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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1962 aviation accident</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard vevent"><caption class="infobox-title fn org summary" style="padding-bottom:0.3em;">United Air Lines Flight 297</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:N7429_Vickers_745D_Viscount_United_Airlines_(10995863693).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/N7429_Vickers_745D_Viscount_United_Airlines_%2810995863693%29.jpg/220px-N7429_Vickers_745D_Viscount_United_Airlines_%2810995863693%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/N7429_Vickers_745D_Viscount_United_Airlines_%2810995863693%29.jpg/330px-N7429_Vickers_745D_Viscount_United_Airlines_%2810995863693%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/N7429_Vickers_745D_Viscount_United_Airlines_%2810995863693%29.jpg/440px-N7429_Vickers_745D_Viscount_United_Airlines_%2810995863693%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.3em;">A Vickers Viscount similar to the accident aircraft</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #082567; color: white">Accident</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">November 23, 1962</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Summary</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Bird_strike" title="Bird strike">Bird strike</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Site</th><td class="infobox-data flabel location" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Howard_County,_Maryland" title="Howard County, Maryland">Howard County</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Ellicott_City,_Maryland" title="Ellicott City, Maryland">Ellicott City, Maryland</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #082567; color: white">Aircraft</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Aircraft type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">Vickers Viscount 745D</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_registration" title="Aircraft registration">Registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">N7430</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Flight origin</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Newark_Liberty_International_Airport" title="Newark Liberty International Airport">Newark International Airport</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">1st stopover</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Washington_National_Airport" title="Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport">Washington National Airport</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">2nd stopover</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%E2%80%93Durham_International_Airport" title="Raleigh–Durham International Airport">Raleigh–Durham Airport</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Last stopover</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Douglas_International_Airport" title="Charlotte Douglas International Airport">Charlotte Municipal Airport</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Destination</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Hartsfield%E2%80%93Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport" title="Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport">Atlanta Airport</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Occupants</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">17</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Passengers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">13</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Crew</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Fatalities</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">17</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Survivors</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">0</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Airlines_Flight_297._Wreckage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/United_Airlines_Flight_297._Wreckage.jpg/220px-United_Airlines_Flight_297._Wreckage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/United_Airlines_Flight_297._Wreckage.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="159" /></a><figcaption>Wreckage of United Air Lines Flight 297</figcaption></figure> <p><b>United Air Lines Flight 297</b> was a scheduled flight from <a href="/wiki/Newark_Liberty_International_Airport" title="Newark Liberty International Airport">Newark International Airport</a> to <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> that crashed 10 miles (16 km) southwest of <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> on November 23, 1962, killing all 17 people on board. An investigation concluded that the aircraft, a <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">Vickers Viscount 745D</a> <a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">turboprop</a> airliner, had struck at least two <a href="/wiki/Whistling_swan" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistling swan">whistling swans</a>, which caused severe damage to the plane, resulting in a loss of control. </p><p>The accident resulted in a greater understanding of the amount of damage that can be caused by <a href="/wiki/Bird_strike" title="Bird strike">bird strikes</a> during flight. As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> (FAA) issued new safety regulations that required newly certified aircraft to be able to better withstand in-flight impacts with birds without affecting the aircraft's ability to fly or land safely. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accident">Accident</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Air_Lines_Flight_297&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Accident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The flight, flying as <a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="United Air Lines">United Air Lines</a> Flight 297, was a scheduled passenger flight from Newark to Atlanta, with stops at <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Washington_National_Airport" title="Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport">Washington National Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raleigh%E2%80%93Durham_International_Airport" title="Raleigh–Durham International Airport">Raleigh–Durham Airport</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Douglas_International_Airport" title="Charlotte Douglas International Airport">Charlotte Municipal Airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CAB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p2">: p2 </span></sup> It had 13 passengers and 4 crew members on board.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1124_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1124-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first leg of the flight was scheduled to last one hour at a <a href="/wiki/True_airspeed" title="True airspeed">true airspeed</a> of 260 knots (300 mph; 480 km/h).<sup id="cite_ref-CAB_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p2">: p2 </span></sup> </p><p>The plane departed Newark at 11:39 a.m. local time and proceeded normally until 12:14 p.m., when it was cleared to descend from 10,000 to 6,000 feet.<sup id="cite_ref-CAB_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p2">: p2 </span></sup> At 12:19 p.m., air traffic controllers advised the flight that they had received numerous reports of large numbers of ducks and geese in the area, and the pilots acknowledged the report.<sup id="cite_ref-CAB_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p2">: p2 </span></sup> At 12:22 p.m., Washington Approach directed the flight to turn left to a heading of 200 degrees, which was also confirmed by the pilots.<sup id="cite_ref-CAB_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: pp2–3">: pp2–3 </span></sup> An additional course change was transmitted at 12:23 p.m., but was not acknowledged. At 12:24 p.m., controllers lost radar contact with the plane.