">Moral turpitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_5:22#Insults" title="Matthew 5:22"><i>Raca</i></a> in Semitic languages</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame-stroke" title="Shame-stroke">Shame-stroke</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%AB%C3%BE&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The last attestations recorded by the <a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a> date to the early 15th century. See also the entry <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lexicon.ff.cuni.cz/html/oe_bosworthtoller/b0722.html">níþ</a> from Bosworth & Toller (1898/1921). <i>An Anglo-Saxon dictionary, based on the manuscript collections of the late Joseph Bosworth</i>, edited and enlarged by T. Northcote Toller, Oxford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-graugans-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-graugans_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-graugans_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHeusler1937" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Heusler, Andreas (1937). <i>Isländisches Recht - Die Graugrans</i> (in German). Weimar.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isl%C3%A4ndisches+Recht+-+Die+Graugrans&rft.place=Weimar&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Heusler&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Elmar_Seebold" title="Elmar Seebold">Seebold, Elmar</a> (Ed.): Art. arg, in: Kluge. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, 24. Auflage, Berlin, New York 2002, S. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gulathing3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gulathing3_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeißner1935" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Meißner, Rudolf (1935). <i>Norwegisches Recht - Das Rechtsbuch des Gulathings</i> (in German). Weimar. p. 123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norwegisches+Recht+-+Das+Rechtsbuch+des+Gulathings&rft.place=Weimar&rft.pages=123&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Mei%C3%9Fner&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-birkinsel1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-birkinsel1_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeißner1950" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Meißner, Rudolf (1950). <i>Stadtrecht des Königs Magnus Hakonarson für Bergen - Bruchstücke des Birkinselrechts und Seefahrerrechts der Jónsbók</i> (in German). Weimar. pp. 65, 105, 347, 349, 437.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stadtrecht+des+K%C3%B6nigs+Magnus+Hakonarson+f%C3%BCr+Bergen+-+Bruchst%C3%BCcke+des+Birkinselrechts+und+Seefahrerrechts+der+J%C3%B3nsb%C3%B3k&rft.place=Weimar&rft.pages=65%2C+105%2C+347%2C+349%2C+437&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Mei%C3%9Fner&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frostothing1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frostothing1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frostothing1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeißner1939" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Meißner, Rudolf (1939). <i>Norwegisches Recht - Das Rechtsbuch des Frostothings</i> (in German). Weimar. p. 193ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norwegisches+Recht+-+Das+Rechtsbuch+des+Frostothings&rft.place=Weimar&rft.pages=193ff&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Mei%C3%9Fner&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruth Karras Mazo: Sexualität im Mittelalter. Aus dem Amerikanischen von Wolfgang Hartung, Düsseldorf 2006, pp. 275-277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGering1927" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gering, Hugo (1927). B. Sijmons (ed.). <i>Kommentar zu den Liedern der Edda</i> (in German). Halle. p. 289.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kommentar+zu+den+Liedern+der+Edda&rft.place=Halle&rft.pages=289&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Gering&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heusler-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-heusler_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeusler1911" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Heusler, Andreas (1911). <i>Das Strafrecht der Isländersagas</i> (in German). Leipzig. p. 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Strafrecht+der+Isl%C3%A4ndersagas&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=56&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Heusler&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thule2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thule2_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Sammlung Thule (Band 9)</i> (in German). 1964. p. 99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sammlung+Thule+%28Band+9%29&rft.pages=99&rft.date=1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gulathing4-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gulathing4_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gulathing4_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeißner1935" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Meißner, Rudolf (1935). <i>Norwegisches Recht - Das Rechtsbuch des Gulathings</i> (in German). Weimar. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norwegisches+Recht+-+Das+Rechtsbuch+des+Gulathings&rft.place=Weimar&rft.pages=27&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Mei%C3%9Fner&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-birkinsel2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-birkinsel2_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeißner1950" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Meißner, Rudolf (1950). <i>Stadtrecht des Königs Magnus Hakonarson für Bergen - Bruchstücke des Birkinselrechts und Seefahrerrechts der Jónsbók</i> (in German). Weimar. pp. 89, 345, 397.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stadtrecht+des+K%C3%B6nigs+Magnus+Hakonarson+f%C3%BCr+Bergen+-+Bruchst%C3%BCcke+des+Birkinselrechts+und+Seefahrerrechts+der+J%C3%B3nsb%C3%B3k&rft.place=Weimar&rft.pages=89%2C+345%2C+397&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Mei%C3%9Fner&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uplandslag-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uplandslag_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwerin1935" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schwerin, Claudius v. (1935). <i>Schwedische Rechte - Älteres Westgötalag, Uplandslag</i> (in German). Weimar. