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value placed on inventiveness and adaptation, the concept of citizenship–which have consistently produced superior arms and soldiers. Offering riveting battle narratives and a balanced perspective that avoids simple triumphalism, Carnage and Culture demonstrates how armies cannot be separated from the cultures that produce them and explains why an army produced by a free culture will always have the advantage.","my_library_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fop%3Dlibrary\u0026hl=en","is_magazine":false,"is_public_domain":false,"last_page":{"pid":"PA506","order":545,"title":"506"}},{"enableUserFeedbackUI":true,"pseudocontinuous":true,"is_cobrand":false,"sign_in_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fid%3DXGr16-CxpH8C%26q%3Dfreedom%26source%3Dgbs_word_cloud_r%26hl%3Den\u0026hl=en","isEntityPageViewport":false,"showViewportOnboarding":false,"showViewportPlainTextOnboarding":false},{"page":[{"pid":"PA50","highlights":[{"X":438,"Y":100,"W":51,"H":16},{"X":399,"Y":212,"W":50,"H":13},{"X":111,"Y":231,"W":51,"H":15},{"X":314,"Y":231,"W":52,"H":15},{"X":357,"Y":249,"W":50,"H":15},{"X":62,"Y":697,"W":52,"H":15},{"X":62,"Y":809,"W":52,"H":14},{"X":161,"Y":43,"W":58,"H":9}],"flags":8,"order":73,"vq":"freedom"}]},null,{"number_of_results":86,"search_results":[{"page_id":"PR7","page_number":"vii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eFreedom\u003c/b\u003e or \u0026quot; To Live as You Please \u0026quot; . 27 Salamis , September 28 , 480 B.C. The Drowned . The Achaemenids and \u003cb\u003eFreedom\u003c/b\u003e . The Persian Wars and the Strategy of Salamis . The Battle . Eleutheria . The Legacy of Salamis CHAPTER THREE\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C\u0026pg=PR7\u0026vq=freedom"},{"page_id":"PA4","page_number":"4","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e , superior discipline , matchless weapons , egalitarian camaraderie , individual initiative , con- stant tactical adaptation and flexibility , preference for shock battle of heavy infantry - were themselves the murderous\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C\u0026pg=PA4\u0026vq=freedom"},{"page_id":"PA12","page_number":"12","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e of expression , for in- stance , was integral to the Greek cause at our first battle , Salamis , and characteristic of the American army at our last example , Tet , some 2,500 years later . I shall argue that what led to the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA20","page_number":"20","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e , American liberty ; in Greek democracy , English parliamentary government ; or in the agora , Wall Street . The \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e that was won at Salamis is not entirely the same as what was ensured at Midway , much less as what was\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA21","page_number":"21","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e , individualism , and civic militarism at those battles , however , was vastly different among the opposing forces . As these encounters reveal on nearly every occasion , it was not merely the superior weapons of European\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA22","page_number":"22","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e unknown in the Achaemenid court . While the Inquisition was an episode of Western fanaticism and at times unrestrained by political au- dit , the tally of its entire bloody course never matched the Aztec score of corpses in a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA23","page_number":"23","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e , consensual government , and dissent , we must judge Western failings not through the lenses of utopian perfectionism of the present , but in the context of the global landscape of the times . Western values are absolute , but\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA24","page_number":"24","snippet_text":"... of warfare is so often the brutal history of Western victory - and why today deadly Western armies have little to fear from any force other than themselves . PART ONE S Creation TWO \u003cb\u003eFreedom\u003c/b\u003e - or \u0026quot; To 24 CARNAGE AND CULTURE."},{"page_id":"PA25","page_number":"25","snippet_text":"Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power Victor Davis Hanson. PART ONE S Creation TWO \u003cb\u003eFreedom\u003c/b\u003e - or \u0026quot; To Live as You Please."},{"page_id":"PA27","page_number":"27","snippet_text":"... , all destined for the bottom of the Saronic Gulf . Their last sight on earth was a Greek sunset over the mountains of Salamis - or their grim king perched far CHAPTER \u003cb\u003eFreedom\u003c/b\u003e or \u0026quot;To Live as You Please\u0026quot; Salamis, September 28, 480 B C."