CINXE.COM
Magma's Role in the Rock Cycle
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><meta charSet="utf-8"/><title>Magma's Role in the Rock Cycle</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"/><meta name="description" content="Magma is a mixture of molten and semi-molten rock found beneath the surface of the Earth."/><meta name="image" content="https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/t_RL2_search_thumb/v1638891818/EducationHub/photos/lava-lake.jpg"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/magma-role-rock-cycle"/><meta property="og:title" content="Magma's Role in the Rock Cycle"/><meta property="og:description" content="Magma is a mixture of molten and semi-molten rock found beneath the surface of the Earth."/><meta property="og:image" content="https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/t_RL2_search_thumb/v1638891818/EducationHub/photos/lava-lake.jpg"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/t_RL2_search_thumb/v1638891818/EducationHub/photos/lava-lake.jpg"/><meta name="twitter:title" content="Magma's Role in the Rock Cycle"/><meta name="twitter:description" content="Magma is a mixture of molten and semi-molten rock found beneath the surface of the Earth."/><link rel="icon" href="/favicon.svg" type="image/svg+xml"/><link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" sizes="16x16"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/icon.png"/><meta name="next-head-count" content="16"/><link data-next-font="" rel="preconnect" href="/" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preload" href="/_next/static/css/1b547a700e20aedc.css" as="style"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_next/static/css/1b547a700e20aedc.css" data-n-g=""/><link rel="preload" href="/_next/static/css/09a6c8321e7bfbc2.css" as="style"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_next/static/css/09a6c8321e7bfbc2.css" data-n-p=""/><noscript data-n-css=""></noscript><script defer="" nomodule="" src="/_next/static/chunks/polyfills-42372ed130431b0a.js"></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/webpack-83cd8b7d08cf331d.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/framework-64ad27b21261a9ce.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/main-0d12dc89a2f1e18b.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-e7a784a719f6463c.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/e7dbcc30-bcfab9c1986a74d3.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/e431c99e-86a5259801731fa9.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/728ef532-8a06bba0dc3d348c.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/a0943ab8-70741ce909311ffd.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/58eb630e-1d9fa574a6606016.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/75fc9c18-677b9b304ed99070.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/906a09f8-e496d011ab1a7aa0.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/90-91806a5019eaa916.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/772-ef0ff09826ac927f.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/660-04ccc54a3467aa0a.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/943-e9ffceec2fd278c9.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/60-51275e7783189c09.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/192-7b0245440d7b8102.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/pages/resource/%5B...pathParams%5D-460b131f6f7f997b.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/ZAgyTNVeAE0sMN52-sYSn/_buildManifest.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/ZAgyTNVeAE0sMN52-sYSn/_ssgManifest.js" defer=""></script></head><body><div id="__next"><header class="ng-edu-custom-header"><nav data-test-id="header" class="justify-content-between p-1 shadow-sm navbar navbar-expand navbar-light"><div class="d-flex align-items-center ps-2" data-test-id="header-lockup"><a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org"><div class="d-block"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="140" height="40" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 140 40"><mask id="a" width="29" height="40" x="0" y="0" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse"><path fill="#fff" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M0 .008h28.706V39.98H0z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></mask><g mask="url(#a)"><path fill="#F8C823" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.101 36h20.504V4.008H4.101zM0 40h28.706V.008H0z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></g><path fill="#1A1919" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M47.72 17.948h-1.775c-2.324-3.202-4.63-6.383-6.933-9.983h-.02v9.983h-1.958V4.028h1.775c2.324 3.181 4.628 6.343 6.912 9.922h.04V4.028h1.959zM53.307 4.028l-4.936 13.92h2.122l1.243-3.799h4.303l1.122 3.799h2.733l-4.548-13.92zm-.938 8.412c.57-1.83 1.142-3.52 1.651-5.67h.041c.57 2.15 1.081 3.84 1.611 5.67zM62.197 17.948V5.896h-3.752V4.028h9.952v1.868h-3.753v12.052zM69.192 17.948h2.426V4.028h-2.426zM79.164 18.186c3.732 0 6.057-3.24 6.057-7.397 0-3.899-2.57-7-6.057-7-3.488 0-6.057 3.101-6.057 7 0 4.156 2.324 7.397 6.057 7.397m0-1.987c-2.55 0-3.446-2.746-3.446-5.41 0-2.565 1.02-5.012 3.446-5.012 2.427 0 3.445 2.447 3.445 5.012 0 2.664-.896 5.41-3.445 5.41M97.394 17.948H95.62c-2.324-3.202-4.63-6.383-6.934-9.983h-.02v9.983h-1.958V4.028h1.775c2.325 3.181 4.629 6.343 6.913 9.922h.04V4.028h1.958zM102.98 4.028l-4.935 13.92h2.122l1.244-3.799h4.303l1.121 3.799h2.732l-4.547-13.92zm-.937 8.412c.571-1.83 1.142-3.52 1.653-5.67h.04c.571 2.15 1.081 3.84 1.61 5.67zM110.281 4.028h2.427v12.05h4.833v1.87h-7.26zM46.214 29.593v5.747c-1.306.498-2.67.855-4.058.855-4.2 0-6.852-3.18-6.852-7.278 0-3.798 2.651-7.119 6.933-7.119 1.325 0 2.651.478 3.467 1.074l-.796 1.651c-.652-.398-1.672-.736-2.609-.736-2.61 0-4.385 2.009-4.385 5.17 0 3.301 2.04 5.25 4.14 5.25.653 0 1.203-.08 1.713-.336v-4.278zM54.962 23.907h-4.079v3.818h3.997v1.868h-3.997v4.495h4.813v1.87h-7.26V22.036h6.526zM62.506 36.195c3.733 0 6.057-3.241 6.057-7.397 0-3.897-2.57-7-6.057-7-3.486 0-6.056 3.103-6.056 7 0 4.156 2.325 7.397 6.056 7.397m0-1.987c-2.549 0-3.445-2.743-3.445-5.41 0-2.564 1.019-5.01 3.445-5.01 2.428 0 3.447 2.446 3.447 5.01 0 2.667-.897 5.41-3.447 5.41M80.309 29.593v5.747c-1.305.498-2.67.855-4.058.855-4.2 0-6.852-3.18-6.852-7.278 0-3.798 2.651-7.119 6.934-7.119 1.325 0 2.65.478 3.466 1.074l-.795 1.651c-.653-.398-1.673-.736-2.61-.736-2.61 0-4.385 2.009-4.385 5.17 0 3.301 2.04 5.25 4.14 5.25.653 0 1.204-.08 1.714-.336v-4.278zM91.197 35.958l-2.874-5.768c1.57-.815 2.468-2.465 2.468-4.135 0-2.706-1.693-4.019-4.426-4.019h-3.813v13.922h2.447v-5.25H86.1l2.304 5.25zM85 23.908h1.081c1.448 0 2.263.814 2.263 2.246 0 1.869-1.162 2.704-2.325 2.763-.244.02-.815.04-1.02.06zM96.173 22.036 91.24 35.958h2.12l1.244-3.798h4.304l1.121 3.798h2.733l-4.548-13.922zm-.937 8.413c.57-1.83 1.142-3.52 1.651-5.667h.04c.572 2.147 1.082 3.837 1.613 5.667zM107.002 28.917c-.251.019-.849.038-1.02.057v-5.067h1.101c1.429 0 2.243.815 2.243 2.247 0 1.869-1.163 2.704-2.324 2.763m.346-6.88h-3.813v13.921h2.447v-5.25h1.101c2.917 0 4.691-2.308 4.691-4.653 0-2.706-1.694-4.019-4.426-4.019M123.112 35.958h-2.448v-6.702h-5.078v6.702h-2.426V22.036h2.426v5.351h5.078v-5.31h2.448zM125.456 35.958h2.427V22.036h-2.427zM138.895 24.562c-.592-.358-1.57-.775-2.509-.775-2.487 0-4.302 2.009-4.302 5.17 0 3.301 1.998 5.25 4.363 5.25.939 0 1.815-.298 2.448-.696l.673 1.731c-.734.497-2.039.953-3.222.953-4.202 0-6.852-3.18-6.852-7.278 0-3.798 2.631-7.119 6.892-7.119 1.264 0 2.448.518 3.284 1.074z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div><div class="d-none"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="29" height="40" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 29 40"><mask id="a" width="29" height="40" x="0" y="0" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse"><path fill="#fff" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M0 .008h28.706V39.98H0z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></mask><g mask="url(#a)"><path fill="#F8C823" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.101 36h20.504V4.008H4.101zM0 40h28.706V.008H0z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></g></svg></div></a><a class="decorator-index lockup-decorator-index text-decoration-none mb-0 ms-3 lh-sm" href="/">Education</a></div><div class="d-none account-menu d-inline-flex flex-column flex-shrink-0 justify-content-center align-items-center px-2" data-test-id="accountMenu-signin" role="button"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.5rem" height="1.5rem" viewBox="0 0 20 20" color="#000"><path fill="currentColor" d="M6.387 10.81c.246.322.523.62.827.89l-.229.003c-3.01.081-4.671 1.807-5.77 6.034h17.564c-1.056-3.74-3.29-6.037-5.916-6.037l.217-.204c.212-.208.41-.431.59-.668 2.87.433 5.191 3.136 6.184 7.284l.146.592H0l.14-.58c.808-3.415 2.195-6.901 6.247-7.315M9.994 1c2.62 0 4.535 2.036 4.535 4.835s-1.94 5.98-4.529 5.98c-2.595 0-4.536-3.181-4.536-5.98C5.464 3.035 7.373 1 9.994 1m.006.954v.026c-2.112-.026-3.581 1.565-3.581 3.855 0 2.544 1.736 5 3.581 5s3.581-2.43 3.581-5c-.006-2.29-1.494-3.88-3.581-3.88"></path></svg><span class="account-menu-label">Sign In</span></div><div class="account-menu d-inline-flex flex-column flex-shrink-0 justify-content-center align-items-center px-2" data-test-id="accountMenu"><div data-test-id="accountMenu-dropdown" class="dropdown"><button type="button" id="react-aria-:Rdl6:" aria-expanded="false" data-test-id="dropdownToggle" class="account-menu-action px-2 pt-1 dropdown-toggle btn btn-link"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.25rem" height="1.25rem" viewBox="0 0 20 20" color="#000" class="mb-1"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="nonzero" d="M20 16v1.5H0V16zm0-6.5V11H0V9.5zM20 3v1.5H0V3z"></path></svg><span class="account-menu-label">Menu</span></button></div></div></nav><div class="ng-edu-custom-header-buttons"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://give.nationalgeographic.org/page/49060/donate/1" data-test-id="button" class="px-3 btn btn-primary">Donate</a><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="/search" data-test-id="buttonIcon" class="btn-icon btn-icon-rounded mx-2 btn btn-link"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1rem" height="1rem" viewBox="0 0 20 20" color="#000" class="d-flex"><path fill="currentColor" d="M7.936 0a7.936 7.936 0 0 1 7.936 7.936 7.911 7.911 0 0 1-1.775 4.996l5.706 5.705a.615.615 0 0 1-.435 1.067.615.615 0 0 1-.435-.18l-5.684-5.698a7.915 7.915 0 0 1-5.313 2.046A7.936 7.936 0 0 1 7.936 0m0 1.24a6.705 6.705 0 1 0 4.727 11.459l-.03.083a.616.616 0 0 1 .326-.4 6.666 6.666 0 0 0 1.682-4.438A6.713 6.713 0 0 0 7.936 1.24"></path></svg></a></div></header><main class="container"><article class="d-flex flex-column mt-0 mb-3 mb-md-5"><div class="mb-3 mb-md-0"><div data-test-id="row" class="g-0 d-none d-md-flex pt-4 mt-md-2 pb-0 row"><div data-test-id="col" class="d-flex col-md-12"><h2 class="display-4 my-0 py-0 me-2">ARTICLE</h2></div></div><div data-test-id="row" class="g-0 d-flex d-md-none pt-4 mb-0 align-items-center row"><div data-test-id="col" class="col-10"><div data-test-id="row" class="g-0 row"><div data-test-id="col" class="col-md-2"><h2 class="display-4 mb-1">ARTICLE</h2></div></div></div><div data-test-id="col" class="d-flex my-0 justify-content-end align-items-center col-2"></div></div><div data-test-id="row" class="g-0 row"><div data-test-id="col" class="d-none d-md-flex col-md-8"><h1 class="mt-2 pt-1 pt-lg-0 mt-lg-3 mb-0 ng-asset-page-title">Magma's Role in the Rock Cycle</h1></div><div data-test-id="col" class="d-flex d-md-none my-0 col"><h1 class="mt-2 pt-1 mb-0 ng-asset-page-title">Magma's Role in the Rock Cycle</h1></div></div><div data-test-id="row" class="g-0 row"><div data-test-id="col" class="d-flex mt-3 pt-1 pt-lg-0 px-0 col-md-8"><p>Magma is a mixture of molten and semi-molten rock found beneath the surface of the Earth.</p></div></div><div data-test-id="row" class="flex-column flex-md-row pt-0 pt-0 pt-lg-2 pb-0 row"><div data-test-id="col" class="pb-3 pb-md-0 col-md-3"><h3 class="display-4 mb-1" data-test-id="grades-text">Grades</h3><p class="m-0 text-small text-color-gray-900" data-test-id="grades-value">9 - 12+</p></div><div data-test-id="col" class="col-md-5"><h3 class="display-4 mb-1" data-test-id="subject-text">Subjects</h3><p class="m-0 text-small text-color-gray-900" data-test-id="subject-value">Earth Science, Geology, Geography, Physical Geography</p></div></div></div><div data-test-id="row" class="g-0 py-3 pt-md-5 pb-md-0 row"><div data-test-id="col" class="col-md-12"><div class="loading-wrapper"><div class="loading-info-panel p-3"><div data-test-id="skeleton"><span aria-live="polite" aria-busy="true"><span class="react-loading-skeleton loading-text" style="--base-color:#f5f5f5;--highlight-color:#fafafa"></span><br/></span></div><br/><div data-test-id="skeleton"><span aria-live="polite" aria-busy="true"><span class="react-loading-skeleton loading-text" style="--base-color:#f5f5f5;--highlight-color:#fafafa"></span><br/><span class="react-loading-skeleton loading-text" style="--base-color:#f5f5f5;--highlight-color:#fafafa"></span><br/><span class="react-loading-skeleton loading-text" style="--base-color:#f5f5f5;--highlight-color:#fafafa"></span><br/></span></div><br/><div data-test-id="skeleton"><span aria-live="polite" aria-busy="true"><span class="react-loading-skeleton loading-text" style="--base-color:#f5f5f5;--highlight-color:#fafafa"></span><br/><span class="react-loading-skeleton loading-text" style="--base-color:#f5f5f5;--highlight-color:#fafafa"></span><br/><span class="react-loading-skeleton loading-text" style="--base-color:#f5f5f5;--highlight-color:#fafafa"></span><br/><span class="react-loading-skeleton loading-text" style="--base-color:#f5f5f5;--highlight-color:#fafafa"></span><br/><span class="react-loading-skeleton loading-text" style="--base-color:#f5f5f5;--highlight-color:#fafafa"></span><br/><span class="react-loading-skeleton loading-text" style="--base-color:#f5f5f5;--highlight-color:#fafafa"></span><br/><span class="react-loading-skeleton loading-text" style="--base-color:#f5f5f5;--highlight-color:#fafafa"></span><br/><span class="react-loading-skeleton loading-text" style="--base-color:#f5f5f5;--highlight-color:#fafafa"></span><br/><span class="react-loading-skeleton loading-text" style="--base-color:#f5f5f5;--highlight-color:#fafafa"></span><br/><span class="react-loading-skeleton loading-text" style="--base-color:#f5f5f5;--highlight-color:#fafafa"></span><br/></span></div></div><div class="loading-slide"><div class="loading-container"><img class="loading-gif" src="/_next/static/media/nglogo.73d6b6aa.gif" alt="NGS Resource Carousel Loading Logo"/><h6 class="text-white">Loading ...</h6></div></div></div></div></div><div class="d-flex justify-content-center mt-md-4 mt-3"><button id="share-twitter" class="react-share__ShareButton me-4" style="background-color:transparent;border:none;padding:0;font:inherit;color:inherit;cursor:pointer"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1rem" height="1rem" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 20 20" color="#000"><g clip-path="url(#a)"><path fill="currentColor" d="M11.647 8.469 18.932 0h-1.726L10.88 7.353 5.827 0H0l7.64 11.12L0 20h1.726l6.68-7.765L13.743 20h5.828zm-2.365 2.748-.774-1.107-6.16-8.81H5l4.971 7.11.774 1.107 6.462 9.242h-2.652z"></path></g><defs><clipPath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h20v20H0z"></path></clipPath></defs></svg></button><button id="share-facebook" class="react-share__ShareButton me-4" style="background-color:transparent;border:none;padding:0;font:inherit;color:inherit;cursor:pointer"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1rem" height="1rem" viewBox="0 0 20 20" color="#4267B2"><path fill="currentColor" d="M13.793 20H18a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V2a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H2a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v16a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h8.667v-7.747H8.073v-3.02h2.594v-2.22c0-2.58 1.58-4 3.88-4a21.38 21.38 0 0 1 2.326.12V5.8h-1.58c-1.253 0-1.5.593-1.5 1.467v1.926h2.987l-.387 3.02h-2.6z"></path></svg></button><button id="share-pinterest" class="react-share__ShareButton me-4" style="background-color:transparent;border:none;padding:0;font:inherit;color:inherit;cursor:pointer"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1rem" height="1rem" viewBox="0 0 20 20" color="#E60023"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="nonzero" d="M9.987 0a10 10 0 0 0-3.661 19.3 9.577 9.577 0 0 1 0-2.884l1.207-4.977a3.608 3.608 0 0 1-.3-1.439A2.146 2.146 0 0 1 9.05 7.562a1.254 1.254 0 0 1 1.269 1.446 20.193 20.193 0 0 1-.815 3.3 1.446 1.446 0 0 0 1.446 1.8c1.777 0 3.146-1.877 3.146-4.57a3.954 3.954 0 0 0-4.108-4.084 4.323 4.323 0 0 0-4.515 4.33c.003.833.273 1.641.769 2.309a.3.3 0 0 1 0 .284l-.277 1.139c0 .184-.146.215-.33.13A4.485 4.485 0 0 1 3.61 9.8c0-3.161 2.308-6.046 6.608-6.046a5.87 5.87 0 0 1 6.154 5.77c0 3.407-2.162 6.292-5.177 6.292a2.685 2.685 0 0 1-2.308-1.154l-.623 2.308a11.177 11.177 0 0 1-1.238 2.623A10 10 0 1 0 9.987 0"></path></svg></button><a href="https://classroom.google.com/share?url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/magma-role-rock-cycle/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="me-4 d-flex align-items-center" id="share-classroom"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.25rem" height="1.25rem" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 20 18" color="#777"><g fill-rule="evenodd"><path fill="#229F5B" d="M1.029 1.157h17.942v15.048H1.029z"></path><circle cx="6.432" cy="8.049" r="1.13" fill="#63BB8E"></circle><path fill="#63BB8E" d="M6.022 9.844h.717c.718 0 2.153.484 2.153 1.257v.87h-4.92v-.87c0-.822 1.384-1.257 2.05-1.257"></path><circle cx="13.612" cy="8.049" r="1.13" fill="#63BB8E"></circle><path fill="#63BB8E" d="M13.202 9.844h.717c.717 0 2.152.484 2.152 1.257v.87h-4.92v-.87c0-.822 1.384-1.257 2.05-1.257"></path><circle cx="9.955" cy="6.919" r="1.463" fill="#fff"></circle><path fill="#fff" d="M9.423 9.18h.931c.93 0 2.792.634 2.792 1.65v1.141H6.764V10.83c0-1.079 1.795-1.65 2.66-1.65M11.808 14.697h4.255v.931h-4.255z"></path><path fill="#F4B624" d="M1.471 0C.66 0 0 .659 0 1.471v14.421c0 .813.659 1.471 1.471 1.471H18.53c.812 0 1.471-.658 1.471-1.47V1.47C20 .66 19.341 0 18.529 0zM18.2 1.8H1.801v13.827h16.398z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></g></svg></a><a href="https://teams.microsoft.com/share?href=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/magma-role-rock-cycle/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="me-4 d-flex align-items-center" id="share-teams"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1rem" height="1rem" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 20 19" color="#777"><g fill-rule="evenodd"><circle cx="17.168" cy="4.012" r="2.216" fill="#4F58CA"></circle><path fill="#4F58CA" d="M14.078 7.79c0-.576.467-1.042 1.044-1.042h3.834c.576 0 1.044.466 1.044 1.043v4.298c0 2.231-1.358 3.396-2.961 3.396-1.604 0-2.961-1.262-2.961-3.396z"></path><circle cx="10.631" cy="3.01" r="3.01" fill="#7C84EC"></circle><path fill="#7C84EC" d="M5.729 7.32c0-.317.257-.572.574-.572h8.657c.317 0 .574.256.574.573v6.6c0 2.553-2.248 4.671-4.902 4.671-2.655 0-4.903-2.31-4.903-4.67z"></path><rect width="10" height="9.903" y="4.223" fill="#4A52BD" rx="0.836"></rect><path fill="#fff" d="M7.476 6.02H2.524v1.31H4.37v4.952h1.31V7.33h1.797z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></g></svg></a><button id="share-email" class="react-share__ShareButton me-4" style="background-color:transparent;border:none;padding:0;font:inherit;color:inherit;cursor:pointer"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1rem" height="1rem" viewBox="0 0 20 20" color="#000"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19.033 2A.99.99 0 0 1 20 3.013v14.341a.99.99 0 0 1-.967 1.013H.967A.99.99 0 0 1 0 17.354V3.014A.99.99 0 0 1 .967 2Zm-.195 2.084L10 11.672 1.169 4.085v13.113h17.67zm-.733-.915H1.901L10 10.129z"></path></svg></button><button type="button" data-test-id="button" id="share-print" class="p-0 btn btn-link"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1rem" height="1rem" viewBox="0 0 20 20" color="#000"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="nonzero" d="M15.294 1v3.01h3.333c.72 0 1.311.533 1.368 1.21l.005.108v8.28c0 .69-.555 1.257-1.26 1.312l-.113.005h-3.333V18.5H4.706v-3.575H1.373c-.72 0-1.311-.533-1.368-1.21L0 13.609v-8.28c0-.691.555-1.258 1.26-1.313l.113-.004h3.333V1zm-1.176 10.726H5.882v5.645h8.236zm-1.513 3.387v1.129H7.647v-1.13zm0-2.258v1.129H7.647v-1.13zm6.022-7.715H1.373a.195.195 0 0 0-.191.145l-.006.043v8.28c0 .089.065.163.152.183l.045.005h3.333v-2.07h-2.55v-1.13h15.687v1.13h-2.549v2.07h3.333c.093 0 .171-.062.191-.145l.006-.043v-8.28a.19.19 0 0 0-.152-.183zm-1.96 1.317c.433 0 .784.337.784.753 0 .415-.351.752-.784.752-.433 0-.785-.337-.785-.752 0-.416.352-.753.785-.753m-2.55-4.328H5.883v1.882h8.236z"></path></svg></button></div><div data-test-id="row" class="g-0 justify-content-center pt-4 mt-2 pb-3 pb-md-0 row"><div data-test-id="col" class="col-lg-6 col-md-8 col-sm-12"><div data-test-id="tabs"><div class="nav-container"><div class="nav-tabs" role="tablist"><button aria-controls="tabs-1-content" aria-selected="true" class="ng-nav-link display-4 ng-tab-mobile-underline" id="tabs-1-tab" role="tab" tabindex="0" type="button">Article</button><button aria-controls="tabs-2-content" aria-selected="false" class="ng-nav-link display-4" id="tabs-2-tab" role="tab" tabindex="-1" type="button">Vocabulary</button></div><span class="d-none d-md-block ng-tab-underline" style="left:0;width:30px"></span></div><div style="overflow-x:hidden" class="swipeable-tabs"><div style="-webkit-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-transition:all 0s ease 0s;transition:all 0s ease 0s;direction:ltr;display:flex;will-change:transform" class="react-swipeable-view-container"><div style="width:100%;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;flex-shrink:0;overflow:auto" aria-hidden="false" data-swipeable="true"><div aria-labelledby="tabs-1-tab" class="active" data-test-id="tabs-tab-1" id="tabs-1-content" role="tabpanel"><div data-test-id="row" class="g-0 mx-md-3 row"><div data-test-id="col" class="col-md-12"><div class="mt-3"><p><span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">Magma</span> is a <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">molten</span> and semi-molten <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">rock</span> mixture found under the surface of Earth. This mixture is usually made up of four parts: a hot <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">liquid</span> base, called the <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">melt</span>; <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">minerals</span> <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">crystallized</span> by the melt; solid rocks <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">incorporated</span> into the melt from the surrounding <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">confines</span>; and <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">dissolved</span> <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">gases</span>. </p><p>When magma is <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">ejected</span> by a <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">volcano</span> or other <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">vent</span>, the material is called <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">lava</span>. Magma that has cooled into a solid is called <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">igneous rock</span>. </p><p>Magma is extremely hot—between 700° and 1,300° Celsius (1,292° and 2,372° Fahrenheit). This heat makes magma a very <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">fluid</span> and <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">dynamic</span> substance, able to create new <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">landforms</span> and <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">engage</span> physical and chemical <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">transformations</span> in a variety of different <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">environments</span>. </p><p></p><p><strong>How Magma Forms</strong> </p><p>Earth is divided into three general layers. The <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">core</span> is the superheated center, the <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">mantle</span> is the thick, middle layer, and the <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">crust</span> is the top layer on which we live. </p><p>Magma <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">originates</span> in the lower part of Earth’s crust and in the upper portion of the mantle. Most of the mantle and crust are solid, so the presence of magma is <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">crucial</span> to understanding the <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">geology</span> and <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">morphology</span> of the mantle. </p><p>Differences in <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">temperature</span>, <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">pressure</span>, and structural formations in the mantle and crust cause magma to form in different ways. </p><p></p><p><span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0"><em>Decompression Melting</em></span></p><p>Decompression melting involves the upward movement of Earth's mostly solid mantle. This hot material rises to an area of lower pressure through the process of <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">convection</span>. Areas of lower pressure always have a lower <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">melting point</span> than areas of high pressure. This reduction in overlying pressure, or decompression, enables the mantle rock to melt and form magma. </p><p>Decompression melting often occurs at divergent boundaries, where <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">tectonic plates</span> separate. The <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">rifting</span> movement causes the <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">buoyant</span> magma below to rise and fill the space of lower pressure. The rock then cools into new crust. </p><p>Decompression melting also occurs at mantle plumes, columns of hot rock that rise from Earth’s high-pressure core to its lower-pressure crust. When located beneath the ocean, these plumes, also known as <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">hot spots</span>, push magma onto the <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">seafloor</span>. These volcanic mounds can grow into <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">volcanic islands</span> over millions of years of activity. </p><p></p><p><em>Transfer of Heat</em></p><p>Magma can also be created when hot, liquid rock <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">intrudes</span> into Earth’s cold crust. As the liquid rock solidifies, it loses its heat to the surrounding crust. Much like hot fudge being poured over cold ice cream, this transfer of heat is able to melt the surrounding rock (the “ice cream”) into magma. </p><p>Transfer of heat often happens at convergent boundaries, where tectonic plates are crashing together. As the <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">denser</span> tectonic plate <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">subducts</span>, or sinks below, or the less-dense tectonic plate, hot rock from below can intrude into the cooler plate above. This process transfers heat and creates magma. Over millions of years, the magma in this <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">subduction zone</span> can create a series of active volcanoes known as a <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">volcanic arc</span>. </p><p>Flux melting occurs when water or carbon dioxide are added to rock. These compounds cause the rock to melt at lower temperatures. This creates magma in places where it originally maintained a solid structure.</p><p> </p><p><span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0"><em>Flux Melting</em></span></p><p>Much like heat transfer, flux melting also occurs around subduction zones. In this case, water overlying the subducting seafloor would lower the melting temperature of the mantle, generating magma that rises to the surface. </p><p></p><p><strong>Magma Escape Routes</strong> </p><p>Magma leaves the confines of the upper mantle and crust in two major ways: as an intrusion or as an extrusion. An intrusion can form features such as <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">dikes</span> and <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">xenoliths</span>. An extrusion could include lava and volcanic rock. </p><p>Magma can intrude into a low-density area of another geologic formation, such as a <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">sedimentary rock</span> structure. When it cools to solid rock, this intrusion is often called a <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">pluton</span>. A pluton is an intrusion of magma that wells up from below the surface. </p><p>Plutons can include dikes and xenoliths. A magmatic dike is simply a large slab of magmatic material that has intruded into another rock body. A xenolith is a piece of rock trapped in another type of rock. Many xenoliths are crystals torn from inside the Earth and <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">embedded</span> in magma while the magma was cooling. </p><p>The most familiar way for magma to escape, or <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">extrude</span>, to Earth’s surface is through lava. Lava <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">eruptions</span> can be “fire fountains” of liquid rock or thick, slow-moving rivers of molten material. Lava cools to form volcanic rock as well as <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">volcanic glass</span>. </p><p>Magma can also extrude into Earth’s <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">atmosphere</span> as part of a violent volcanic <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">explosion</span>. This magma solidifies in the air to form volcanic rock called <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">tephra</span>. In the atmosphere, tephra is more often called <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">volcanic ash</span>. As it falls to Earth, tephra includes rocks such as <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">pumice</span>. </p><p></p><p><span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0"><strong>Magma Chamber</strong></span> </p><p>In areas where temperature, pressure, and structural formation allow, magma can collect in magma chambers. Most magma chambers sit far beneath the surface of the Earth. </p><p>The pool of magma in a magma chamber is layered. The least-dense magma rises to the top. The densest magma sinks near the bottom of the chamber. Over millions of years, many magma chambers simply cool to form a pluton or large igneous intrusion. </p><p>If a magma chamber <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">encounters</span> an <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">enormous</span> amount of pressure, however, it may <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">fracture</span> the rock around it. The cracks, called <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">fissures</span> or vents, are tell-tale signs of a volcano. Many volcanoes sit over magma chambers. </p><p>As a volcano’s magma chamber experiences greater pressure, often due to more magma seeping into the chamber, the volcano may undergo an eruption. An eruption <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">reduces</span> the pressure inside the magma chamber. As long as more magma pools into a volcano’s magma chamber, there is the possibility of an eruption and the volcano will remain active. </p><p>Large eruptions can nearly empty the magma chamber. The layers of magma may be <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">documented</span> by the type of eruption material the volcano <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">emits</span>. Gases, ash, and light-colored rock are emitted first, from the least-dense, top layer of the magma chamber. Dark, dense volcanic rock from the lower part of the magma chamber may be released later. </p><p>In violent eruptions, the volume of magma shrinks so much that the entire magma chamber collapses and forms a <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">caldera</span>. </p><p></p><p><strong>Types of Magma </strong></p><p>All magma contains gases and a mixture of simple <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">elements</span>. Being that oxygen and silicon are the most <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">abundant</span> elements in magma, geologists define magma types in terms of their <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">silica</span> content, expressed as SiO2. These differences in chemical composition are directly related to differences in gas content, temperature, and <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">viscosity</span>. </p><p></p><p><em><span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">Mafic</span> Magma</em></p><p>Mafic magma has relatively low silica content, roughly 50%, and higher contents in iron and magnesium. This type of magma has a low gas content and low viscosity, or resistance to flow. Mafic magma also has high <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">mean</span> temperatures, between 1000o and 2000o Celsius (1832° and 3632° Fahrenheit), which contributes to its lower viscosity. </p><p>Low viscosity means that mafic magma is the most fluid of magma types. It erupts non-explosively and moves very quickly when it reaches Earth’s surface as lava. This lava cools into <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">basalt</span>, a rock that is heavy and dark in color due to its higher iron and magnesium levels. Basalt is one of the most common rocks in Earth’s crust as well as the volcanic islands created by hot spots. The Hawaiian Islands are a direct result of mafic magma eruptions. Steady and relatively calm “<span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">lava fountains</span>” continue to change and expand the “Big Island” of Hawaii. </p><p></p><p><em>Intermediate Magma</em></p><p>Intermediate magma has higher silica content (roughly 60%) than mafic magma. This results in a higher gas content and viscosity. Its mean temperature ranges from 800° to 1000° Celsius (1472° to 1832° Fahrenheit). </p><p>As a result of its higher viscosity and gas content, intermediate magma builds up pressure below the Earth’s surface before it can be released as lava. This more gaseous and sticky lava tends to explode violently and cools as <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">andesite</span> rock. Intermediate magma most commonly transforms into andesite due to the transfer of heat at convergent plate boundaries. Andesitic rocks are often found at <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">continental</span> volcanic arcs, such as the Andes Mountains in South America, after which they are named. </p><p></p><p><em><span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">Felsic</span> Magma</em></p><p>Felsic magma has the highest silica content of all magma types, between 65-70%. As a result, felsic magma also has the highest gas content and viscosity, and lowest mean temperatures, between 650° and 800° Celsius (1202° and 1472° Fahrenheit). </p><p>Thick, <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">viscous</span> felsic magma can trap gas bubbles in a volcano’s magma chamber. These trapped bubbles can cause explosive and <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">destructive</span> eruptions. These eruptions eject lava violently into the air, which cools into <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">dacite</span> and <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">rhyolite</span> rock. Much like intermediate magma, felsic magma may be most commonly found at convergent plate boundaries where transfer of heat and flux melting create large <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">stratovolcanoes</span>.