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schwedische+Rechte+-+%C3%84lteres+Westg%C3%B6talag%2C+Uplandslag&rft.place=Weimar&rft.pages=35&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Schwerin&rft.aufirst=Claudius+v.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schrader1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schrader1_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrader1928" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schrader, Otto (1928). <i>Reallexikon der Indogermanischen Altertumskunde (Band 2)</i> (in German). Berlin. p. 697.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Indogermanischen+Altertumskunde+%28Band+2%29&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=697&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Schrader&rft.aufirst=Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-philippson1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-philippson1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippson1929" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Philippson, Ernst Alfred (1929). <i>Germanisches Heidentum bei den Angelsachsen</i> (in German). 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Berlin, Göttingen, and Heidelberg. p. 328.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Strafe+-+Fr%C3%BChformen+und+gesellschaftliche+Zusammenh%C3%A4nge&rft.place=Berlin%2C+G%C3%B6ttingen%2C+and+Heidelberg&rft.pages=328&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Hentig&rft.aufirst=Hans+v.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-his3-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-his3_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolf_His1929" class="citation journal cs1">Rudolf His (1929). 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Stuttgart. p. 111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutscher+Volksglaube+des+Sp%C3%A4tmittelalters&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=111&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Peuckert&rft.aufirst=Will-Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vordemfelde148-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vordemfelde148_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVordemfelde1923" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vordemfelde, Hans (1923). "Die germanische Religion in den deutschen Volksrechten". <i>Religionsgeschichtliche Versuche und Vorarbeiten</i> (in German). 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Halle. pp. 100, 504.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Strafrecht+der+Germanen&rft.place=Halle&rft.pages=100%2C+504&rft.date=1842&rft.aulast=Wilda&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm+Eduard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vries2-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vries2_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_de_Vries1957" class="citation journal cs1">Jan de Vries (1957). "Die Religion der Nordgermanen". <i>Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte</i>. <b>2</b>: 66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Altgermanische+Religionsgeschichte&rft.atitle=Die+Religion+der+Nordgermanen&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=66&rft.date=1957&rft.au=Jan+de+Vries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schwerin2-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schwerin2_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwerin1950" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schwerin, Claudius v. (1950). <i>Grundzüge der deutschen Rechtsgeschichte</i> (in German). Berlin and Munich. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grundz%C3%BCge+der+deutschen+Rechtsgeschichte&rft.place=Berlin+and+Munich&rft.pages=30&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Schwerin&rft.aufirst=Claudius+v.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-his4-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-his4_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-his4_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHis1928" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">His, Rudolf (1928). <i>Deutsches Strafrecht bis zur Karolina</i> (in German). Munich and Berlin. p. 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsches+Strafrecht+bis+zur+Karolina&rft.place=Munich+and+Berlin&rft.pages=56&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=His&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glob-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-glob_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlob1966" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Glob, P. V. 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Munich. p. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Schl%C3%A4fer+im+Moor&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=58&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Glob&rft.aufirst=P.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-groenbech4-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-groenbech4_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrönbech1954" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grönbech, Wilhelm (1954). <i>Kultur und Religion der Germanen (Band 1)</i> (in German). Darmstadt. p. 344.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kultur+und+Religion+der+Germanen+%28Band+1%29&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pages=344&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%B6nbech&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hermann-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hermann_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermann1929" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hermann, Paul (1929). <i>Das altgermanische Priesterwesen</i> (in German). Jena. p. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+altgermanische+Priesterwesen&rft.place=Jena&rft.pages=46&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Hermann&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-helm1-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-helm1_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelm1926" class="citation book cs1">Helm, Karl (1926). <i>Die Entwicklung der germanischen Religion</i>. Heidelberg. p. 361.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Entwicklung+der+germanischen+Religion&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pages=361&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Helm&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weisweiler1-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weisweiler1_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosef_Weisweiler1923" class="citation journal cs1">Josef Weisweiler (1923). 