},{"page_id":"PA28","page_number":"28","snippet_text":"... . The playwright Aeschylus , who was probably a veteran of Salamis , eight years later wrote of their helplessness in the water : \u0026quot; The corpses of the Persian loved ones , soaked with saltwater 28 \u003cb\u003eFREEDOM\u003c/b\u003e OR \u0026quot; TO LIVE AS YOU PLEASE \u0026quot;"},{"page_id":"PA30","page_number":"30","snippet_text":"... strewn as it was with the wrecks of warships and the debris of what had been men . The shores and the reefs were full of our dead , and every ship that had once been part of the fleet now 30 \u003cb\u003eFREEDOM\u003c/b\u003e OR \u0026quot; TO LIVE AS YOU PLEASE \u0026quot;"},{"page_id":"PA31","page_number":"31","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e , actually resulted in the slaughter of thousands of reluctant allied Asian sailors . Under penalty of death , they fought as Xerxes watched the sea battle from his throne on Mount Aigaleos above - his secretary nearby to record\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA32","page_number":"32","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e of the Greeks . \u0026quot; The price of that liberation was the mass slaughter of a host of peoples who had come under the whip , not out of religious , ethnic , or cultural hatred of Hellenic culture . Because none of Xerxes \u0026#39; dead were\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA33","page_number":"33","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e to worship their own gods and devise their own means for meeting targeted levels of imperial taxation . To the Greeks , who could never unify properly their own vastly smaller mainland , the Achaemenids \u0026#39; confederation of an\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA34","page_number":"34","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e in Achaemenid Persia . Even satraps were re- ferred to as slaves in imperial correspondence : \u0026quot; The King of Kings , Darius son of Hystapes , says these things to his slave Gadatas : \u0026#39; I learn that you are not obeying my commands\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA35","page_number":"35","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e that would help determine who lived and died at Salamis . The Persian imperial army was huge and commanded at the top by relatives and elites under oath to the king . At its core were professional Persian infantrymen - the so\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA36","page_number":"36","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e . While such classical agrarian traditions would erode dur- ing the later Roman Empire and the early Dark Ages , with the creation of vast absentee estates and ecclesiastical fiefdoms , the ideal would not be abandoned , but\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA38","page_number":"38","snippet_text":"... The classical Greeks were as pious as the Persians , but when conservative citizens rallied to rid their cities of atheistic provoca- teurs , they first sought a majority decree of the 38 \u003cb\u003eFREEDOM\u003c/b\u003e OR \u0026quot; TO LIVE AS YOU PLEASE \u0026quot;"},{"page_id":"PA39","page_number":"39","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e , or eleutheria theirs to keep , Xerxes \u0026#39; to take away . The war , in their eyes , would hinge on how much \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e was worth and to what degree it might trump the king\u0026#39;s enormous advantages in numbers , material wealth , and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA40","page_number":"40","snippet_text":"... fight one yard farther south . Nearly all the Athenian citizenry had been evacuated to Salamis proper , Aegina , and Troezen in the Argolid . Thus , by September 480 B.C. , for the Greeks 40 \u003cb\u003eFREEDOM\u003c/b\u003e OR \u0026quot; TO LIVE AS YOU PLEASE \u0026quot;"},{"page_id":"PA42","page_number":"42","snippet_text":"... entire population was enslaved its ships would have been of little value anyway in a fight behind fortifications but there is good . reason , as Herodotus foresaw , that it would have 42 \u003cb\u003eFREEDOM\u003c/b\u003e OR \u0026quot; TO LIVE AS YOU PLEASE \u0026quot;"},{"page_id":"PA44","page_number":"44","snippet_text":"... everything north of the isthmus ; and his secret but false promises to the Persian king of a surrender on the eve of the battle had www Ionian Greeks PELOPONNESUS Sea fooled Xerxes about the real 44 \u003cb\u003eFREEDOM\u003c/b\u003e OR \u0026quot; TO LIVE AS YOU PLEASE \u0026quot;"},{"page_id":"PA46","page_number":"46","snippet_text":"... warrior\u0026#39;s prime directive was to stay in rank , rather than kill great numbers of the enemy . Those innate Western military characteristics would resurface in the next century , and 46 \u003cb\u003eFREEDOM\u003c/b\u003e OR \u0026quot; TO LIVE AS YOU PLEASE \u0026quot;"},{"page_id":"PA47","page_number":"47","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e ( eleutheria ) had proved to be the real key to their victory . \u003cb\u003eFreedom\u003c/b\u003e , they believed , had made their warriors qualita- tively better fighters than the Persians - or any other unfree tribe , people , or state to the west as\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA48","page_number":"48","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e , we shall defend ourselves in any way that we are able \u0026quot; ( Herodotus 8.143 ) . To the Greeks \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e was almost religious in nature . The Athenians worshiped the abstractions of \u0026quot; Democracy \u0026quot; and \u0026quot; \u003cb\u003eFreedom\u003c/b\u003e , \u0026quot; the latter as\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA49","page_number":"49","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e [ eleutherias ] that you possess and for which I greatly admire you . For you know well that \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e [ eleutherian ] is one trait that I would choose be- fore everything else that I have and much more besides . ( Anabasis 1.7.3\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA50","page_number":"50","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e of asso- ciation , \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e to elect