<sup id="cite_ref-CAB_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p3">: p3 </span></sup> </p><p>The aircraft struck two whistling swans with its <a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_(aeronautics)" title="Stabilizer (aeronautics)">stabilizers</a> at 6,000 feet. One of the birds caused only superficial damage to the right stabilizer, approximately one foot long and an eighth of an inch deep, while the other crashed completely through the left stabilizer and came out the other side.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1201_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1201-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes0323_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes0323-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The impact caused the stabilizer to separate from the plane; it was found a quarter of a mile from the main wreckage.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1201_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1201-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Investigators estimated that the crash might not have occurred if the two birds had hit the aircraft just a few inches higher or lower.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1201_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1201-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plane lost control, and in less than a minute, the aircraft's altitude dropped from approximately 6,000 feet to ground level, and its airspeed increased from 240 to 365 knots (280 to 420 mph; 440 to 680 km/h) <a href="/wiki/Indicated_airspeed" title="Indicated airspeed">indicated airspeed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CAB_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p6">: p6 </span></sup> The plane crashed 10 miles (16 km) southwest of Baltimore and exploded, killing all of the occupants.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1124_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1124-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aircraft">Aircraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Air_Lines_Flight_297&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The aircraft was a <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">Vickers Viscount 745D</a>, a British medium-range turboprop airliner, serial number 128. It was registered as tail number N7430 and manufactured on June 30, 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-CAB_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p15">: p15 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-asn_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asn-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of the crash, it had a total of 18,809 logged flight hours.<sup id="cite_ref-asn_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asn-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was powered by four <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Dart" title="Rolls-Royce Dart">Rolls-Royce Dart 510</a> turboprop engines.<sup id="cite_ref-CAB_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p15">: p15 </span></sup> United Airlines acquired the plane from <a href="/wiki/Capital_Airlines_(United_States)" title="Capital Airlines (United States)">Capital Airlines</a> when the two companies merged in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1124_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1124-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was one of 60 built, and had a capacity of 48 passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-vickers_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vickers-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Passengers_and_crew">Passengers and crew</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Air_Lines_Flight_297&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Passengers and crew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pilot of the plane was Milton Balog, of Pennsylvania, who was 39 years old. He had served as a pilot in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps" title="United States Army Air Corps">United States Army Air Corps</a> flying a bomber in the European theater of World War II and had received the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_States)" title="Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)">Distinguished Flying Cross</a>. After the war, he took a job with Capital Airlines.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1124_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1124-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The copilot was Robert Lewis, who was 32 years old. He held an <a href="/wiki/Airline_transport_pilot_licence" title="Airline transport pilot licence">airline transport pilot licence</a> that had lapsed because he was overdue for a physical, but he was qualified and licensed to fly as a copilot with his <a href="/wiki/Commercial_pilot_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial pilot license">commercial pilot license</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CAB_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p14">: p14 </span></sup> Crew member Mary Key Klein had completed her company training and started work on June 21, 1962, and crew member Karen G. Brent had started work for the airline on August 16, 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-CAB_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p15">: p15 </span></sup> </p><p>Of the thirteen passengers aboard the plane, six were off-duty employees of United Airlines.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1124_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1124-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Investigation">Investigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Air_Lines_Flight_297&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Investigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Airlines_Flight_297._Stabilizer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/United_Airlines_Flight_297._Stabilizer.jpg/220px-United_Airlines_Flight_297._Stabilizer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/United_Airlines_Flight_297._Stabilizer.jpg/330px-United_Airlines_Flight_297._Stabilizer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/United_Airlines_Flight_297._Stabilizer.jpg/440px-United_Airlines_Flight_297._Stabilizer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="673" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of damage observed on the left stabilizer</figcaption></figure> <p>After the accident, a team of ten investigators from Washington arrived, headed by George A. Van Epps, the chief of safety investigation for the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Aeronautics_Board" title="Civil Aeronautics Board">Civil Aeronautics Board</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1124_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1124-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wreckage from the plane was spread over an area of 100 to 150 yards (90 to 140 m) in diameter, with the largest piece of debris only 15 feet (4.6 m) long.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1124_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1124-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A severe ground fire that broke out after the crash consumed most of the fuselage, right wing, and part of the left wing.<sup id="cite_ref-CAB_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p5">: p5 </span></sup> The fire removed potential evidence of additional bird strikes that may have occurred on other parts of the aircraft, but the investigators were able to recover the flight recorder.<sup id="cite_ref-CAB_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: pp5–6">: pp5–6 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1124_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1124-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Investigators reassembled critical parts of the aircraft at Washington National Airport, where they concluded that the aircraft had struck at least two birds.