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Freiburg and Munich. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Neid+-+Eine+Theorie+der+Gesellschaft&rft.place=Freiburg+and+Munich&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Schoeck&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-groenbech1-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-groenbech1_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrönbech1954" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grönbech, Wilhelm (1954). <i>Kultur und Religion der Germanen (Band 1)</i> (in German). Darmstadt. p. 251.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kultur+und+Religion+der+Germanen+%28Band+1%29&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pages=251&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%B6nbech&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFries1964" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fries, Jan de (1964). <i>Die geistige Welt der Germanen</i> (in German). Darmstadt. p. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+geistige+Welt+der+Germanen&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pages=50&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Fries&rft.aufirst=Jan+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-groenbech2-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-groenbech2_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrönbech1954" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grönbech, Wilhelm (1954). <i>Kultur und Religion der Germanen (Band 1)</i> (in German). Darmstadt. p. 105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kultur+und+Religion+der+Germanen+%28Band+1%29&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pages=105&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%B6nbech&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thule1-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thule1_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Sammlung Thule (Band 14)</i> (in German). 1965. p. 124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sammlung+Thule+%28Band+14%29&rft.pages=124&rft.date=1965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hentig1-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hentig1_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHentig1954" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hentig, Hans v. (1954). <i>Die Strafe - Frühformen und gesellschaftliche Zusammenhänge</i> (in German). Berlin, Göttingen, and Heidelberg. pp. 316, 318.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Strafe+-+Fr%C3%BChformen+und+gesellschaftliche+Zusammenh%C3%A4nge&rft.place=Berlin%2C+G%C3%B6ttingen%2C+and+Heidelberg&rft.pages=316%2C+318&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Hentig&rft.aufirst=Hans+v.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mass1-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mass1_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Maaß1925" class="citation journal cs1">E. Maaß (1925). "Eunuchos und Verwandtes". <i>Rheinisches Museum für Philologie</i>. <b>74</b>: 432ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rheinisches+Museum+f%C3%BCr+Philologie&rft.atitle=Eunuchos+und+Verwandtes&rft.volume=74&rft.pages=432ff&rft.date=1925&rft.au=E.+Maa%C3%9F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stroem1-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stroem1_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStröm1956" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ström, Folke (1956). <i>Loki - Ein mythologisches Problem</i> (in German). Göteborg. p. 72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Loki+-+Ein+mythologisches+Problem&rft.place=G%C3%B6teborg&rft.pages=72&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Str%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Folke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stroembaeck1-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stroembaeck1_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrömbäck1935" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Strömbäck, Dag (1935). "Seyd - Textstudier i Nordisk Religionshistorika". <i>Nordiska Texter och Undersökningar</i> (in Swedish). <b>5</b>: 29–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nordiska+Texter+och+Unders%C3%B6kningar&rft.atitle=Seyd+-+Textstudier+i+Nordisk+Religionshistorika&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=29-31&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Str%C3%B6mb%C3%A4ck&rft.aufirst=Dag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-danckert-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-danckert_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanckert1936" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Danckert, Werner (1936). <i>Unehrliche Leute - Die verfemten Berufe</i> (in German). Bern and Munich. p. 195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unehrliche+Leute+-+Die+verfemten+Berufe&rft.place=Bern+and+Munich&rft.pages=195&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Danckert&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rundata-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rundata_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nordiska.uu.se/forskn/samnord.htm">Project Samnordisk Runtextdatabas Svensk</a> - <a href="/wiki/Rundata" title="Rundata">Rundata</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zilmer-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zilmer_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zilmer_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZilmer2005" class="citation book cs1">Zilmer, Kristel (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720131505/http://www.fl.ut.ee/orb.aw/class%3Dfile/action%3Dpreview/id%3D110134/zilmer.pdf"><i>"He Drowned in Holmr's Sea": Baltic Traffic in Early Nordic Sources</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Tartu University Press. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9949-11-090-4" title="Special:BookSources/9949-11-090-4"><bdi>9949-11-090-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fl.ut.ee/orb.aw/class=file/action=preview/id=110134/zilmer.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22He+Drowned+in+Holmr%27s+Sea%22%3A+Baltic+Traffic+in+Early+Nordic+Sources&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Tartu+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9949-11-090-4&rft.aulast=Zilmer&rft.aufirst=Kristel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fl.ut.ee%2Forb.aw%2Fclass%3Dfile%2Faction%3Dpreview%2Fid%3D110134%2Fzilmer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaumann1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Naumann, Hans-Peter (1994). "Hann var manna mestr oniðingr: Zer Poetizität Metrischer Runeninschriften". In Hoops, Johannes; Beck, Heinrich (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b8kiWfP7e7cC"><i>Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde</i></a> (in German). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 490–502. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-012978-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-012978-7"><bdi>3-11-012978-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hann+var+manna+mestr+oni%C3%B0ingr%3A+Zer+Poetizit%C3%A4t+Metrischer+Runeninschriften&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Germanischen+Altertumskunde&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=490-502&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=3-11-012978-7&rft.aulast=Naumann&rft.aufirst=Hans-Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db8kiWfP7e7cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN%C4%AB%C3%BE" class="Z3988"></span> pp. 499-500.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norse_paganism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norse paganism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Old_Norse_religion_and_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d6dbbe;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_people,_items_and_places_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of people, items and places in Norse mythology">Mythological Norse people, items and places</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Deities</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">dwarfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">jötnar</a>,<br />and other figures</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alm%C3%A1ttki_%C3%A1ss" title="Almáttki áss">Almáttki áss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldr" title="Baldr">Baldr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bragi" title="Bragi">Bragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dellingr" title="Dellingr">Dellingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forseti" title="Forseti">Forseti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimdall" title="Heimdall">Heimdall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herm%C3%B3%C3%B0r" title="Hermóðr">Hermóðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6%C3%B0r" title="Höðr">Höðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%93nir" title="Hœnir">Hœnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dtreksj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Ítreksjóð">Ítreksjóð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B3%C3%B0urr" title="Lóðurr">Lóðurr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loki" title="Loki">Loki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ni" title="Máni">Máni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meili" title="Meili">Meili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmir" title="Mímir">Mímir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0i_and_Magni" title="Móði and Magni">Móði and Magni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93%C3%B0r" title="Óðr">Óðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Týr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullr" title="Ullr">Ullr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1li" title="Váli">Váli (son of Odin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0arr" title="Víðarr">Víðarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vili_and_V%C3%A9" title="Vili and Vé">Vili and Vé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Ásynjur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%BAki_and_Bil" title="Hjúki and Bil">Bil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eir" title="Eir">Eir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulla" title="Fulla">Fulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefjon" title="Gefjon">Gefjon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B0r" title="Gerðr">Gerðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gn%C3%A1_and_H%C3%B3fvarpnir" title="Gná and Hófvarpnir">Gná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hl%C3%ADn" title="Hlín">Hlín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0unn" title="Iðunn">Iðunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmr" title="Ilmr">Ilmr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorger%C3%B0r_H%C3%B6lgabr%C3%BA%C3%B0r_and_Irpa" title="Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa">Irpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofn" title="Lofn">Lofn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanna_(Norse_deity)" title="Nanna (Norse deity)">Nanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6run" title="Njörun">Njörun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1n" title="Rán">Rán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rindr" title="Rindr">Rindr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ga_and_S%C3%B6kkvabekkr" title="Sága and Sökkvabekkr">Sága</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sif" title="Sif">Sif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigyn" title="Sigyn">Sigyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6fn" title="Sjöfn">Sjöfn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska%C3%B0i" title="Skaði">Skaði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snotra" title="Snotra">Snotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3l_(Germanic_mythology)" title="Sól (Germanic mythology)">Sól</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syn_(goddess)" title="Syn (goddess)">Syn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorger%C3%B0r_H%C3%B6lgabr%C3%BA%C3%B0r_and_Irpa" title="Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa">Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0r" title="Þrúðr">Þrúðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1r" title="Vár">Vár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6r" title="Vör">Vör</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingunar-Freyr" title="Ingunar-Freyr">Ingunar-Freyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi">Yngvi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gersemi" title="Gersemi">Gersemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullveig" title="Gullveig">Gullveig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnoss" title="Hnoss">Hnoss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvasir" title="Kvasir">Kvasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Njörðr">Njörðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister-wife_of_Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Sister-wife