</p><p>Magma can intrude into a low-density area of another geologic formation, such as a <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">sedimentary rock</span> structure. When it cools to solid rock, this intrusion is often called a <span class="cursor-pointer text-nowrap glossified-term" data-test-id="glossified" tabindex="0">pluton</span>. A pluton is an intrusion of magma that wells up from below the surface. </p></div></div><div data-test-id="col" class="col-md-12"><div data-test-id="container" class="border bg-light mt-4 mb-3 p-4 pb-3 container"><p class="display-4">Fast Fact</p><div data-test-id="container" class="container"><p><strong>Hawaii's Molten Magma</strong><br/>Hawaiian magma is different than magma in other parts of the Earth because it has more molten rock and less dissolved gases and rock fragments. The Hawaiian volcano Kilauea, on the "Big Island" of Hawaii, has erupted with enough molten lava to pave a road around the Earth three times.</p></div></div><div data-test-id="container" class="border bg-light mt-4 mb-3 p-4 pb-3 container"><p class="display-4">Fast Fact</p><div data-test-id="container" class="container"><div><p><strong>Mysterious Magma</strong></p><p>Magma is usually studied as lava or igneous rock. But most magma remains molten or partly molten beneath Earth’s surface. In fact, magma has only been discovered three times in its “natural” habitat deep in Earth’s crust. Geothermal drilling projects discovered two magma sites on the “Big Island” of Hawai'i, and one on Iceland.</p></div></div></div><div data-test-id="container" class="border bg-light mt-4 mb-3 p-4 pb-3 container"><p class="display-4">Fast Fact</p><div data-test-id="container" class="container"><div><p><strong>Tapping into Magma’s Potential</strong></p><p>In 2009, the Icelandic Deep Drilling Project created a well that uses magma to generate geothermal energy. Normally, geothermal energy is created by pumping water into hot volcanic bedrock, creating steam that is then harnessed to generate electricity. While normal geothermal sources average around 60° to 80° Celsius (140° to 176° Fahrenheit), the magma well’s steam reached a record-breaking temperature of 450° Celsius (842° Fahrenheit)! This huge increase in temperature allowed just one magma well to generate roughly 36 megawatts of electricity, powering 36,000 homes. In comparison, one single wind turbine generates between one to three megawatts.</p></div></div></div></div><div data-test-id="col" class="col-md-12"><div><h6 class="mt-4 fw-bold">Articles & Profiles</h6><div data-test-id="list" class="list-group-padding-m list-group-no-borders-no-dividers list-group-block-hover list-group"><a data-test-id="listItem" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/100923-science-early-earth-core-magma-liquid-molten-layer" data-rr-ui-event-key="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/100923-science-early-earth-core-magma-liquid-molten-layer" class="list-group-item">National Geographic Science: New Magma Layer Found Deep in Earth's Mantle?</a><a data-test-id="listItem" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/110119-yellowstone-park-supervolcano-eruption-magma-science" data-rr-ui-event-key="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/110119-yellowstone-park-supervolcano-eruption-magma-science" class="list-group-item">National Geographic Science: Yellowstone Has Bulged as Magma Pocket Swells</a><a data-test-id="listItem" href="https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=126475" data-rr-ui-event-key="https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=126475" class="list-group-item">National Science Foundation: Magma in Earth's Mantle Forms Deeper Than Once Thought</a></div></div><div><h6 class="mt-4 fw-bold">Reference</h6><div data-test-id="list" class="list-group-padding-m list-group-no-borders-no-dividers list-group-block-hover list-group"><a data-test-id="listItem" href="https://www2.tulane.edu/~sanelson/Natural_Disasters/volcan&magma.htm" data-rr-ui-event-key="https://www2.tulane.edu/~sanelson/Natural_Disasters/volcan&magma.htm" class="list-group-item">Tulane University: Volcanoes, Magma, and Volcanic Eruptions</a></div></div><div><h6 class="mt-4 fw-bold">Website</h6><div data-test-id="list" class="list-group-padding-m list-group-no-borders-no-dividers list-group-block-hover list-group"><a data-test-id="listItem" href="https://volcanoes.sdsu.edu/" data-rr-ui-event-key="https://volcanoes.sdsu.edu/" class="list-group-item">San Diego State University: How Volcanoes Work</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div data-test-id="row" class="g-0 mx-md-3 justify-content-center py-3 pt-md-5 pb-md-0 row"><div data-test-id="col" class="col-lg-8 col-md-10 col-12"><div data-test-id="accordion" class="mb-3 accordion"><div class="accordion-item"><div data-test-id="accordion-0" class="card-light shadow-none card"><div data-test-id="accordion-toggle" aria-controls="credits-accordion-0-content" id="credits-accordion-0-toggle" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" class="accordion-has-icon cursor-pointer accordion-toggle accordion-button collapsed"><div class="card-title"><h5 class="m-0 fw-bold accordion-title">Credits</h5></div></div><div data-test-id="accordion-collapse" aria-labelledby="credits-accordion-0-toggle" id="credits-accordion-0-content" class="accordion-collapse collapse"><div class="card-body"><h6 class="mb-3 mt-4 fw-bold">Media Credits</h6><p>The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited.</p><div><h6 class="mb-3 mt-4 fw-bold">Editor</h6><div>Jeannie Evers, Emdash Editing<!-- -->, Emdash Editing</div></div><div><h6 class="mb-3 mt-4 fw-bold">Producer</h6><div>National Geographic Society</div></div><h6 class="mb-3 mt-4 text-capitalize fw-bold">other</h6><div><h6 class="mb-3 mt-4 fw-bold">Last Updated</h6><p>April 26, 2024</p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="accordion-item"><div data-test-id="accordion-1" class="card-light shadow-none card"><div data-test-id="accordion-toggle" aria-controls="credits-accordion-1-content" id="credits-accordion-1-toggle" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" class="accordion-has-icon cursor-pointer accordion-toggle accordion-button collapsed"><div class="card-title"><h5 class="m-0 fw-bold accordion-title">User Permissions</h5></div></div><div data-test-id="accordion-collapse" aria-labelledby="credits-accordion-1-toggle" id="credits-accordion-1-content" class="accordion-collapse collapse"><div class="card-body"><div><p>For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. They will best know the preferred format. When you reach out to them, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource.</p><h6><strong>Media</strong></h6><p>If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media.</p><h6><strong>Text</strong></h6><p>Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our <a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/terms-of-service/">Terms of Service</a>.</p><h6><strong>Interactives</strong></h6><p>Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. You cannot download interactives.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="py-3 pt-md-5 pb-md-0"><div data-test-id="row" class="g-0 px-0 row"><div data-test-id="col" class="justify-content-center pb-2 pb-md-3 col"><h3 class="display-3 text-center mb-3">Related Resources</h3></div></div></div></article></main><footer class="ng-footer small bg-gray-dark text-light p-5 text-center text-md-start" data-test-id="footer"><div data-test-id="container" class="px-0 container"><div data-test-id="row" class="mt-3 row"><div data-test-id="col" class="col-md-3 col-12"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill-rule="evenodd" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-miterlimit="1.414" clip-rule="evenodd" viewBox="0 0 181 53" style="max-width:180px"><path fill="#fc0" fill-rule="nonzero" d="M0 53.05V0h37.024v53.05zm31.67-5.342V5.342H5.335v42.366z"></path><path fill="#fff" fill-rule="nonzero" d="M61.622 23.797h-2.297c-3.007-4.246-5.99-8.468-8.97-13.24h-.025v13.24h-2.533V5.333h2.295c3.008 4.22 5.988 8.413 8.942 13.16h.054V5.333h2.534zm6.013-7.307c.737-2.426 1.477-4.67 2.135-7.518h.053c.738 2.85 1.4 5.092 2.085 7.52h-4.273zM68.85 5.334l-6.386 18.464h2.745l1.6-5.04h5.56l1.45 5.04h3.53L71.48 5.333zm11.5 18.463V7.812h-4.855v-2.48h12.873v2.48h-4.853v15.985zm9.046 0V5.333h3.14v18.464zm12.9-2.32c-3.3 0-4.46-3.643-4.46-7.175 0-3.404 1.32-6.65 4.46-6.65 3.137 0 4.457 3.246 4.457 6.65 0 3.532-1.16 7.175-4.457 7.175m0 2.636c4.826 0 7.833-4.297 7.833-9.81 0-5.174-3.33-9.288-7.84-9.288s-7.84 4.115-7.84 9.287c0 5.514 3 9.81 7.83 9.81zm23.582-.316h-2.295c-3.008-4.246-5.987-8.468-8.968-13.24h-.03v13.24h-2.53V5.333h2.297c3.007 4.22 5.99 8.413 8.94 13.16h.055V5.333h2.53v18.464zm6.015-7.307c.738-2.426 1.477-4.67 2.136-7.518h.05c.74 2.85 1.39 5.092 2.08 7.52h-4.28zm1.212-11.157-6.384 18.464h2.75l1.61-5.04h5.56l1.46 5.04h3.54l-5.89-18.464h-2.63zm9.445 0h3.138v15.984h6.25v2.48h-9.39V5.332zM59.672 39.245v7.622c-1.688.663-3.456 1.135-5.25 1.135-5.433 0-8.863-4.22-8.863-9.654 0-5.037 3.43-9.445 8.97-9.445 1.71 0 3.42.636 4.48 1.428l-1.03 2.19c-.85-.53-2.17-.97-3.38-.97-3.38 0-5.68 2.67-5.68 6.86 0 4.38 2.64 6.97 5.35 6.97.843 0 1.555-.1 2.214-.44v-5.68h3.162zm11.315-7.543H65.71v5.063h5.17v2.48h-5.17v5.96h6.228v2.482h-9.393V29.222h8.44v2.48zm9.76 13.663c-3.297 0-4.457-3.64-4.457-7.175 0-3.402 1.318-6.648 4.457-6.648 3.14 0 4.46 3.246 4.46 6.648 0 3.537-1.16 7.175-4.46 7.175m0 2.637c4.83 0 7.836-4.3 7.836-9.812 0-5.17-3.325-9.288-7.836-9.288-4.51 0-7.833 4.117-7.833 9.288 0 5.512 3.006 9.812 7.833 9.812m23.03-8.757v7.622c-1.69.663-3.457 1.135-5.25 1.135-5.434 0-8.862-4.22-8.862-9.654 0-5.037 3.43-9.445 8.968-9.445 1.718 0 3.43.636 4.485 1.428l-1.03 2.19c-.843-.53-2.162-.97-3.375-.97-3.377 0-5.673 2.67-5.673 6.86 0 4.38 2.638 6.97 5.354 6.97.844 0 1.56-.1 2.218-.44v-5.68h3.166zm6.065-7.543h1.4c1.874 0 2.925 1.083 2.925 2.98 0 2.477-1.5 3.587-3.006 3.665-.31.026-1.05.054-1.31.082V31.7zm8.02 15.986-3.718-7.65c2.03-1.082 3.193-3.272 3.193-5.485 0-3.59-2.19-5.33-5.728-5.33h-4.94V47.69h3.16v-6.966h1.42l2.98 6.964h3.61v-.002zm5.224-7.31c.735-2.424 1.475-4.665 2.135-7.514h.06c.74 2.85 1.4 5.09 2.09 7.514h-4.27zm1.21-11.156-6.38 18.467h2.742l1.61-5.04h5.566l1.45 5.04h3.536l-5.884-18.47h-2.64zm14.46 0h-4.935V47.69h3.17v-6.965h1.43c3.78 0 6.07-3.062 6.07-6.172 0-3.59-2.19-5.33-5.72-5.33zm-.447 9.126c-.33.026-1.1.05-1.33.077v-6.723h1.42c1.85 0 2.9 1.083 2.9 2.98 0 2.477-1.51 3.588-3.01 3.666zm20.83 9.34h-3.17v-8.893h-6.57v8.893h-3.14V29.222h3.13v7.098h6.57v-7.046h3.163v18.414zm3.03-18.466h3.13V47.69h-3.14zm17.38 3.35c-.77-.477-2.03-1.03-3.25-1.03-3.22 0-5.568 2.665-5.568 6.86 0 4.377 2.583 6.963 5.643 6.963a5.96 5.96 0 0 0 3.165-.924l.873 2.3c-.95.66-2.64 1.27-4.17 1.27-5.438 0-8.866-4.22-8.866-9.65 0-5.03 3.403-9.44 8.92-9.44 1.63 0 3.16.69 4.24 1.43l-1.003 2.247z"></path></svg><p class="my-2">National Geographic Headquarters <br/> 1145 17th Street NW<br/> Washington, DC 20036</p></div><div data-test-id="col" class="col-md-6 col-12"><div data-test-id="row" class="row"><div data-test-id="col" class="mt-4 mt-md-0 col-md-4 col-12"><h6 class="display-4 text-color-gray-500">ABOUT</h6><div data-test-id="list" class="list-group-padding-s list-group-no-borders-no-dividers list-group-no-horizontal-padding list-group-block-hover list-group-type-small list-group-dark list-group"><a data-test-id="listItem" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/about-us/" data-rr-ui-event-key="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/about-us/" class="list-group-item">National Geographic Society</a><a data-test-id="listItem" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/" data-rr-ui-event-key="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/" class="list-group-item">NatGeo.com</a><a data-test-id="listItem" href="//blog.nationalgeographic.org/" data-rr-ui-event-key="//blog.nationalgeographic.org/" class="list-group-item">News and Impact</a><a data-test-id="listItem" href="https://support.nationalgeographic.org/" data-rr-ui-event-key="https://support.nationalgeographic.org/" class="list-group-item">Contact Us</a></div></div><div data-test-id="col" class="mt-4 mt-md-0 col-md-4 col-12"><h6 class="display-4 text-color-gray-500">Explore</h6><div data-test-id="list" class="list-group-padding-s list-group-no-borders-no-dividers list-group-no-horizontal-padding list-group-block-hover list-group-type-small list-group-dark list-group"><a data-test-id="listItem" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/find-explorers/" data-rr-ui-event-key="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/find-explorers/" class="list-group-item">Our Explorers</a><a data-test-id="listItem" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/society/our-programs/" data-rr-ui-event-key="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/society/our-programs/" class="list-group-item">Our Programs</a><a data-test-id="listItem" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/education/" data-rr-ui-event-key="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/education/" class="list-group-item">Education</a><a data-test-id="listItem" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/society/projects/ng-live/" data-rr-ui-event-key="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/society/projects/ng-live/" class="list-group-item">Nat Geo Live</a><a data-test-id="listItem" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/society/storytellers-collective/" data-rr-ui-event-key="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/society/storytellers-collective/" class="list-group-item">Storytellers Collective</a><a data-test-id="listItem" href="https://exhibitions.nationalgeographic.org/" data-rr-ui-event-key="https://exhibitions.nationalgeographic.org/" class="list-group-item">Traveling Exhibitions</a></div></div><div data-test-id="col" class="mt-4 mt-md-0 col-md-4 col-12"><h6 class="display-4 text-color-gray-500">Join Us</h6><div data-test-id="list" class="list-group-padding-s list-group-no-borders-no-dividers list-group-no-horizontal-padding list-group-block-hover list-group-type-small list-group-dark list-group"><a data-test-id="listItem" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/give/" data-rr-ui-event-key="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/give/" class="list-group-item">Ways to Give</a><a data-test-id="listItem" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/funding-opportunities/grants/" data-rr-ui-event-key="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/funding-opportunities/grants/" class="list-group-item">Apply for a Grant</a><a data-test-id="listItem" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/society/careers/" data-rr-ui-event-key="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/society/careers/" class="list-group-item">Careers</a></div></div></div></div><div data-test-id="col" class="col-md-3 col-12"><div class="mt-4 mt-md-0"><div class="mb-2"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://give.nationalgeographic.org/page/49060/donate/1" data-test-id="button" class="btn-block btn btn-primary">donate</a></div><div class="mb-2"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://give.nationalgeographic.org/page/49156/subscribe/1" data-test-id="button" class="btn-block btn btn-secondary">get updates</a></div></div></div></div><div data-test-id="row" class="mt-md-5 mt-4 row"><div data-test-id="col" class="col-xl-3 col-lg-4 col-md-5 col-12"><div class="mb-4 mb-md-0"><h6 class="display-4 text-light">Connect</h6><a class="text-inverted me-3" href="https://www.instagram.com/insidenatgeo/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1rem" height="1rem" viewBox="0 0 20 20" color="currentColor"><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 1.8c2.671 0 2.986 0 4.043.057A5.536 5.536 0 0 1 15.9 2.2a3.1 3.1 0 0 1 1.15.714 3.1 3.1 0 0 1 .714 1.15c.22.595.336 1.223.343 1.857.05 1.058.057 1.372.057 4.043 0 2.672 0 2.986-.057 4.043a5.536 5.536 0 0 1-.343 1.857 3.314 3.314 0 0 1-1.9 1.9 5.536 5.536 0 0 1-1.857.343c-1.057.05-1.371.057-4.043.057-2.671 0-2.985 0-4.043-.057a5.536 5.536 0 0 1-1.857-.343 3.1 3.1 0 0 1-1.15-.714A3.1 3.1 0 0 1 2.2 15.9a5.536 5.536 0 0 1-.343-1.857C1.807 12.986 1.8 12.67 1.8 10c0-2.671 0-2.986.057-4.043A5.536 5.536 0 0 1 2.2 4.1a3.1 3.1 0 0 1 .714-1.15 3.1 3.1 0 0 1 1.15-.714 5.536 5.536 0 0 1 1.857-.343c1.058-.05 1.372-.057 4.043-.057zM10 0C7.286 0 6.943 0 5.879.057A7.343 7.343 0 0 0 3.45.521 4.9 4.9 0 0 0 1.679 1.68 4.9 4.9 0 0 0 .52 3.45a7.343 7.343 0 0 0-.464 2.429C0 6.943 0 7.286 0 10c0 2.714 0 3.057.057 4.121.017.83.174 1.652.464 2.429a4.9 4.9 0 0 0 1.15 1.771 4.9 4.9 0 0 0 1.772 1.15c.777.291 1.598.448 2.428.465C6.943 20 7.286 20 10 20c2.714 0 3.057 0 4.121-.057a7.343 7.343 0 0 0 2.429-.464 5.114 5.114 0 0 0 2.921-2.922c.291-.777.448-1.598.465-2.428C20 13.057 20 12.714 20 10c0-2.714 0-3.057-.057-4.121a7.343 7.343 0 0 0-.464-2.429 4.9 4.9 0 0 0-1.15-1.771A4.9 4.9 0 0 0 16.55.52a7.343 7.343 0 0 0-2.429-.464C13.057 0 12.714 0 10 0m0 4.864a5.136 5.136 0 1 0 0 10.272 5.136 5.136 0 0 0 0-10.272m0 1.8a3.336 3.336 0 1 1 0 6.672 3.336 3.336 0 0 1 0-6.672m5.336-3.2a1.2 1.2 0 1 1 0 2.4 1.2 1.2 0 0 1 0-2.4"></path></svg></a><a class="text-inverted me-3" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/national-geographic-society/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1rem" height="1rem" viewBox="0 0 20 20" color="currentColor"><path fill="currentColor" d="M.336 19.944H4.48V6.6H.336zM15.023 6.292c4.194 0 4.977 2.796 4.977 6.354v7.298h-4.124l-.001-6.79c-.008-1.497-.134-3.248-2.153-3.248-2.153 0-2.488 1.684-2.488 3.425v6.6H7.039V6.598h4.006v1.825h.056a4.355 4.355 0 0 1 3.922-2.132M2.405 0a2.405 2.405 0 1 1 0 4.81 2.405 2.405 0 0 1 0-4.81"></path></svg></a><a class="text-inverted me-3" href="https://www.facebook.com/InsideNatGeo/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1rem" height="1rem" viewBox="0 0 20 20" color="currentColor"><path fill="currentColor" d="M5 10.8V7.488h2.493V4.573a5.2 5.2 0 0 1 .285-1.715c.18-.532.473-1.019.857-1.428.45-.458.993-.814 1.593-1.043a6 6 0 0 1 2.257-.385c.84.007 1.68.064 2.514.171l-.157 3.143H12.7c-.638 0-1.042.154-1.214.464-.18.38-.261.8-.235 1.221v2.5H15l-.265 3.328h-3.507V20H7.493v-9.2z"></path></svg></a><a class="text-inverted me-3" href="https://www.youtube.com/insidenatgeo/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1rem" height="1rem" viewBox="0 0 20 20" color="currentColor"><path fill="currentColor" d="M7.939 12.626V7.003l5.403 2.828zm11.86-6.59a4.33 4.33 0 0 0-.793-2.002 2.862 2.862 0 0 0-2.001-.847C14.203 3 10.007 3 10.007 3s-4.21 0-7.005.2a2.862 2.862 0 0 0-2.001.847A4.336 4.336 0 0 0 .207 6.05 30.207 30.207 0 0 0 0 9.27v1.514c.009 1.081.076 2.162.2 3.236.092.723.365 1.411.794 2.001.61.538 1.394.84 2.208.847 1.601.154 6.798.2 6.798.2s4.203 0 7.005-.206a2.862 2.862 0 0 0 2.001-.848c.429-.59.702-1.278.794-2.001.124-1.074.191-2.154.2-3.235V9.27a30.18 30.18 0 0 0-.2-3.236"></path></svg></a><a class="text-inverted me-3" href="https://www.threads.net/@insidenatgeo" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1rem" height="1rem" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 25 25" color="currentColor"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M18.429 11.587a8.62 8.62 0 0 0-.328-.149c-.193-3.555-2.136-5.591-5.398-5.612h-.044c-1.952 0-3.574.833-4.573 2.349l1.794 1.23c.746-1.132 1.917-1.373 2.78-1.373h.03c1.074.007 1.884.32 2.409.928.381.444.637 1.056.763 1.83a13.72 13.72 0 0 0-3.083-.149c-3.102.179-5.096 1.988-4.962 4.501.068 1.275.703 2.372 1.789 3.089.917.605 2.1.902 3.328.834 1.622-.088 2.894-.707 3.782-1.839.674-.86 1.1-1.973 1.289-3.376.773.466 1.346 1.08 1.662 1.818.538 1.255.57 3.316-1.113 4.997-1.473 1.473-3.245 2.11-5.922 2.13-2.97-.023-5.216-.975-6.677-2.832-1.367-1.738-2.074-4.25-2.1-7.463.026-3.214.733-5.725 2.1-7.463 1.46-1.857 3.707-2.81 6.677-2.831 2.991.022 5.276.98 6.793 2.845.743.914 1.304 2.065 1.673 3.406l2.103-.56c-.448-1.652-1.153-3.075-2.112-4.255C19.145 1.251 16.302.025 12.639 0h-.015C8.97.025 6.157 1.255 4.27 3.656c-1.68 2.137-2.547 5.11-2.577 8.835v.018c.03 3.726.896 6.699 2.577 8.835 1.888 2.4 4.7 3.63 8.355 3.656h.015c3.25-.023 5.54-.873 7.428-2.759 2.47-2.467 2.395-5.559 1.581-7.457-.584-1.361-1.697-2.467-3.219-3.197m-5.612 5.276c-1.359.076-2.771-.534-2.84-1.84-.052-.97.689-2.05 2.924-2.18.256-.014.507-.022.754-.022.812 0 1.571.08 2.262.23-.258 3.217-1.769 3.739-3.1 3.812" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></a><a class="text-inverted me-3" href="https://twitter.com/InsideNatGeo/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1rem" height="1rem" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 20 20" color="currentColor"><g clip-path="url(#a)"><path fill="currentColor" d="M11.647 8.469 18.932 0h-1.726L10.88 7.353 5.827 0H0l7.64 11.12L0 20h1.726l6.68-7.765L13.743 20h5.828zm-2.365 2.748-.774-1.107-6.16-8.81H5l4.971 7.11.774 1.107 6.462 9.242h-2.652z"></path></g><defs><clipPath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h20v20H0z"></path></clipPath></defs></svg></a></div></div><div data-test-id="col" class="col-xl-9 col-lg-8 col-md-7 col-12"><p class="text-color-gray-500 mb-0 no-limit-paragraphs">National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. © 1996 - <!-- -->2025<!-- --> National Geographic Society. All rights reserved.</p><span><a class="text-color-gray-500" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/ethics/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">Code of Ethics</a><span class="mx-1 text-color-gray-500">|</span></span><span><a class="text-color-gray-500" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/society/state-disclosures/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">State Disclosures</a><span class="mx-1 text-color-gray-500">|</span></span><span><a class="text-color-gray-500" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/terms-of-service/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">Terms of Service</a><span class="mx-1 text-color-gray-500">|</span></span><span><a class="text-color-gray-500" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/privacy-notice/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">Privacy Notice</a><span class="mx-1 text-color-gray-500">|</span></span><span><a class="text-color-gray-500" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">Your Privacy Choices</a></span></div></div></div></footer></div><script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"preview":false,"data":{"post":{"content":{"historicDates":null,"video":null,"attachedResources":[{"_key":"SKooO9KP","title":"Lava Lake","image":{"resource_type":"image","url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1638891818/EducationHub/photos/lava-lake.jpg","secure_url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1638891818/EducationHub/photos/lava-lake.jpg","name":"lava-lake.jpg","access_mode":"public","height":1337,"source":{"name":"cloudinary","id":"JTdCJTIyZm9ybWF0JTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyanBnJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycHVibGljX2lkJTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyRWR1Y2F0aW9uSHViJTJGcGhvdG9zJTJGbGF2YS1sYWtlJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycmVzb3VyY2VfdHlwZSUyMiUzQSUyMCUyMmltYWdlJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIydHlwZSUyMiUzQSUyMCUyMnVwbG9hZCUyMiUyQyUyMCUyMnJhd1RyYW5zZm9ybWF0aW9uJTIyJTNBJTIwbnVsbCU3RA=="},"format":"jpg","context":{"custom":{"alt":"Close-up photo of hot lava.","caption":"Lava Lake"}},"_version":1,"_type":"cloudinary.asset","width":2010,"bytes":529611,"metadata":{"credits":"Photograph by Carsten Peter, National Geographic"}},"downloadable":false,"credits":"Photograph by Carsten Peter, National Geographic","_type":"ngs.rl.attachedImage","description":[{"style":"normal","_key":"d52cf0f78b14","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"Magma is a molten and semi-molten rock mixture found under the surface of Earth. On the rare occasions when magma breaks the surface, as in a volcanic eruption, it is called lava. This lava lake sits in Mount Nyiragongo, Democratic Republic of Congo.","_key":"d52cf0f78b140","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block"}]},{"_type":"ngs.rl.attachedImage","description":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"A geologist cautiously approaches a fountain of lava during the Mauna Ulu eruption of Kilauea, Hawai'i, United States. The Mauna Ulu eruption took place between 1969 and 1974, and created a new vent, for which the eruption was named.","_key":"fe3f0e790f350","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"fe3f0e790f35"}],"_key":"6x8laIF7","title":"Mauna Ulu","image":{"context":{"custom":{"alt":"Photo: Erupting lava","caption":"Mauna Ulu"}},"access_mode":"public","height":990,"_type":"cloudinary.asset","url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1638889778/EducationHub/photos/mauna-ulu.jpg","format":"jpg","resource_type":"image","metadata":{"credits":"Photograph by Robert Madden, National Geographic"},"secure_url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1638889778/EducationHub/photos/mauna-ulu.jpg","name":"mauna-ulu.jpg","bytes":925002,"_version":1,"width":743,"source":{"name":"cloudinary","id":"JTdCJTIyZm9ybWF0JTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyanBnJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycHVibGljX2lkJTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyRWR1Y2F0aW9uSHViJTJGcGhvdG9zJTJGbWF1bmEtdWx1JTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycmVzb3VyY2VfdHlwZSUyMiUzQSUyMCUyMmltYWdlJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIydHlwZSUyMiUzQSUyMCUyMnVwbG9hZCUyMiUyQyUyMCUyMnJhd1RyYW5zZm9ybWF0aW9uJTIyJTNBJTIwbnVsbCU3RA=="}},"downloadable":false,"credits":"Photograph by Robert Madden, National Geographic"},{"credits":"Illustration by Mary Crooks\n","_type":"ngs.rl.attachedImage","description":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"85b041ce8c0c0","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Islands, ocean trenches, volcanoes, and mid-ocean ridges are all formed by the movement of molten material between Earth's mantle and crust."}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"85b041ce8c0c"}],"_key":"VOTpgEZQ","title":"Earth's Movement","image":{"_version":1,"metadata":{"credits":"Illustration by Mary Crooks"},"source":{"name":"cloudinary","id":"JTdCJTIyZm9ybWF0JTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyanBnJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycHVibGljX2lkJTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyRWR1Y2F0aW9uSHViJTJGcGhvdG9zJTJGZWFydGhzLW1vdmVtZW50JTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycmVzb3VyY2VfdHlwZSUyMiUzQSUyMCUyMmltYWdlJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIydHlwZSUyMiUzQSUyMCUyMnVwbG9hZCUyMiUyQyUyMCUyMnJhd1RyYW5zZm9ybWF0aW9uJTIyJTNBJTIwbnVsbCU3RA=="},"_type":"cloudinary.asset","bytes":103786,"access_mode":"public","url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1638890147/EducationHub/photos/earths-movement.jpg","height":743,"resource_type":"image","context":{"custom":{"alt":"Illustration: Cross-section of the Earth, showing the movement of tectonic plates and molten material beneath the crust.","caption":"Earth's Movement"}},"secure_url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1638890147/EducationHub/photos/earths-movement.jpg","width":990,"name":"earths-movement.jpg","format":"jpg"},"downloadable":true},{"image":{"context":{"custom":{"alt":"Photo of lava extruding from underwater fissure.","caption":"West Mata"}},"source":{"name":"cloudinary","id":"JTdCJTIyZm9ybWF0JTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyanBnJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycHVibGljX2lkJTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyRWR1Y2F0aW9uSHViJTJGcGhvdG9zJTJGd2VzdC1tYXRhJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycmVzb3VyY2VfdHlwZSUyMiUzQSUyMCUyMmltYWdlJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIydHlwZSUyMiUzQSUyMCUyMnVwbG9hZCUyMiUyQyUyMCUyMnJhd1RyYW5zZm9ybWF0aW9uJTIyJTNBJTIwbnVsbCU3RA=="},"bytes":798861,"resource_type":"image","width":990,"_type":"cloudinary.asset","format":"jpg","_version":1,"url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1638886436/EducationHub/photos/west-mata.jpg","height":742,"access_mode":"public","name":"west-mata.jpg","metadata":{"credits":"Photograph courtesy NOAA and NSF"},"secure_url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1638886436/EducationHub/photos/west-mata.jpg"},"downloadable":true,"credits":"Photograph courtesy of NOAA and NSF","_type":"ngs.rl.attachedImage","description":[{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Few submarine volcanoes erupt explosively. The immense pressure of the ocean results in passive lava flows. Here, the submarine volcano of West Mata, in the South Pacific, extrudes lava in a passive lava flow about 1,204 degrees Celsius (2,200 degrees Fahrenheit). The lava's surface cools into a hard shell immediately upon contact with ocean water.","_key":"3acba192e5010"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"3acba192e501","markDefs":[]}],"_key":"QFlvdehu","title":"West Mata"},{"credits":"Photograph by NOAA Ocean Explorer","_type":"ngs.rl.attachedImage","description":[{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Seafloor spreading along the East Pacific Rise can result in volcanic activity, such as this lava eruption near the Galapagos Islands. The East Pacific Rise is a divergent plate boundary that marks where the Pacific plate is separating from the Nazca, Cocos, and North American plates, allowing magma to well up and create new crust.","_key":"20a444a6685d0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"20a444a6685d","markDefs":[]}],"_key":"wXmQzzBK","title":"Seafloor Spreading","image":{"source":{"name":"cloudinary","id":"JTdCJTIyZm9ybWF0JTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyanBnJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycHVibGljX2lkJTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyRWR1Y2F0aW9uSHViJTJGcGhvdG9zJTJGc2VhZmxvb3Itc3ByZWFkaW5nJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycmVzb3VyY2VfdHlwZSUyMiUzQSUyMCUyMmltYWdlJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIydHlwZSUyMiUzQSUyMCUyMnVwbG9hZCUyMiUyQyUyMCUyMnJhd1RyYW5zZm9ybWF0aW9uJTIyJTNBJTIwbnVsbCU3RA=="},"context":{"custom":{"alt":"Diagram of seafloor spreading.","caption":"Seafloor Spreading"}},"format":"jpg","bytes":308980,"_type":"cloudinary.asset","height":882,"secure_url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1652304314/EducationHub/photos/seafloor-spreading.jpg","name":"seafloor-spreading.jpg","metadata":{"credits":"Illustration by Joshua Doubek, courtesy Wikimedia. CC-BY-SA-3.0"},"url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1652304314/EducationHub/photos/seafloor-spreading.jpg","_version":1,"width":1000,"access_mode":"public","resource_type":"image"},"downloadable":true},{"description":[{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"998390dcae70","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"998390dcae700","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Magma bursts from a volcanic eruption at hte Pu'u Huluhulu volcanic vent on Mount Kilauea, Hawai'i, United States. For years, Kilauea was thought to be a part of the neighboring volcano of Mauna Loa. Geological tests of the region showed that Kilauea has its own \"magma plumbing system,\" however."}]}],"_key":"L4tmi8zb","title":"Mount Kilauea","image":{"_type":"cloudinary.asset","access_mode":"public","_version":1,"name":"mount-kilauea.jpg","bytes":700914,"resource_type":"image","secure_url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1638889450/EducationHub/photos/mount-kilauea.jpg","context":{"custom":{"alt":"Photo: Aerial view of a volcanic eruption.","caption":"Mount Kilauea"}},"width":990,"height":743,"url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1638889450/EducationHub/photos/mount-kilauea.jpg","source":{"name":"cloudinary","id":"JTdCJTIyZm9ybWF0JTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyanBnJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycHVibGljX2lkJTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyRWR1Y2F0aW9uSHViJTJGcGhvdG9zJTJGbW91bnQta2lsYXVlYSUyMiUyQyUyMCUyMnJlc291cmNlX3R5cGUlMjIlM0ElMjAlMjJpbWFnZSUyMiUyQyUyMCUyMnR5cGUlMjIlM0ElMjAlMjJ1cGxvYWQlMjIlMkMlMjAlMjJyYXdUcmFuc2Zvcm1hdGlvbiUyMiUzQSUyMG51bGwlN0Q="},"metadata":{"credits":"Photograph by James L. Amos, National Geographic"},"format":"jpg"},"downloadable":false,"credits":"Photograph by James L. Amos, National Geographic","_type":"ngs.rl.attachedImage"},{"credits":"Photograph by Bates Littlehales","_type":"ngs.rl.attachedImage","description":[{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"a9b8e9e0e94e","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Devil's Tower, formed by magma, dominates the landscape in Devil's Tower National Park, Wyoming, United States. A timberline is formed at the base of this formation, suggesting that the terrain above is not suitable for the growth of trees.","_key":"a9b8e9e0e94e0"}]}],"_key":"SaU3R60P","title":"Devil's Tower ","image":{"_type":"cloudinary.asset","height":3820,"format":"jpg","secure_url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1652339940/EducationHub/photos/devils-tower.jpg","source":{"id":"JTdCJTIyZm9ybWF0JTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyanBnJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycHVibGljX2lkJTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyRWR1Y2F0aW9uSHViJTJGcGhvdG9zJTJGZGV2aWxzLXRvd2VyJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycmVzb3VyY2VfdHlwZSUyMiUzQSUyMCUyMmltYWdlJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIydHlwZSUyMiUzQSUyMCUyMnVwbG9hZCUyMiUyQyUyMCUyMnJhd1RyYW5zZm9ybWF0aW9uJTIyJTNBJTIwbnVsbCU3RA==","name":"cloudinary"},"access_mode":"public","width":5706,"_version":1,"name":"devils-tower.jpg","metadata":{"credits":"Paid for through the Google Earth Education product contract. "},"resource_type":"image","bytes":5575967,"url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1652339940/EducationHub/photos/devils-tower.jpg","context":{"custom":{"alt":"Photo of Devils Tower.","caption":"Devils Tower"}}},"downloadable":false},{"_key":"Ih6JoHJb","title":"Diabase Dike","image":{"width":990,"height":743,"access_mode":"public","context":{"custom":{"alt":"Photo of a dark dike and lighter stone.","caption":"Diabase Dike"}},"_version":1,"_type":"cloudinary.asset","name":"diabase-dike.jpg","source":{"id":"JTdCJTIyZm9ybWF0JTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyanBnJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycHVibGljX2lkJTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyRWR1Y2F0aW9uSHViJTJGcGhvdG9zJTJGZGlhYmFzZS1kaWtlJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycmVzb3VyY2VfdHlwZSUyMiUzQSUyMCUyMmltYWdlJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIydHlwZSUyMiUzQSUyMCUyMnVwbG9hZCUyMiUyQyUyMCUyMnJhd1RyYW5zZm9ybWF0aW9uJTIyJTNBJTIwbnVsbCU3RA==","name":"cloudinary"},"resource_type":"image","secure_url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1638888894/EducationHub/photos/diabase-dike.jpg","metadata":{"credits":"Photograph by Fungus Guy, courtesy Wikimedia. (CC BY-SA 3.0)"},"format":"jpg","bytes":376964,"url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1638888894/EducationHub/photos/diabase-dike.jpg"},"downloadable":true,"credits":"Photograph by Fungus Guy, courtesy of Wikimedia. (CC BY-SA 3.0)","_type":"ngs.rl.attachedImage","description":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Some intrusive igneous formations are known as \"dikes.