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1201_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1201-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A partial bird carcass as well as feathers, tissue, and blood was found 10 feet (3 m) from the separated section of the left stabilizer and was identified by the Chief Medical Examiner for the State of Maryland to be of bird origin.<sup id="cite_ref-CAB_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p6">: p6 </span></sup> Specimens of feathers and bones found at the site were taken to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a>, who identified them as belonging to whistling swans, birds that can attain weights in excess of 18 pounds (8 kg).<sup id="cite_ref-CAB_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p6">: p6 </span></sup> A pilot in the vicinity of the flight had reported seeing a flock of approximately fifty very large white birds flying in a trail at approximately 5,500 feet.<sup id="cite_ref-CAB_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p3">: p3 </span></sup> Other pilots in the area also said that air traffic controllers at Washington Center had reported radar contacts near them that the pilots identified as large flocks of birds.<sup id="cite_ref-CAB_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p4">: p4 </span></sup> </p><p>The Civil Aeronautics Board released a final report of their investigation on March 22, 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes0323_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes0323-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The investigators concluded that the probable cause of the accident was "a loss of control following separation of the left horizontal stabilizer which had been weakened by a collision with a whistling swan."<sup id="cite_ref-CAB_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p1">: p1 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes0323_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes0323-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The board recommended that additional research be undertaken to determine the risks to modern aircraft from bird strikes and to learn how to increase safety of aircraft in the event of bird strikes.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes0323_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes0323-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-faalessons_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faalessons-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Air_Lines_Flight_297&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BMA_Viscount_at_EMA_(24066486706).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/BMA_Viscount_at_EMA_%2824066486706%29.jpg/220px-BMA_Viscount_at_EMA_%2824066486706%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/BMA_Viscount_at_EMA_%2824066486706%29.jpg/330px-BMA_Viscount_at_EMA_%2824066486706%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/BMA_Viscount_at_EMA_%2824066486706%29.jpg/440px-BMA_Viscount_at_EMA_%2824066486706%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2520" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption>Front view of the Viscount, showing how the critical surfaces of the <a href="/wiki/Empennage" title="Empennage">empennage</a> are outside of the area shielded by the propellers</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the accident, aircraft had been designed with the understanding that critical control services of the aircraft were protected from bird strikes by the wings and the propellers of the aircraft. The design of the Viscount 745D created new vulnerabilities because the <a href="/wiki/Tailplane" title="Tailplane">tailplane</a> was mounted higher than the top of the propeller discs, and therefore was unprotected. The higher cruising speeds of newer aircraft also increased the amount of damage that could be caused by a bird, but nearly all of the prior research on the dangers of bird strikes had been conducted in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-faalessons_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faalessons-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only airworthiness regulation that had been in effect about bird strike safety was Civil Air Regulations (CAR) 4b, which required the windshield of an aircraft to be able to withstand an impact from a four-pound (two-kilogram) bird at cruising speed.<sup id="cite_ref-faalessons_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faalessons-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gshwgr_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gshwgr-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the accident, the FAA reviewed data from other bird strike incidents and performed bird strike testing on several types of jet aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-gshwgr_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gshwgr-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1202_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1202-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The investigators concluded that most types of aircraft were inherently bird resistant, but a few types, including the type that crashed, were vulnerable in the empennage area.<sup id="cite_ref-gshwgr_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gshwgr-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1968, the FAA proposed the addition of a rule requiring airplanes to be capable of safe flight and landing after an impact on the empennage by an eight-pound (four-kilogram) bird at cruising speed.<sup id="cite_ref-gshwgr_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gshwgr-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agency received a number of comments, some suggesting that the eight-pound bird limit was insufficient, and would not have prevented the crash of United Airlines Flight 297, others suggesting that the wings of aircraft were also vulnerable, not just the tail section.<sup id="cite_ref-gshwgr_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gshwgr-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 8, 1970, section 25.631 "Bird strike damage" of the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a> took effect. This regulation added a requirement that the <a href="/wiki/Empennage" title="Empennage">empennage</a> structure of an aircraft must be designed to assure the capability of continued safe flight and landing after an impact with an eight-pound bird during flight at the likely operational speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-faalessons_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faalessons-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Aviation_Authorities" title="Joint Aviation Authorities">Joint Aviation Authorities</a> was formed to produce the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Aviation_Requirements" title="Joint Aviation Requirements">Joint Aviation Requirements</a> for certification of large aircraft in Europe. The Joint Aviation Requirements were largely based upon Section 25 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations. The regulations implemented in section 25.631 specified that the entire aircraft, not just the empennage, had to be designed to withstand a bird strike, but instead of an eight-pound bird, it specified only a four-pound bird.