of Njörðr">Sister-wife of Njörðr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_j%C3%B6tnar_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of jötnar in Norse mythology">Jötnar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86gir" title="Ægir">Ægir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvaldi" title="Alvaldi">Alvaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrbo%C3%B0a" title="Angrboða">Angrboða</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurbo%C3%B0a" title="Aurboða">Aurboða</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baugi" title="Baugi">Baugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beli_(j%C3%B6tunn)" title="Beli (jötunn)">Beli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergelmir" title="Bergelmir">Bergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestla" title="Bestla">Bestla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6l%C3%BEorn" title="Bölþorn">Bölþorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BDleistr" title="Býleistr">Býleistr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg%C3%BE%C3%A9r" title="Eggþér">Eggþér</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1rbauti" title="Fárbauti">Fárbauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6lvar" title="Fjölvar">Fjölvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornj%C3%B3t" title="Fornjót">Fornjót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangr" title="Gangr">Gangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geirr%C3%B6%C3%B0r" title="Geirröðr">Geirröðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillingr" title="Gillingr">Gillingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%A1lp_and_Greip" title="Gjálp and Greip">Gjálp and Greip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Gríðr">Gríðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnl%C3%B6%C3%B0" title="Gunnlöð">Gunnlöð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymir_(father_of_Ger%C3%B0r)" title="Gymir (father of Gerðr)">Gymir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%B0greipr" title="Harðgreipr">Harðgreipr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helblindi" title="Helblindi">Helblindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helreginn" title="Helreginn">Helreginn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hljod" title="Hljod">Hljod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%A6svelgr" title="Hræsvelgr">Hræsvelgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmger%C3%B0r" title="Hrímgerðr">Hrímgerðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmgr%C3%ADmnir" title="Hrímgrímnir">Hrímgrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmnir" title="Hrímnir">Hrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hro%C3%B0r" title="Hroðr">Hroðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrungnir" title="Hrungnir">Hrungnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrymr" title="Hrymr">Hrymr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymir" title="Hymir">Hymir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrrokkin" title="Hyrrokkin">Hyrrokkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0i" title="Iði">Iði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dm" title="Ím">Ím</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1rnsaxa" title="Járnsaxa">Járnsaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laufey_(mythology)" title="Laufey (mythology)">Laufey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leikn" title="Leikn">Leikn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litr" title="Litr">Litr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logi_(mythology)" title="Logi (mythology)">Logi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6g%C3%BErasir" title="Mögþrasir">Mögþrasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narfi" title="Narfi">Narfi (father of Nott)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6kkm%C3%ADmir" title="Sökkmímir">Sökkmímir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtr" title="Surtr">Surtr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suttungr" title="Suttungr">Suttungr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ejazi" title="Þjazi">Þjazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B6kk" title="Þökk">Þökk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%ADvaldi" title="Þrívaldi">Þrívaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0gelmir" title="Þrúðgelmir">Þrúðgelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Erymr" title="Þrymr">Þrymr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Atgar%C3%B0a-Loki" title="Útgarða-Loki">Útgarða-Loki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaf%C3%BEr%C3%BA%C3%B0nir" title="Vafþrúðnir">Vafþrúðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0blindi" title="Víðblindi">Víðblindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vosud" title="Vosud">Vosud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6rnir" title="Vörnir">Vörnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ymir" title="Ymir">Ymir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dwarfs_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of dwarfs in Norse mythology">Dwarfs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alv%C3%ADss" title="Alvíss">Alvíss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andvari" title="Andvari">Andvari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austri,_Vestri,_Nor%C3%B0ri_and_Su%C3%B0ri" title="Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri">Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billingr" title="Billingr">Billingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1inn_(Norse_dwarf)" title="Dáinn (Norse dwarf)">Dáinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durinn" title="Durinn">Durinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BArnir" title="Dúrnir">Dúrnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvalinn" title="Dvalinn">Dvalinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1fnir" title="Fáfnir">Fáfnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjalar_and_Galar" title="Fjalar and Galar">Fjalar and Galar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_(mythology)" title="Gandalf (mythology)">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrei%C3%B0marr" title="Hreiðmarr">Hreiðmarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litr" title="Litr">Litr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3tsognir" title="Mótsognir">Mótsognir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93tr" title="Ótr">Ótr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regin" title="Regin">Regin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Ivaldi" title="Sons