representatives , \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e to own property and acquire wealth without fear of confiscation , and \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e from arbitrary punishment and coercion . Within the more than 1,000 city - states not\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA51","page_number":"51","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e existence ; we should instead appreciate how peculiar it was to have appeared so early in any form at all . The Meaning of \u003cb\u003eFreedom\u003c/b\u003e If we were to ask a Greek sailor at Salamis , \u0026quot; What is this \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e you row for ?, \u0026quot; he might\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA52","page_number":"52","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e to choose the occasion of their own deaths . In the aftermath of Salamis the Greek veterans of the battle voted awards for heroism and commendation . In contrast , imperial scribes brought their lists down from Xerxes \u0026#39; perch to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA53","page_number":"53","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eFreedom\u003c/b\u003e is the glue of capitalism , that amoral wisdom of the markets that most efficiently allots goods and services to a citizenry . Finally , the Greeks at Salamis entertained a \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e of action . Some stubborn Athenians , for\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA54","page_number":"54","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eFreedom\u003c/b\u003e in Battle Western ideas of \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e , originating from the early Hellenic concept of politics as consensual government ( politeia ) and from an open economy that gave the individual opportunity to profit ( kerdos ) , protected\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA55","page_number":"55","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eFreedom\u003c/b\u003e turns out to be a military asset . It enhances the morale of the army as a whole ; it gives confidence to even the lowliest of soldiers ; and it draws on the consensus of officers rather than a single commander . \u003cb\u003eFreedom\u003c/b\u003e is more\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA56","page_number":"56","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e altogether . lonia , the is lands , and the Greek mainland would have all been occupied as a Western satrapy of Persia . Those few Greeks surviving as autonomous states in Italy or Sicily would have succumbed to Persian attack\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA57","page_number":"57","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e . The Greek victory not merely saved the West by ensuring that Hellenism would survive after a mere two centuries of polis culture . Just as impor- tant , it was also a catalyst for the entire Athenian democratic renaissance\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA58","page_number":"58","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e - property qualifications to vote , wars fought exclusively by those landowners whose capital and income gave them privilege , and a complete absence of taxes , navies , and imperialism . Those protocols of the traditional free\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA59","page_number":"59","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e was a virus that even the most autocratic of Western strongmen would have trouble extinguishing . With the Aegean wide open after the retreat of the Persian fleet at Salamis , and Athens now at the vanguard of the Greek\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA81","page_number":"81","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e was not to be defined entirely in political terms , but , as Aristotle noted , as \u0026quot; doing as one pleased . \u0026quot; Alexander\u0026#39;s pha- langites , like the hired Ten Thousand earlier , enjoyed a liberality of as- sociation , as they held\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA82","page_number":"82","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e of the Greeks inside Greece than did Philip and his son . Alexander the Great mustered more Greek - speaking soldiers to kill more non - Greeks than any other Greek in history - and himself engineered the death of more Greeks at\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA83","page_number":"83","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e and butchering them from Thebes to the Granicus . If we put aside later romance about Alexander - his supposed efforts to achieve the \u0026quot; brotherhood of mankind \u0026quot; or to bring \u0026quot; civilization \u0026quot; to the barbarians- we can agree that\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA89","page_number":"89","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e and political autonomy . His introduction of Greek military culture beyond the Aegean and the economic stimulus of flooding the Greek world with the stored and previously untapped gold and silver of the imperial Persian\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA90","page_number":"90","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e , individualism , civic au- dit , and constitutional government . Given the complexity and origins of Western military practice , it is more effective when confined within the parameters of its birth . The ancient world