\" This magmatic dike in Lake Superior, Ontario, Canada, dramatically shows where the dark magmatic rock intruded on the lighter-colored sedimentary formation millions of years ago.","_key":"f5c8d389b63c0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"f5c8d389b63c"}]},{"image":{"_type":"cloudinary.asset","name":"lava-path.jpg","metadata":{"credits":"Photograph by Robert Madden, National Geographic"},"bytes":413469,"source":{"name":"cloudinary","id":"JTdCJTIyZm9ybWF0JTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyanBnJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycHVibGljX2lkJTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyRWR1Y2F0aW9uSHViJTJGcGhvdG9zJTJGbGF2YS1wYXRoJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycmVzb3VyY2VfdHlwZSUyMiUzQSUyMCUyMmltYWdlJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIydHlwZSUyMiUzQSUyMCUyMnVwbG9hZCUyMiUyQyUyMCUyMnJhd1RyYW5zZm9ybWF0aW9uJTIyJTNBJTIwbnVsbCU3RA=="},"width":990,"height":743,"secure_url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1638889073/EducationHub/photos/lava-path.jpg","context":{"custom":{"alt":"Photo of hot lava cutting through a forest.","caption":"Lava Path"}},"access_mode":"public","_version":1,"resource_type":"image","url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1638889073/EducationHub/photos/lava-path.jpg","format":"jpg"},"downloadable":false,"credits":"Photograph by Robert Madden, National Geographic","_type":"ngs.rl.attachedImage","description":[{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Extrusive igneous rocks extrude, or flow over, the landscape—like this slow-moving lava running from Kilauea, Hawai'i, United States.","_key":"e4a820e2941e0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"e4a820e2941e","markDefs":[]}],"_key":"NwTdEtyi","title":"Lava Path"},{"description":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"The heavier material in a pyroclastic flow streams downward along the ground. This vast pumice field is evidence of the massive pyroclastic flow that devastated the environment around Mount St. Helens in the U.S. state of Washington in 1980.","_key":"ff0864837cf20","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"ff0864837cf2"}],"_key":"IKYfvc9m","title":"Pumice Field","image":{"context":{"custom":{"alt":"Photo of a helicopter on a bed of light rocks.","caption":"Pumice Field"}},"format":"jpg","height":743,"_type":"cloudinary.asset","width":990,"_version":1,"resource_type":"image","bytes":444709,"secure_url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1638889738/EducationHub/photos/pumice-field.jpg","metadata":{"credits":"Photograph by Dan Miller, USGS"},"source":{"name":"cloudinary","id":"JTdCJTIyZm9ybWF0JTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyanBnJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycHVibGljX2lkJTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyRWR1Y2F0aW9uSHViJTJGcGhvdG9zJTJGcHVtaWNlLWZpZWxkJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycmVzb3VyY2VfdHlwZSUyMiUzQSUyMCUyMmltYWdlJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIydHlwZSUyMiUzQSUyMCUyMnVwbG9hZCUyMiUyQyUyMCUyMnJhd1RyYW5zZm9ybWF0aW9uJTIyJTNBJTIwbnVsbCU3RA=="},"url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1638889738/EducationHub/photos/pumice-field.jpg","access_mode":"public","name":"pumice-field.jpg"},"downloadable":true,"credits":"Photograph by Dan Miller, USGS","_type":"ngs.rl.attachedImage"},{"image":{"url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1638889412/EducationHub/photos/sleeping-giant.jpg","name":"sleeping-giant.jpg","bytes":333875,"metadata":{"credits":"Illustration by Hernan Canellas, National Geographic"},"access_mode":"public","_version":1,"_type":"cloudinary.asset","source":{"name":"cloudinary","id":"JTdCJTIyZm9ybWF0JTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyanBnJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycHVibGljX2lkJTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyRWR1Y2F0aW9uSHViJTJGcGhvdG9zJTJGc2xlZXBpbmctZ2lhbnQlMjIlMkMlMjAlMjJyZXNvdXJjZV90eXBlJTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyaW1hZ2UlMjIlMkMlMjAlMjJ0eXBlJTIyJTNBJTIwJTIydXBsb2FkJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycmF3VHJhbnNmb3JtYXRpb24lMjIlM0ElMjBudWxsJTdE"},"format":"jpg","resource_type":"image","height":990,"context":{"custom":{"alt":"Photo: Illustration of rock beneath Yellowstone.","caption":"Sleeping Giant"}},"secure_url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1638889412/EducationHub/photos/sleeping-giant.jpg","width":743},"downloadable":false,"credits":"Illustration by Hernan Canellas, National Geographic","_type":"ngs.rl.attachedImage","description":[{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"A column of superheated rock beneath Yellowstone National Park is illustrated in this diagram.","_key":"ff037595e4200"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"ff037595e420","markDefs":[]}],"_key":"bsZIDV4S","title":"Sleeping Giant"},{"title":"Mount St. Helens","image":{"secure_url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1652304131/EducationHub/photos/mount-st-helens.jpg","url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1652304131/EducationHub/photos/mount-st-helens.jpg","access_mode":"public","resource_type":"image","_version":1,"context":{"custom":{"alt":"Picture of Mount St. Helens, which may be part of one of America's next national parks.","caption":"Mount St. Helens"}},"bytes":338226,"width":990,"height":660,"format":"jpg","source":{"name":"cloudinary","id":"JTdCJTIyZm9ybWF0JTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyanBnJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycHVibGljX2lkJTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyRWR1Y2F0aW9uSHViJTJGcGhvdG9zJTJGbW91bnQtc3QtaGVsZW5zJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycmVzb3VyY2VfdHlwZSUyMiUzQSUyMCUyMmltYWdlJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIydHlwZSUyMiUzQSUyMCUyMnVwbG9hZCUyMiUyQyUyMCUyMnJhd1RyYW5zZm9ybWF0aW9uJTIyJTNBJTIwbnVsbCU3RA=="},"name":"mount-st-helens.jpg","_type":"cloudinary.asset","metadata":{"credits":"Photograph by Steve and Donna O'Meara, National Geographic"}},"downloadable":false,"credits":"Photograph by James P. Blair, National Geographic","_type":"ngs.rl.attachedImage","description":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"This aerial view of Mount Saint Helens, Washington, shows the crater created by a massive volcanic explosion that destroyed part of the mountain in 1980.","_key":"315d067143dc0","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"315d067143dc"}],"_key":"YtZMbgs3"}],"contentBodyLabel":"Article","vocabulary":[{"_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:04Z","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","word":"abundant","phonetic":"(uh-BUN-dunt)","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:36Z","displayName":"abundant","_id":"4f557972-eccb-4746-9f59-c7b305c1e204","partOfSpeech":"adjective","_rev":"ZRH6ZdBMeV906OhKdkZ0Hr","definition":[{"style":"normal","_key":"b9d61332a416","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"in large amounts.","_key":"b9d61332a4160"}],"_type":"block"}]},{"_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:04Z","_id":"1dbe21d7-8b5a-45c2-aeda-43507fd1cfeb","_rev":"ZRH6ZdBMeV906OhKdkZ0Hr","partOfSpeech":"noun","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:36Z","phonetic":"(AN-dih-sit)","displayName":"andesite","word":"andesite","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","definition":[{"_key":"03a1fce2e1c7","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"dark-colored volcanic rock.","_key":"03a1fce2e1c70","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"}]},{"phonetic":"(AT-muhs-feer)","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:04Z","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_rev":"coLQB43m6xeYDxgzOpLQqf","partOfSpeech":"noun","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:36Z","word":"atmosphere","displayName":"atmosphere (layer)","definition":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"layers of gases surrounding a planet or other celestial body.","_key":"928d6238b39c0","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"928d6238b39c"}],"_id":"12f0cacc-d5ed-48ef-a38e-b76a5a082d5c"},{"_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:36Z","phonetic":"(buh-SAHLT)","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:04Z","displayName":"basalt","partOfSpeech":"noun","_rev":"coLQB43m6xeYDxgzOpLQqf","definition":[{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"25d7aaaf4c51","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"type of dark volcanic rock.","_key":"25d7aaaf4c510"}]}],"_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_id":"7faf82ec-96ca-43c5-8f9b-229eadc5d77b","word":"basalt"},{"_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_id":"e5fa46c9-2f85-4a38-9104-4a3c0819452d","phonetic":"(BOI-uhnt)","partOfSpeech":"adjective","definition":[{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"b6fa3a899b39","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"capable of floating.","_key":"b6fa3a899b390"}]}],"_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:36Z","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:04Z","word":"buoyant","displayName":"buoyant","_rev":"ZRH6ZdBMeV906OhKdkZ0If"},{"_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:04Z","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:36Z","phonetic":"(kahl-DAIR-uh)","displayName":"caldera","partOfSpeech":"noun","_rev":"ZRH6ZdBMeV906OhKdkZ0If","definition":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"large depression resulting from the collapse of the center of a volcano.","_key":"d7428a3ef8de0","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"d7428a3ef8de"}],"_id":"7c6698ac-8d25-405f-8a72-8d9f066e05a9","word":"caldera"},{"definition":[{"children":[{"_key":"db37f110c65d0","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"boundary or limit."}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"db37f110c65d","markDefs":[]}],"_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:47Z","displayName":"confine NOUN","partOfSpeech":"noun","_rev":"ZRH6ZdBMeV906OhKdkZHJV","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","phonetic":"(KAHN-fin)","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:20Z","_id":"3e3be6b1-c0f5-4959-93ba-5f71eb91c74d","word":"confine"},{"partOfSpeech":"noun","phonetic":"(KAHN-tih-nent)","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","definition":[{"style":"normal","_key":"b5ff0a9dfc1a","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"one of the seven main land masses on Earth.","_key":"b5ff0a9dfc1a0"}],"_type":"block"}],"_id":"ab485c35-7a5f-4557-8f00-02c2095bf662","word":"continent","displayName":"continent","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:20Z","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:47Z","_rev":"ZRH6ZdBMeV906OhKdkZHJV"},{"definition":[{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"c1d0e3496a2a","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"transfer of heat by the movement of the heated parts of a liquid or gas.","_key":"c1d0e3496a2a0","_type":"span"}]}],"_rev":"ZRH6ZdBMeV906OhKdkZHJV","word":"convection","phonetic":"(kun-VEK-shun)","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:20Z","partOfSpeech":"noun","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:47Z","displayName":"convection","_id":"00219f2c-c83f-467a-843b-5b9868b74524"},{"_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:47Z","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:20Z","_id":"78687f52-8973-44df-9c2d-545981d74277","phonetic":"(kun-VUR-jehnt PLAYT BOWN-dree)","displayName":"convergent-plate-boundary","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":[{"style":"normal","_key":"c7d78f57c315","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"area where two or more tectonic plates bump into each other. Also called a collision zone.","_key":"c7d78f57c3150","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block"}],"_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","word":"convergent plate boundary","_rev":"ZRH6ZdBMeV906OhKdkZHJV"},{"_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:47Z","word":"core","partOfSpeech":"noun","_rev":"ZRH6ZdBMeV906OhKdkZHJV","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:20Z","phonetic":"(KOR)","displayName":"core (earth)","_id":"e7c39a1f-8a3e-42a3-9f4c-f69f0c7232c1","definition":[{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"8094ddd25c36","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"the extremely hot center of Earth, another planet, or a star.","_key":"8094ddd25c360"}]}]},{"definition":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"very important.","_key":"e549cbed800e0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"e549cbed800e"}],"phonetic":"(KROO-shul)","partOfSpeech":"adjective","_rev":"ZRH6ZdBMeV906OhKdkZHJV","_id":"7c54e304-6305-4383-a6ad-0226d0e4a513","displayName":"crucial","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:20Z","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:47Z","word":"crucial"},{"phonetic":"(KRUST)","definition":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"rocky outermost layer of Earth or other planet.","_key":"99a8a947e8a40"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"99a8a947e8a4"}],"_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:47Z","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:20Z","partOfSpeech":"noun","_id":"af0be871-7f02-4a0c-a8b5-a2e82518b2e9","_rev":"ZRH6ZdBMeV906OhKdkZHJV","word":"crust","displayName":"crust (earth)","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem"},{"_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","word":"crystal","phonetic":"(KRIHS-tul)","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:20Z","partOfSpeech":"noun","_rev":"ZRH6ZdBMeV906OhKdkZHJV","_id":"7b9eb755-1593-4b98-8a8a-f0bb22a4419b","displayName":"crystal","definition":[{"_key":"51b1d69efbb6","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"type of mineral that is clear and, when viewed under a microscope, has a repeating pattern of atoms and molecules.","_key":"51b1d69efbb60"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"}],"_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:47Z"},{"phonetic":"(DAY-sit)","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:20Z","definition":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"fine-grained volcanic rock.","_key":"b36202b969df0","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"b36202b969df"}],"_id":"4c736caa-db46-4f08-a9fd-6c262759ba23","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:47Z","_rev":"CIhIiuJe6OyNVYaAjam5Q0","word":"dacite","displayName":"dacite","partOfSpeech":"noun","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem"},{"definition":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"0978d06536fe0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"0978d06536fe"},{"_key":"038fd2a16764","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"upward movement of Earth's mantle to an area of lower pressure, allowing mantle rock to melt, leading to magma formation.","_key":"038fd2a167640"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"}],"word":"decompression melting","phonetic":"(dee-kum-PREH-shun mehl-tihng)","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:20Z","partOfSpeech":"noun","displayName":"decompression melting","_id":"110f23ce-67ff-4c34-8fc4-dc895e7e8b55","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:47Z","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_rev":"CIhIiuJe6OyNVYaAjam5Q0"},{"_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","word":"dense","definition":[{"style":"normal","_key":"cfa36eeb46c6","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"having parts or molecules that are packed closely together.","_key":"cfa36eeb46c60"}],"_type":"block"}],"_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:47Z","partOfSpeech":"adjective","_rev":"CIhIiuJe6OyNVYaAjam5Q0","phonetic":"(DEHNS)","_id":"70d093e7-9bf9-4025-97a6-4db03cc157a4","displayName":"dense","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:20Z"},{"_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:47Z","_rev":"CIhIiuJe6OyNVYaAjam5Q0","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_id":"df3371b9-3495-4ad8-ad7c-cd9710b15020","partOfSpeech":"adjective","definition":[{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"harmful.","_key":"5e1c9bcf54660"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"5e1c9bcf5466","markDefs":[]}],"word":"destructive","displayName":"destructive","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:20Z","phonetic":"(dih-STRUK-tihv)"},{"partOfSpeech":"noun","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:20Z","definition":[{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"af35e983406b","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"af35e983406b0","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"a barrier, usually a natural or artificial wall used to regulate water levels."}]}],"_id":"e51e7092-7448-4e26-ae4c-0fac2a2bc727","displayName":"dike (water)","word":"dike","phonetic":"(DIK)","_rev":"CIhIiuJe6OyNVYaAjam5Q0","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:47Z","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem"},{"_rev":"CIhIiuJe6OyNVYaAjam5Q0","word":"dissolve","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","definition":[{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"to break up or disintegrate.","_key":"af317ba09b8d0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"af317ba09b8d","markDefs":[]}],"_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:47Z","displayName":"dissolve","partOfSpeech":"verb","_id":"44cd6ef4-0ba8-4483-8234-172176762d13","phonetic":"(dih-ZALV)","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:20Z"},{"_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:20Z","phonetic":"(di-VUR-junt BOWN-dree)","word":"divergent boundary","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:47Z","partOfSpeech":"noun","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_id":"cc8fb7d3-37f4-4bdf-917e-70830223ad8f","displayName":"divergent-boundary","_rev":"CIhIiuJe6OyNVYaAjam5Q0","definition":[{"style":"normal","_key":"292358031c54","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"area where two or more tectonic plates are moving away from each other. Also called an extensional boundary.","_key":"292358031c540"}],"_type":"block"}]},{"displayName":"document","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:20Z","definition":[{"style":"normal","_key":"84dc9de30ef6","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"to keep track of.","_key":"84dc9de30ef60"}],"_type":"block"}],"phonetic":"(DAHK-yoo-mehnt)","_rev":"CIhIiuJe6OyNVYaAjam5Q0","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:47Z","word":"document","partOfSpeech":"verb","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_id":"c24e025e-7bac-4f8f-ac2a-28c7daed5534"},{"definition":[{"style":"normal","_key":"cc354c5e1d88","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"always changing or in motion.","_key":"cc354c5e1d880"}],"_type":"block"}],"phonetic":"(di-NA-mihk)","displayName":"dynamic","partOfSpeech":"adjective","_rev":"CIhIiuJe6OyNVYaAjamJ44","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:32Z","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:57Z","_id":"1889e25a-ffb5-436d-951c-b74127a3503f","word":"dynamic"},{"phonetic":"(ee-JEHKT)","partOfSpeech":"verb","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:57Z","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","word":"eject","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:32Z","_id":"68e62fa6-5db9-4180-a0e5-2de75b8ddb16","displayName":"eject","_rev":"CIhIiuJe6OyNVYaAjamJ44","definition":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"to get rid of or throw out.","_key":"15a41c76effb0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"15a41c76effb"}]},{"_rev":"CIhIiuJe6OyNVYaAjamJ44","definition":[{"children":[{"text":"chemical that cannot be separated into simpler substances.","_key":"b11850c68c3e0","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"b11850c68c3e","markDefs":[]}],"word":"element","partOfSpeech":"noun","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","phonetic":"(EHL-luh-mehnt)","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:32Z","_id":"4080755d-1d4c-4751-a967-20cac6cab3c4","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:57Z","displayName":"element"},{"word":"embed","_id":"8d6d6b84-f6df-4bd1-8009-a902b5ec2736","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:57Z","phonetic":"(ehm-BEHD)","displayName":"embed","_rev":"CIhIiuJe6OyNVYaAjamJ44","definition":[{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"to attach firmly to a surrounding substance.","_key":"a55d31c00b9b0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"a55d31c00b9b","markDefs":[]}],"_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:32Z","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","partOfSpeech":"verb"},{"_id":"baec506d-8e60-4d55-9717-5bff0cf274bf","_rev":"CIhIiuJe6OyNVYaAjamJ44","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:32Z","partOfSpeech":"verb","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:57Z","word":"emit","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","definition":[{"style":"normal","_key":"a730fde60451","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"to give off or send out.","_key":"a730fde604510"}],"_type":"block"}],"phonetic":"(ee-MIHT)","displayName":"emit"},{"_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:32Z","_rev":"CIhIiuJe6OyNVYaAjamJ44","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:57Z","word":"encounter","displayName":"encounter","partOfSpeech":"verb","phonetic":"(ehn-KOWN-tur)","definition":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"to meet, especially unexpectedly.","_key":"bf2a14285ab20"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"bf2a14285ab2"}],"_id":"7b548420-9254-4ad7-96a9-49291599adb7"},{"_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:32Z","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","word":"engage","partOfSpeech":"verb","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:57Z","displayName":"engage NO","_rev":"CIhIiuJe6OyNVYaAjamJ44","_id":"fdd704d9-777f-4933-a6df-f38d5d1125c4","phonetic":"(ihn-GAYJ)","definition":[{"_key":"6e4c5e4c3882","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"to interact with.","_key":"6e4c5e4c38820","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"}]},{"partOfSpeech":"adjective","_rev":"CIhIiuJe6OyNVYaAjamJ44","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:57Z","phonetic":"(ee-NOR-mus)","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:32Z","_id":"61fda2aa-aecd-44b1-acb1-1e50e05fa00a","word":"enormous","displayName":"enormous","definition":[{"style":"normal","_key":"0fbd29581d91","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"very large.","_key":"0fbd29581d910"}],"_type":"block"}],"_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem"},{"word":"environment","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"conditions that surround and influence an organism or community.","_key":"96e8df872f590"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"96e8df872f59"}],"displayName":"environment","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_id":"2c97b6a1-3328-40a9-be9d-47f2aed2e62a","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:57Z","phonetic":"(en-VI-run-ment)","_rev":"CIhIiuJe6OyNVYaAjamJ44","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:32Z"},{"_id":"f77dd9cb-e453-4d55-9537-5b3329483dca","phonetic":"(ee-RUP-shun)","partOfSpeech":"noun","displayName":"eruption","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:32Z","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:57Z","word":"eruption","_rev":"CIhIiuJe6OyNVYaAjamJ44","definition":[{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"bfeb6c895008","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"release of material from an opening in the Earth's crust.","_key":"bfeb6c8950080"}]}]},{"definition":[{"style":"normal","_key":"616ce31f04fb","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"violent outburst; rejection, usually of gases or fuel","_key":"616ce31f04fb0"}],"_type":"block"}],"_id":"519fa79d-ca01-474e-981a-9ced34fe2d17","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:57Z","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:34Z","displayName":"explosion","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","word":"explosion","_rev":"coLQB43m6xeYDxgzOpLcAb","phonetic":"(EHKS-ploh-zhun)","partOfSpeech":"noun"},{"displayName":"extrude","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:34Z","definition":[{"style":"normal","_key":"0a5f36f73a21","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"to force or push out.","_key":"0a5f36f73a210"}],"_type":"block"}],"_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:57Z","phonetic":"(ehks-TROOD)","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_id":"4795633a-8df4-43b6-b506-fb13c2e280ee","word":"extrude","partOfSpeech":"verb","_rev":"coLQB43m6xeYDxgzOpLcAb"},{"_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:34Z","definition":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"having to do with igneous rocks that contain mostly feldspars and quartz.","_key":"ec4c498fe3b10"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"ec4c498fe3b1"}],"displayName":"felsic","_rev":"coLQB43m6xeYDxgzOpLcAb","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:57Z","phonetic":"(FEHL-sihk)","_id":"fd05b17b-eb2b-4e05-8284-013f8d55ea67","partOfSpeech":"adjective","word":"felsic","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem"},{"_id":"db74e78f-d673-4297-ac19-383110a43a6b","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:34Z","partOfSpeech":"noun","_rev":"coLQB43m6xeYDxgzOpLcAb","word":"fissure","phonetic":"(FIH-shuhr)","displayName":"fissure","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","definition":[{"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"narrow opening or crack.","_key":"82e1268b71120","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"82e1268b7112","markDefs":[]}],"_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:57Z"},{"phonetic":"(FLOO-ihd)","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:57Z","_id":"f3265c36-2e9f-459e-a8d6-8cb9a2c6666d","_rev":"coLQB43m6xeYDxgzOpLcAb","word":"fluid","displayName":"fluid","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:34Z","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":[{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"ad75f8b93c81","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"ad75f8b93c810","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"material that is able to flow and change shape."}]}]},{"partOfSpeech":"noun","_rev":"coLQB43m6xeYDxgzOpLcAb","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:57Z","word":"flux melting","phonetic":"(FLUKS mehl-tihng)","displayName":"flux melting","_id":"afe5f285-4feb-4c99-ac23-b35b1b9f5ba2","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:34Z","definition":[{"style":"normal","_key":"610e8f0c7d4b","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"610e8f0c7d4b0","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"process that occurs when water is added to hot, solid rock, lowering its melting point and allowing the creation of magma."}],"_type":"block"}],"_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem"},{"partOfSpeech":"verb","phonetic":"(FRAK-cher)","definition":[{"style":"normal","_key":"14e7ddaee4ad","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"to break.","_key":"14e7ddaee4ad0"}],"_type":"block"}],"displayName":"fracture","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","word":"fracture","_rev":"ZRH6ZdBMeV906OhKdkZY7R","_id":"53f84267-220a-43c3-872f-92b269c7856a","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:58Z","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:35Z"},{"_rev":"ZRH6ZdBMeV906OhKdkZY7R","definition":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"state of matter with no fixed shape that will fill any container uniformly. Gas molecules are in constant, random motion.","_key":"0fbd052ef4ba0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"0fbd052ef4ba"}],"phonetic":"(GAS)","displayName":"gas (state of matter)","_id":"05c4e999-a86c-43bc-ac2c-04142ee69e6d","word":"gas","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:35Z","partOfSpeech":"noun","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:58Z","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem"},{"phonetic":"(jee-AH-luh-jee)","word":"geology","displayName":"geology","partOfSpeech":"noun","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:28:58Z","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:35Z","_rev":"ZRH6ZdBMeV906OhKdkZY7R","definition":[{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"924153420c21","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"study of the physical history of the Earth, its composition, its structure, and the processes that form and change it.","_key":"924153420c210","_type":"span","marks":[]}]}],"_id":"62a2bd44-4825-4aba-a1fb-fe77b381fd12"},{"displayName":"hot-spot","partOfSpeech":"noun","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:08Z","_id":"78c7c870-8c81-451e-b948-8861ae74a485","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:46Z","_rev":"coLQB43m6xeYDxgzOpLnE1","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","phonetic":"(HAHT SPAHT)","word":"hot spot","definition":[{"style":"normal","_key":"d36d61ad17d1","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"intensely hot region deep within the Earth that rises to just underneath the surface. Some hot spots produce volcanoes.","_key":"d36d61ad17d10"}],"_type":"block"}]},{"_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","phonetic":"(IG-nee-us RAHK)","_id":"832e1db1-8bf2-455c-a709-907de884caa0","definition":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"rock formed by the cooling of magma or lava.","_key":"f45bfb4f19810"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"f45bfb4f1981"}],"partOfSpeech":"noun","_rev":"coLQB43m6xeYDxgzOpLnF3","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:09Z","word":"igneous rock","displayName":"igneous-rock","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:48Z"},{"_id":"17fcc600-4fc8-4621-b52d-ecb966746366","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:09Z","_rev":"coLQB43m6xeYDxgzOpLnF3","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","partOfSpeech":"verb","word":"incorporate","definition":[{"_key":"d7f6962f3174","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"to blend or bring together.","_key":"d7f6962f31740","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"}],"phonetic":"(ihn-KOR-pur-ayt)","displayName":"incorporate","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:48Z"},{"partOfSpeech":"verb","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:48Z","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:09Z","_rev":"coLQB43m6xeYDxgzOpLnF3","definition":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"e5e7230903140","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"to thrust or bring into."}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"e5e723090314"}],"word":"intrude","displayName":"intrude","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_id":"2e59dcc2-aebf-48ca-8e05-c69d318b612a","phonetic":"(ihn-TROOD)"},{"phonetic":"(LAND-form)","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","definition":[{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"902236475a44","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"specific natural feature on the Earth's surface.","_key":"902236475a440","_type":"span","marks":[]}]}],"_id":"a2f2305f-cb94-4268-87f9-c3c5e101fb21","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:09Z","word":"landform","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:48Z","partOfSpeech":"noun","_rev":"coLQB43m6xeYDxgzOpLnG5","displayName":"landform"},{"_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:48Z","partOfSpeech":"noun","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:09Z","phonetic":"(LAH-vuh)","displayName":"lava","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","definition":[{"children":[{"text":"molten rock, or magma, that erupts from volcanoes or fissures in the Earth's surface.","_key":"b170819097310","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"b17081909731","markDefs":[]}],"_rev":"coLQB43m6xeYDxgzOpLnG5","_id":"1d87f7d6-e07b-4f19-b55f-71606bd8aa60","word":"lava"},{"phonetic":"(LAH-vuh fown-tun)","displayName":"lava fountain","_rev":"coLQB43m6xeYDxgzOpLnG5","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:09Z","_id":"27be704c-51f5-41e4-be86-32c7b188d3ac","word":"lava fountain","definition":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"fc378f453e300","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"phenomenon where lava is forcefully but not violently ejected from a volcano through a fissure or vent."