<sup id="cite_ref-gshwgr_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gshwgr-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Air_Lines_Flight_297&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CAB-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CAB_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAB_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAB_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAB_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAB_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAB_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAB_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAB_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAB_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAB_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAB_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAB_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAB_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAB_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAB_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAB_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAB_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAB_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/33681">"Civil Aeronautics Board Aircraft Accident Report, United Air Lines, Inc., Vickers-Armstrongs Viscount, N 7430 Near Ellicott City, Maryland, November 23, 1962, File 1-0034"</a>. <i>Department of Transportation Library</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">United States Department of Transportation</a>. 22 March 1963<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Transportation+Library&rft.atitle=Civil+Aeronautics+Board+Aircraft+Accident+Report%2C+United+Air+Lines%2C+Inc.%2C+Vickers-Armstrongs+Viscount%2C+N+7430+Near+Ellicott+City%2C+Maryland%2C+November+23%2C+1962%2C+File+1-0034&rft.date=1963-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosap.ntl.bts.gov%2Fview%2Fdot%2F33681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Air+Lines+Flight+297" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes1124-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes1124_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes1124_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes1124_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes1124_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes1124_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes1124_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes1124_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes1124_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyti.ms/3VamqRT">"Maryland Crash Kills 17 on Plane"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Associated Press. 24 November 1962. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Maryland+Crash+Kills+17+on+Plane&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1962-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnyti.ms%2F3VamqRT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Air+Lines+Flight+297" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes1201-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes1201_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes1201_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes1201_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes1201_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyti.ms/3Ke21Fp">"2 Swans are Linked to Viscount Crash"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Associated Press. 1 December 1962. p. 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=2+Swans+are+Linked+to+Viscount+Crash&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1962-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnyti.ms%2F3Ke21Fp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Air+Lines+Flight+297" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes0323-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes0323_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes0323_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes0323_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes0323_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyti.ms/4ax8W7n">"Death of All 17 on Airliner in Maryland Laid to Swans"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Associated Press. 23 March 1963. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Death+of+All+17+on+Airliner+in+Maryland+Laid+to+Swans&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1963-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnyti.ms%2F4ax8W7n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Air+Lines+Flight+297" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asn-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-asn_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asn_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19621123-1">"ASN Aircraft accident Vickers 745D Viscount N7430 Ellicott City, MD"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Aviation_Safety_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviation Safety Network">Aviation Safety Network</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Safety+Network&rft.atitle=ASN+Aircraft+accident+Vickers+745D+Viscount+N7430+Ellicott+City%2C+MD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fdatabase%2Frecord.php%3Fid%3D19621123-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Air+Lines+Flight+297" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vickers-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vickers_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1968" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Paul St. John (1968). <i>Handbook of the Vickers Viscount</i>. London: Ian Allan. pp. 148–154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780711000520" title="Special:BookSources/9780711000520"><bdi>9780711000520</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Vickers+Viscount&rft.place=London&rft.pages=148-154&rft.pub=Ian+Allan&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780711000520&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Paul+St.+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Air+Lines+Flight+297" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faalessons-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-faalessons_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faalessons_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faalessons_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faalessons_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lessonslearned.faa.gov/ll_main.cfm?TabID=1&LLID=11&LLTypeID=0">"United Airlines Flight 297, Vickers-Armstrongs Model Viscount 745D, N7430"</a>. <i>Lessons Learned from Civil Aviation Accidents</i>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lessons+Learned+from+Civil+Aviation+Accidents&rft.atitle=United+Airlines+Flight+297%2C+Vickers-Armstrongs+Model+Viscount+745D%2C+N7430&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flessonslearned.faa.gov%2Fll_main.cfm%3FTabID%3D1%26LLID%3D11%26LLTypeID%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Air+Lines+Flight+297" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gshwgr-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gshwgr_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gshwgr_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gshwgr_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gshwgr_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gshwgr_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gshwgr_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/rulemaking/committees/documents/media/TAEgshT1&2-3151993.pdf">"General Structures Harmonization Working Group Report Birdstrike FAR/JAR 25.571(e)(1), 25.631, 25.775(b)(c), version 2"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>FAA Regulations</i>. Federal Aviation Administration. 30 June 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FAA+Regulations&rft.atitle=General+Structures+Harmonization+Working+Group+Report+Birdstrike+FAR%2FJAR+25.571%28e%29%281%29%2C+25.631%2C+25.775%28b%29%28c%29%2C+version+2&rft.date=2003-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faa.gov%2Fregulations_policies%2Frulemaking%2Fcommittees%2Fdocuments%2Fmedia%2FTAEgshT1%262-3151993.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Air+Lines+Flight+297" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes1202-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes1202_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorne1962" class="citation news cs1">Horne, George (2 December 1962). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyti.ms/4dSpqd1">"Studies Intensified on Bird Hazard to Planes"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. S14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Studies+Intensified+on+Bird+Hazard+to+Planes&rft.pages=S14&rft.date=1962-12-02&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnyti.ms%2F4dSpqd1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Air+Lines+Flight+297" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_Air_Lines_Flight_297&params=39_14_28_N_76_54_05_W_region:US-MD_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°14′28″N</span> <span class="longitude">76°54′05″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.24111°N 76.90139°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.24111; -76.90139</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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title="Template talk:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1962"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1962" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1962"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1962_(1962)" class="hlist vevent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Aviation_accidents_and_incidents" title="Aviation accidents and incidents">Aviation accidents and incidents</a> in 1962<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1962</span>)</span> </span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Feb 25</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/1962_Avensa_Fairchild_F-27_accident" title="1962 Avensa Fairchild F-27 accident">Avensa Fairchild F-27 accident</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Mar 1</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_1_(1962)" title="American Airlines Flight 1 (1962)">American Airlines Flight 1</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Mar 4</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Caledonian_Airways_Flight_153" title="Caledonian Airways Flight 153">Caledonian Airways Flight 153</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Mar 8</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/1962_Turkish_Airlines_Taurus_Mountains_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="1962 Turkish Airlines Taurus Mountains crash">Turkish Airlines crash</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Mar 16</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Flying_Tiger_Line_Flight_739" title="Flying Tiger Line Flight 739">Flying Tiger Line Flight 739</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">May 6</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/1962_Channel_Airways_Dakota_accident" title="1962 Channel Airways Dakota accident">Channel Airways Dakota accident</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">May 12</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/1962_Godthab_Catalina_crash" title="1962 Godthab Catalina crash">Godthab Catalina crash</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">May 22</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Airlines_Flight_11" title="Continental Airlines Flight 11">Continental Airlines Flight 11</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jun 3</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_007" title="Air France Flight 007">Air France Flight 007</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jun 22</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_117" title="Air France Flight 117">Air France Flight 117</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jun 30</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_902" title="Aeroflot Flight 902">Aeroflot Flight 902</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jul 7</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Alitalia_Flight_771" title="Alitalia Flight 771">Alitalia Flight 771</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jul 19</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Airlines_Flight_869_(1962)" title="United Arab Airlines Flight 869 (1962)">United Arab Airlines Flight 869</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jul 22</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Air_Lines_Flight_301" title="Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 301">Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 301</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jul 28</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_415" title="Aeroflot Flight 415">Aeroflot Flight 415</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Sep 3</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_03" title="Aeroflot Flight 03">Aeroflot Flight 03</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Sep 18</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_213_(1962)" title="Aeroflot Flight 213 (1962)">Aeroflot Flight 213</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Sep 23</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Flying_Tiger_Line_Flight_923" title="Flying Tiger Line Flight 923">Flying Tiger Line Flight 923</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Nov 23</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Air Lines Flight 297</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Nov 23</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A9v_Flight_355" title="Malév Flight 355">Malév Flight 355</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Nov 27</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Varig_Flight_810" title="Varig Flight 810">Varig Flight 810</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Nov 30</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Air_Lines_Flight_512" title="Eastern Air Lines Flight 512">Eastern Air Lines Flight 512</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Dec 14</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/1962_Paran%C3%A1_da_Eva_Panair_do_Brasil_Lockheed_Constellation_crash" title="1962 Paraná da Eva Panair do Brasil Lockheed Constellation crash">Paraná da Eva Panair do Brasil Lockheed Constellation crash</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Dec 19</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/1962_LOT_Vickers_Viscount_Warsaw_crash" title="1962 LOT Vickers Viscount Warsaw crash">LOT Vickers Viscount accident</a></div></div> </div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1961" title="Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1961">1961   ◄</a><span class="nowrap">   </span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1963" title="Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1963">►   1963</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_the_United_States_in_the_1960s" title="Template talk:Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in the 1960s"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_the_United_States_in_the_1960s" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in the 1960s"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_the_United_States_and_U.S._territories_in_the_1960s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States and U.S. territories in the 1960s</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Airlines_Flight_2511" title="National Airlines Flight 2511">National Airlines Flight 2511</a> (January 6 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Airlines_Flight_20" title="Capital Airlines Flight 20">Capital Airlines Flight 20</a> (January 18 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Orient_Airlines_Flight_710" title="Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 710">Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 710</a> (March 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Helicopter_Airways_Flight_698" title="Chicago Helicopter Airways Flight 698">Chicago Helicopter Airways Flight 698</a> (July 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Airways_Flight_830" title="World Airways Flight 830">World Airways Flight 830</a> (September 1960)*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Air_Lines_Flight_375" title="Eastern Air Lines Flight 375">Eastern Air Lines Flight 375</a> (October 4 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Polytechnic_State_University_football_team_plane_crash" title="California