produced\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA120","page_number":"120","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e or civic militarism . Aristotle tells us that they gave rewards to their warriors for individual kills - far different from classical armies that stressed staying in rank and keeping formation , avoidance of flight , and the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA121","page_number":"121","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e at Salamis were matched in number by slaves and foreigners who had - and would have- no say in the government of Athens . This narrow conception of citizen- ship would soon doom the independent Greek city - state . In contrast\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA125","page_number":"125","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e to govern their own affairs , but mostly either out of hatred for Rome or for the money and plunder that their strong leader might continue to provide strong incentives both , but in the end no match for farmers who had voted to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA127","page_number":"127","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e . Junius himself freed 6,000 prisoners and took direct com- mand of this novel legion of felons . Demands were made upon the Italian allies to muster an additional 80,000 troops within the year . For the dura- tion of the war\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA128","page_number":"128","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e from arbitrary conscription , steady wages , contractual protections concerning service , and a fixed retirement - not press - gangs , ad hoc musters , and ar- bitrary punishments . If anything , the rights of the individual\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA136","page_number":"136","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e of movement , relative impunity , and the need for a coterie of retainers unlike his brethren below . The same is true . of the modern fighter pilot , whose command of the air , speed , and pos- session of a complex machine make\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA157","page_number":"157","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e and the values of their civilization . Such spirited warriors the barbarians had , and when they absorbed the blueprint of Roman militarism , a number of effective local Western armies arose - as the Muslims learned at Poitiers\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA168","page_number":"168","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e , de- cisive battle , civic militarism , rationalism , vibrant markets , discipline , dis- sent , and free critique were not wiped out by the fall of Rome . Instead , they formed the basis of a succession of Merovingian\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA229","page_number":"229","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e in Spain , perhaps best epitomized in Juan de Costa\u0026#39;s ( 1549-95 ) treatise Govierno del ciudadano , on the proper rights and be- havior of the citizen in a constitutional commonwealth . About the same time , Jerónimo de Blancas\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA230","page_number":"230","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e and capitalism . The result has been a constant increase in the technical ability of Western armies to kill their adversaries . Is it not odd that Greek hoplites , Roman legionaries , medieval knights , Byzantine fleets\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA258","page_number":"258","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e and rewards . Of the Muslim slaves , on the contrary , the chains which secured them to their places were carefully examined and their rivets secured ; and they were , besides , fitted with handcuffs , to disable them from using\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA269","page_number":"269","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e and antithetical to the Koran , which made no distinction between political , cultural , economic , and religious life , and therefore discouraged unfettered economic ration- alism . Scholarly controversy still rages about the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA270","page_number":"270","snippet_text":"... technological innovation , which is in- extricably tied to \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e , often the expression of individualism , and thus critical to military success throughout the ages . That capitalism 270 THE MARKET - OR CAPITALISM KILLS."},{"page_id":"PA280","page_number":"280","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e from the deadly rifle fire that had broken their initial charges across the open ground . Once in the confines of the camp , the barefoot , lightly clad warriors , armed with razor - sharp spears , enjoyed an actual advantage\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA372","page_number":"372","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e and exemption to further the war effort . Most serious students of Midway have no hesitation in attributing much of the American victory to Rochefort\u0026#39;s effort . Samuel Eliot Morison concluded that Midway \u0026quot; was a victory of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA373","page_number":"373","snippet_text":"Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power Victor Davis Hanson. and personal \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e . Hundreds of brave Japanese sailors would be cre- mated at Midway