}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"fc378f453e30"}],"_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:48Z","partOfSpeech":"noun"},{"displayName":"liquid","word":"liquid","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:09Z","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","definition":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"state of matter with no fixed shape and molecules that remain loosely bound with each other.","_key":"0e20a276d2620"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"0e20a276d262"}],"_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:48Z","_rev":"coLQB43m6xeYDxgzOpLnG5","_id":"ed8b08e2-f8a8-43d6-ac90-c584d6abcf08","phonetic":"(LIH-kwihd)","partOfSpeech":"noun"},{"_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:20Z","word":"mafic","displayName":"mafic","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:59Z","definition":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"having to do with igneous rocks that contain large amounts of iron and magnesium.","_key":"09ba1c6591b60"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"09ba1c6591b6"}],"_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_id":"25d51839-630c-438d-90ae-ea25ce82acf9","phonetic":"(MA-fihk)","_rev":"ZRH6ZdBMeV906OhKdkZgbF","partOfSpeech":"adjective"},{"_id":"978c6d1c-87af-4a2b-8f7a-9558d2544d0e","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:20Z","phonetic":"(MAG-muh)","displayName":"magma","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:59Z","definition":[{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"molten, or partially melted, rock beneath the Earth's surface.","_key":"85142c4f84960"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"85142c4f8496","markDefs":[]}],"partOfSpeech":"noun","_rev":"ZRH6ZdBMeV906OhKdkZgbF","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","word":"magma"},{"_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:59Z","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:20Z","_id":"89087e99-0e6c-4b6d-98df-cbdb5f99552f","phonetic":"(MAG-muh CHAYM-bur)","displayName":"magma-chamber","word":"magma chamber","partOfSpeech":"noun","_rev":"ZRH6ZdBMeV906OhKdkZgbF","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","definition":[{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"7151b643b806","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"underground reservoir that holds molten rock.","_key":"7151b643b8060"}]}]},{"definition":[{"_key":"f0e34bb75fee","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"middle layer of the Earth, made of mostly solid rock.","_key":"f0e34bb75fee0","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"}],"_id":"0c1b0b3f-0807-43d7-bde1-44d2bb7687cf","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:20Z","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:59Z","_rev":"ZRH6ZdBMeV906OhKdkZgbF","displayName":"mantle","partOfSpeech":"noun","word":"mantle","phonetic":"(MAN-tul)"},{"displayName":"mean","_id":"3f1a657f-2b96-437d-ae53-53501e4797ba","partOfSpeech":"noun","phonetic":"(MEEN)","definition":[{"_key":"fc69d33c97aa","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"mathematical value between the two extremes of a set of numbers. Also called the average.","_key":"fc69d33c97aa0","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"}],"word":"mean","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:59Z","_rev":"ZRH6ZdBMeV906OhKdkZgbF","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:20Z"},{"_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","definition":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"liquid part of magma.","_key":"bad381179cf70","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"bad381179cf7"}],"displayName":"melt (magma)","_id":"7452544a-cf36-4520-aff6-ae6b4426df56","word":"melt","_rev":"ZRH6ZdBMeV906OhKdkZgbF","partOfSpeech":"noun","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:20Z","phonetic":"(MEHLT)","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:59Z"},{"partOfSpeech":"noun","_id":"b3ac2917-ef90-4247-8c09-783773136902","word":"melting point","phonetic":"(MEHL-tihng poynt)","displayName":"melting point","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:39:59Z","_rev":"ZRH6ZdBMeV906OhKdkZgbF","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","definition":[{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"ddcb86394cf3","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"temperature at which a solid turns to liquid.","_key":"ddcb86394cf30","_type":"span","marks":[]}]}],"_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:20Z"},{"phonetic":"(MIH-nuh-rul)","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:21Z","partOfSpeech":"noun","_rev":"CIhIiuJe6OyNVYaAjamWnE","definition":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"inorganic material that has a characteristic chemical composition and specific crystal structure.","_key":"145456eef6fd0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"145456eef6fd"}],"_id":"8dd09842-2b90-4257-9697-27c9808ef46f","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:40:02Z","word":"mineral","displayName":"mineral"},{"definition":[{"_key":"69f6653afcc7","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"solid material turned to liquid by heat.","_key":"69f6653afcc70"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"}],"_rev":"CIhIiuJe6OyNVYaAjamWnE","phonetic":"(MOHL-tehn)","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:40:02Z","partOfSpeech":"adjective","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_id":"261bf785-73a4-480c-9855-8a1cdc9d7840","word":"molten","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:21Z","displayName":"molten"},{"word":"morphology","phonetic":"(mor-FAH-luh-jee)","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:40:02Z","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:21Z","definition":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"study of the form and structure of organisms or materials.","_key":"daab64b965e60"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"daab64b965e6"}],"partOfSpeech":"noun","_rev":"CIhIiuJe6OyNVYaAjamWnE","_id":"542c2b51-244e-473d-826a-aa07da69447d","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","displayName":"morphology"},{"phonetic":"(uh-RIH-juh-nayt)","_id":"803bbc36-3fe8-43f9-869a-d86c6b4b8e52","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:21Z","displayName":"originate","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:40:03Z","partOfSpeech":"verb","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","word":"originate","_rev":"coLQB43m6xeYDxgzOpMJhx","definition":[{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"a4dcfe950e4c","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"to begin or start.","_key":"a4dcfe950e4c0","_type":"span"}]}]},{"_id":"5513a81b-a19f-47cf-8463-322274181468","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":[{"style":"normal","_key":"bfaa18d7e5f4","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"bfaa18d7e5f40","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"igneous rock that has solidified beneath the Earth's surface."}],"_type":"block"}],"phonetic":"(PLOO-tahn)","displayName":"pluton","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:40:12Z","_rev":"CIhIiuJe6OyNVYaAjamjqL","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:31Z","word":"pluton"},{"phonetic":"(PREH-shur)","displayName":"pressure","partOfSpeech":"noun","_id":"d9e03fd5-fef7-43f9-b09a-314d8720a884","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:40:16Z","definition":[{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"6f9dca449b11","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"force pressed on an object by another object or condition, such as gravity.","_key":"6f9dca449b110"}]}],"_rev":"coLQB43m6xeYDxgzOpMUgD","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:31Z","word":"pressure"},{"partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":[{"_key":"215feb57df19","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"type of igneous rock with many pores.","_key":"215feb57df190"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"}],"_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:31Z","displayName":"pumice","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_id":"fd08fbe5-d7ff-46b7-84bc-167b92d0bd5d","phonetic":"(PUH-mihs)","_rev":"coLQB43m6xeYDxgzOpMUgD","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:40:16Z","word":"pumice"},{"_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","word":"reduce","displayName":"reduce","definition":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"to lower or lessen.","_key":"4a8551da11de0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"4a8551da11de"}],"phonetic":"(ree-DOOS)","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:40:16Z","_rev":"coLQB43m6xeYDxgzOpMUhF","_id":"4569c15e-7e0f-4fa7-8079-95f1f7137456","partOfSpeech":"verb","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:32Z"},{"_rev":"coLQB43m6xeYDxgzOpMUhF","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","definition":[{"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"fine-grained igneous rock containing large amounts of silica.","_key":"880cf2129cec0","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"880cf2129cec","markDefs":[]}],"phonetic":"(RI-uh-lit)","_id":"dd8a211f-508d-4499-969d-d6aa95fe92e8","displayName":"rhyolite","word":"rhyolite","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:40:18Z","partOfSpeech":"noun","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:32Z"},{"definition":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"break in the Earth's crust created by it spreading or splitting apart.","_key":"8cf33d4404630","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"8cf33d440463"}],"_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:32Z","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:40:18Z","partOfSpeech":"noun","_rev":"coLQB43m6xeYDxgzOpMUhF","word":"rift","phonetic":"(RIHFT)","displayName":"rift","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_id":"3c125379-8084-4173-b5d3-0397123ce208"},{"definition":[{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"d80e23ae9e1c","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"natural substance composed of solid mineral matter.","_key":"d80e23ae9e1c0"}]}],"_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:32Z","word":"rock","displayName":"rock","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:40:18Z","partOfSpeech":"noun","_rev":"coLQB43m6xeYDxgzOpMUhF","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_id":"0439baea-fb26-465a-b933-949ec30c28d4","phonetic":"(RAHK)"},{"partOfSpeech":"noun","_rev":"coLQB43m6xeYDxgzOpMqVV","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:40:28Z","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","definition":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"surface layer of the bottom of the ocean.","_key":"28463daca71e0","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"28463daca71e"}],"_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:42Z","displayName":"seafloor","_id":"6f10d749-f2f8-4e64-9459-ea5b2c7619ce","word":"seafloor","phonetic":"(SEE-flor)"},{"_id":"8e6cdf09-1a06-4df8-9e38-516ee8e02ea0","phonetic":"(seh-dih-MEHN-tair-ee RAHK)","_rev":"coLQB43m6xeYDxgzOpMqVV","definition":[{"_key":"c0ba4da6a72c","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"rock formed from fragments of other rocks or the remains of plants or animals.","_key":"c0ba4da6a72c0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"}],"_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","word":"sedimentary rock","displayName":"sedimentary-rock","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:40:28Z","partOfSpeech":"noun","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:42Z"},{"_rev":"coLQB43m6xeYDxgzOpMqVV","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:40:28Z","_id":"250e7808-24aa-4df7-b2e2-3925b0779ca0","word":"silica","displayName":"silica","partOfSpeech":"noun","definition":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"chemical compound (SiO2) that makes up most of the Earth's rocks.","_key":"a6887bf69bdc0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"a6887bf69bdc"}],"_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:42Z","phonetic":"(SIHL-ih-kuh)"},{"definition":[{"style":"normal","_key":"93a8b5f96d01","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"steep volcano made of hardened lava, rock, and ash. Also known as a composite volcano.","_key":"93a8b5f96d010","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block"}],"_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:40:31Z","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:43Z","phonetic":"(STRA-toh-vawl-KAY-noh)","_rev":"ZRH6ZdBMeV906OhKdkZp3R","word":"stratovolcano","displayName":"stratovolcano","partOfSpeech":"noun","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_id":"c29034b4-1b7b-4a9c-92ea-740285752f62"},{"displayName":"subduct","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:43Z","phonetic":"(SUB-dukt)","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:40:31Z","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","definition":[{"_key":"89ff353bc713","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"to pull downward or beneath something.","_key":"89ff353bc7130"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"}],"word":"subduct","partOfSpeech":"verb","_rev":"ZRH6ZdBMeV906OhKdkZp3R","_id":"a29a191d-891b-4efb-8e39-b34a25167721"},{"_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","word":"subduction zone","definition":[{"style":"normal","_key":"a6ea517d5ed9","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"area where one tectonic plate slides under another.","_key":"a6ea517d5ed90"}],"_type":"block"}],"_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:43Z","partOfSpeech":"noun","_rev":"ZRH6ZdBMeV906OhKdkZp3R","phonetic":"(sub-DUK-shun ZOHN)","displayName":"subduction-zone","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:40:31Z","_id":"70dd3d32-bf53-4c95-80e6-ac9c50b42d4f"},{"_rev":"CIhIiuJe6OyNVYaAjamxDq","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:40:31Z","partOfSpeech":"noun","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:44Z","word":"tectonic plate","phonetic":"(tehk-TAHN-ihk PLAYT)","displayName":"tectonic-plate","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_id":"5b3587f3-1ee6-4379-900b-c49255734a41","definition":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"massive slab of solid rock made up of Earth's lithosphere (crust and upper mantle). Also called lithospheric plate.","_key":"9e99f99dbf1f0","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"9e99f99dbf1f"}]},{"_id":"478914ad-056e-4b6f-b80e-e351c0f20aec","phonetic":"(TEHM-peh-chur)","definition":[{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"degree of hotness or coldness measured by a thermometer with a numerical scale.","_key":"8dc473e444180"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"8dc473e44418","markDefs":[]}],"partOfSpeech":"noun","_rev":"CIhIiuJe6OyNVYaAjamxDq","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:44Z","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","word":"temperature","displayName":"temperature","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:40:31Z"},{"phonetic":"(TEHF-ruh)","displayName":"tephra","_rev":"CIhIiuJe6OyNVYaAjamxDq","definition":[{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"solid material ejected from a volcano during an eruption.","_key":"335b6b6bc0f60"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"335b6b6bc0f6","markDefs":[]}],"partOfSpeech":"noun","_id":"0d31ae38-0c38-4dac-9314-3c8b7e70c4b7","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:44Z","word":"tephra","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:40:31Z","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem"},{"_id":"2d6fa43d-ec23-493a-ab75-48ee869cfa27","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:40:42Z","partOfSpeech":"verb","phonetic":"(trans-FORM)","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:53Z","word":"transform","definition":[{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"183d0635515a","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"to change from one form into another.","_key":"183d0635515a0"}]}],"_rev":"ZRH6ZdBMeV906OhKdkZxWR","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","displayName":"transform"},{"_updatedAt":"2023-02-23T17:47:52Z","displayName":"vent","phonetic":"(VEHNT)","partOfSpeech":"noun","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:40:42Z","_rev":"odM2imT2IWEZFAqInx61Sh","definition":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"crack in Earth's crust that spews hot gases and mineral-rich water.","_key":"4348a3d207af0","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"4348a3d207af"}],"_id":"5ef0d824-8a06-4737-8cad-8cd7a39011fb","word":"vent"},{"displayName":"viscosity","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_id":"78da82d6-1304-4434-bb55-e0867bf292bb","phonetic":"(vihs-kah-sih-TEE)","partOfSpeech":"noun","_rev":"ZRH6ZdBMeV906OhKdkZxWR","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:53Z","word":"viscosity","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:40:42Z","definition":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"measure of the resistance of a fluid to a force or disturbance.","_key":"02911cce16ca0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"02911cce16ca"}]},{"phonetic":"(VIHS-kus)","displayName":"viscous","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:40:42Z","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:53Z","_rev":"ZRH6ZdBMeV906OhKdkZxWR","definition":[{"_key":"ebb5a70aa34d","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"liquid that is thick and sticky.","_key":"ebb5a70aa34d0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"}],"_id":"82afabfc-44b6-4443-b9a5-fc79bfb259ae","partOfSpeech":"adjective","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","word":"viscous"},{"_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","partOfSpeech":"noun","_rev":"coLQB43m6xeYDxgzOpN1Rh","phonetic":"(vawl-KA-nihk ARK)","_id":"aee423e4-d1c1-4cc9-81c0-816ecc79b2c1","word":"volcanic arc","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:53Z","displayName":"volcanic-arc","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:40:46Z","definition":[{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"6afbe69de72d","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"chain of volcanoes formed at a subduction zone.","_key":"6afbe69de72d0","_type":"span"}]}]},{"displayName":"volcanic-ash","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:40:46Z","definition":[{"_key":"83951be20bf2","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"83951be20bf20","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"fragments of lava less than 2 millimeters across."}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"}],"_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:53Z","word":"volcanic ash","phonetic":"(vohl-KAN-ihk ASH)","partOfSpeech":"noun","_rev":"coLQB43m6xeYDxgzOpN1Rh","_id":"efae7cd5-492a-4293-a882-946cf04359c4","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem"},{"phonetic":"(vawl-KA-nihk GLAS)","displayName":"volcanic-glass","_rev":"coLQB43m6xeYDxgzOpN1Rh","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:53Z","_id":"e09c05c5-2c17-4f40-ae75-377f2e35c43c","word":"volcanic glass","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:40:46Z","partOfSpeech":"noun","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","definition":[{"_key":"4a053de09bb0","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"hard, brittle substance produced by lava cooling very quickly.","_key":"4a053de09bb00"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"}]},{"_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:53Z","definition":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"land formed by a volcano rising from the ocean floor.","_key":"68fbf15230c90"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"68fbf15230c9"}],"displayName":"volcanic-island","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:40:46Z","_id":"34ea6d02-396e-45c4-928f-31d98411e498","word":"volcanic island","phonetic":"(vahl-KAN-ihk I-lund)","partOfSpeech":"noun","_rev":"coLQB43m6xeYDxgzOpN1Rh"},{"definition":[{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"c77192cbfd14","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"c77192cbfd140","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"an opening in the Earth's crust, through which lava, ash, and gases erupt, and also the cone built by eruptions."}]}],"_updatedAt":"2022-05-23T14:51:33Z","_id":"efae901f-4142-4d58-bbff-84184c94d4bd","_rev":"L1x6OoCeBFQajmzry3zu1R","word":"volcano","phonetic":"vawl-KAY-noh","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","displayName":"volcano","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:40:46Z","partOfSpeech":"noun"},{"_id":"b93d28c3-ebf6-40f4-934d-6c15e717fa75","word":"xenolith","_rev":"coLQB43m6xeYDxgzOpN1Rh","partOfSpeech":"noun","displayName":"xenolith","_createdAt":"2022-05-09T10:40:46Z","_type":"ngs.rl.vocabularyItem","definition":[{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"381d58adaede","markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"piece of rock embedded in another type of rock, usually igneous.","_key":"381d58adaede0","_type":"span"}]}],"phonetic":"(ZEE-noh-lihth)","_updatedAt":"2022-05-13T06:29:53Z"}],"questionAnswerList":null,"exploreMoreLinks":[{"text":"National Geographic Science: New Magma Layer Found Deep in Earth's Mantle?","url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/100923-science-early-earth-core-magma-liquid-molten-layer","category":"Articles \u0026 Profiles"},{"text":"National Geographic Science: Yellowstone Has Bulged as Magma Pocket Swells","url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/110119-yellowstone-park-supervolcano-eruption-magma-science","category":"Articles \u0026 Profiles"},{"text":"Tulane University: Volcanoes, Magma, and Volcanic Eruptions","url":"https://www2.tulane.edu/~sanelson/Natural_Disasters/volcan\u0026magma.htm","category":"Reference"},{"text":"National Science Foundation: Magma in Earth's Mantle Forms Deeper Than Once Thought","url":"https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=126475","category":"Articles \u0026 Profiles"},{"text":"San Diego State University: How Volcanoes Work","url":"https://volcanoes.sdsu.edu/","category":"Website"}],"contentBody":[{"_key":"163f762a3ca0","markDefs":[{"_key":"bc437999cb87","item":{"_ref":"978c6d1c-87af-4a2b-8f7a-9558d2544d0e","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"261bf785-73a4-480c-9855-8a1cdc9d7840","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"9a4feb3e87ee"},{"item":{"_ref":"0439baea-fb26-465a-b933-949ec30c28d4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0b7fd97e46f3"},{"_key":"fe98c0bf9dc5","item":{"_ref":"ed8b08e2-f8a8-43d6-ac90-c584d6abcf08","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ea976310509d","item":{"_ref":"7452544a-cf36-4520-aff6-ae6b4426df56","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"8dd09842-2b90-4257-9697-27c9808ef46f","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cce629d36c05"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"7b9eb755-1593-4b98-8a8a-f0bb22a4419b"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"eaee95c35beb"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"17fcc600-4fc8-4621-b52d-ecb966746366"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"76eb876c7a56"},{"item":{"_ref":"3e3be6b1-c0f5-4959-93ba-5f71eb91c74d","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cf501928b043"},{"_key":"78e9d3d8426e","item":{"_ref":"44cd6ef4-0ba8-4483-8234-172176762d13","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"05c4e999-a86c-43bc-ac2c-04142ee69e6d"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"3f3a59476cc2"}],"children":[{"_key":"4c90cd070c3d","_type":"span","marks":["bc437999cb87"],"text":"Magma"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" is a ","_key":"8f71f57a522b"},{"text":"molten","_key":"5ff01df96129","_type":"span","marks":["9a4feb3e87ee"]},{"text":" and semi-molten ","_key":"9abe77e06536","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_type":"span","marks":["0b7fd97e46f3"],"text":"rock","_key":"0046b1cb11b8"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" mixture found under the surface of Earth. This mixture is usually made up of four parts: a hot ","_key":"3c6f32bdb6d6"},{"text":"liquid","_key":"a598cbb39192","_type":"span","marks":["fe98c0bf9dc5"]},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" base, called the ","_key":"84713880769b"},{"_type":"span","marks":["ea976310509d"],"text":"melt","_key":"784720826d5f"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"; ","_key":"0e80e816eb8b"},{"_type":"span","marks":["cce629d36c05"],"text":"minerals","_key":"47f75b3cd0b1"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" ","_key":"b1c1abb53515"},{"_type":"span","marks":["eaee95c35beb"],"text":"crystallized","_key":"a6a1a4b333df"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" by the melt; solid rocks ","_key":"efdf3277644b"},{"_type":"span","marks":["76eb876c7a56"],"text":"incorporated","_key":"e0752af74ae5"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" into the melt from the surrounding ","_key":"cee22c1b6d20"},{"_type":"span","marks":["cf501928b043"],"text":"confines","_key":"e3fd098dab3b"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"; and ","_key":"701037d8ac9f"},{"_type":"span","marks":["78e9d3d8426e"],"text":"dissolved","_key":"0ec1269d0a75"},{"text":" ","_key":"7321cea39e89","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_type":"span","marks":["3f3a59476cc2"],"text":"gases","_key":"7462b9b4de2c"},{"_key":"abe1e005f18d","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":". "}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"markDefs":[{"item":{"_ref":"68e62fa6-5db9-4180-a0e5-2de75b8ddb16","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0e8a8fd1f07f"},{"_key":"d0712947e704","item":{"_ref":"efae901f-4142-4d58-bbff-84184c94d4bd","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"5ef0d824-8a06-4737-8cad-8cd7a39011fb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"59bbc4a3fdb0"},{"item":{"_ref":"1d87f7d6-e07b-4f19-b55f-71606bd8aa60","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"52e8db465382"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"c8d9f1ea07e6","item":{"_ref":"832e1db1-8bf2-455c-a709-907de884caa0","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"f3265c36-2e9f-459e-a8d6-8cb9a2c6666d","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"15574d023b5c"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"1889e25a-ffb5-436d-951c-b74127a3503f"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"013b1d5c97f0"},{"_key":"c6a29ca0b1e0","item":{"_ref":"a2f2305f-cb94-4268-87f9-c3c5e101fb21","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"fdd704d9-777f-4933-a6df-f38d5d1125c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"adc4bec16d97"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"23525e9d9ab6","item":{"_ref":"2d6fa43d-ec23-493a-ab75-48ee869cfa27","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"2c97b6a1-3328-40a9-be9d-47f2aed2e62a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b5e714f83028"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"f0f61aa94ba6","item":{"_ref":"e7c39a1f-8a3e-42a3-9f4c-f69f0c7232c1","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"0c1b0b3f-0807-43d7-bde1-44d2bb7687cf","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"3d5aef0c6073"},{"item":{"_ref":"af0be871-7f02-4a0c-a8b5-a2e82518b2e9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"d9d8ba16813e"},{"item":{"_ref":"803bbc36-3fe8-43f9-869a-d86c6b4b8e52","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"10c53d459cb9"},{"item":{"_ref":"7c54e304-6305-4383-a6ad-0226d0e4a513","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"a09a211d504d"},{"_key":"023cbef3e91a","item":{"_ref":"62a2bd44-4825-4aba-a1fb-fe77b381fd12","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"6497cae0349a","item":{"_ref":"542c2b51-244e-473d-826a-aa07da69447d","_type":"reference"}},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"9f82149b3f33","item":{"_ref":"478914ad-056e-4b6f-b80e-e351c0f20aec","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"d9e03fd5-fef7-43f9-b09a-314d8720a884","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"e44ab72208ef"},{"item":{"_ref":"110f23ce-67ff-4c34-8fc4-dc895e7e8b55","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1b2c83cb3589"},{"item":{"_ref":"00219f2c-c83f-467a-843b-5b9868b74524","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"84ae970554d9"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"c3aa86f772fc","item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"b3ac2917-ef90-4247-8c09-783773136902"}},{"item":{"_ref":"5b3587f3-1ee6-4379-900b-c49255734a41","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"136a1fb9341c"},{"item":{"_ref":"3c125379-8084-4173-b5d3-0397123ce208","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b94241bfa18e"},{"item":{"_ref":"e5fa46c9-2f85-4a38-9104-4a3c0819452d","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7a1886330263"},{"item":{"_ref":"78c7c870-8c81-451e-b948-8861ae74a485","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cc855856d792"},{"item":{"_ref":"6f10d749-f2f8-4e64-9459-ea5b2c7619ce","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ab0a988c3204"},{"item":{"_ref":"34ea6d02-396e-45c4-928f-31d98411e498","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"54cb9d5b48a0"},{"item":{"_ref":"2e59dcc2-aebf-48ca-8e05-c69d318b612a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ba67bc77bcaf"},{"item":{"_ref":"70d093e7-9bf9-4025-97a6-4db03cc157a4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"22fa54093471"},{"item":{"_ref":"a29a191d-891b-4efb-8e39-b34a25167721","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"62c02c243488"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"70dd3d32-bf53-4c95-80e6-ac9c50b42d4f"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b5acda5a05c6"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"c943e7c437a3","item":{"_ref":"aee423e4-d1c1-4cc9-81c0-816ecc79b2c1","_type":"reference"}},{"_key":"33173efd0c50","item":{"_ref":"afe5f285-4feb-4c99-ac23-b35b1b9f5ba2","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"58a7fd753c8a","item":{"_ref":"e51e7092-7448-4e26-ae4c-0fac2a2bc727","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"b93d28c3-ebf6-40f4-934d-6c15e717fa75","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"f9fc43f6a865"},{"_key":"41d0058a0868","item":{"_ref":"8e6cdf09-1a06-4df8-9e38-516ee8e02ea0","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"5513a81b-a19f-47cf-8463-322274181468","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dad2c79c4e8b"},{"item":{"_ref":"8d6d6b84-f6df-4bd1-8009-a902b5ec2736","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"13a058176e5e"},{"item":{"_ref":"4795633a-8df4-43b6-b506-fb13c2e280ee","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"202e139259bd"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"3baeff1c4cfd","item":{"_ref":"f77dd9cb-e453-4d55-9537-5b3329483dca","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"e09c05c5-2c17-4f40-ae75-377f2e35c43c","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"acd3d2c42fc7"},{"item":{"_ref":"12f0cacc-d5ed-48ef-a38e-b76a5a082d5c","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1f22dbc6e7a8"},{"_key":"7b8206cffd93","item":{"_ref":"519fa79d-ca01-474e-981a-9ced34fe2d17","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"0d31ae38-0c38-4dac-9314-3c8b7e70c4b7","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cb876082af61"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"efae7cd5-492a-4293-a882-946cf04359c4"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fc3b7943d1b4"},{"item":{"_ref":"fd08fbe5-d7ff-46b7-84bc-167b92d0bd5d","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"02917d8c68c2"},{"item":{"_ref":"89087e99-0e6c-4b6d-98df-cbdb5f99552f","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b518e5cd9d4d"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"7b548420-9254-4ad7-96a9-49291599adb7"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ac353f47a8a8"},{"item":{"_ref":"61fda2aa-aecd-44b1-acb1-1e50e05fa00a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dbd485320da4"},{"item":{"_ref":"53f84267-220a-43c3-872f-92b269c7856a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"2d2ddecb516b"},{"item":{"_ref":"db74e78f-d673-4297-ac19-383110a43a6b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1f83550383c2"},{"item":{"_ref":"4569c15e-7e0f-4fa7-8079-95f1f7137456","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"03a4e7c81167"},{"item":{"_ref":"c24e025e-7bac-4f8f-ac2a-28c7daed5534","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0ad35bf29624"},{"_key":"24be0b29f0ee","item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"baec506d-8e60-4d55-9717-5bff0cf274bf"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"7c6698ac-8d25-405f-8a72-8d9f066e05a9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bed871e357ac"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"97f0c89594d0","item":{"_ref":"4080755d-1d4c-4751-a967-20cac6cab3c4","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"4f557972-eccb-4746-9f59-c7b305c1e204"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"06dcf1871bc3"},{"item":{"_ref":"250e7808-24aa-4df7-b2e2-3925b0779ca0","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"75b061957672"},{"item":{"_ref":"78da82d6-1304-4434-bb55-e0867bf292bb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"56b2f820ef02"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"25d51839-630c-438d-90ae-ea25ce82acf9"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bfef7cac3e35"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"668575ad04ce","item":{"_ref":"3f1a657f-2b96-437d-ae53-53501e4797ba","_type":"reference"}},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cc9af656a5e4","item":{"_ref":"7faf82ec-96ca-43c5-8f9b-229eadc5d77b","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"27be704c-51f5-41e4-be86-32c7b188d3ac","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7999d4d4abc1"},{"item":{"_ref":"1dbe21d7-8b5a-45c2-aeda-43507fd1cfeb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"e069c7bbeb91"},{"item":{"_ref":"ab485c35-7a5f-4557-8f00-02c2095bf662","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b01a23be31cd"},{"item":{"_ref":"fd05b17b-eb2b-4e05-8284-013f8d55ea67","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ffe70519a599"},{"item":{"_ref":"82afabfc-44b6-4443-b9a5-fc79bfb259ae","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fd2efa8d7486"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"df3371b9-3495-4ad8-ad7c-cd9710b15020"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b060635ba173"},{"_key":"63db8fe6598d","item":{"_ref":"4c736caa-db46-4f08-a9fd-6c262759ba23","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"_key":"7c2ee4245bf6","item":{"_ref":"dd8a211f-508d-4499-969d-d6aa95fe92e8","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"c29034b4-1b7b-4a9c-92ea-740285752f62","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0c802b888560"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"When