Polytechnic State University football team plane crash">Cal Poly football team</a> (October 29 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_New_York_mid-air_collision" title="1960 New York mid-air collision">New York mid-air collision</a> (December 1960)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1961</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1961_Goldsboro_B-52_crash" title="1961 Goldsboro B-52 crash">Goldsboro B-52 crash</a> (January 24 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_1502" title="American Airlines Flight 1502">American Airlines Flight 1502</a> (January 28 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Yuba_City_B-52_crash" title="1961 Yuba City B-52 crash">Yuba City B-52 crash</a> (March 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_859" title="United Air Lines Flight 859">United Air Lines Flight 859</a> (July 11 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Airlines_Flight_779" title="Alaska Airlines Flight 779">Alaska Airlines Flight 779</a> (July 21 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TWA_Flight_529" title="TWA Flight 529">TWA Flight 529</a> (September 1 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Orient_Airlines_Flight_706" title="Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 706">Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 706</a> (September 17 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Airlines_Flight_201/8" title="Imperial Airlines Flight 201/8">Imperial Airlines Flight 201/8</a> (November 8 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Cincinnati_Zantop_DC-4_crash" title="1961 Cincinnati Zantop DC-4 crash">Cincinnati Zantop DC-4 crash</a> (November 14 1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1962</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_1_(1962)" title="American Airlines Flight 1 (1962)">American Airlines Flight 1</a> (March 1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Airlines_Flight_11" title="Continental Airlines Flight 11">Continental Airlines Flight 11</a> (May 1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Air_Lines_Flight_301" title="Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 301">Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 301</a> (July 1962)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Air Lines Flight 297</a> (November 23 1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Air_Lines_Flight_512" title="Eastern Air Lines Flight 512">Eastern Air Lines Flight 512</a> (November 30 1962)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1963</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1963_Elephant_Mountain_B-52_crash" title="1963 Elephant Mountain B-52 crash">Elephant Mountain B-52</a> (January 1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Orient_Airlines_Flight_705" title="Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 705">Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 705</a> (February 1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Camden_PA-24_crash" title="1963 Camden PA-24 crash">Camden PA-24</a> (March 1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Orient_Airlines_Flight_293" title="Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 293">Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 293</a> (June 1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Airlines_Flight_112" title="Mohawk Airlines Flight 112">Mohawk Airlines Flight 112</a> (July 1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_214" title="Pan Am Flight 214">Pan Am Flight 214</a> (December 1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1964</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Savage_Mountain_B-52_crash" title="1964 Savage Mountain B-52 crash">Savage Mountain B-52 crash</a> (January 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Air_Lines_Flight_304" title="Eastern Air Lines Flight 304">Eastern Air Lines Flight 304</a> (February 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Airlines_Flight_901A" title="Paradise Airlines Flight 901A">Paradise Airlines Flight 901A</a> (March 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Air_Lines_Flight_773" title="Pacific Air Lines Flight 773">Pacific Air Lines Flight 773</a> (May 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_823" title="United Air Lines Flight 823">United Air Lines Flight 823</a> (July 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonanza_Air_Lines_Flight_114" title="Bonanza Air Lines Flight 114">Bonanza Air Lines Flight 114</a> (November 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Tiger_Line_Flight_282" title="Flying Tiger Line Flight 282">Flying Tiger Line Flight 282</a> (December 1964)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1965</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1965_USAF_KC-135_Wichita_crash" title="1965 USAF KC-135 Wichita crash">USAF KC-135 Wichita</a> (January 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Air_Lines_Flight_663" title="Eastern Air Lines Flight 663">Eastern Air Lines Flight 663</a> (February 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_843" title="Pan Am Flight 843">Pan Am Flight 843</a> (June 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Airlines_Flight_12" title="Continental Airlines Flight 12">Continental Airlines Flight 12</a> (July 1 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Airlines_Flight_604" title="Allegheny Airlines Flight 604">Allegheny Airlines Flight 604</a> (July 23 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_389" title="United Air Lines Flight 389">United Air Lines Flight 389</a> (August 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_383_(1965)" title="American Airlines Flight 383 (1965)">American Airlines Flight 383</a> (November 8 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_227" title="United Air Lines Flight 227">United Air Lines Flight 227</a> (November 11 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Carmel_mid-air_collision" title="1965 Carmel mid-air collision">Carmel mid-air collision</a> (December 1965)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1966</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1966_NASA_T-38_crash" title="1966 NASA T-38 crash">NASA T-38 crash</a> (February 1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Flyers_Airline_Flight_280/D" title="American Flyers Airline Flight 280/D">American Flyers Airline Flight 280/D</a> (April 1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braniff_International_Airways_Flight_250" title="Braniff International Airways Flight 250">Braniff International Airways Flight 250</a> (August 1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Airlines_Flight_956" title="West Coast Airlines Flight 956">West Coast Airlines Flight 956</a> (October 1966)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1967</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Central_Airlines_Flight_527" title="Lake Central Airlines Flight 527">Lake Central Airlines Flight 527</a> (March 5 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TWA_Flight_553" title="TWA Flight 553">TWA Flight 553</a> (March 9 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Airlines_Flight_720" title="West Coast Airlines Flight 720">West Coast Airlines Flight 720</a> (March 10 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines_Flight_9877" title="Delta Air Lines Flight 9877">Delta Air Lines Flight 9877</a> (March 30 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Airlines_Flight_40" title="Mohawk Airlines Flight 40">Mohawk Airlines Flight 40</a> (June 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont_Airlines_Flight_22" title="Piedmont Airlines Flight 22">Piedmont Airlines Flight 22</a> (July 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Lake_Erie_skydiving_disaster" title="1967 Lake Erie skydiving disaster">Lake Erie skydiving disaster</a> (August 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TWA_Flight_159" title="TWA Flight 159">TWA Flight 159</a> (November 6 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-15_Flight_3-65-97" title="X-15 