because an officer working in his slippers knew they were coming . The Repair of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA386","page_number":"386","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e , is a cultural , rather than political , entity . It is the dividend of Western politics and economics , which give \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e in the abstract and concrete sense to individuals and in the process foster personal curiosity and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA387","page_number":"387","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eFreedom\u003c/b\u003e of the press and dis- sent , the emancipation of women , and the creation of a middling con- sumer class were also dividends of the American occupation . The result if not a radical Japanese reinterpretation of the role of the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA415","page_number":"415","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e , mobility , and affluence that had once been con- fined to a small aristocracy was now available to millions . Whereas in the past , campus - bound poor students worked long hours and worried about grades and future employment\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA427","page_number":"427","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e reaches them in the twenty - first century . For the millions who died in Southeast Asia immediately after the American withdrawal , and for the thousands of now rotting Americans and Vietnamese who were killed in Vietnam in a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA428","page_number":"428","snippet_text":"Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power Victor Davis Hanson. \u003cb\u003eFreedom\u003c/b\u003e the Americans fought for , and free they were who fought . But paradoxically , while enjoying almost no \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e during the conflict , its promise drove on many\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA429","page_number":"429","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e of Greece and Rome . Yet there was never to be either a democracy or a republic in Vietnam . The American economy produced a surfeit of arms , war supplies , and consumer goods in Vietnam that had the effect of drawing more than\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA435","page_number":"435","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e , but he was an amateur autocrat compared to the Persian Achaemenids . He was far more likely to be argu- ing with his Macedonian generals than was Xerxes with his satraps , far more likely to be attacked in the Assembly Hall by\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA438","page_number":"438","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e , consensual government , and individualism- thus poses a paradox . The encouragement of open assessment and the acknowledgment of error within the military eventually bring forth supe- rior planning and a more flexible response\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA439","page_number":"439","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e to speak out , the titillating headline , the flashy exposé , and the idea that a man in tie and suit , not one sporting sunglasses , epaulets , and a revolver , is com- mander in chief are more likely in the end to win than\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA440","page_number":"440","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e in the ranks ; no Persian conception of civic militarism or civilian audit of the Great King\u0026#39;s army ; no Thracian embrace of the scientific tradition ; no disciplined files of shock phalangites in Phoenicia ; and no landed\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA443","page_number":"443","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e , decisive shock battle , civic militarism , technology , capitalism , individualism , and civilian audit and open dissent loom large . In the flesh it is a long way from Greek fire to na- palm , from ostracism to impeachment\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA449","page_number":"449","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eFreedom\u003c/b\u003e for many means an absence of responsi- bility , while the culture of the mall , video , and Internet seem to breed uni- formity and complacence , rather than rationalism , individualism , and initiative . Will the West always\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA450","page_number":"450","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e at Salamis , or young men who rushed to reform their battered legions in the aftermath of Cannae ? Pessimists see in the lethargic teenagers of the affluent American sub- urbs seeds of decay . But I am not so sure we are yet at\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA458","page_number":"458","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eFreedom\u003c/b\u003e \u0026quot; may have sounded simplistic to cynical critics , but it was , in fact , similar in tone and theme to the phrase chosen by Athenian sailors who rowed at Salamis , encouraging each other with cries of \u0026quot; eleutheria ! \u0026quot; Although\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA466","page_number":"466","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e . galleass : A large hybrid galley of three sails , high sides , and plentiful cannon ; used hap- hazardly as a Mediterranean warship in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries . galleon : A large