magma is ","_key":"0dc5559fb5f6"},{"marks":["0e8a8fd1f07f"],"text":"ejected","_key":"5a016e14d6fd","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" by a ","_key":"207f330a3af3"},{"_type":"span","marks":["d0712947e704"],"text":"volcano","_key":"e29e551f2858"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" or other ","_key":"9ef379872f12"},{"marks":["59bbc4a3fdb0"],"text":"vent","_key":"2cc6a7d16129","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":", the material is called ","_key":"d4bcf11affb5"},{"_type":"span","marks":["52e8db465382"],"text":"lava","_key":"1fa300193eeb"},{"marks":[],"text":". Magma that has cooled into a solid is called ","_key":"7db6f765d422","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["c8d9f1ea07e6"],"text":"igneous rock","_key":"6cdb0dec3ddb"},{"text":". ","_key":"09987bad270c","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"b251de63c86e"},{"markDefs":[{"item":{"_ref":"f3265c36-2e9f-459e-a8d6-8cb9a2c6666d","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"15574d023b5c"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"1889e25a-ffb5-436d-951c-b74127a3503f"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"013b1d5c97f0"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"a2f2305f-cb94-4268-87f9-c3c5e101fb21"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"c6a29ca0b1e0"},{"item":{"_ref":"fdd704d9-777f-4933-a6df-f38d5d1125c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"adc4bec16d97"},{"item":{"_ref":"2d6fa43d-ec23-493a-ab75-48ee869cfa27","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"23525e9d9ab6"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b5e714f83028","item":{"_ref":"2c97b6a1-3328-40a9-be9d-47f2aed2e62a","_type":"reference"}},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"f0f61aa94ba6","item":{"_ref":"e7c39a1f-8a3e-42a3-9f4c-f69f0c7232c1","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"0c1b0b3f-0807-43d7-bde1-44d2bb7687cf","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"3d5aef0c6073"},{"_key":"d9d8ba16813e","item":{"_ref":"af0be871-7f02-4a0c-a8b5-a2e82518b2e9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"10c53d459cb9","item":{"_ref":"803bbc36-3fe8-43f9-869a-d86c6b4b8e52","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"7c54e304-6305-4383-a6ad-0226d0e4a513","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"a09a211d504d"},{"_key":"023cbef3e91a","item":{"_ref":"62a2bd44-4825-4aba-a1fb-fe77b381fd12","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"542c2b51-244e-473d-826a-aa07da69447d","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"6497cae0349a"},{"item":{"_ref":"478914ad-056e-4b6f-b80e-e351c0f20aec","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"9f82149b3f33"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"e44ab72208ef","item":{"_ref":"d9e03fd5-fef7-43f9-b09a-314d8720a884","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"110f23ce-67ff-4c34-8fc4-dc895e7e8b55","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1b2c83cb3589"},{"item":{"_ref":"00219f2c-c83f-467a-843b-5b9868b74524","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"84ae970554d9"},{"item":{"_ref":"b3ac2917-ef90-4247-8c09-783773136902","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"c3aa86f772fc"},{"item":{"_ref":"5b3587f3-1ee6-4379-900b-c49255734a41","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"136a1fb9341c"},{"item":{"_ref":"3c125379-8084-4173-b5d3-0397123ce208","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b94241bfa18e"},{"_key":"7a1886330263","item":{"_ref":"e5fa46c9-2f85-4a38-9104-4a3c0819452d","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"78c7c870-8c81-451e-b948-8861ae74a485"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cc855856d792"},{"item":{"_ref":"6f10d749-f2f8-4e64-9459-ea5b2c7619ce","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ab0a988c3204"},{"item":{"_ref":"34ea6d02-396e-45c4-928f-31d98411e498","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"54cb9d5b48a0"},{"item":{"_ref":"2e59dcc2-aebf-48ca-8e05-c69d318b612a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ba67bc77bcaf"},{"item":{"_ref":"70d093e7-9bf9-4025-97a6-4db03cc157a4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"22fa54093471"},{"item":{"_ref":"a29a191d-891b-4efb-8e39-b34a25167721","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"62c02c243488"},{"item":{"_ref":"70dd3d32-bf53-4c95-80e6-ac9c50b42d4f","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b5acda5a05c6"},{"_key":"c943e7c437a3","item":{"_ref":"aee423e4-d1c1-4cc9-81c0-816ecc79b2c1","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"afe5f285-4feb-4c99-ac23-b35b1b9f5ba2","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"33173efd0c50"},{"item":{"_ref":"e51e7092-7448-4e26-ae4c-0fac2a2bc727","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"58a7fd753c8a"},{"item":{"_ref":"b93d28c3-ebf6-40f4-934d-6c15e717fa75","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"f9fc43f6a865"},{"_key":"41d0058a0868","item":{"_ref":"8e6cdf09-1a06-4df8-9e38-516ee8e02ea0","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"5513a81b-a19f-47cf-8463-322274181468","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dad2c79c4e8b"},{"item":{"_ref":"8d6d6b84-f6df-4bd1-8009-a902b5ec2736","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"13a058176e5e"},{"item":{"_ref":"4795633a-8df4-43b6-b506-fb13c2e280ee","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"202e139259bd"},{"item":{"_ref":"f77dd9cb-e453-4d55-9537-5b3329483dca","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"3baeff1c4cfd"},{"item":{"_ref":"e09c05c5-2c17-4f40-ae75-377f2e35c43c","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"acd3d2c42fc7"},{"_key":"1f22dbc6e7a8","item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"12f0cacc-d5ed-48ef-a38e-b76a5a082d5c"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"519fa79d-ca01-474e-981a-9ced34fe2d17"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7b8206cffd93"},{"item":{"_ref":"0d31ae38-0c38-4dac-9314-3c8b7e70c4b7","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cb876082af61"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fc3b7943d1b4","item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"efae7cd5-492a-4293-a882-946cf04359c4"}},{"item":{"_ref":"fd08fbe5-d7ff-46b7-84bc-167b92d0bd5d","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"02917d8c68c2"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"89087e99-0e6c-4b6d-98df-cbdb5f99552f"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b518e5cd9d4d"},{"_key":"ac353f47a8a8","item":{"_ref":"7b548420-9254-4ad7-96a9-49291599adb7","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"61fda2aa-aecd-44b1-acb1-1e50e05fa00a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dbd485320da4"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"2d2ddecb516b","item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"53f84267-220a-43c3-872f-92b269c7856a"}},{"item":{"_ref":"db74e78f-d673-4297-ac19-383110a43a6b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1f83550383c2"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"03a4e7c81167","item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"4569c15e-7e0f-4fa7-8079-95f1f7137456"}},{"item":{"_ref":"c24e025e-7bac-4f8f-ac2a-28c7daed5534","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0ad35bf29624"},{"item":{"_ref":"baec506d-8e60-4d55-9717-5bff0cf274bf","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"24be0b29f0ee"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bed871e357ac","item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"7c6698ac-8d25-405f-8a72-8d9f066e05a9"}},{"_key":"97f0c89594d0","item":{"_ref":"4080755d-1d4c-4751-a967-20cac6cab3c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"06dcf1871bc3","item":{"_ref":"4f557972-eccb-4746-9f59-c7b305c1e204","_type":"reference"}},{"_key":"75b061957672","item":{"_ref":"250e7808-24aa-4df7-b2e2-3925b0779ca0","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"78da82d6-1304-4434-bb55-e0867bf292bb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"56b2f820ef02"},{"item":{"_ref":"25d51839-630c-438d-90ae-ea25ce82acf9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bfef7cac3e35"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"668575ad04ce","item":{"_ref":"3f1a657f-2b96-437d-ae53-53501e4797ba","_type":"reference"}},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cc9af656a5e4","item":{"_ref":"7faf82ec-96ca-43c5-8f9b-229eadc5d77b","_type":"reference"}},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7999d4d4abc1","item":{"_ref":"27be704c-51f5-41e4-be86-32c7b188d3ac","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"1dbe21d7-8b5a-45c2-aeda-43507fd1cfeb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"e069c7bbeb91"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"ab485c35-7a5f-4557-8f00-02c2095bf662"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b01a23be31cd"},{"item":{"_ref":"fd05b17b-eb2b-4e05-8284-013f8d55ea67","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ffe70519a599"},{"item":{"_ref":"82afabfc-44b6-4443-b9a5-fc79bfb259ae","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fd2efa8d7486"},{"item":{"_ref":"df3371b9-3495-4ad8-ad7c-cd9710b15020","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b060635ba173"},{"item":{"_ref":"4c736caa-db46-4f08-a9fd-6c262759ba23","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"63db8fe6598d"},{"item":{"_ref":"dd8a211f-508d-4499-969d-d6aa95fe92e8","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7c2ee4245bf6"},{"item":{"_ref":"c29034b4-1b7b-4a9c-92ea-740285752f62","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0c802b888560"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Magma is extremely hot—between 700° and 1,300° Celsius (1,292° and 2,372° Fahrenheit). This heat makes magma a very ","_key":"71188fa3e03c"},{"_type":"span","marks":["15574d023b5c"],"text":"fluid","_key":"63d13ba45f7b"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" and ","_key":"0c52c3b871da"},{"_type":"span","marks":["013b1d5c97f0"],"text":"dynamic","_key":"250853329e1a"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" substance, able to create new ","_key":"6077ce382f54"},{"_type":"span","marks":["c6a29ca0b1e0"],"text":"landforms","_key":"62d3c6bba256"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" and ","_key":"34744c75f559"},{"_type":"span","marks":["adc4bec16d97"],"text":"engage","_key":"3475edbb5a8a"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" physical and chemical ","_key":"86f3333cc217"},{"_type":"span","marks":["23525e9d9ab6"],"text":"transformations","_key":"9dcc24bf4d47"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" in a variety of different ","_key":"dd12ba1018e6"},{"_type":"span","marks":["b5e714f83028"],"text":"environments","_key":"2e43ae4ed58d"},{"_key":"3b1e20d2a254","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":". "}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"3ebd9ca605d2"},{"style":"normal","_key":"81012d0cc156","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"163f762a3ca01"}],"_type":"block"},{"_key":"8804730f5dac","markDefs":[{"item":{"_ref":"e7c39a1f-8a3e-42a3-9f4c-f69f0c7232c1","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"f0f61aa94ba6"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"3d5aef0c6073","item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"0c1b0b3f-0807-43d7-bde1-44d2bb7687cf"}},{"item":{"_ref":"af0be871-7f02-4a0c-a8b5-a2e82518b2e9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"d9d8ba16813e"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"10c53d459cb9","item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"803bbc36-3fe8-43f9-869a-d86c6b4b8e52"}},{"item":{"_ref":"7c54e304-6305-4383-a6ad-0226d0e4a513","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"a09a211d504d"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"62a2bd44-4825-4aba-a1fb-fe77b381fd12"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"023cbef3e91a"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"542c2b51-244e-473d-826a-aa07da69447d"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"6497cae0349a"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"9f82149b3f33","item":{"_ref":"478914ad-056e-4b6f-b80e-e351c0f20aec","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"d9e03fd5-fef7-43f9-b09a-314d8720a884","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"e44ab72208ef"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"110f23ce-67ff-4c34-8fc4-dc895e7e8b55"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1b2c83cb3589"},{"item":{"_ref":"00219f2c-c83f-467a-843b-5b9868b74524","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"84ae970554d9"},{"item":{"_ref":"b3ac2917-ef90-4247-8c09-783773136902","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"c3aa86f772fc"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"136a1fb9341c","item":{"_ref":"5b3587f3-1ee6-4379-900b-c49255734a41","_type":"reference"}},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b94241bfa18e","item":{"_ref":"3c125379-8084-4173-b5d3-0397123ce208","_type":"reference"}},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7a1886330263","item":{"_ref":"e5fa46c9-2f85-4a38-9104-4a3c0819452d","_type":"reference"}},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cc855856d792","item":{"_ref":"78c7c870-8c81-451e-b948-8861ae74a485","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"6f10d749-f2f8-4e64-9459-ea5b2c7619ce","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ab0a988c3204"},{"item":{"_ref":"34ea6d02-396e-45c4-928f-31d98411e498","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"54cb9d5b48a0"},{"item":{"_ref":"2e59dcc2-aebf-48ca-8e05-c69d318b612a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ba67bc77bcaf"},{"item":{"_ref":"70d093e7-9bf9-4025-97a6-4db03cc157a4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"22fa54093471"},{"item":{"_ref":"a29a191d-891b-4efb-8e39-b34a25167721","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"62c02c243488"},{"item":{"_ref":"70dd3d32-bf53-4c95-80e6-ac9c50b42d4f","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b5acda5a05c6"},{"_key":"c943e7c437a3","item":{"_ref":"aee423e4-d1c1-4cc9-81c0-816ecc79b2c1","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"afe5f285-4feb-4c99-ac23-b35b1b9f5ba2","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"33173efd0c50"},{"item":{"_ref":"e51e7092-7448-4e26-ae4c-0fac2a2bc727","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"58a7fd753c8a"},{"item":{"_ref":"b93d28c3-ebf6-40f4-934d-6c15e717fa75","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"f9fc43f6a865"},{"item":{"_ref":"8e6cdf09-1a06-4df8-9e38-516ee8e02ea0","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"41d0058a0868"},{"item":{"_ref":"5513a81b-a19f-47cf-8463-322274181468","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dad2c79c4e8b"},{"item":{"_ref":"8d6d6b84-f6df-4bd1-8009-a902b5ec2736","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"13a058176e5e"},{"_key":"202e139259bd","item":{"_ref":"4795633a-8df4-43b6-b506-fb13c2e280ee","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"f77dd9cb-e453-4d55-9537-5b3329483dca"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"3baeff1c4cfd"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"e09c05c5-2c17-4f40-ae75-377f2e35c43c"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"acd3d2c42fc7"},{"item":{"_ref":"12f0cacc-d5ed-48ef-a38e-b76a5a082d5c","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1f22dbc6e7a8"},{"item":{"_ref":"519fa79d-ca01-474e-981a-9ced34fe2d17","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7b8206cffd93"},{"item":{"_ref":"0d31ae38-0c38-4dac-9314-3c8b7e70c4b7","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cb876082af61"},{"item":{"_ref":"efae7cd5-492a-4293-a882-946cf04359c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fc3b7943d1b4"},{"_key":"02917d8c68c2","item":{"_ref":"fd08fbe5-d7ff-46b7-84bc-167b92d0bd5d","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"89087e99-0e6c-4b6d-98df-cbdb5f99552f","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b518e5cd9d4d"},{"item":{"_ref":"7b548420-9254-4ad7-96a9-49291599adb7","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ac353f47a8a8"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dbd485320da4","item":{"_ref":"61fda2aa-aecd-44b1-acb1-1e50e05fa00a","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"53f84267-220a-43c3-872f-92b269c7856a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"2d2ddecb516b"},{"item":{"_ref":"db74e78f-d673-4297-ac19-383110a43a6b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1f83550383c2"},{"item":{"_ref":"4569c15e-7e0f-4fa7-8079-95f1f7137456","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"03a4e7c81167"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"c24e025e-7bac-4f8f-ac2a-28c7daed5534"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0ad35bf29624"},{"item":{"_ref":"baec506d-8e60-4d55-9717-5bff0cf274bf","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"24be0b29f0ee"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bed871e357ac","item":{"_ref":"7c6698ac-8d25-405f-8a72-8d9f066e05a9","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"4080755d-1d4c-4751-a967-20cac6cab3c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"97f0c89594d0"},{"_key":"06dcf1871bc3","item":{"_ref":"4f557972-eccb-4746-9f59-c7b305c1e204","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"250e7808-24aa-4df7-b2e2-3925b0779ca0","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"75b061957672"},{"item":{"_ref":"78da82d6-1304-4434-bb55-e0867bf292bb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"56b2f820ef02"},{"item":{"_ref":"25d51839-630c-438d-90ae-ea25ce82acf9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bfef7cac3e35"},{"item":{"_ref":"3f1a657f-2b96-437d-ae53-53501e4797ba","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"668575ad04ce"},{"item":{"_ref":"7faf82ec-96ca-43c5-8f9b-229eadc5d77b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cc9af656a5e4"},{"_key":"7999d4d4abc1","item":{"_ref":"27be704c-51f5-41e4-be86-32c7b188d3ac","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"1dbe21d7-8b5a-45c2-aeda-43507fd1cfeb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"e069c7bbeb91"},{"item":{"_ref":"ab485c35-7a5f-4557-8f00-02c2095bf662","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b01a23be31cd"},{"item":{"_ref":"fd05b17b-eb2b-4e05-8284-013f8d55ea67","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ffe70519a599"},{"item":{"_ref":"82afabfc-44b6-4443-b9a5-fc79bfb259ae","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fd2efa8d7486"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"df3371b9-3495-4ad8-ad7c-cd9710b15020"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b060635ba173"},{"item":{"_ref":"4c736caa-db46-4f08-a9fd-6c262759ba23","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"63db8fe6598d"},{"item":{"_ref":"dd8a211f-508d-4499-969d-d6aa95fe92e8","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7c2ee4245bf6"},{"item":{"_ref":"c29034b4-1b7b-4a9c-92ea-740285752f62","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0c802b888560"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"How Magma Forms","_key":"dc974e0952d9"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" ","_key":"69702d5b7afd"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"markDefs":[{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"f0f61aa94ba6","item":{"_ref":"e7c39a1f-8a3e-42a3-9f4c-f69f0c7232c1","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"0c1b0b3f-0807-43d7-bde1-44d2bb7687cf","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"3d5aef0c6073"},{"item":{"_ref":"af0be871-7f02-4a0c-a8b5-a2e82518b2e9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"d9d8ba16813e"},{"item":{"_ref":"803bbc36-3fe8-43f9-869a-d86c6b4b8e52","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"10c53d459cb9"},{"item":{"_ref":"7c54e304-6305-4383-a6ad-0226d0e4a513","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"a09a211d504d"},{"_key":"023cbef3e91a","item":{"_ref":"62a2bd44-4825-4aba-a1fb-fe77b381fd12","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"6497cae0349a","item":{"_ref":"542c2b51-244e-473d-826a-aa07da69447d","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"478914ad-056e-4b6f-b80e-e351c0f20aec","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"9f82149b3f33"},{"item":{"_ref":"d9e03fd5-fef7-43f9-b09a-314d8720a884","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"e44ab72208ef"},{"item":{"_ref":"110f23ce-67ff-4c34-8fc4-dc895e7e8b55","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1b2c83cb3589"},{"item":{"_ref":"00219f2c-c83f-467a-843b-5b9868b74524","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"84ae970554d9"},{"_key":"c3aa86f772fc","item":{"_ref":"b3ac2917-ef90-4247-8c09-783773136902","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"_key":"136a1fb9341c","item":{"_ref":"5b3587f3-1ee6-4379-900b-c49255734a41","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"3c125379-8084-4173-b5d3-0397123ce208","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b94241bfa18e"},{"item":{"_ref":"e5fa46c9-2f85-4a38-9104-4a3c0819452d","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7a1886330263"},{"item":{"_ref":"78c7c870-8c81-451e-b948-8861ae74a485","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cc855856d792"},{"item":{"_ref":"6f10d749-f2f8-4e64-9459-ea5b2c7619ce","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ab0a988c3204"},{"item":{"_ref":"34ea6d02-396e-45c4-928f-31d98411e498","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"54cb9d5b48a0"},{"item":{"_ref":"2e59dcc2-aebf-48ca-8e05-c69d318b612a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ba67bc77bcaf"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"22fa54093471","item":{"_ref":"70d093e7-9bf9-4025-97a6-4db03cc157a4","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"a29a191d-891b-4efb-8e39-b34a25167721","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"62c02c243488"},{"_key":"b5acda5a05c6","item":{"_ref":"70dd3d32-bf53-4c95-80e6-ac9c50b42d4f","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"aee423e4-d1c1-4cc9-81c0-816ecc79b2c1","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"c943e7c437a3"},{"item":{"_ref":"afe5f285-4feb-4c99-ac23-b35b1b9f5ba2","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"33173efd0c50"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"58a7fd753c8a","item":{"_ref":"e51e7092-7448-4e26-ae4c-0fac2a2bc727","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"b93d28c3-ebf6-40f4-934d-6c15e717fa75","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"f9fc43f6a865"},{"item":{"_ref":"8e6cdf09-1a06-4df8-9e38-516ee8e02ea0","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"41d0058a0868"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"5513a81b-a19f-47cf-8463-322274181468"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dad2c79c4e8b"},{"_key":"13a058176e5e","item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"8d6d6b84-f6df-4bd1-8009-a902b5ec2736"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"4795633a-8df4-43b6-b506-fb13c2e280ee","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"202e139259bd"},{"_key":"3baeff1c4cfd","item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"f77dd9cb-e453-4d55-9537-5b3329483dca"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"e09c05c5-2c17-4f40-ae75-377f2e35c43c","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"acd3d2c42fc7"},{"item":{"_ref":"12f0cacc-d5ed-48ef-a38e-b76a5a082d5c","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1f22dbc6e7a8"},{"_key":"7b8206cffd93","item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"519fa79d-ca01-474e-981a-9ced34fe2d17"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"0d31ae38-0c38-4dac-9314-3c8b7e70c4b7","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cb876082af61"},{"item":{"_ref":"efae7cd5-492a-4293-a882-946cf04359c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fc3b7943d1b4"},{"item":{"_ref":"fd08fbe5-d7ff-46b7-84bc-167b92d0bd5d","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"02917d8c68c2"},{"item":{"_ref":"89087e99-0e6c-4b6d-98df-cbdb5f99552f","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b518e5cd9d4d"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"7b548420-9254-4ad7-96a9-49291599adb7"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ac353f47a8a8"},{"item":{"_ref":"61fda2aa-aecd-44b1-acb1-1e50e05fa00a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dbd485320da4"},{"item":{"_ref":"53f84267-220a-43c3-872f-92b269c7856a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"2d2ddecb516b"},{"item":{"_ref":"db74e78f-d673-4297-ac19-383110a43a6b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1f83550383c2"},{"_key":"03a4e7c81167","item":{"_ref":"4569c15e-7e0f-4fa7-8079-95f1f7137456","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"c24e025e-7bac-4f8f-ac2a-28c7daed5534","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0ad35bf29624"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"baec506d-8e60-4d55-9717-5bff0cf274bf"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"24be0b29f0ee"},{"item":{"_ref":"7c6698ac-8d25-405f-8a72-8d9f066e05a9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bed871e357ac"},{"item":{"_ref":"4080755d-1d4c-4751-a967-20cac6cab3c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"97f0c89594d0"},{"item":{"_ref":"4f557972-eccb-4746-9f59-c7b305c1e204","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"06dcf1871bc3"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"75b061957672","item":{"_ref":"250e7808-24aa-4df7-b2e2-3925b0779ca0","_type":"reference"}},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"56b2f820ef02","item":{"_ref":"78da82d6-1304-4434-bb55-e0867bf292bb","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"25d51839-630c-438d-90ae-ea25ce82acf9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bfef7cac3e35"},{"_key":"668575ad04ce","item":{"_ref":"3f1a657f-2b96-437d-ae53-53501e4797ba","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"7faf82ec-96ca-43c5-8f9b-229eadc5d77b"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cc9af656a5e4"},{"item":{"_ref":"27be704c-51f5-41e4-be86-32c7b188d3ac","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7999d4d4abc1"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"1dbe21d7-8b5a-45c2-aeda-43507fd1cfeb"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"e069c7bbeb91"},{"item":{"_ref":"ab485c35-7a5f-4557-8f00-02c2095bf662","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b01a23be31cd"},{"_key":"ffe70519a599","item":{"_ref":"fd05b17b-eb2b-4e05-8284-013f8d55ea67","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fd2efa8d7486","item":{"_ref":"82afabfc-44b6-4443-b9a5-fc79bfb259ae","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"df3371b9-3495-4ad8-ad7c-cd9710b15020","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b060635ba173"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"63db8fe6598d","item":{"_ref":"4c736caa-db46-4f08-a9fd-6c262759ba23","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"dd8a211f-508d-4499-969d-d6aa95fe92e8","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7c2ee4245bf6"},{"item":{"_ref":"c29034b4-1b7b-4a9c-92ea-740285752f62","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0c802b888560"}],"children":[{"_key":"2c7222a26216","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Earth is divided into three general layers. The "},{"_type":"span","marks":["f0f61aa94ba6"],"text":"core","_key":"dd22235ad9f6"},{"text":" is the superheated center, the ","_key":"256212a4eafe","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_type":"span","marks":["3d5aef0c6073"],"text":"mantle","_key":"1ff2505abb51"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" is the thick, middle layer, and the ","_key":"7fa9c6109789"},{"_type":"span","marks":["d9d8ba16813e"],"text":"crust","_key":"f9e47a2c2b02"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" is the top layer on which we live. ","_key":"cce88c291c14"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"49df318cd9bb"},{"style":"normal","_key":"20c81c389f1c","markDefs":[{"item":{"_ref":"803bbc36-3fe8-43f9-869a-d86c6b4b8e52","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"10c53d459cb9"},{"item":{"_ref":"7c54e304-6305-4383-a6ad-0226d0e4a513","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"a09a211d504d"},{"item":{"_ref":"62a2bd44-4825-4aba-a1fb-fe77b381fd12","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"023cbef3e91a"},{"item":{"_ref":"542c2b51-244e-473d-826a-aa07da69447d","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"6497cae0349a"}],"children":[{"text":"Magma ","_key":"b37d9afb38a0","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_type":"span","marks":["10c53d459cb9"],"text":"originates","_key":"f8a32e026a6d"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" in the lower part of Earth’s crust and in the upper portion of the mantle. Most of the mantle and crust are solid, so the presence of magma is ","_key":"531c7ec98d58"},{"_type":"span","marks":["a09a211d504d"],"text":"crucial","_key":"719a31420201"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" to understanding the ","_key":"3a51d5062679"},{"_type":"span","marks":["023cbef3e91a"],"text":"geology","_key":"8e9860c070d3"},{"text":" and ","_key":"c7cdf84d2f61","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_key":"7211293e4c52","_type":"span","marks":["6497cae0349a"],"text":"morphology"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" of the mantle. ","_key":"7dbebb35bd7a"}],"_type":"block"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"fe1e25818917","markDefs":[{"item":{"_ref":"478914ad-056e-4b6f-b80e-e351c0f20aec","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"9f82149b3f33"},{"item":{"_ref":"d9e03fd5-fef7-43f9-b09a-314d8720a884","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"e44ab72208ef"},{"item":{"_ref":"110f23ce-67ff-4c34-8fc4-dc895e7e8b55","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1b2c83cb3589"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"84ae970554d9","item":{"_ref":"00219f2c-c83f-467a-843b-5b9868b74524","_type":"reference"}},{"_key":"c3aa86f772fc","item":{"_ref":"b3ac2917-ef90-4247-8c09-783773136902","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"5b3587f3-1ee6-4379-900b-c49255734a41"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"136a1fb9341c"},{"item":{"_ref":"3c125379-8084-4173-b5d3-0397123ce208","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b94241bfa18e"},{"item":{"_ref":"e5fa46c9-2f85-4a38-9104-4a3c0819452d","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7a1886330263"},{"item":{"_ref":"78c7c870-8c81-451e-b948-8861ae74a485","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cc855856d792"},{"item":{"_ref":"6f10d749-f2f8-4e64-9459-ea5b2c7619ce","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ab0a988c3204"},{"item":{"_ref":"34ea6d02-396e-45c4-928f-31d98411e498","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"54cb9d5b48a0"},{"item":{"_ref":"2e59dcc2-aebf-48ca-8e05-c69d318b612a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ba67bc77bcaf"},{"item":{"_ref":"70d093e7-9bf9-4025-97a6-4db03cc157a4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"22fa54093471"},{"_key":"62c02c243488","item":{"_ref":"a29a191d-891b-4efb-8e39-b34a25167721","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"70dd3d32-bf53-4c95-80e6-ac9c50b42d4f","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b5acda5a05c6"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"c943e7c437a3","item":{"_ref":"aee423e4-d1c1-4cc9-81c0-816ecc79b2c1","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"afe5f285-4feb-4c99-ac23-b35b1b9f5ba2","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"33173efd0c50"},{"item":{"_ref":"e51e7092-7448-4e26-ae4c-0fac2a2bc727","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"58a7fd753c8a"},{"item":{"_ref":"b93d28c3-ebf6-40f4-934d-6c15e717fa75","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"f9fc43f6a865"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"8e6cdf09-1a06-4df8-9e38-516ee8e02ea0"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"41d0058a0868"},{"item":{"_ref":"5513a81b-a19f-47cf-8463-322274181468","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dad2c79c4e8b"},{"item":{"_ref":"8d6d6b84-f6df-4bd1-8009-a902b5ec2736","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"13a058176e5e"},{"item":{"_ref":"4795633a-8df4-43b6-b506-fb13c2e280ee","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"202e139259bd"},{"item":{"_ref":"f77dd9cb-e453-4d55-9537-5b3329483dca","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"3baeff1c4cfd"},{"item":{"_ref":"e09c05c5-2c17-4f40-ae75-377f2e35c43c","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"acd3d2c42fc7"},{"_key":"1f22dbc6e7a8","item":{"_ref":"12f0cacc-d5ed-48ef-a38e-b76a5a082d5c","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"519fa79d-ca01-474e-981a-9ced34fe2d17","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7b8206cffd93"},{"item":{"_ref":"0d31ae38-0c38-4dac-9314-3c8b7e70c4b7","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cb876082af61"},{"item":{"_ref":"efae7cd5-492a-4293-a882-946cf04359c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fc3b7943d1b4"},{"item":{"_ref":"fd08fbe5-d7ff-46b7-84bc-167b92d0bd5d","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"02917d8c68c2"},{"item":{"_ref":"89087e99-0e6c-4b6d-98df-cbdb5f99552f","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b518e5cd9d4d"},{"item":{"_ref":"7b548420-9254-4ad7-96a9-49291599adb7","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ac353f47a8a8"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dbd485320da4","item":{"_ref":"61fda2aa-aecd-44b1-acb1-1e50e05fa00a","_type":"reference"}},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"2d2ddecb516b","item":{"_ref":"53f84267-220a-43c3-872f-92b269c7856a","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"db74e78f-d673-4297-ac19-383110a43a6b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1f83550383c2"},{"item":{"_ref":"4569c15e-7e0f-4fa7-8079-95f1f7137456","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"03a4e7c81167"},{"item":{"_ref":"c24e025e-7bac-4f8f-ac2a-28c7daed5534","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0ad35bf29624"},{"_key":"24be0b29f0ee","item":{"_ref":"baec506d-8e60-4d55-9717-5bff0cf274bf","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"7c6698ac-8d25-405f-8a72-8d9f066e05a9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bed871e357ac"},{"item":{"_ref":"4080755d-1d4c-4751-a967-20cac6cab3c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"97f0c89594d0"},{"item":{"_ref":"4f557972-eccb-4746-9f59-c7b305c1e204","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"06dcf1871bc3"},{"item":{"_ref":"250e7808-24aa-4df7-b2e2-3925b0779ca0","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"75b061957672"},{"item":{"_ref":"78da82d6-1304-4434-bb55-e0867bf292bb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"56b2f820ef02"},{"item":{"_ref":"25d51839-630c-438d-90ae-ea25ce82acf9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bfef7cac3e35"},{"item":{"_ref":"3f1a657f-2b96-437d-ae53-53501e4797ba","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"668575ad04ce"},{"item":{"_ref":"7faf82ec-96ca-43c5-8f9b-229eadc5d77b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cc9af656a5e4"},{"item":{"_ref":"27be704c-51f5-41e4-be86-32c7b188d3ac","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7999d4d4abc1"},{"item":{"_ref":"1dbe21d7-8b5a-45c2-aeda-43507fd1cfeb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"e069c7bbeb91"},{"item":{"_ref":"ab485c35-7a5f-4557-8f00-02c2095bf662","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b01a23be31cd"},{"item":{"_ref":"fd05b17b-eb2b-4e05-8284-013f8d55ea67","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ffe70519a599"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"82afabfc-44b6-4443-b9a5-fc79bfb259ae"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fd2efa8d7486"},{"item":{"_ref":"df3371b9-3495-4ad8-ad7c-cd9710b15020","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b060635ba173"},{"item":{"_ref":"4c736caa-db46-4f08-a9fd-6c262759ba23","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"63db8fe6598d"},{"item":{"_ref":"dd8a211f-508d-4499-969d-d6aa95fe92e8","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7c2ee4245bf6"},{"item":{"_ref":"c29034b4-1b7b-4a9c-92ea-740285752f62","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0c802b888560"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Differences