of Ivaldi">Sons of Ivaldi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brokkr" title="Brokkr">Brokkr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eitri" title="Eitri">Eitri</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_heroic_legend" title="Germanic heroic legend">Heroes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="Lists of figures in Germanic heroic legend">List of figures in Germanic heroic legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_A" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, A"> A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_B%E2%80%93C" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, B–C"> B–C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_D%E2%80%93E" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, D–E"> D–E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_F%E2%80%93G" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, F–G"> F–G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_H%E2%80%93He" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, H–He"> H–He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_Hi%E2%80%93Hy" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, Hi–Hy"> Hi–Hy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_I%E2%80%93O" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, I–O"> I–O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_P%E2%80%93S" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, P–S"> P–S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_T%E2%80%93Y" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, T–Y"> T–Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people,_clan,_and_place_names_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend">people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_named_animals_and_plants_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of named animals and plants in Germanic heroic legend">named animals and plants </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_named_weapons,_armour_and_treasures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of named weapons, armour and treasures in Germanic heroic legend">named weapons, armour and treasures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ask_and_Embla" title="Ask and Embla">Ask and Embla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au%C3%B0r_(mythology)" title="Auðr (mythology)">Auðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au%C3%B0umbla" title="Auðumbla">Auðumbla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurvandill" title="Aurvandill">Aurvandill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyla" title="Beyla">Beyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borr" title="Borr">Borr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAri" title="Búri">Búri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byggvir" title="Byggvir">Byggvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dísir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landd%C3%ADsir" title="Landdísir">Landdísir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_dragon" title="Germanic dragon">Dragons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Draugs">Draugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldir" title="Eldir">Eldir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Dark elves (Dökkálfar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Light elves (Ljósálfar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svart%C3%A1lfar" title="Svartálfar">Black elves (Svartálfar)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimafeng" title="Fimafeng">Fimafeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjalar_(rooster)" title="Fjalar (rooster)">Fjalar (rooster)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenrir" title="Fenrir">Fenrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6rgyn_and_Fj%C3%B6rgynn" title="Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn">Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fylgja" title="Fylgja">Fylgja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garmr" title="Garmr">Garmr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullinbursti" title="Gullinbursti">Gullinbursti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hati_Hr%C3%B3%C3%B0vitnisson" title="Hati Hróðvitnisson">Hati Hróðvitnisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(mythological_being)" title="Hel (mythological being)">Hel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildisv%C3%ADni" class="mw-redirect" title="Hildisvíni">Hildisvíni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%BAki_and_Bil" title="Hjúki and Bil">Hjúki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_of_the_%C3%86sir" title="Horses of the Æsir">Horses of the Æsir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rvakr_and_Alsvi%C3%B0r" title="Árvakr and Alsviðr">Árvakr and Alsviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3%C3%B0ugh%C3%B3fi" title="Blóðughófi">Blóðughófi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falh%C3%B3fnir" title="Falhófnir">Falhófnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%ADsl" class="mw-redirect" title="Gísl">Gísl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gla%C3%B0r" title="Glaðr">Glaðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A6r" title="Glær">Glær</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenr" title="Glenr">Glenr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grani" title="Grani">Grani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullfaxi" title="Gullfaxi">Gullfaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulltoppr" title="Gulltoppr">Gulltoppr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyllir" title="Gyllir">Gyllir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamskerpir_and_Gar%C3%B0rofa" title="Hamskerpir and Garðrofa">Hamskerpir and Garðrofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gn%C3%A1_and_H%C3%B3fvarpnir" title="Gná and Hófvarpnir">Hófvarpnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinfaxi_and_Hr%C3%ADmfaxi" title="Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi">Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleipnir" title="Sleipnir">Sleipnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sva%C3%B0ilfari" title="Svaðilfari">Svaðilfari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0" title="Jörð">Jörð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rmungandr" title="Jörmungandr">Jörmungandr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADf_and_L%C3%ADfthrasir" class="mw-redirect" title="Líf