Flight 3-65-97">X-15 Flight 3-65-97</a> (November 15 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TWA_Flight_128" title="TWA Flight 128">TWA Flight 128</a> (November 20 1967)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1968</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ozark_Air_Lines_Flight_965" title="Ozark Air Lines Flight 965">Ozark Air Lines Flight 965</a> (March 1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braniff_International_Airways_Flight_352" title="Braniff International Airways Flight 352">Braniff International Airways Flight 352</a> (May 3 1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Airways_Flight_841" title="Los Angeles Airways Flight 841">Los Angeles Airways Flight 841</a> (May 22 1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Airways_Flight_417" title="Los Angeles Airways Flight 417">Los Angeles Airways Flight 417</a> (August 1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Airlines_Flight_946" title="Northeast Airlines Flight 946">Northeast Airlines Flight 946</a> (October 1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Lines_Flight_2" title="Japan Air Lines Flight 2">Japan Air Lines Flight 2</a> (November 22 1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_281" title="Pan Am Flight 281">Pan Am Flight 281</a> (November 24 1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wien_Consolidated_Airlines_Flight_55" title="Wien Consolidated Airlines Flight 55">Wien Consolidated Airlines Flight 55</a> (December 2 1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Airlines_Flight_736" title="Allegheny Airlines Flight 736">Allegheny Airlines Flight 736</a> (December 24 1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_799" title="Pan Am Flight 799">Pan Am Flight 799</a> (December 26 1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozark_Air_Lines_Flight_982" title="Ozark Air Lines Flight 982">Ozark Air Lines Flight 982</a> (December 27 1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Central_Airlines_Flight_458" title="North Central Airlines Flight 458">North Central Airlines Flight 458</a> (December 27 1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1969</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Airlines_Flight_737" title="Allegheny Airlines Flight 737">Allegheny Airlines Flight 737</a> (January 6 1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Airlines_System_Flight_933" title="Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 933">Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 933</a> (January 13 1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_266" title="United Air Lines Flight 266">United Air Lines Flight 266</a> (January 18 1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawthorne_Nevada_Airlines_Flight_708" title="Hawthorne Nevada Airlines Flight 708">Hawthorne Nevada Airlines Flight 708</a> (February 1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prinair_Flight_277" title="Prinair Flight 277">Prinair Flight 277</a> (March 5 1969)*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines_Flight_821" title="Delta Air Lines Flight 821">Delta Air Lines Flight 821</a> (March 25 1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TWA_Flight_5787" title="TWA Flight 5787">TWA Flight 5787</a> (July 1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Newton_Cessna_172_crash" title="1969 Newton Cessna 172 crash">Newton Cessna 172 crash</a> (August 1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Airlines_Flight_853" title="Allegheny Airlines Flight 853">Allegheny Airlines Flight 853</a> (September 1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Airlines_Flight_411" title="Mohawk Airlines Flight 411">Mohawk Airlines Flight 411</a> (November 1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>This list is incomplete.<br />An asterisk (*) denotes an incident that took place in a U.S. territory.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_Airlines_Holdings" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0030A1; color:#FFFFFF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Airlines_Holdings" title="Template:United Airlines Holdings"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Airlines_Holdings" title="Template talk:United Airlines Holdings"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Airlines_Holdings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Airlines Holdings"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_Airlines_Holdings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Holdings" title="United Airlines Holdings"><span style="color:white;">United Airlines Holdings</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0030A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Current airlines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_fleet" title="United Airlines fleet">fleet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0030A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Current marketing brands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Express" title="United Express">United Express</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0030A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Former airlines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Airlines_(United_States)" title="Capital Airlines (United States)">Capital Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Airlines" title="Continental Airlines">Continental Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Micronesia" title="Continental Micronesia">Continental Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental West">Continental West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Air" title="New York Air">New York Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am" title="Pan Am">Pan Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Express_Airlines_(1980s)" title="People Express Airlines (1980s)">People Express Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Airlines_(1950%E2%80%931986)" title="Frontier Airlines (1950–1986)">Frontier Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_International_Airlines" title="Texas International Airlines">Texas International Airlines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0030A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Former marketing brands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Connection" title="Continental Connection">Continental Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Express" title="Continental Express">Continental Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Lite" title="Continental Lite">Continental Lite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_by_United" title="Shuttle by United">Shuttle by United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_(airline)" title="Ted (airline)">Ted</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0030A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Former holding companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lorenzo#Jet_Capital" title="Frank Lorenzo">Jet Capital Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Air_Corporation" title="Texas Air Corporation">Texas Air Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UAL_Corporation" title="UAL Corporation">UAL Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0030A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Frequent flyer services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Club" title="United Club">United Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MileagePlus" title="MileagePlus">MileagePlus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0030A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Patterson" title="William A. Patterson">William A. Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Tilton" title="Glenn Tilton">Glenn Tilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Kellner" title="Larry Kellner">Larry Kellner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Smisek" title="Jeff Smisek">Jeff Smisek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Munoz_(executive)" title="Oscar Munoz (executive)">Oscar Munoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Varney" title="Walter Varney">Walter Varney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Six" title="Robert Six">Robert Six</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0030A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Legal and public relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Blakey_v._Continental_Airlines,_Inc." title="Blakey v. Continental Airlines, Inc.">Blakey v. Continental Airlines, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untied.com" title="Untied.com">Untied.com</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/United_Breaks_Guitars" title="United Breaks Guitars">United Breaks Guitars</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_Express_passenger_removal" title="2017 United Express passenger removal">2017 United Express passenger removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0030A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">United Airlines<br />accidents and incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_23" title="United Air Lines Flight 23">Flight 23</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_United_Air_Lines_Boeing_247_crash" title="1934 United Air Lines Boeing 247 crash">1934 Boeing 247 crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_4" title="United Air Lines Flight 4">Flight 4</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_34" title="United Air Lines Flight 34">Flight 34</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Liberator_crash_at_Whenuapai" title="1943 Liberator crash at Whenuapai">1943 Liberator crash at Whenuapai</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_521" title="United Air Lines Flight 521">Flight 521</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_608" title="United Air Lines Flight 608">Flight 608</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_624" title="United Air Lines Flight 624">Flight 624</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_610" title="United Air Lines Flight 610">Flight 610</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_615" title="United Air Lines Flight 615">Flight 615</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_MacArthur_Airport_United_Airlines_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="1955 MacArthur Airport United Airlines crash">1955 MacArthur Airport United Airlines crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_409" title="United Air Lines Flight 409">Flight 409</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_629" title="United Air Lines Flight 629">Flight 629</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Grand_Canyon_mid-air_collision" title="1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision">1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_736" title="United Air Lines Flight 736">Flight 736</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_New_York_mid-air_collision" title="1960 New York mid-air collision">1960 New York mid-air collision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_859" title="United Air Lines Flight 859">Flight 859</a> (1961)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flight 297</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_823" title="United Air Lines Flight 823">Flight 823</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_389" title="United Air Lines Flight 389">Flight 389</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_227" title="United Air Lines Flight 227">Flight 227</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_266" title="United Air Lines Flight 266">Flight 266</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_553" title="United Air Lines Flight 553">Flight 553</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_2860" title="United Airlines Flight 2860">Flight 2860</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_173" title="United Airlines Flight 173">Flight 173</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_2885" title="United Airlines Flight 2885">Flight 2885</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_811" title="United Airlines Flight 811">Flight 811</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_232" title="United Airlines Flight 232">Flight 232</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_585" title="United Airlines Flight 585">Flight 585</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_826" title="United Airlines Flight 826">Flight 826</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_175" title="United Airlines Flight 175">Flight 175</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93" title="United Airlines Flight 93">Flight 93</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_1175" title="United Airlines Flight 1175">Flight 1175</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_328" title="United Airlines Flight 328">Flight 328</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0030A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">United Express<br />accidents and incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Express_Flight_2415" title="United Express Flight 2415">Flight 2415</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Express_Flight_6291" title="United Express Flight 6291">Flight 6291</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Express_Flight_5925" title="United Express Flight 5925">Flight 5925</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_Express_passenger_removal" title="2017 United Express passenger removal">Flight 3411</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CommutAir_Flight_4933" title="CommutAir Flight 4933">Flight 4933</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0030A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Continental Airlines<br />accidents and incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Airlines_Flight_11" title="Continental Airlines Flight 11">Flight 11</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Airlines_Flight_12" title="Continental Airlines Flight 12">Flight 12</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Airlines_Flight_603" title="Continental Airlines Flight 603">Flight 603</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Airlines_Flight_1713" title="Continental Airlines Flight 1713">Flight 1713</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_4590" title="Air France Flight 4590">Flight 55</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Airlines_Flight_1883" title="Continental Airlines Flight 1883">Flight 1883</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Airlines_Flight_1404" title="Continental Airlines Flight 1404">Flight 1404</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0030A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Continental Express / Connection<br />accidents and incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Colorado_Airlines_Flight_2286" title="Trans-Colorado Airlines Flight 2286">Flight 2286</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Express_Flight_2574" title="Continental Express Flight 2574">Flight 2574</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colgan_Air_Flight_3407" title="Colgan Air Flight 3407">Flight 3407</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0030A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Tower" title="Willis Tower">Willis Tower</a> (Chicago)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/77_West_Wacker_Drive" title="77 West Wacker Drive">77 West Wacker Drive</a> (Chicago)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1600_Smith_Street" title="1600 Smith Street">1600 Smith Street</a> (Houston)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullen_Center#600_Jefferson" title="Cullen Center">600 Jefferson</a> (Houston)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_General_Center" title="American General Center">American General Center</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(former)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#0030A1; 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