in ","_key":"e23d29382ab5"},{"_type":"span","marks":["9f82149b3f33"],"text":"temperature","_key":"b90b8ea0c536"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":", ","_key":"12235e0e4df5"},{"_type":"span","marks":["e44ab72208ef"],"text":"pressure","_key":"997844d402ad"},{"marks":[],"text":", and structural formations in the mantle and crust cause magma to form in different ways. ","_key":"cda0f287fb57","_type":"span"}]},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"2ddbea94f893"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"784b121a81b6","markDefs":[]},{"style":"normal","_key":"5337132e5d0a","markDefs":[{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"110f23ce-67ff-4c34-8fc4-dc895e7e8b55"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1b2c83cb3589"},{"item":{"_ref":"00219f2c-c83f-467a-843b-5b9868b74524","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"84ae970554d9"},{"_key":"c3aa86f772fc","item":{"_ref":"b3ac2917-ef90-4247-8c09-783773136902","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"5b3587f3-1ee6-4379-900b-c49255734a41","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"136a1fb9341c"},{"_key":"b94241bfa18e","item":{"_ref":"3c125379-8084-4173-b5d3-0397123ce208","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"e5fa46c9-2f85-4a38-9104-4a3c0819452d","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7a1886330263"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cc855856d792","item":{"_ref":"78c7c870-8c81-451e-b948-8861ae74a485","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"6f10d749-f2f8-4e64-9459-ea5b2c7619ce","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ab0a988c3204"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"54cb9d5b48a0","item":{"_ref":"34ea6d02-396e-45c4-928f-31d98411e498","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"2e59dcc2-aebf-48ca-8e05-c69d318b612a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ba67bc77bcaf"},{"item":{"_ref":"70d093e7-9bf9-4025-97a6-4db03cc157a4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"22fa54093471"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"62c02c243488","item":{"_ref":"a29a191d-891b-4efb-8e39-b34a25167721","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"70dd3d32-bf53-4c95-80e6-ac9c50b42d4f","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b5acda5a05c6"},{"item":{"_ref":"aee423e4-d1c1-4cc9-81c0-816ecc79b2c1","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"c943e7c437a3"},{"_key":"33173efd0c50","item":{"_ref":"afe5f285-4feb-4c99-ac23-b35b1b9f5ba2","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"e51e7092-7448-4e26-ae4c-0fac2a2bc727","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"58a7fd753c8a"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"f9fc43f6a865","item":{"_ref":"b93d28c3-ebf6-40f4-934d-6c15e717fa75","_type":"reference"}},{"_key":"41d0058a0868","item":{"_ref":"8e6cdf09-1a06-4df8-9e38-516ee8e02ea0","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"5513a81b-a19f-47cf-8463-322274181468","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dad2c79c4e8b"},{"item":{"_ref":"8d6d6b84-f6df-4bd1-8009-a902b5ec2736","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"13a058176e5e"},{"item":{"_ref":"4795633a-8df4-43b6-b506-fb13c2e280ee","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"202e139259bd"},{"item":{"_ref":"f77dd9cb-e453-4d55-9537-5b3329483dca","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"3baeff1c4cfd"},{"item":{"_ref":"e09c05c5-2c17-4f40-ae75-377f2e35c43c","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"acd3d2c42fc7"},{"item":{"_ref":"12f0cacc-d5ed-48ef-a38e-b76a5a082d5c","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1f22dbc6e7a8"},{"item":{"_ref":"519fa79d-ca01-474e-981a-9ced34fe2d17","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7b8206cffd93"},{"item":{"_ref":"0d31ae38-0c38-4dac-9314-3c8b7e70c4b7","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cb876082af61"},{"item":{"_ref":"efae7cd5-492a-4293-a882-946cf04359c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fc3b7943d1b4"},{"_key":"02917d8c68c2","item":{"_ref":"fd08fbe5-d7ff-46b7-84bc-167b92d0bd5d","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"89087e99-0e6c-4b6d-98df-cbdb5f99552f","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b518e5cd9d4d"},{"item":{"_ref":"7b548420-9254-4ad7-96a9-49291599adb7","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ac353f47a8a8"},{"item":{"_ref":"61fda2aa-aecd-44b1-acb1-1e50e05fa00a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dbd485320da4"},{"_key":"2d2ddecb516b","item":{"_ref":"53f84267-220a-43c3-872f-92b269c7856a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"db74e78f-d673-4297-ac19-383110a43a6b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1f83550383c2"},{"item":{"_ref":"4569c15e-7e0f-4fa7-8079-95f1f7137456","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"03a4e7c81167"},{"item":{"_ref":"c24e025e-7bac-4f8f-ac2a-28c7daed5534","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0ad35bf29624"},{"item":{"_ref":"baec506d-8e60-4d55-9717-5bff0cf274bf","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"24be0b29f0ee"},{"_key":"bed871e357ac","item":{"_ref":"7c6698ac-8d25-405f-8a72-8d9f066e05a9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"_key":"97f0c89594d0","item":{"_ref":"4080755d-1d4c-4751-a967-20cac6cab3c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"4f557972-eccb-4746-9f59-c7b305c1e204","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"06dcf1871bc3"},{"_key":"75b061957672","item":{"_ref":"250e7808-24aa-4df7-b2e2-3925b0779ca0","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"_key":"56b2f820ef02","item":{"_ref":"78da82d6-1304-4434-bb55-e0867bf292bb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bfef7cac3e35","item":{"_ref":"25d51839-630c-438d-90ae-ea25ce82acf9","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"3f1a657f-2b96-437d-ae53-53501e4797ba","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"668575ad04ce"},{"item":{"_ref":"7faf82ec-96ca-43c5-8f9b-229eadc5d77b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cc9af656a5e4"},{"item":{"_ref":"27be704c-51f5-41e4-be86-32c7b188d3ac","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7999d4d4abc1"},{"item":{"_ref":"1dbe21d7-8b5a-45c2-aeda-43507fd1cfeb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"e069c7bbeb91"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b01a23be31cd","item":{"_ref":"ab485c35-7a5f-4557-8f00-02c2095bf662","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"fd05b17b-eb2b-4e05-8284-013f8d55ea67","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ffe70519a599"},{"item":{"_ref":"82afabfc-44b6-4443-b9a5-fc79bfb259ae","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fd2efa8d7486"},{"item":{"_ref":"df3371b9-3495-4ad8-ad7c-cd9710b15020","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b060635ba173"},{"item":{"_ref":"4c736caa-db46-4f08-a9fd-6c262759ba23","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"63db8fe6598d"},{"item":{"_ref":"dd8a211f-508d-4499-969d-d6aa95fe92e8","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7c2ee4245bf6"},{"item":{"_ref":"c29034b4-1b7b-4a9c-92ea-740285752f62","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0c802b888560"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["em","1b2c83cb3589"],"text":"Decompression Melting","_key":"053361ebabc1"}],"_type":"block"},{"markDefs":[{"item":{"_ref":"00219f2c-c83f-467a-843b-5b9868b74524","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"84ae970554d9"},{"_key":"c3aa86f772fc","item":{"_ref":"b3ac2917-ef90-4247-8c09-783773136902","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"}],"children":[{"text":"Decompression melting involves the upward movement of Earth's mostly solid mantle. This hot material rises to an area of lower pressure through the process of ","_key":"deb3d59b7709","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_type":"span","marks":["84ae970554d9"],"text":"convection","_key":"b04413d3e065"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":". Areas of lower pressure always have a lower ","_key":"8cc45b65533e"},{"_type":"span","marks":["c3aa86f772fc"],"text":"melting point","_key":"09277d85cab5"},{"_key":"e20e93f8ac4e","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" than areas of high pressure. This reduction in overlying pressure, or decompression, enables the mantle rock to melt and form magma. "}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"c3c8d3cd31c2"},{"style":"normal","_key":"584664609952","markDefs":[{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"136a1fb9341c","item":{"_ref":"5b3587f3-1ee6-4379-900b-c49255734a41","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"3c125379-8084-4173-b5d3-0397123ce208","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b94241bfa18e"},{"_key":"7a1886330263","item":{"_ref":"e5fa46c9-2f85-4a38-9104-4a3c0819452d","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"78c7c870-8c81-451e-b948-8861ae74a485","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cc855856d792"},{"item":{"_ref":"6f10d749-f2f8-4e64-9459-ea5b2c7619ce","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ab0a988c3204"},{"item":{"_ref":"34ea6d02-396e-45c4-928f-31d98411e498","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"54cb9d5b48a0"},{"item":{"_ref":"2e59dcc2-aebf-48ca-8e05-c69d318b612a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ba67bc77bcaf"},{"_key":"22fa54093471","item":{"_ref":"70d093e7-9bf9-4025-97a6-4db03cc157a4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"a29a191d-891b-4efb-8e39-b34a25167721","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"62c02c243488"},{"item":{"_ref":"70dd3d32-bf53-4c95-80e6-ac9c50b42d4f","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b5acda5a05c6"},{"_key":"c943e7c437a3","item":{"_ref":"aee423e4-d1c1-4cc9-81c0-816ecc79b2c1","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"afe5f285-4feb-4c99-ac23-b35b1b9f5ba2","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"33173efd0c50"},{"item":{"_ref":"e51e7092-7448-4e26-ae4c-0fac2a2bc727","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"58a7fd753c8a"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"f9fc43f6a865","item":{"_ref":"b93d28c3-ebf6-40f4-934d-6c15e717fa75","_type":"reference"}},{"_key":"41d0058a0868","item":{"_ref":"8e6cdf09-1a06-4df8-9e38-516ee8e02ea0","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"5513a81b-a19f-47cf-8463-322274181468","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dad2c79c4e8b"},{"item":{"_ref":"8d6d6b84-f6df-4bd1-8009-a902b5ec2736","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"13a058176e5e"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"4795633a-8df4-43b6-b506-fb13c2e280ee"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"202e139259bd"},{"item":{"_ref":"f77dd9cb-e453-4d55-9537-5b3329483dca","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"3baeff1c4cfd"},{"item":{"_ref":"e09c05c5-2c17-4f40-ae75-377f2e35c43c","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"acd3d2c42fc7"},{"item":{"_ref":"12f0cacc-d5ed-48ef-a38e-b76a5a082d5c","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1f22dbc6e7a8"},{"item":{"_ref":"519fa79d-ca01-474e-981a-9ced34fe2d17","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7b8206cffd93"},{"item":{"_ref":"0d31ae38-0c38-4dac-9314-3c8b7e70c4b7","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cb876082af61"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"efae7cd5-492a-4293-a882-946cf04359c4"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fc3b7943d1b4"},{"item":{"_ref":"fd08fbe5-d7ff-46b7-84bc-167b92d0bd5d","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"02917d8c68c2"},{"item":{"_ref":"89087e99-0e6c-4b6d-98df-cbdb5f99552f","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b518e5cd9d4d"},{"item":{"_ref":"7b548420-9254-4ad7-96a9-49291599adb7","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ac353f47a8a8"},{"item":{"_ref":"61fda2aa-aecd-44b1-acb1-1e50e05fa00a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dbd485320da4"},{"item":{"_ref":"53f84267-220a-43c3-872f-92b269c7856a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"2d2ddecb516b"},{"item":{"_ref":"db74e78f-d673-4297-ac19-383110a43a6b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1f83550383c2"},{"_key":"03a4e7c81167","item":{"_ref":"4569c15e-7e0f-4fa7-8079-95f1f7137456","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"c24e025e-7bac-4f8f-ac2a-28c7daed5534","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0ad35bf29624"},{"item":{"_ref":"baec506d-8e60-4d55-9717-5bff0cf274bf","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"24be0b29f0ee"},{"item":{"_ref":"7c6698ac-8d25-405f-8a72-8d9f066e05a9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bed871e357ac"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"4080755d-1d4c-4751-a967-20cac6cab3c4"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"97f0c89594d0"},{"_key":"06dcf1871bc3","item":{"_ref":"4f557972-eccb-4746-9f59-c7b305c1e204","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"_key":"75b061957672","item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"250e7808-24aa-4df7-b2e2-3925b0779ca0"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"78da82d6-1304-4434-bb55-e0867bf292bb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"56b2f820ef02"},{"_key":"bfef7cac3e35","item":{"_ref":"25d51839-630c-438d-90ae-ea25ce82acf9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"668575ad04ce","item":{"_ref":"3f1a657f-2b96-437d-ae53-53501e4797ba","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"7faf82ec-96ca-43c5-8f9b-229eadc5d77b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cc9af656a5e4"},{"item":{"_ref":"27be704c-51f5-41e4-be86-32c7b188d3ac","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7999d4d4abc1"},{"item":{"_ref":"1dbe21d7-8b5a-45c2-aeda-43507fd1cfeb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"e069c7bbeb91"},{"item":{"_ref":"ab485c35-7a5f-4557-8f00-02c2095bf662","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b01a23be31cd"},{"item":{"_ref":"fd05b17b-eb2b-4e05-8284-013f8d55ea67","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ffe70519a599"},{"_key":"fd2efa8d7486","item":{"_ref":"82afabfc-44b6-4443-b9a5-fc79bfb259ae","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"df3371b9-3495-4ad8-ad7c-cd9710b15020","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b060635ba173"},{"item":{"_ref":"4c736caa-db46-4f08-a9fd-6c262759ba23","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"63db8fe6598d"},{"item":{"_ref":"dd8a211f-508d-4499-969d-d6aa95fe92e8","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7c2ee4245bf6"},{"item":{"_ref":"c29034b4-1b7b-4a9c-92ea-740285752f62","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0c802b888560"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Decompression melting often occurs at divergent boundaries, where ","_key":"f083a5461a77"},{"marks":["136a1fb9341c"],"text":"tectonic plates","_key":"c65a8421a226","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" separate. The ","_key":"9ec999d63e08"},{"_type":"span","marks":["b94241bfa18e"],"text":"rifting","_key":"3eb4a4f396de"},{"text":" movement causes the ","_key":"0eae29896f5b","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_type":"span","marks":["7a1886330263"],"text":"buoyant","_key":"8e221dc31b00"},{"marks":[],"text":" magma below to rise and fill the space of lower pressure. The rock then cools into new crust. ","_key":"0b9f22609e06","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"2da40000a739","markDefs":[{"_key":"cc855856d792","item":{"_ref":"78c7c870-8c81-451e-b948-8861ae74a485","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"6f10d749-f2f8-4e64-9459-ea5b2c7619ce","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ab0a988c3204"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"54cb9d5b48a0","item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"34ea6d02-396e-45c4-928f-31d98411e498"}},{"item":{"_ref":"2e59dcc2-aebf-48ca-8e05-c69d318b612a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ba67bc77bcaf"},{"item":{"_ref":"70d093e7-9bf9-4025-97a6-4db03cc157a4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"22fa54093471"},{"item":{"_ref":"a29a191d-891b-4efb-8e39-b34a25167721","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"62c02c243488"},{"item":{"_ref":"70dd3d32-bf53-4c95-80e6-ac9c50b42d4f","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b5acda5a05c6"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"aee423e4-d1c1-4cc9-81c0-816ecc79b2c1"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"c943e7c437a3"},{"_key":"33173efd0c50","item":{"_ref":"afe5f285-4feb-4c99-ac23-b35b1b9f5ba2","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"e51e7092-7448-4e26-ae4c-0fac2a2bc727","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"58a7fd753c8a"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"b93d28c3-ebf6-40f4-934d-6c15e717fa75"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"f9fc43f6a865"},{"item":{"_ref":"8e6cdf09-1a06-4df8-9e38-516ee8e02ea0","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"41d0058a0868"},{"item":{"_ref":"5513a81b-a19f-47cf-8463-322274181468","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dad2c79c4e8b"},{"item":{"_ref":"8d6d6b84-f6df-4bd1-8009-a902b5ec2736","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"13a058176e5e"},{"item":{"_ref":"4795633a-8df4-43b6-b506-fb13c2e280ee","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"202e139259bd"},{"item":{"_ref":"f77dd9cb-e453-4d55-9537-5b3329483dca","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"3baeff1c4cfd"},{"item":{"_ref":"e09c05c5-2c17-4f40-ae75-377f2e35c43c","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"acd3d2c42fc7"},{"item":{"_ref":"12f0cacc-d5ed-48ef-a38e-b76a5a082d5c","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1f22dbc6e7a8"},{"item":{"_ref":"519fa79d-ca01-474e-981a-9ced34fe2d17","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7b8206cffd93"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cb876082af61","item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"0d31ae38-0c38-4dac-9314-3c8b7e70c4b7"}},{"item":{"_ref":"efae7cd5-492a-4293-a882-946cf04359c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fc3b7943d1b4"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"02917d8c68c2","item":{"_ref":"fd08fbe5-d7ff-46b7-84bc-167b92d0bd5d","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"89087e99-0e6c-4b6d-98df-cbdb5f99552f","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b518e5cd9d4d"},{"item":{"_ref":"7b548420-9254-4ad7-96a9-49291599adb7","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ac353f47a8a8"},{"item":{"_ref":"61fda2aa-aecd-44b1-acb1-1e50e05fa00a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dbd485320da4"},{"_key":"2d2ddecb516b","item":{"_ref":"53f84267-220a-43c3-872f-92b269c7856a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"db74e78f-d673-4297-ac19-383110a43a6b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1f83550383c2"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"03a4e7c81167","item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"4569c15e-7e0f-4fa7-8079-95f1f7137456"}},{"item":{"_ref":"c24e025e-7bac-4f8f-ac2a-28c7daed5534","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0ad35bf29624"},{"item":{"_ref":"baec506d-8e60-4d55-9717-5bff0cf274bf","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"24be0b29f0ee"},{"item":{"_ref":"7c6698ac-8d25-405f-8a72-8d9f066e05a9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bed871e357ac"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"97f0c89594d0","item":{"_ref":"4080755d-1d4c-4751-a967-20cac6cab3c4","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"4f557972-eccb-4746-9f59-c7b305c1e204","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"06dcf1871bc3"},{"item":{"_ref":"250e7808-24aa-4df7-b2e2-3925b0779ca0","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"75b061957672"},{"item":{"_ref":"78da82d6-1304-4434-bb55-e0867bf292bb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"56b2f820ef02"},{"item":{"_ref":"25d51839-630c-438d-90ae-ea25ce82acf9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bfef7cac3e35"},{"item":{"_ref":"3f1a657f-2b96-437d-ae53-53501e4797ba","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"668575ad04ce"},{"item":{"_ref":"7faf82ec-96ca-43c5-8f9b-229eadc5d77b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cc9af656a5e4"},{"item":{"_ref":"27be704c-51f5-41e4-be86-32c7b188d3ac","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7999d4d4abc1"},{"item":{"_ref":"1dbe21d7-8b5a-45c2-aeda-43507fd1cfeb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"e069c7bbeb91"},{"item":{"_ref":"ab485c35-7a5f-4557-8f00-02c2095bf662","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b01a23be31cd"},{"item":{"_ref":"fd05b17b-eb2b-4e05-8284-013f8d55ea67","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ffe70519a599"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fd2efa8d7486","item":{"_ref":"82afabfc-44b6-4443-b9a5-fc79bfb259ae","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"df3371b9-3495-4ad8-ad7c-cd9710b15020","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b060635ba173"},{"item":{"_ref":"4c736caa-db46-4f08-a9fd-6c262759ba23","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"63db8fe6598d"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"dd8a211f-508d-4499-969d-d6aa95fe92e8"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7c2ee4245bf6"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0c802b888560","item":{"_ref":"c29034b4-1b7b-4a9c-92ea-740285752f62","_type":"reference"}}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Decompression melting also occurs at mantle plumes, columns of hot rock that rise from Earth’s high-pressure core to its lower-pressure crust. When located beneath the ocean, these plumes, also known as ","_key":"19f6661c7e5f"},{"_key":"c6ea6f5c598c","_type":"span","marks":["cc855856d792"],"text":"hot spots"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":", push magma onto the ","_key":"acf1f300c4cd"},{"_type":"span","marks":["ab0a988c3204"],"text":"seafloor","_key":"37269c3280a8"},{"marks":[],"text":". These volcanic mounds can grow into ","_key":"cfa7d82545d3","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["54cb9d5b48a0"],"text":"volcanic islands","_key":"166f9eac2b57"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" over millions of years of activity. ","_key":"9e985f88b1f9"}]},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"66ab06093dec","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"163f762a3ca05","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":""}]},{"markDefs":[{"_key":"ba67bc77bcaf","item":{"_ref":"2e59dcc2-aebf-48ca-8e05-c69d318b612a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"_key":"22fa54093471","item":{"_ref":"70d093e7-9bf9-4025-97a6-4db03cc157a4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"a29a191d-891b-4efb-8e39-b34a25167721","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"62c02c243488"},{"item":{"_ref":"70dd3d32-bf53-4c95-80e6-ac9c50b42d4f","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b5acda5a05c6"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"aee423e4-d1c1-4cc9-81c0-816ecc79b2c1"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"c943e7c437a3"},{"item":{"_ref":"afe5f285-4feb-4c99-ac23-b35b1b9f5ba2","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"33173efd0c50"},{"item":{"_ref":"e51e7092-7448-4e26-ae4c-0fac2a2bc727","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"58a7fd753c8a"},{"_key":"f9fc43f6a865","item":{"_ref":"b93d28c3-ebf6-40f4-934d-6c15e717fa75","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"41d0058a0868","item":{"_ref":"8e6cdf09-1a06-4df8-9e38-516ee8e02ea0","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"5513a81b-a19f-47cf-8463-322274181468","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dad2c79c4e8b"},{"item":{"_ref":"8d6d6b84-f6df-4bd1-8009-a902b5ec2736","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"13a058176e5e"},{"_key":"202e139259bd","item":{"_ref":"4795633a-8df4-43b6-b506-fb13c2e280ee","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"3baeff1c4cfd","item":{"_ref":"f77dd9cb-e453-4d55-9537-5b3329483dca","_type":"reference"}},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"acd3d2c42fc7","item":{"_ref":"e09c05c5-2c17-4f40-ae75-377f2e35c43c","_type":"reference"}},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1f22dbc6e7a8","item":{"_ref":"12f0cacc-d5ed-48ef-a38e-b76a5a082d5c","_type":"reference"}},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7b8206cffd93","item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"519fa79d-ca01-474e-981a-9ced34fe2d17"}},{"item":{"_ref":"0d31ae38-0c38-4dac-9314-3c8b7e70c4b7","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cb876082af61"},{"item":{"_ref":"efae7cd5-492a-4293-a882-946cf04359c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fc3b7943d1b4"},{"item":{"_ref":"fd08fbe5-d7ff-46b7-84bc-167b92d0bd5d","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"02917d8c68c2"},{"_key":"b518e5cd9d4d","item":{"_ref":"89087e99-0e6c-4b6d-98df-cbdb5f99552f","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"7b548420-9254-4ad7-96a9-49291599adb7","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ac353f47a8a8"},{"item":{"_ref":"61fda2aa-aecd-44b1-acb1-1e50e05fa00a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dbd485320da4"},{"item":{"_ref":"53f84267-220a-43c3-872f-92b269c7856a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"2d2ddecb516b"},{"_key":"1f83550383c2","item":{"_ref":"db74e78f-d673-4297-ac19-383110a43a6b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"4569c15e-7e0f-4fa7-8079-95f1f7137456","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"03a4e7c81167"},{"item":{"_ref":"c24e025e-7bac-4f8f-ac2a-28c7daed5534","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0ad35bf29624"},{"item":{"_ref":"baec506d-8e60-4d55-9717-5bff0cf274bf","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"24be0b29f0ee"},{"item":{"_ref":"7c6698ac-8d25-405f-8a72-8d9f066e05a9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bed871e357ac"},{"item":{"_ref":"4080755d-1d4c-4751-a967-20cac6cab3c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"97f0c89594d0"},{"item":{"_ref":"4f557972-eccb-4746-9f59-c7b305c1e204","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"06dcf1871bc3"},{"_key":"75b061957672","item":{"_ref":"250e7808-24aa-4df7-b2e2-3925b0779ca0","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"78da82d6-1304-4434-bb55-e0867bf292bb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"56b2f820ef02"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"25d51839-630c-438d-90ae-ea25ce82acf9"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bfef7cac3e35"},{"item":{"_ref":"3f1a657f-2b96-437d-ae53-53501e4797ba","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"668575ad04ce"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"7faf82ec-96ca-43c5-8f9b-229eadc5d77b"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cc9af656a5e4"},{"item":{"_ref":"27be704c-51f5-41e4-be86-32c7b188d3ac","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7999d4d4abc1"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"e069c7bbeb91","item":{"_ref":"1dbe21d7-8b5a-45c2-aeda-43507fd1cfeb","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"ab485c35-7a5f-4557-8f00-02c2095bf662","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b01a23be31cd"},{"item":{"_ref":"fd05b17b-eb2b-4e05-8284-013f8d55ea67","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ffe70519a599"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fd2efa8d7486","item":{"_ref":"82afabfc-44b6-4443-b9a5-fc79bfb259ae","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"df3371b9-3495-4ad8-ad7c-cd9710b15020"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b060635ba173"},{"item":{"_ref":"4c736caa-db46-4f08-a9fd-6c262759ba23","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"63db8fe6598d"},{"item":{"_ref":"dd8a211f-508d-4499-969d-d6aa95fe92e8","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7c2ee4245bf6"},{"_key":"0c802b888560","item":{"_ref":"c29034b4-1b7b-4a9c-92ea-740285752f62","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"}],"children":[{"text":"Transfer of Heat","_key":"3436b8e7bd4d","_type":"span","marks":["em"]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"63aee62be412"},{"style":"normal","_key":"e010da9c4a49","markDefs":[{"item":{"_ref":"2e59dcc2-aebf-48ca-8e05-c69d318b612a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ba67bc77bcaf"},{"item":{"_ref":"70d093e7-9bf9-4025-97a6-4db03cc157a4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"22fa54093471"},{"item":{"_ref":"a29a191d-891b-4efb-8e39-b34a25167721","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"62c02c243488"},{"item":{"_ref":"70dd3d32-bf53-4c95-80e6-ac9c50b42d4f","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b5acda5a05c6"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"c943e7c437a3","item":{"_ref":"aee423e4-d1c1-4cc9-81c0-816ecc79b2c1","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"afe5f285-4feb-4c99-ac23-b35b1b9f5ba2","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"33173efd0c50"},{"item":{"_ref":"e51e7092-7448-4e26-ae4c-0fac2a2bc727","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"58a7fd753c8a"},{"item":{"_ref":"b93d28c3-ebf6-40f4-934d-6c15e717fa75","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"f9fc43f6a865"},{"item":{"_ref":"8e6cdf09-1a06-4df8-9e38-516ee8e02ea0","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"41d0058a0868"},{"item":{"_ref":"5513a81b-a19f-47cf-8463-322274181468","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dad2c79c4e8b"},{"item":{"_ref":"8d6d6b84-f6df-4bd1-8009-a902b5ec2736","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"13a058176e5e"},{"item":{"_ref":"4795633a-8df4-43b6-b506-fb13c2e280ee","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"202e139259bd"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"3baeff1c4cfd","item":{"_ref":"f77dd9cb-e453-4d55-9537-5b3329483dca","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"e09c05c5-2c17-4f40-ae75-377f2e35c43c","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"acd3d2c42fc7"},{"item":{"_ref":"12f0cacc-d5ed-48ef-a38e-b76a5a082d5c","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1f22dbc6e7a8"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"519fa79d-ca01-474e-981a-9ced34fe2d17"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7b8206cffd93"},{"_key":"cb876082af61","item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"0d31ae38-0c38-4dac-9314-3c8b7e70c4b7"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"efae7cd5-492a-4293-a882-946cf04359c4"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fc3b7943d1b4"},{"item":{"_ref":"fd08fbe5-d7ff-46b7-84bc-167b92d0bd5d","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"02917d8c68c2"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b518e5cd9d4d","item":{"_ref":"89087e99-0e6c-4b6d-98df-cbdb5f99552f","_type":"reference"}},{"_key":"ac353f47a8a8","item":{"_ref":"7b548420-9254-4ad7-96a9-49291599adb7","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dbd485320da4","item":{"_ref":"61fda2aa-aecd-44b1-acb1-1e50e05fa00a","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"53f84267-220a-43c3-872f-92b269c7856a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"2d2ddecb516b"},{"item":{"_ref":"db74e78f-d673-4297-ac19-383110a43a6b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1f83550383c2"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"4569c15e-7e0f-4fa7-8079-95f1f7137456"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"03a4e7c81167"},{"item":{"_ref":"c24e025e-7bac-4f8f-ac2a-28c7daed5534","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0ad35bf29624"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"24be0b29f0ee","item":{"_ref":"baec506d-8e60-4d55-9717-5bff0cf274bf","_type":"reference"}},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bed871e357ac","item":{"_ref":"7c6698ac-8d25-405f-8a72-8d9f066e05a9","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"4080755d-1d4c-4751-a967-20cac6cab3c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"97f0c89594d0"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"06dcf1871bc3","item":{"_ref":"4f557972-eccb-4746-9f59-c7b305c1e204","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"250e7808-24aa-4df7-b2e2-3925b0779ca0","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"75b061957672"},{"item":{"_ref":"78da82d6-1304-4434-bb55-e0867bf292bb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"56b2f820ef02"},{"item":{"_ref":"25d51839-630c-438d-90ae-ea25ce82acf9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bfef7cac3e35"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"668575ad04ce","item":{"_ref":"3f1a657f-2b96-437d-ae53-53501e4797ba","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"7faf82ec-96ca-43c5-8f9b-229eadc5d77b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cc9af656a5e4"},{"item":{"_ref":"27be704c-51f5-41e4-be86-32c7b188d3ac","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7999d4d4abc1"},{"_key":"e069c7bbeb91","item":{"_ref":"1dbe21d7-8b5a-45c2-aeda-43507fd1cfeb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"ab485c35-7a5f-4557-8f00-02c2095bf662"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b01a23be31cd"},{"item":{"_ref":"fd05b17b-eb2b-4e05-8284-013f8d55ea67","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ffe70519a599"},{"item":{"_ref":"82afabfc-44b6-4443-b9a5-fc79bfb259ae","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fd2efa8d7486"},{"item":{"_ref":"df3371b9-3495-4ad8-ad7c-cd9710b15020","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b060635ba173"},{"item":{"_ref":"4c736caa-db46-4f08-a9fd-6c262759ba23","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"63db8fe6598d"},{"item":{"_ref":"dd8a211f-508d-4499-969d-d6aa95fe92e8","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7c2ee4245bf6"},{"item":{"_ref":"c29034b4-1b7b-4a9c-92ea-740285752f62","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0c802b888560"}],"children":[{"_key":"43f7e973635e","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Magma