sailing vessel with multiple\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA470","page_number":"470","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eFreedom\u003c/b\u003e - or \u0026quot; To Live as You Please \u0026quot; Salamis , September 28 , 480 B.C. The chief problems associated with the battle surround the exact date of the fighting , the size of the Persian fleet , the purported ruse of Themistocles , and\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C\u0026pg=PA470\u0026vq=freedom"},{"page_id":"PA471","page_number":"471","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eFreedom\u003c/b\u003e , \u0026quot; in A. Ryan , ed . , The Idea of \u003cb\u003eFreedom\u003c/b\u003e : Essays in Honour of Isaiah Berlin ( Oxford , 1979 ) , 139–51 ; and O. Patterson , \u003cb\u003eFreedom\u003c/b\u003e in the Making of Western Culture ( New York , 1991 ) . See also the essays in M. I.\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C\u0026pg=PA471\u0026vq=freedom"},{"page_id":"PA487","page_number":"487","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e and , 81-82 ; at Gaugamela , 61 , 64-69 , 72-74 , 78 , 95 , 458 ; Gaza and , 69 , 85 ; Granicus River , 65 , 78 , 79 , 82 , 83 ; Hellenic influence , 10 , 79-82 ; Hitler compared , 89-90 ; Hydaspes , 78 ; Issus , 65-66 , 69 , 78\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C\u0026pg=PA487\u0026vq=freedom"},{"page_id":"PA488","page_number":"488","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e in , 53 , 56-59 ; government , 52 ; Macedon invasion , 78 ; Marathon , 39 ; military discipline , 328 ; Persian attack and destruction of Acropolis , 35 ; Salamis victory and , 46 , 56-59 ; sea power of , 41 , 44 ; triremes\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C\u0026pg=PA488\u0026vq=freedom"},{"page_id":"PA492","page_number":"492","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eFreedom\u003c/b\u003e : Achaemenids compared to Greeks , 32-39 , 435 ; democratic renaissance in Greece , 57-59 ; eleutheria and meaning for Greeks , 35 , 39 , 46-54 ; as evolving concept , 50-51 ; infantry , Dark and Middle Ages and , 164 ; as\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C\u0026pg=PA492\u0026vq=freedom"},{"page_id":"PA493","page_number":"493","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e of , 49-50 , 120-21 ; climate , geography , natural resources , 4 , 17 ; conquest by Alexander , 78 ; consensual government , 4 , 52 , 113-14 , 118 ; cultural development , causes , 17 , 18 ; death by drowning , 30 ; \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C\u0026pg=PA493\u0026vq=freedom"},{"page_id":"PA494","page_number":"494","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e , impact of , 4 , 6-7 , 32 ; cultural divide from opponents , 2-3 ; disciplined troops , 7 , 44 , 46 , 47 , 325-27 ; election of leaders , awards , 3 , 52 ; \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e to join , leave , 53 ; heavy infantry versus cavalry , 3\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C\u0026pg=PA494\u0026vq=freedom"},{"page_id":"PA498","page_number":"498","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e , individualism , and civic militarism and victory at , 20 , 21 ; Hiryu , 338 , 340 , 350 , 353 , 384 ; Hornet , 342 , 343 , 344 , 345 , 349 , 350 ; Japanese aircraft carriers , 334-35 , 341 ; Japanese losses , 335-36 , 340\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C\u0026pg=PA498\u0026vq=freedom"},{"page_id":"PA499","page_number":"499","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eFreedom\u003c/b\u003e , * 458 Ordaz , Diego de , 171 , 173 Otawa , Tatsuya , 338 Ottoman Empire : army of slaves , subjects , conscripts , 249 , 257-58 , 263 ; autocracy and despotism , 258 , 261 , 262 , 265–66 ; capital , problems of , and lack of\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C\u0026pg=PA499\u0026vq=freedom"},{"page_id":"PA500","page_number":"500","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e limited to elite , 53 ; Immortals ( Amrtaka ) , 3 , 35 , 70 ; intimidated by phalanx , 70-71 ; king in battle , 35 ; lack of disciplined fighting , 71-72 , 159 ; looting , 72 ; Mardonius\u0026#39;s defeated army , compared to Ten\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C\u0026pg=PA500\u0026vq=freedom"},{"page_id":"PA501","page_number":"501","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e and superiority of , 56 , 112 ; gladius , 7 , 101 , 116 , 222 ; hatred of , 118 ; infantry , 115-20 , 140 , 162 ; leader\u0026#39;s mistakes at Cannae , 9 ; legions , 115-20 , 159 ; phalanx and , 116-17 ; resilience , 105 , 111-12 , 126\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C\u0026pg=PA501\u0026vq=freedom"},{"page_id":"PA502","page_number":"502","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e , 229 ; Postumius killed in , 126 ; rationalism , 205-8 ; reaction to Mexico City losses , 182 ; Reconquista , 6 , 20 , 199 , 200 ; revulsion to Aztec practices , 198-99 ; tactics , 225-30 ; training of swordsmen and pikemen\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C\u0026pg=PA502\u0026vq=freedom"},{"page_id":"PA505","page_number":"505","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003efreedom\u003c/b\u003e , and military prowess , 12 , 23 , 52 , 54-55 , 56-57 , 92 , 113-14 , 159 , 164 , 260-62 , 366 , 386-88 ; discipline of military , 11-12 , 44 , 71-72 , 80 , 229-30 , 321-33 ( see also Discipline ) ; dissemination of knowl- edge\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C\u0026pg=PA505\u0026vq=freedom"}],"search_query_escaped":"freedom"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>