and Lífthrasir">Líf and Lífthrasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loddf%C3%A1fnir" title="Loddfáfnir">Loddfáfnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0gu%C3%B0r" title="Móðguðr">Móðguðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Daughters_of_%C3%86gir_and_R%C3%A1n" title="Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán">Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Mothers_of_Heimdallr" title="Nine Mothers of Heimdallr">Nine Mothers of Heimdallr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narfi_(son_of_Loki)" title="Narfi (son of Loki)">Narfi (son of Loki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%AD%C3%B0h%C3%B6ggr" title="Níðhöggr">Níðhöggr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a></li> <li>Personifications <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dagr" title="Dagr">Dagr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elli" title="Elli">Elli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3tt" title="Nótt">Nótt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumarr_and_Vetr" title="Sumarr and Vetr">Sumarr and Vetr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6hr%C3%ADmnir" title="Sæhrímnir">Sæhrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnir" title="Skírnir">Skírnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%B6ll" title="Sköll">Sköll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield-maiden" title="Shield-maiden">Shield-maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanngrisnir_and_Tanngnj%C3%B3str" title="Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr">Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%A1lfi_and_R%C3%B6skva" title="Þjálfi and Röskva">Þjálfi and Röskva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vættir">Vættir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landv%C3%A6ttir" title="Landvættir">Landvættir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1li_(son_of_Loki)" title="Váli (son of Loki)">Váli (son of Loki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith" title="Wayland the Smith">Völundr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Vörðr">Vörðr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Locations_in_Norse_mythology" title="Category:Locations in Norse mythology">Locations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Underworld</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(location)" title="Hel (location)">Hel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lj%C3%BA%C3%B0nir" title="Éljúðnir">Éljúðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjallarbr%C3%BA" title="Gjallarbrú">Gjallarbrú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1str%C3%B6nd" title="Náströnd">Náströnd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflhel" title="Niflhel">Niflhel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%B0afj%C3%B6ll" title="Niðafjöll">Niðafjöll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89liv%C3%A1gar" title="Élivágar">Élivágar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B6ll" title="Gjöll">Gjöll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dfingr" title="Ífingr">Ífingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerlaugar" title="Kerlaugar">Kerlaugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6rmt_and_%C3%96rmt" title="Körmt and Örmt">Körmt and Örmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slidr_River" title="Slidr River">Slidr River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadgelmir" title="Vadgelmir">Vadgelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimur_River" title="Vimur River">Vimur River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asgard" title="Asgard">Asgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsvartnir" title="Amsvartnir">Amsvartnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andlang" title="Andlang">Andlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barri" title="Barri">Barri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifr%C3%B6st" title="Bifröst">Bifröst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilskirnir" title="Bilskirnir">Bilskirnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A1vellir" title="Brávellir">Brávellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brimir" title="Brimir">Brimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fensalir" title="Fensalir">Fensalir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3lkvangr" title="Fólkvangr">Fólkvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signhildsberg" title="Signhildsberg">Fornsigtuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyrisvellir" title="Fyrisvellir">Fyrisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1lgvi%C3%B0r" title="Gálgviðr">Gálgviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandvik" title="Gandvik">Gandvik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropnir" title="Gastropnir">Gastropnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giml%C3%A9" title="Gimlé">Gimlé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginnungagap" title="Ginnungagap">Ginnungagap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gla%C3%B0sheimr" title="Glaðsheimr">Glaðsheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A6sisvellir" title="Glæsisvellir">Glæsisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitnir" class="mw-redirect" title="Glitnir">Glitnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnipahellir" title="Gnipahellir">Gnipahellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grove_of_fetters" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove of fetters">Grove of fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hei%C3%B0r" title="Heiðr">Heiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himinbj%C3%B6rg" title="Himinbjörg">Himinbjörg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindarfjall" title="Hindarfjall">Hindarfjall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlidskjalf" title="Hlidskjalf">Hlidskjalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnitbjorg" title="Hnitbjorg">Hnitbjorg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoddm%C3%ADmis_holt" title="Hoddmímis holt">Hoddmímis holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0av%C3%B6llr" title="Iðavöllr">Iðavöllr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1rnvi%C3%B0r" title="Járnviðr">Járnviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunheimr" title="Jötunheimr">Jötunheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmamei%C3%B0r" title="Mímameiðr">Mímameiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrkvi%C3%B0r" title="Myrkviðr">Myrkviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munarv%C3%A1gr" title="Munarvágr">Munarvágr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3at%C3%BAn_(mythology)" title="Nóatún (mythology)">Nóatún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okolnir" title="Okolnir">Okolnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessr%C3%BAmnir" title="Sessrúmnir">Sessrúmnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindri_(mythology)" title="Sindri (mythology)">Sindri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singasteinn" title="Singasteinn">Singasteinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0heimr" title="Þrúðheimr">Þrúðheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0vangr" title="Þrúðvangr">Þrúðvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Erymheimr" title="Þrymheimr">Þrymheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala">Uppsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Atgar%C3%B0ar" title="Útgarðar">Útgarðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valaskj%C3%A1lf" title="Valaskjálf">Valaskjálf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaheimr" title="Vanaheimr">Vanaheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0bl%C3%A1inn" title="Víðbláinn">Víðbláinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADgr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Vígríðr">Vígríðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ving%C3%B3lf" title="Vingólf">Vingólf</a></li> <li>Wells <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hvergelmir" title="Hvergelmir">Hvergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmisbrunnr" title="Mímisbrunnr">Mímisbrunnr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur%C3%B0arbrunnr" title="Urðarbrunnr">Urðarbrunnr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ddalir" title="Ýdalir">Ýdalir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Events_in_Norse_mythology" title="Category:Events in Norse mythology">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir%E2%80%93Vanir_War" title="Æsir–Vanir War">Æsir–Vanir War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbulwinter" title="Fimbulwinter">Fimbulvetr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B3%C3%B0i%27s_Peace" title="Fróði's Peace">Fróði's Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hja%C3%B0ningav%C3%ADg" title="Hjaðningavíg">Hjaðningavíg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Danorum" title="Gesta Danorum">Gesta Danorum</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edda" title="Edda">Edda</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Sagas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3msv%C3%ADkinga_saga" title="Jómsvíkinga saga">Jómsvíkinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_saga" title="Legendary saga">Legendary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrfing_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrfing Cycle">Tyrfing Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsung_Cycle" title="Völsung Cycle">Völsung Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_orthography" title="Old Norse orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology_in_popular_culture" title="Norse mythology in popular culture">Later influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Religious practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic_wooden_cult_figurines_of_Central_and_Northern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe">Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">Hof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heitstrenging" title="Heitstrenging">Heitstrenging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hörgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_rituals" title="Norse rituals">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96ndvegiss%C3%BAlur" title="Öndvegissúlur">Öndvegissúlur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginnaglar" title="Reginnaglar">Reginnaglar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">Sacred trees and groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonarg%C3%B6ltr" title="Sonargöltr">Sonargöltr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">Temple at Uppsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Vé">Vé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_and_islands_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Wetlands and islands in Germanic paganism">Wetlands and islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Festivals and holy periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfabl%C3%B3t" title="Álfablót">Álfablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADsabl%C3%B3t" title="Dísablót">Dísablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Germanic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorrabl%C3%B3t" title="Þorrablót">Þorrablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetrn%C3%A6tr" class="mw-redirect" title="Vetrnætr">Vetrnætr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Norse_paganism" title="Death in Norse paganism">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergi" title="Ergi">Ergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lag" title="Félag">Félag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdr" title="Galdr">Galdr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">Goði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamingja" title="Hamingja">Hamingja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiti" title="Heiti">Heiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning">Kenning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead_hall" title="Mead hall">Mead hall</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nīþ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_cosmology" title="Norse cosmology">Norse cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Norse_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbers in Norse mythology">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_philosophy" title="Old Norse philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic cultures">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">Skald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">Völva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry (new religious movement)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nīþ&oldid=1259126960">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nīþ&oldid=1259126960</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germanic_paganism" title="Category:Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_in_the_Nordic_countries" title="Category:LGBTQ in the Nordic 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