can also be created when hot, liquid rock "},{"marks":["ba67bc77bcaf"],"text":"intrudes","_key":"8f4d37c92b06","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" into Earth’s cold crust. As the liquid rock solidifies, it loses its heat to the surrounding crust. Much like hot fudge being poured over cold ice cream, this transfer of heat is able to melt the surrounding rock (the “ice cream”) into magma. ","_key":"83a88c02b504"}],"_type":"block"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"442986d6428d","markDefs":[{"item":{"_ref":"70d093e7-9bf9-4025-97a6-4db03cc157a4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"22fa54093471"},{"item":{"_ref":"a29a191d-891b-4efb-8e39-b34a25167721","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"62c02c243488"},{"_key":"b5acda5a05c6","item":{"_ref":"70dd3d32-bf53-4c95-80e6-ac9c50b42d4f","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"aee423e4-d1c1-4cc9-81c0-816ecc79b2c1","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"c943e7c437a3"}],"children":[{"text":"Transfer of heat often happens at convergent boundaries, where tectonic plates are crashing together. As the ","_key":"0d9547759082","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_type":"span","marks":["22fa54093471"],"text":"denser","_key":"0ec21215069c"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" tectonic plate ","_key":"318fd96f1629"},{"_type":"span","marks":["62c02c243488"],"text":"subducts","_key":"ff26780f2efb"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":", or sinks below, or the less-dense tectonic plate, hot rock from below can intrude into the cooler plate above. This process transfers heat and creates magma. Over millions of years, the magma in this ","_key":"cd26b3ac1767"},{"text":"subduction zone","_key":"66a94592aa6c","_type":"span","marks":["b5acda5a05c6"]},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" can create a series of active volcanoes known as a ","_key":"9f6ef06e4093"},{"_type":"span","marks":["c943e7c437a3"],"text":"volcanic arc","_key":"dd7cbd0363c6"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":". ","_key":"742c74932026"}]},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Flux melting occurs when water or carbon dioxide are added to rock. These compounds cause the rock to melt at lower temperatures. This creates magma in places where it originally maintained a solid structure.","_key":"4c120904b093"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"27c502079b40","markDefs":[{"_key":"58a7fd753c8a","item":{"_ref":"e51e7092-7448-4e26-ae4c-0fac2a2bc727","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"f9fc43f6a865","item":{"_ref":"b93d28c3-ebf6-40f4-934d-6c15e717fa75","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"8e6cdf09-1a06-4df8-9e38-516ee8e02ea0","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"41d0058a0868"},{"item":{"_ref":"5513a81b-a19f-47cf-8463-322274181468","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dad2c79c4e8b"},{"item":{"_ref":"8d6d6b84-f6df-4bd1-8009-a902b5ec2736","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"13a058176e5e"},{"item":{"_ref":"4795633a-8df4-43b6-b506-fb13c2e280ee","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"202e139259bd"},{"item":{"_ref":"f77dd9cb-e453-4d55-9537-5b3329483dca","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"3baeff1c4cfd"},{"item":{"_ref":"e09c05c5-2c17-4f40-ae75-377f2e35c43c","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"acd3d2c42fc7"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"12f0cacc-d5ed-48ef-a38e-b76a5a082d5c"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1f22dbc6e7a8"},{"item":{"_ref":"519fa79d-ca01-474e-981a-9ced34fe2d17","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7b8206cffd93"},{"_key":"cb876082af61","item":{"_ref":"0d31ae38-0c38-4dac-9314-3c8b7e70c4b7","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"efae7cd5-492a-4293-a882-946cf04359c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fc3b7943d1b4"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"02917d8c68c2","item":{"_ref":"fd08fbe5-d7ff-46b7-84bc-167b92d0bd5d","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"89087e99-0e6c-4b6d-98df-cbdb5f99552f"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b518e5cd9d4d"},{"item":{"_ref":"7b548420-9254-4ad7-96a9-49291599adb7","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ac353f47a8a8"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dbd485320da4","item":{"_ref":"61fda2aa-aecd-44b1-acb1-1e50e05fa00a","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"53f84267-220a-43c3-872f-92b269c7856a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"2d2ddecb516b"},{"_key":"1f83550383c2","item":{"_ref":"db74e78f-d673-4297-ac19-383110a43a6b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"4569c15e-7e0f-4fa7-8079-95f1f7137456","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"03a4e7c81167"},{"item":{"_ref":"c24e025e-7bac-4f8f-ac2a-28c7daed5534","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0ad35bf29624"},{"item":{"_ref":"baec506d-8e60-4d55-9717-5bff0cf274bf","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"24be0b29f0ee"},{"item":{"_ref":"7c6698ac-8d25-405f-8a72-8d9f066e05a9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bed871e357ac"},{"item":{"_ref":"4080755d-1d4c-4751-a967-20cac6cab3c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"97f0c89594d0"},{"item":{"_ref":"4f557972-eccb-4746-9f59-c7b305c1e204","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"06dcf1871bc3"},{"_key":"75b061957672","item":{"_ref":"250e7808-24aa-4df7-b2e2-3925b0779ca0","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"56b2f820ef02","item":{"_ref":"78da82d6-1304-4434-bb55-e0867bf292bb","_type":"reference"}},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bfef7cac3e35","item":{"_ref":"25d51839-630c-438d-90ae-ea25ce82acf9","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"3f1a657f-2b96-437d-ae53-53501e4797ba","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"668575ad04ce"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cc9af656a5e4","item":{"_ref":"7faf82ec-96ca-43c5-8f9b-229eadc5d77b","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"27be704c-51f5-41e4-be86-32c7b188d3ac","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7999d4d4abc1"},{"item":{"_ref":"1dbe21d7-8b5a-45c2-aeda-43507fd1cfeb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"e069c7bbeb91"},{"item":{"_ref":"ab485c35-7a5f-4557-8f00-02c2095bf662","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b01a23be31cd"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"fd05b17b-eb2b-4e05-8284-013f8d55ea67"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ffe70519a599"},{"item":{"_ref":"82afabfc-44b6-4443-b9a5-fc79bfb259ae","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fd2efa8d7486"},{"item":{"_ref":"df3371b9-3495-4ad8-ad7c-cd9710b15020","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b060635ba173"},{"_key":"63db8fe6598d","item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"4c736caa-db46-4f08-a9fd-6c262759ba23"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"dd8a211f-508d-4499-969d-d6aa95fe92e8"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7c2ee4245bf6"},{"item":{"_ref":"c29034b4-1b7b-4a9c-92ea-740285752f62","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0c802b888560"}]},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_key":"8e29c96fc345","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" "}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"7c7e5edcbf28"},{"markDefs":[{"item":{"_ref":"afe5f285-4feb-4c99-ac23-b35b1b9f5ba2","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"33173efd0c50"}],"children":[{"marks":["em","33173efd0c50"],"text":"Flux Melting","_key":"6a07de82c151","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"fd64389a2460"},{"markDefs":[{"item":{"_ref":"e51e7092-7448-4e26-ae4c-0fac2a2bc727","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"58a7fd753c8a"},{"item":{"_ref":"b93d28c3-ebf6-40f4-934d-6c15e717fa75","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"f9fc43f6a865"},{"item":{"_ref":"8e6cdf09-1a06-4df8-9e38-516ee8e02ea0","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"41d0058a0868"},{"item":{"_ref":"5513a81b-a19f-47cf-8463-322274181468","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dad2c79c4e8b"},{"item":{"_ref":"8d6d6b84-f6df-4bd1-8009-a902b5ec2736","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"13a058176e5e"},{"item":{"_ref":"4795633a-8df4-43b6-b506-fb13c2e280ee","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"202e139259bd"},{"item":{"_ref":"f77dd9cb-e453-4d55-9537-5b3329483dca","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"3baeff1c4cfd"},{"item":{"_ref":"e09c05c5-2c17-4f40-ae75-377f2e35c43c","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"acd3d2c42fc7"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1f22dbc6e7a8","item":{"_ref":"12f0cacc-d5ed-48ef-a38e-b76a5a082d5c","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"519fa79d-ca01-474e-981a-9ced34fe2d17","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7b8206cffd93"},{"item":{"_ref":"0d31ae38-0c38-4dac-9314-3c8b7e70c4b7","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cb876082af61"},{"item":{"_ref":"efae7cd5-492a-4293-a882-946cf04359c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fc3b7943d1b4"},{"_key":"02917d8c68c2","item":{"_ref":"fd08fbe5-d7ff-46b7-84bc-167b92d0bd5d","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"89087e99-0e6c-4b6d-98df-cbdb5f99552f"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b518e5cd9d4d"},{"item":{"_ref":"7b548420-9254-4ad7-96a9-49291599adb7","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ac353f47a8a8"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dbd485320da4","item":{"_ref":"61fda2aa-aecd-44b1-acb1-1e50e05fa00a","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"53f84267-220a-43c3-872f-92b269c7856a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"2d2ddecb516b"},{"item":{"_ref":"db74e78f-d673-4297-ac19-383110a43a6b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1f83550383c2"},{"item":{"_ref":"4569c15e-7e0f-4fa7-8079-95f1f7137456","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"03a4e7c81167"},{"item":{"_ref":"c24e025e-7bac-4f8f-ac2a-28c7daed5534","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0ad35bf29624"},{"item":{"_ref":"baec506d-8e60-4d55-9717-5bff0cf274bf","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"24be0b29f0ee"},{"item":{"_ref":"7c6698ac-8d25-405f-8a72-8d9f066e05a9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bed871e357ac"},{"item":{"_ref":"4080755d-1d4c-4751-a967-20cac6cab3c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"97f0c89594d0"},{"item":{"_ref":"4f557972-eccb-4746-9f59-c7b305c1e204","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"06dcf1871bc3"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"75b061957672","item":{"_ref":"250e7808-24aa-4df7-b2e2-3925b0779ca0","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"78da82d6-1304-4434-bb55-e0867bf292bb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"56b2f820ef02"},{"_key":"bfef7cac3e35","item":{"_ref":"25d51839-630c-438d-90ae-ea25ce82acf9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"3f1a657f-2b96-437d-ae53-53501e4797ba","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"668575ad04ce"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"7faf82ec-96ca-43c5-8f9b-229eadc5d77b"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cc9af656a5e4"},{"item":{"_ref":"27be704c-51f5-41e4-be86-32c7b188d3ac","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7999d4d4abc1"},{"item":{"_ref":"1dbe21d7-8b5a-45c2-aeda-43507fd1cfeb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"e069c7bbeb91"},{"item":{"_ref":"ab485c35-7a5f-4557-8f00-02c2095bf662","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b01a23be31cd"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ffe70519a599","item":{"_ref":"fd05b17b-eb2b-4e05-8284-013f8d55ea67","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"82afabfc-44b6-4443-b9a5-fc79bfb259ae"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fd2efa8d7486"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b060635ba173","item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"df3371b9-3495-4ad8-ad7c-cd9710b15020"}},{"_key":"63db8fe6598d","item":{"_ref":"4c736caa-db46-4f08-a9fd-6c262759ba23","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"dd8a211f-508d-4499-969d-d6aa95fe92e8","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7c2ee4245bf6"},{"item":{"_ref":"c29034b4-1b7b-4a9c-92ea-740285752f62","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0c802b888560"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Much like heat transfer, flux melting also occurs around subduction zones. In this case, water overlying the subducting seafloor would lower the melting temperature of the mantle, generating magma that rises to the surface. ","_key":"583b09d4dd4b"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"26d102266a9c"},{"_key":"70e000b9b87f","markDefs":[],"children":[{"text":"","_key":"163f762a3ca09","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_key":"555baab9c7b1","markDefs":[{"item":{"_ref":"e51e7092-7448-4e26-ae4c-0fac2a2bc727","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"58a7fd753c8a"},{"_key":"f9fc43f6a865","item":{"_ref":"b93d28c3-ebf6-40f4-934d-6c15e717fa75","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"8e6cdf09-1a06-4df8-9e38-516ee8e02ea0","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"41d0058a0868"},{"item":{"_ref":"5513a81b-a19f-47cf-8463-322274181468","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dad2c79c4e8b"},{"item":{"_ref":"8d6d6b84-f6df-4bd1-8009-a902b5ec2736","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"13a058176e5e"},{"item":{"_ref":"4795633a-8df4-43b6-b506-fb13c2e280ee","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"202e139259bd"},{"item":{"_ref":"f77dd9cb-e453-4d55-9537-5b3329483dca","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"3baeff1c4cfd"},{"item":{"_ref":"e09c05c5-2c17-4f40-ae75-377f2e35c43c","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"acd3d2c42fc7"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1f22dbc6e7a8","item":{"_ref":"12f0cacc-d5ed-48ef-a38e-b76a5a082d5c","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"519fa79d-ca01-474e-981a-9ced34fe2d17","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7b8206cffd93"},{"item":{"_ref":"0d31ae38-0c38-4dac-9314-3c8b7e70c4b7","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cb876082af61"},{"item":{"_ref":"efae7cd5-492a-4293-a882-946cf04359c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fc3b7943d1b4"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"02917d8c68c2","item":{"_ref":"fd08fbe5-d7ff-46b7-84bc-167b92d0bd5d","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"89087e99-0e6c-4b6d-98df-cbdb5f99552f","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b518e5cd9d4d"},{"item":{"_ref":"7b548420-9254-4ad7-96a9-49291599adb7","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ac353f47a8a8"},{"_key":"dbd485320da4","item":{"_ref":"61fda2aa-aecd-44b1-acb1-1e50e05fa00a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"53f84267-220a-43c3-872f-92b269c7856a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"2d2ddecb516b"},{"item":{"_ref":"db74e78f-d673-4297-ac19-383110a43a6b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1f83550383c2"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"4569c15e-7e0f-4fa7-8079-95f1f7137456"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"03a4e7c81167"},{"item":{"_ref":"c24e025e-7bac-4f8f-ac2a-28c7daed5534","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0ad35bf29624"},{"item":{"_ref":"baec506d-8e60-4d55-9717-5bff0cf274bf","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"24be0b29f0ee"},{"item":{"_ref":"7c6698ac-8d25-405f-8a72-8d9f066e05a9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bed871e357ac"},{"item":{"_ref":"4080755d-1d4c-4751-a967-20cac6cab3c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"97f0c89594d0"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"06dcf1871bc3","item":{"_ref":"4f557972-eccb-4746-9f59-c7b305c1e204","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"250e7808-24aa-4df7-b2e2-3925b0779ca0","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"75b061957672"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"78da82d6-1304-4434-bb55-e0867bf292bb"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"56b2f820ef02"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bfef7cac3e35","item":{"_ref":"25d51839-630c-438d-90ae-ea25ce82acf9","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"3f1a657f-2b96-437d-ae53-53501e4797ba","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"668575ad04ce"},{"_key":"cc9af656a5e4","item":{"_ref":"7faf82ec-96ca-43c5-8f9b-229eadc5d77b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"_key":"7999d4d4abc1","item":{"_ref":"27be704c-51f5-41e4-be86-32c7b188d3ac","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"1dbe21d7-8b5a-45c2-aeda-43507fd1cfeb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"e069c7bbeb91"},{"_key":"b01a23be31cd","item":{"_ref":"ab485c35-7a5f-4557-8f00-02c2095bf662","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"fd05b17b-eb2b-4e05-8284-013f8d55ea67","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ffe70519a599"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fd2efa8d7486","item":{"_ref":"82afabfc-44b6-4443-b9a5-fc79bfb259ae","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"df3371b9-3495-4ad8-ad7c-cd9710b15020","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b060635ba173"},{"item":{"_ref":"4c736caa-db46-4f08-a9fd-6c262759ba23","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"63db8fe6598d"},{"item":{"_ref":"dd8a211f-508d-4499-969d-d6aa95fe92e8","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7c2ee4245bf6"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0c802b888560","item":{"_ref":"c29034b4-1b7b-4a9c-92ea-740285752f62","_type":"reference"}}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Magma Escape Routes","_key":"2550f0f7f08f"},{"marks":[],"text":" ","_key":"8cbe5c8404b5","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"20a6b3354b49","markDefs":[{"item":{"_ref":"e51e7092-7448-4e26-ae4c-0fac2a2bc727","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"58a7fd753c8a"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"f9fc43f6a865","item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"b93d28c3-ebf6-40f4-934d-6c15e717fa75"}},{"_key":"41d0058a0868","item":{"_ref":"8e6cdf09-1a06-4df8-9e38-516ee8e02ea0","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"5513a81b-a19f-47cf-8463-322274181468","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dad2c79c4e8b"},{"item":{"_ref":"8d6d6b84-f6df-4bd1-8009-a902b5ec2736","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"13a058176e5e"},{"item":{"_ref":"4795633a-8df4-43b6-b506-fb13c2e280ee","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"202e139259bd"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"3baeff1c4cfd","item":{"_ref":"f77dd9cb-e453-4d55-9537-5b3329483dca","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"e09c05c5-2c17-4f40-ae75-377f2e35c43c","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"acd3d2c42fc7"},{"_key":"1f22dbc6e7a8","item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"12f0cacc-d5ed-48ef-a38e-b76a5a082d5c"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"519fa79d-ca01-474e-981a-9ced34fe2d17"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7b8206cffd93"},{"item":{"_ref":"0d31ae38-0c38-4dac-9314-3c8b7e70c4b7","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cb876082af61"},{"item":{"_ref":"efae7cd5-492a-4293-a882-946cf04359c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fc3b7943d1b4"},{"item":{"_ref":"fd08fbe5-d7ff-46b7-84bc-167b92d0bd5d","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"02917d8c68c2"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b518e5cd9d4d","item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"89087e99-0e6c-4b6d-98df-cbdb5f99552f"}},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"7b548420-9254-4ad7-96a9-49291599adb7"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ac353f47a8a8"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dbd485320da4","item":{"_ref":"61fda2aa-aecd-44b1-acb1-1e50e05fa00a","_type":"reference"}},{"_key":"2d2ddecb516b","item":{"_ref":"53f84267-220a-43c3-872f-92b269c7856a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1f83550383c2","item":{"_ref":"db74e78f-d673-4297-ac19-383110a43a6b","_type":"reference"}},{"_key":"03a4e7c81167","item":{"_ref":"4569c15e-7e0f-4fa7-8079-95f1f7137456","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"c24e025e-7bac-4f8f-ac2a-28c7daed5534"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0ad35bf29624"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"24be0b29f0ee","item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"baec506d-8e60-4d55-9717-5bff0cf274bf"}},{"item":{"_ref":"7c6698ac-8d25-405f-8a72-8d9f066e05a9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bed871e357ac"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"97f0c89594d0","item":{"_ref":"4080755d-1d4c-4751-a967-20cac6cab3c4","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"4f557972-eccb-4746-9f59-c7b305c1e204","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"06dcf1871bc3"},{"item":{"_ref":"250e7808-24aa-4df7-b2e2-3925b0779ca0","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"75b061957672"},{"_key":"56b2f820ef02","item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"78da82d6-1304-4434-bb55-e0867bf292bb"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"25d51839-630c-438d-90ae-ea25ce82acf9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bfef7cac3e35"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"668575ad04ce","item":{"_ref":"3f1a657f-2b96-437d-ae53-53501e4797ba","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"7faf82ec-96ca-43c5-8f9b-229eadc5d77b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cc9af656a5e4"},{"item":{"_ref":"27be704c-51f5-41e4-be86-32c7b188d3ac","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7999d4d4abc1"},{"item":{"_ref":"1dbe21d7-8b5a-45c2-aeda-43507fd1cfeb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"e069c7bbeb91"},{"item":{"_ref":"ab485c35-7a5f-4557-8f00-02c2095bf662","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b01a23be31cd"},{"item":{"_ref":"fd05b17b-eb2b-4e05-8284-013f8d55ea67","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ffe70519a599"},{"item":{"_ref":"82afabfc-44b6-4443-b9a5-fc79bfb259ae","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fd2efa8d7486"},{"item":{"_ref":"df3371b9-3495-4ad8-ad7c-cd9710b15020","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b060635ba173"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"4c736caa-db46-4f08-a9fd-6c262759ba23"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"63db8fe6598d"},{"item":{"_ref":"dd8a211f-508d-4499-969d-d6aa95fe92e8","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7c2ee4245bf6"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"c29034b4-1b7b-4a9c-92ea-740285752f62"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0c802b888560"}],"children":[{"_key":"aca4d3b6dffc","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Magma leaves the confines of the upper mantle and crust in two major ways: as an intrusion or as an extrusion. An intrusion can form features such as "},{"marks":["58a7fd753c8a"],"text":"dikes","_key":"0341d44edc89","_type":"span"},{"text":" and ","_key":"8fea829f4405","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_type":"span","marks":["f9fc43f6a865"],"text":"xenoliths","_key":"6b62e429c0bb"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":". An extrusion could include lava and volcanic rock. ","_key":"bbe7f7901d4b"}]},{"markDefs":[{"item":{"_ref":"8e6cdf09-1a06-4df8-9e38-516ee8e02ea0","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"41d0058a0868"},{"item":{"_ref":"5513a81b-a19f-47cf-8463-322274181468","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dad2c79c4e8b"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"13a058176e5e","item":{"_ref":"8d6d6b84-f6df-4bd1-8009-a902b5ec2736","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"8d6d6b84-f6df-4bd1-8009-a902b5ec2736"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"13a058176e5e"}],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"Magma can intrude into a low-density area of another geologic formation, such as a ","_key":"cc61e4ac7f7c","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["41d0058a0868"],"text":"sedimentary rock","_key":"7ba7b135dd8d"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" structure. When it cools to solid rock, this intrusion is often called a ","_key":"247551780130"},{"_type":"span","marks":["dad2c79c4e8b"],"text":"pluton","_key":"7b5963eb4b83"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":". A pluton is an intrusion of magma that wells up from below the surface. ","_key":"309467c3d4ce"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"e2e3e6fa2afa"},{"markDefs":[{"item":{"_ref":"8d6d6b84-f6df-4bd1-8009-a902b5ec2736","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"13a058176e5e"},{"item":{"_ref":"8d6d6b84-f6df-4bd1-8009-a902b5ec2736","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"13a058176e5e"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Plutons can include dikes and xenoliths. A magmatic dike is simply a large slab of magmatic material that has intruded into another rock body. A xenolith is a piece of rock trapped in another type of rock. Many xenoliths are crystals torn from inside the Earth and ","_key":"1f21ce798936"},{"_key":"7913153f256d","_type":"span","marks":["13a058176e5e"],"text":"embedded"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" in magma while the magma was cooling. ","_key":"67598adae7f2"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"83d68b95937d"},{"children":[{"text":"The most familiar way for magma to escape, or ","_key":"26474d849e0d","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_type":"span","marks":["202e139259bd"],"text":"extrude","_key":"3eb21acffa26"},{"text":", to Earth’s surface is through lava. Lava ","_key":"bc16b422e302","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_type":"span","marks":["3baeff1c4cfd"],"text":"eruptions","_key":"be632549d2d0"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" can be “fire fountains” of liquid rock or thick, slow-moving rivers of molten material. Lava cools to form volcanic rock as well as ","_key":"5a1addb71ae3"},{"_type":"span","marks":["acd3d2c42fc7"],"text":"volcanic glass","_key":"70d068bf0a04"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":". ","_key":"054512874c19"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"ffc97e8393dc","markDefs":[{"item":{"_ref":"4795633a-8df4-43b6-b506-fb13c2e280ee","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"202e139259bd"},{"item":{"_ref":"f77dd9cb-e453-4d55-9537-5b3329483dca","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"3baeff1c4cfd"},{"item":{"_ref":"e09c05c5-2c17-4f40-ae75-377f2e35c43c","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"acd3d2c42fc7"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"12f0cacc-d5ed-48ef-a38e-b76a5a082d5c"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1f22dbc6e7a8"},{"item":{"_ref":"519fa79d-ca01-474e-981a-9ced34fe2d17","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7b8206cffd93"},{"item":{"_ref":"0d31ae38-0c38-4dac-9314-3c8b7e70c4b7","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cb876082af61"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fc3b7943d1b4","item":{"_ref":"efae7cd5-492a-4293-a882-946cf04359c4","_type":"reference"}},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"02917d8c68c2","item":{"_ref":"fd08fbe5-d7ff-46b7-84bc-167b92d0bd5d","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"89087e99-0e6c-4b6d-98df-cbdb5f99552f","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b518e5cd9d4d"},{"item":{"_ref":"7b548420-9254-4ad7-96a9-49291599adb7","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ac353f47a8a8"},{"item":{"_ref":"61fda2aa-aecd-44b1-acb1-1e50e05fa00a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dbd485320da4"},{"item":{"_ref":"53f84267-220a-43c3-872f-92b269c7856a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"2d2ddecb516b"},{"item":{"_ref":"db74e78f-d673-4297-ac19-383110a43a6b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1f83550383c2"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"03a4e7c81167","item":{"_ref":"4569c15e-7e0f-4fa7-8079-95f1f7137456","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"c24e025e-7bac-4f8f-ac2a-28c7daed5534","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0ad35bf29624"},{"_key":"24be0b29f0ee","item":{"_ref":"baec506d-8e60-4d55-9717-5bff0cf274bf","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"7c6698ac-8d25-405f-8a72-8d9f066e05a9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bed871e357ac"},{"item":{"_ref":"4080755d-1d4c-4751-a967-20cac6cab3c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"97f0c89594d0"},{"item":{"_ref":"4f557972-eccb-4746-9f59-c7b305c1e204","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"06dcf1871bc3"},{"_key":"75b061957672","item":{"_ref":"250e7808-24aa-4df7-b2e2-3925b0779ca0","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"78da82d6-1304-4434-bb55-e0867bf292bb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"56b2f820ef02"},{"item":{"_ref":"25d51839-630c-438d-90ae-ea25ce82acf9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bfef7cac3e35"},{"item":{"_ref":"3f1a657f-2b96-437d-ae53-53501e4797ba","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"668575ad04ce"},{"item":{"_ref":"7faf82ec-96ca-43c5-8f9b-229eadc5d77b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cc9af656a5e4"},{"item":{"_ref":"27be704c-51f5-41e4-be86-32c7b188d3ac","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7999d4d4abc1"},{"item":{"_ref":"1dbe21d7-8b5a-45c2-aeda-43507fd1cfeb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"e069c7bbeb91"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"ab485c35-7a5f-4557-8f00-02c2095bf662"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b01a23be31cd"},{"item":{"_ref":"fd05b17b-eb2b-4e05-8284-013f8d55ea67","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ffe70519a599"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"82afabfc-44b6-4443-b9a5-fc79bfb259ae"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fd2efa8d7486"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"df3371b9-3495-4ad8-ad7c-cd9710b15020"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b060635ba173"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"63db8fe6598d","item":{"_ref":"4c736caa-db46-4f08-a9fd-6c262759ba23","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"dd8a211f-508d-4499-969d-d6aa95fe92e8","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7c2ee4245bf6"},{"item":{"_ref":"c29034b4-1b7b-4a9c-92ea-740285752f62","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0c802b888560"}]},{"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"Magma can also extrude into Earth’s ","_key":"4c0ad8057304","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":["1f22dbc6e7a8"],"text":"atmosphere","_key":"1b24f8f393ef"},{"_key":"a623f80e7a1e","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" as part of a violent volcanic "},{"marks":["7b8206cffd93"],"text":"explosion","_key":"733ab17c0598","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":". This magma solidifies in the air to form volcanic rock called ","_key":"a4aeb7807938"},{"text":"tephra","_key":"680612201df6","_type":"span","marks":["cb876082af61"]},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":". In the atmosphere, tephra is more often called ","_key":"e19cd49ff6f0"},{"text":"volcanic ash","_key":"c291c3b01cd8","_type":"span","marks":["fc3b7943d1b4"]},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":". As it falls to Earth, tephra includes rocks such as ","_key":"7f89e9febf1c"},{"_key":"02d0233682e6","_type":"span","marks":["02917d8c68c2"],"text":"pumice"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":". ","_key":"e65efe9cc507"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"38bf82fc8785","markDefs":[{"item":{"_ref":"12f0cacc-d5ed-48ef-a38e-b76a5a082d5c","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1f22dbc6e7a8"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7b8206cffd93","item":{"_ref":"519fa79d-ca01-474e-981a-9ced34fe2d17","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"0d31ae38-0c38-4dac-9314-3c8b7e70c4b7","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cb876082af61"},{"item":{"_ref":"efae7cd5-492a-4293-a882-946cf04359c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fc3b7943d1b4"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"fd08fbe5-d7ff-46b7-84bc-167b92d0bd5d"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"02917d8c68c2"},{"_key":"b518e5cd9d4d","item":{"_ref":"89087e99-0e6c-4b6d-98df-cbdb5f99552f","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"7b548420-9254-4ad7-96a9-49291599adb7"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ac353f47a8a8"},{"item":{"_ref":"61fda2aa-aecd-44b1-acb1-1e50e05fa00a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dbd485320da4"},{"item":{"_ref":"53f84267-220a-43c3-872f-92b269c7856a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"2d2ddecb516b"},{"item":{"_ref":"db74e78f-d673-4297-ac19-383110a43a6b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1f83550383c2"},{"item":{"_ref":"4569c15e-7e0f-4fa7-8079-95f1f7137456","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"03a4e7c81167"},{"item":{"_ref":"c24e025e-7bac-4f8f-ac2a-28c7daed5534","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0ad35bf29624"},{"item":{"_ref":"baec506d-8e60-4d55-9717-5bff0cf274bf","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"24be0b29f0ee"},{"item":{"_ref":"7c6698ac-8d25-405f-8a72-8d9f066e05a9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bed871e357ac"},{"item":{"_ref":"4080755d-1d4c-4751-a967-20cac6cab3c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"97f0c89594d0"},{"item":{"_ref":"4f557972-eccb-4746-9f59-c7b305c1e204","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"06dcf1871bc3"},{"item":{"_ref":"250e7808-24aa-4df7-b2e2-3925b0779ca0","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"75b061957672"},{"item":{"_ref":"78da82d6-1304-4434-bb55-e0867bf292bb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"56b2f820ef02"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bfef7cac3e35","item":{"_ref":"25d51839-630c-438d-90ae-ea25ce82acf9","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"3f1a657f-2b96-437d-ae53-53501e4797ba"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"668575ad04ce"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"7faf82ec-96ca-43c5-8f9b-229eadc5d77b"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cc9af656a5e4"},{"item":{"_ref":"27be704c-51f5-41e4-be86-32c7b188d3ac","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7999d4d4abc1"},{"item":{"_ref":"1dbe21d7-8b5a-45c2-aeda-43507fd1cfeb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"e069c7bbeb91"},{"item":{"_ref":"ab485c35-7a5f-4557-8f00-02c2095bf662","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b01a23be31cd"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"fd05b17b-eb2b-4e05-8284-013f8d55ea67"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ffe70519a599"},{"item":{"_ref":"82afabfc-44b6-4443-b9a5-fc79bfb259ae","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fd2efa8d7486"},{"item":{"_ref":"df3371b9-3495-4ad8-ad7c-cd9710b15020","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b060635ba173"},{"item":{"_ref":"4c736caa-db46-4f08-a9fd-6c262759ba23","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"63db8fe6598d"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7c2ee4245bf6","item":{"_ref":"dd8a211f-508d-4499-969d-d6aa95fe92e8","_type":"reference"}},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0c802b888560","item":{"_ref":"c29034b4-1b7b-4a9c-92ea-740285752f62","_type":"reference"}}]},{"_key":"b96f1789a9de","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"e42d8aeb6d29"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"markDefs":[{"item":{"_ref":"89087e99-0e6c-4b6d-98df-cbdb5f99552f","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b518e5cd9d4d"},{"item":{"_ref":"7b548420-9254-4ad7-96a9-49291599adb7","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ac353f47a8a8"},{"item":{"_ref":"61fda2aa-aecd-44b1-acb1-1e50e05fa00a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dbd485320da4"},{"item":{"_ref":"53f84267-220a-43c3-872f-92b269c7856a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"2d2ddecb516b"},{"item":{"_ref":"db74e78f-d673-4297-ac19-383110a43a6b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1f83550383c2"},{"item":{"_ref":"4569c15e-7e0f-4fa7-8079-95f1f7137456","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"03a4e7c81167"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0ad35bf29624","item":{"_ref":"c24e025e-7bac-4f8f-ac2a-28c7daed5534","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"baec506d-8e60-4d55-9717-5bff0cf274bf","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"24be0b29f0ee"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bed871e357ac","item":{"_ref":"7c6698ac-8d25-405f-8a72-8d9f066e05a9","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"4080755d-1d4c-4751-a967-20cac6cab3c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"97f0c89594d0"},{"item":{"_ref":"4f557972-eccb-4746-9f59-c7b305c1e204","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"06dcf1871bc3"},{"item":{"_ref":"250e7808-24aa-4df7-b2e2-3925b0779ca0","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"75b061957672"},{"item":{"_ref":"78da82d6-1304-4434-bb55-e0867bf292bb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"56b2f820ef02"},{"item":{"_ref":"25d51839-630c-438d-90ae-ea25ce82acf9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bfef7cac3e35"},{"item":{"_ref":"3f1a657f-2b96-437d-ae53-53501e4797ba","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"668575ad04ce"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cc9af656a5e4","item":{"_ref":"7faf82ec-96ca-43c5-8f9b-229eadc5d77b","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"27be704c-51f5-41e4-be86-32c7b188d3ac","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7999d4d4abc1"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"e069c7bbeb91","item":{"_ref":"1dbe21d7-8b5a-45c2-aeda-43507fd1cfeb","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"ab485c35-7a5f-4557-8f00-02c2095bf662","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b01a23be31cd"},{"item":{"_ref":"fd05b17b-eb2b-4e05-8284-013f8d55ea67","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ffe70519a599"},{"item":{"_ref":"82afabfc-44b6-4443-b9a5-fc79bfb259ae","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fd2efa8d7486"},{"item":{"_ref":"df3371b9-3495-4ad8-ad7c-cd9710b15020","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b060635ba173"},{"item":{"_ref":"4c736caa-db46-4f08-a9fd-6c262759ba23","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"63db8fe6598d"},{"item":{"_ref":"dd8a211f-508d-4499-969d-d6aa95fe92e8","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7c2ee4245bf6"},{"item":{"_ref":"c29034b4-1b7b-4a9c-92ea-740285752f62","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0c802b888560"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong","b518e5cd9d4d"],"text":"Magma Chamber","_key":"22d3388838ec"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" ","_key":"69523286cab7"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"acfc8182c889"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"In areas where temperature, pressure, and structural formation allow, magma can collect in magma chambers. Most magma chambers sit far beneath the surface of the Earth. ","_key":"759eb29d136e"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"30eecbc09b33","markDefs":[{"item":{"_ref":"7b548420-9254-4ad7-96a9-49291599adb7","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ac353f47a8a8"},{"item":{"_ref":"61fda2aa-aecd-44b1-acb1-1e50e05fa00a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dbd485320da4"},{"_key":"2d2ddecb516b","item":{"_ref":"53f84267-220a-43c3-872f-92b269c7856a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"db74e78f-d673-4297-ac19-383110a43a6b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1f83550383c2"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"03a4e7c81167","item":{"_ref":"4569c15e-7e0f-4fa7-8079-95f1f7137456","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"c24e025e-7bac-4f8f-ac2a-28c7daed5534","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0ad35bf29624"},{"item":{"_ref":"baec506d-8e60-4d55-9717-5bff0cf274bf","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"24be0b29f0ee"},{"item":{"_ref":"7c6698ac-8d25-405f-8a72-8d9f066e05a9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bed871e357ac"},{"item":{"_ref":"4080755d-1d4c-4751-a967-20cac6cab3c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"97f0c89594d0"},{"item":{"_ref":"4f557972-eccb-4746-9f59-c7b305c1e204","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"06dcf1871bc3"},{"_key":"75b061957672","item":{"_ref":"250e7808-24aa-4df7-b2e2-3925b0779ca0","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"78da82d6-1304-4434-bb55-e0867bf292bb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"56b2f820ef02"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"25d51839-630c-438d-90ae-ea25ce82acf9"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bfef7cac3e35"},{"item":{"_ref":"3f1a657f-2b96-437d-ae53-53501e4797ba","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"668575ad04ce"},{"item":{"_ref":"7faf82ec-96ca-43c5-8f9b-229eadc5d77b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cc9af656a5e4"},{"item":{"_ref":"27be704c-51f5-41e4-be86-32c7b188d3ac","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7999d4d4abc1"},{"_key":"e069c7bbeb91","item":{"_ref":"1dbe21d7-8b5a-45c2-aeda-43507fd1cfeb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"ab485c35-7a5f-4557-8f00-02c2095bf662","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b01a23be31cd"},{"item":{"_ref":"fd05b17b-eb2b-4e05-8284-013f8d55ea67","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ffe70519a599"},{"item":{"_ref":"82afabfc-44b6-4443-b9a5-fc79bfb259ae","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fd2efa8d7486"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"df3371b9-3495-4ad8-ad7c-cd9710b15020"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b060635ba173"},{"item":{"_ref":"4c736caa-db46-4f08-a9fd-6c262759ba23","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"63db8fe6598d"},{"item":{"_ref":"dd8a211f-508d-4499-969d-d6aa95fe92e8","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7c2ee4245bf6"},{"item":{"_ref":"c29034b4-1b7b-4a9c-92ea-740285752f62","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0c802b888560"}]},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"The pool of magma in a magma chamber is layered. The least-dense magma rises to the top. The densest magma sinks near the bottom of the chamber. Over millions of years, many magma chambers simply cool to form a pluton or large igneous intrusion. ","_key":"35683ec8a619"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"11ca62f39941","markDefs":[{"item":{"_ref":"7b548420-9254-4ad7-96a9-49291599adb7","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ac353f47a8a8"},{"item":{"_ref":"61fda2aa-aecd-44b1-acb1-1e50e05fa00a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dbd485320da4"},{"item":{"_ref":"53f84267-220a-43c3-872f-92b269c7856a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"2d2ddecb516b"},{"item":{"_ref":"db74e78f-d673-4297-ac19-383110a43a6b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1f83550383c2"},{"item":{"_ref":"4569c15e-7e0f-4fa7-8079-95f1f7137456","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"03a4e7c81167"},{"item":{"_ref":"c24e025e-7bac-4f8f-ac2a-28c7daed5534","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0ad35bf29624"},{"_key":"24be0b29f0ee","item":{"_ref":"baec506d-8e60-4d55-9717-5bff0cf274bf","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"7c6698ac-8d25-405f-8a72-8d9f066e05a9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bed871e357ac"},{"_key":"97f0c89594d0","item":{"_ref":"4080755d-1d4c-4751-a967-20cac6cab3c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"06dcf1871bc3","item":{"_ref":"4f557972-eccb-4746-9f59-c7b305c1e204","_type":"reference"}},{"_key":"75b061957672","item":{"_ref":"250e7808-24aa-4df7-b2e2-3925b0779ca0","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"78da82d6-1304-4434-bb55-e0867bf292bb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"56b2f820ef02"},{"item":{"_ref":"25d51839-630c-438d-90ae-ea25ce82acf9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bfef7cac3e35"},{"_key":"668575ad04ce","item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"3f1a657f-2b96-437d-ae53-53501e4797ba"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"7faf82ec-96ca-43c5-8f9b-229eadc5d77b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cc9af656a5e4"},{"item":{"_ref":"27be704c-51f5-41e4-be86-32c7b188d3ac","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7999d4d4abc1"},{"item":{"_ref":"1dbe21d7-8b5a-45c2-aeda-43507fd1cfeb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"e069c7bbeb91"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b01a23be31cd","item":{"_ref":"ab485c35-7a5f-4557-8f00-02c2095bf662","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"fd05b17b-eb2b-4e05-8284-013f8d55ea67","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ffe70519a599"},{"_key":"fd2efa8d7486","item":{"_ref":"82afabfc-44b6-4443-b9a5-fc79bfb259ae","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"df3371b9-3495-4ad8-ad7c-cd9710b15020","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b060635ba173"},{"item":{"_ref":"4c736caa-db46-4f08-a9fd-6c262759ba23","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"63db8fe6598d"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7c2ee4245bf6","item":{"_ref":"dd8a211f-508d-4499-969d-d6aa95fe92e8","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"c29034b4-1b7b-4a9c-92ea-740285752f62","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0c802b888560"}]},{"markDefs":[{"item":{"_ref":"7b548420-9254-4ad7-96a9-49291599adb7","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ac353f47a8a8"},{"item":{"_ref":"61fda2aa-aecd-44b1-acb1-1e50e05fa00a","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dbd485320da4"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"2d2ddecb516b","item":{"_ref":"53f84267-220a-43c3-872f-92b269c7856a","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"db74e78f-d673-4297-ac19-383110a43a6b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"1f83550383c2"},{"item":{"_ref":"4569c15e-7e0f-4fa7-8079-95f1f7137456","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"03a4e7c81167"},{"item":{"_ref":"c24e025e-7bac-4f8f-ac2a-28c7daed5534","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0ad35bf29624"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"baec506d-8e60-4d55-9717-5bff0cf274bf"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"24be0b29f0ee"},{"item":{"_ref":"7c6698ac-8d25-405f-8a72-8d9f066e05a9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bed871e357ac"},{"_key":"97f0c89594d0","item":{"_ref":"4080755d-1d4c-4751-a967-20cac6cab3c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"4f557972-eccb-4746-9f59-c7b305c1e204","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"06dcf1871bc3"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"250e7808-24aa-4df7-b2e2-3925b0779ca0"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"75b061957672"},{"_key":"56b2f820ef02","item":{"_ref":"78da82d6-1304-4434-bb55-e0867bf292bb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"25d51839-630c-438d-90ae-ea25ce82acf9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bfef7cac3e35"},{"item":{"_ref":"3f1a657f-2b96-437d-ae53-53501e4797ba","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"668575ad04ce"},{"_key":"cc9af656a5e4","item":{"_ref":"7faf82ec-96ca-43c5-8f9b-229eadc5d77b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7999d4d4abc1","item":{"_ref":"27be704c-51f5-41e4-be86-32c7b188d3ac","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"1dbe21d7-8b5a-45c2-aeda-43507fd1cfeb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"e069c7bbeb91"},{"item":{"_ref":"ab485c35-7a5f-4557-8f00-02c2095bf662","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b01a23be31cd"},{"_key":"ffe70519a599","item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"fd05b17b-eb2b-4e05-8284-013f8d55ea67"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"82afabfc-44b6-4443-b9a5-fc79bfb259ae","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fd2efa8d7486"},{"item":{"_ref":"df3371b9-3495-4ad8-ad7c-cd9710b15020","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b060635ba173"},{"item":{"_ref":"4c736caa-db46-4f08-a9fd-6c262759ba23","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"63db8fe6598d"},{"item":{"_ref":"dd8a211f-508d-4499-969d-d6aa95fe92e8","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7c2ee4245bf6"},{"item":{"_ref":"c29034b4-1b7b-4a9c-92ea-740285752f62","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0c802b888560"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"If a magma chamber ","_key":"c06cd2cd995b"},{"_type":"span","marks":["ac353f47a8a8"],"text":"encounters","_key":"1ee81aae74f9"},{"_key":"44f7971c78e9","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" an "},{"text":"enormous","_key":"391949fbec81","_type":"span","marks":["dbd485320da4"]},{"_key":"b011953453dc","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" amount of pressure, however, it may "},{"_type":"span","marks":["2d2ddecb516b"],"text":"fracture","_key":"31491922dae3"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" the rock around it. The cracks, called ","_key":"62d268cd96b3"},{"_key":"9141eed388da","_type":"span","marks":["1f83550383c2"],"text":"fissures"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" or vents, are tell-tale signs of a volcano. Many volcanoes sit over magma chambers. ","_key":"f799fe2eab71"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"97580823335f"},{"markDefs":[{"_key":"03a4e7c81167","item":{"_ref":"4569c15e-7e0f-4fa7-8079-95f1f7137456","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"_key":"0ad35bf29624","item":{"_ref":"c24e025e-7bac-4f8f-ac2a-28c7daed5534","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"_key":"24be0b29f0ee","item":{"_ref":"baec506d-8e60-4d55-9717-5bff0cf274bf","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"7c6698ac-8d25-405f-8a72-8d9f066e05a9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bed871e357ac"},{"item":{"_ref":"4080755d-1d4c-4751-a967-20cac6cab3c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"97f0c89594d0"},{"item":{"_ref":"4f557972-eccb-4746-9f59-c7b305c1e204","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"06dcf1871bc3"},{"item":{"_ref":"250e7808-24aa-4df7-b2e2-3925b0779ca0","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"75b061957672"},{"item":{"_ref":"78da82d6-1304-4434-bb55-e0867bf292bb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"56b2f820ef02"},{"item":{"_ref":"25d51839-630c-438d-90ae-ea25ce82acf9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bfef7cac3e35"},{"item":{"_ref":"3f1a657f-2b96-437d-ae53-53501e4797ba","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"668575ad04ce"},{"item":{"_ref":"7faf82ec-96ca-43c5-8f9b-229eadc5d77b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cc9af656a5e4"},{"_key":"7999d4d4abc1","item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"27be704c-51f5-41e4-be86-32c7b188d3ac"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"1dbe21d7-8b5a-45c2-aeda-43507fd1cfeb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"e069c7bbeb91"},{"_key":"b01a23be31cd","item":{"_ref":"ab485c35-7a5f-4557-8f00-02c2095bf662","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"fd05b17b-eb2b-4e05-8284-013f8d55ea67","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ffe70519a599"},{"item":{"_ref":"82afabfc-44b6-4443-b9a5-fc79bfb259ae","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fd2efa8d7486"},{"item":{"_ref":"df3371b9-3495-4ad8-ad7c-cd9710b15020","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b060635ba173"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"63db8fe6598d","item":{"_ref":"4c736caa-db46-4f08-a9fd-6c262759ba23","_type":"reference"}},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7c2ee4245bf6","item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"dd8a211f-508d-4499-969d-d6aa95fe92e8"}},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0c802b888560","item":{"_ref":"c29034b4-1b7b-4a9c-92ea-740285752f62","_type":"reference"}}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"As a volcano’s magma chamber experiences greater pressure, often due to more magma seeping into the chamber, the volcano may undergo an eruption. An eruption ","_key":"886c809d2748"},{"_type":"span","marks":["03a4e7c81167"],"text":"reduces","_key":"daf7df157d76"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" the pressure inside the magma chamber. As long as more magma pools into a volcano’s magma chamber, there is the possibility of an eruption and the volcano will remain active. ","_key":"c704ea16cb0a"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"75fa52491fd6"},{"style":"normal","_key":"94fb6ca6947b","markDefs":[{"_key":"0ad35bf29624","item":{"_ref":"c24e025e-7bac-4f8f-ac2a-28c7daed5534","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"baec506d-8e60-4d55-9717-5bff0cf274bf"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"24be0b29f0ee"},{"_key":"bed871e357ac","item":{"_ref":"7c6698ac-8d25-405f-8a72-8d9f066e05a9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"4080755d-1d4c-4751-a967-20cac6cab3c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"97f0c89594d0"},{"item":{"_ref":"4f557972-eccb-4746-9f59-c7b305c1e204","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"06dcf1871bc3"},{"_key":"75b061957672","item":{"_ref":"250e7808-24aa-4df7-b2e2-3925b0779ca0","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"78da82d6-1304-4434-bb55-e0867bf292bb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"56b2f820ef02"},{"item":{"_ref":"25d51839-630c-438d-90ae-ea25ce82acf9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bfef7cac3e35"},{"item":{"_ref":"3f1a657f-2b96-437d-ae53-53501e4797ba","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"668575ad04ce"},{"item":{"_ref":"7faf82ec-96ca-43c5-8f9b-229eadc5d77b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cc9af656a5e4"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"27be704c-51f5-41e4-be86-32c7b188d3ac"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7999d4d4abc1"},{"item":{"_ref":"1dbe21d7-8b5a-45c2-aeda-43507fd1cfeb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"e069c7bbeb91"},{"item":{"_ref":"ab485c35-7a5f-4557-8f00-02c2095bf662","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b01a23be31cd"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"fd05b17b-eb2b-4e05-8284-013f8d55ea67"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ffe70519a599"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fd2efa8d7486","item":{"_ref":"82afabfc-44b6-4443-b9a5-fc79bfb259ae","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"df3371b9-3495-4ad8-ad7c-cd9710b15020","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b060635ba173"},{"_key":"63db8fe6598d","item":{"_ref":"4c736caa-db46-4f08-a9fd-6c262759ba23","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"dd8a211f-508d-4499-969d-d6aa95fe92e8"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7c2ee4245bf6"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"c29034b4-1b7b-4a9c-92ea-740285752f62"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0c802b888560"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Large eruptions can nearly empty the magma chamber. The layers of magma may be ","_key":"f4489191bd3f"},{"_type":"span","marks":["0ad35bf29624"],"text":"documented","_key":"cb2a3dc6afaf"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" by the type of eruption material the volcano ","_key":"74bb15436cec"},{"_type":"span","marks":["24be0b29f0ee"],"text":"emits","_key":"a41ab7c9973e"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":". Gases, ash, and light-colored rock are emitted first, from the least-dense, top layer of the magma chamber. Dark, dense volcanic rock from the lower part of the magma chamber may be released later. ","_key":"525c6de1a49a"}],"_type":"block"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"6c21f603cc49","markDefs":[{"item":{"_ref":"7c6698ac-8d25-405f-8a72-8d9f066e05a9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bed871e357ac"},{"_key":"97f0c89594d0","item":{"_ref":"4080755d-1d4c-4751-a967-20cac6cab3c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"4f557972-eccb-4746-9f59-c7b305c1e204","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"06dcf1871bc3"},{"item":{"_ref":"250e7808-24aa-4df7-b2e2-3925b0779ca0","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"75b061957672"},{"item":{"_ref":"78da82d6-1304-4434-bb55-e0867bf292bb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"56b2f820ef02"},{"item":{"_ref":"25d51839-630c-438d-90ae-ea25ce82acf9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bfef7cac3e35"},{"item":{"_ref":"3f1a657f-2b96-437d-ae53-53501e4797ba","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"668575ad04ce"},{"item":{"_ref":"7faf82ec-96ca-43c5-8f9b-229eadc5d77b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cc9af656a5e4"},{"_key":"7999d4d4abc1","item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"27be704c-51f5-41e4-be86-32c7b188d3ac"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"1dbe21d7-8b5a-45c2-aeda-43507fd1cfeb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"e069c7bbeb91"},{"item":{"_ref":"ab485c35-7a5f-4557-8f00-02c2095bf662","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b01a23be31cd"},{"item":{"_ref":"fd05b17b-eb2b-4e05-8284-013f8d55ea67","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ffe70519a599"},{"item":{"_ref":"82afabfc-44b6-4443-b9a5-fc79bfb259ae","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fd2efa8d7486"},{"item":{"_ref":"df3371b9-3495-4ad8-ad7c-cd9710b15020","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b060635ba173"},{"item":{"_ref":"4c736caa-db46-4f08-a9fd-6c262759ba23","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"63db8fe6598d"},{"item":{"_ref":"dd8a211f-508d-4499-969d-d6aa95fe92e8","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7c2ee4245bf6"},{"item":{"_ref":"c29034b4-1b7b-4a9c-92ea-740285752f62","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0c802b888560"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"In violent eruptions, the volume of magma shrinks so much that the entire magma chamber collapses and forms a ","_key":"23427c0fb55d"},{"_type":"span","marks":["bed871e357ac"],"text":"caldera","_key":"ba3ba927263f"},{"marks":[],"text":". ","_key":"6e3b1008d13f","_type":"span"}]},{"_key":"4a3579d7de5a","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"163f762a3ca013"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Types of Magma ","_key":"b918ac344c48"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"d377e1c76497","markDefs":[{"item":{"_ref":"4080755d-1d4c-4751-a967-20cac6cab3c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"97f0c89594d0"},{"item":{"_ref":"4f557972-eccb-4746-9f59-c7b305c1e204","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"06dcf1871bc3"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"75b061957672","item":{"_ref":"250e7808-24aa-4df7-b2e2-3925b0779ca0","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"78da82d6-1304-4434-bb55-e0867bf292bb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"56b2f820ef02"},{"item":{"_ref":"25d51839-630c-438d-90ae-ea25ce82acf9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bfef7cac3e35"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"668575ad04ce","item":{"_ref":"3f1a657f-2b96-437d-ae53-53501e4797ba","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"7faf82ec-96ca-43c5-8f9b-229eadc5d77b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cc9af656a5e4"},{"item":{"_ref":"27be704c-51f5-41e4-be86-32c7b188d3ac","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7999d4d4abc1"},{"item":{"_ref":"1dbe21d7-8b5a-45c2-aeda-43507fd1cfeb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"e069c7bbeb91"},{"item":{"_ref":"ab485c35-7a5f-4557-8f00-02c2095bf662","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b01a23be31cd"},{"item":{"_ref":"fd05b17b-eb2b-4e05-8284-013f8d55ea67","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ffe70519a599"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fd2efa8d7486","item":{"_ref":"82afabfc-44b6-4443-b9a5-fc79bfb259ae","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"df3371b9-3495-4ad8-ad7c-cd9710b15020","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b060635ba173"},{"item":{"_ref":"4c736caa-db46-4f08-a9fd-6c262759ba23","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"63db8fe6598d"},{"item":{"_ref":"dd8a211f-508d-4499-969d-d6aa95fe92e8","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7c2ee4245bf6"},{"item":{"_ref":"c29034b4-1b7b-4a9c-92ea-740285752f62","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0c802b888560"}]},{"style":"normal","_key":"5c59269b8774","markDefs":[{"item":{"_ref":"4080755d-1d4c-4751-a967-20cac6cab3c4","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"97f0c89594d0"},{"item":{"_ref":"4f557972-eccb-4746-9f59-c7b305c1e204","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"06dcf1871bc3"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"250e7808-24aa-4df7-b2e2-3925b0779ca0"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"75b061957672"},{"_key":"56b2f820ef02","item":{"_ref":"78da82d6-1304-4434-bb55-e0867bf292bb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"25d51839-630c-438d-90ae-ea25ce82acf9","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bfef7cac3e35"},{"item":{"_ref":"3f1a657f-2b96-437d-ae53-53501e4797ba","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"668575ad04ce"},{"item":{"_ref":"7faf82ec-96ca-43c5-8f9b-229eadc5d77b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cc9af656a5e4"},{"item":{"_ref":"27be704c-51f5-41e4-be86-32c7b188d3ac","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7999d4d4abc1"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"e069c7bbeb91","item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"1dbe21d7-8b5a-45c2-aeda-43507fd1cfeb"}},{"item":{"_ref":"ab485c35-7a5f-4557-8f00-02c2095bf662","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b01a23be31cd"},{"item":{"_ref":"fd05b17b-eb2b-4e05-8284-013f8d55ea67","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ffe70519a599"},{"item":{"_ref":"82afabfc-44b6-4443-b9a5-fc79bfb259ae","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fd2efa8d7486"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b060635ba173","item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"df3371b9-3495-4ad8-ad7c-cd9710b15020"}},{"item":{"_ref":"4c736caa-db46-4f08-a9fd-6c262759ba23","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"63db8fe6598d"},{"item":{"_ref":"dd8a211f-508d-4499-969d-d6aa95fe92e8","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7c2ee4245bf6"},{"item":{"_ref":"c29034b4-1b7b-4a9c-92ea-740285752f62","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0c802b888560"}],"children":[{"text":"All magma contains gases and a mixture of simple ","_key":"8766535503ed","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"marks":["97f0c89594d0"],"text":"elements","_key":"779e11a712a1","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":". Being that oxygen and silicon are the most ","_key":"ceee6657a7ff"},{"_type":"span","marks":["06dcf1871bc3"],"text":"abundant","_key":"eda4de62034c"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" elements in magma, geologists define magma types in terms of their ","_key":"ed48c34ee046"},{"_type":"span","marks":["75b061957672"],"text":"silica","_key":"41efb466206b"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" content, expressed as SiO2. These differences in chemical composition are directly related to differences in gas content, temperature, and ","_key":"a921628e4384"},{"_type":"span","marks":["56b2f820ef02"],"text":"viscosity","_key":"84f029475723"},{"_key":"3287c50be0ff","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":". "}],"_type":"block"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"a42649c48730"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"8879e540552c"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"b2608fbc6dd2","markDefs":[{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"bfef7cac3e35","item":{"_ref":"25d51839-630c-438d-90ae-ea25ce82acf9","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"3f1a657f-2b96-437d-ae53-53501e4797ba","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"668575ad04ce"},{"item":{"_ref":"7faf82ec-96ca-43c5-8f9b-229eadc5d77b","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cc9af656a5e4"},{"item":{"_ref":"27be704c-51f5-41e4-be86-32c7b188d3ac","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7999d4d4abc1"},{"item":{"_ref":"1dbe21d7-8b5a-45c2-aeda-43507fd1cfeb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"e069c7bbeb91"},{"item":{"_ref":"ab485c35-7a5f-4557-8f00-02c2095bf662","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b01a23be31cd"},{"item":{"_ref":"fd05b17b-eb2b-4e05-8284-013f8d55ea67","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ffe70519a599"},{"item":{"_ref":"82afabfc-44b6-4443-b9a5-fc79bfb259ae","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fd2efa8d7486"},{"item":{"_ref":"df3371b9-3495-4ad8-ad7c-cd9710b15020","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b060635ba173"},{"item":{"_ref":"4c736caa-db46-4f08-a9fd-6c262759ba23","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"63db8fe6598d"},{"item":{"_ref":"dd8a211f-508d-4499-969d-d6aa95fe92e8","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7c2ee4245bf6"},{"item":{"_ref":"c29034b4-1b7b-4a9c-92ea-740285752f62","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0c802b888560"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["em","bfef7cac3e35"],"text":"Mafic","_key":"5f5398a0037a"},{"_key":"9c239ad3cb04","_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":" Magma"}]},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"4fee0f610aaa","markDefs":[{"item":{"_ref":"3f1a657f-2b96-437d-ae53-53501e4797ba","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"668575ad04ce"}],"children":[{"_key":"f5b997d5c2bc","_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Mafic magma has relatively low silica content, roughly 50%, and higher contents in iron and magnesium. This type of magma has a low gas content and low viscosity, or resistance to flow. Mafic magma also has high "},{"_type":"span","marks":["668575ad04ce"],"text":"mean","_key":"fb5ac9dbf38c"},{"text":" temperatures, between 1000o and 2000o Celsius (1832° and 3632° Fahrenheit), which contributes to its lower viscosity. ","_key":"8f0125e25b94","_type":"span","marks":[]}]},{"_key":"51dda5e451c2","markDefs":[{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"7faf82ec-96ca-43c5-8f9b-229eadc5d77b"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"cc9af656a5e4"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7999d4d4abc1","item":{"_ref":"27be704c-51f5-41e4-be86-32c7b188d3ac","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"1dbe21d7-8b5a-45c2-aeda-43507fd1cfeb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"e069c7bbeb91"},{"item":{"_ref":"ab485c35-7a5f-4557-8f00-02c2095bf662","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b01a23be31cd"},{"item":{"_ref":"fd05b17b-eb2b-4e05-8284-013f8d55ea67","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ffe70519a599"},{"item":{"_ref":"82afabfc-44b6-4443-b9a5-fc79bfb259ae","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fd2efa8d7486"},{"item":{"_ref":"df3371b9-3495-4ad8-ad7c-cd9710b15020","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b060635ba173"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"4c736caa-db46-4f08-a9fd-6c262759ba23"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"63db8fe6598d"},{"item":{"_ref":"dd8a211f-508d-4499-969d-d6aa95fe92e8","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7c2ee4245bf6"},{"item":{"_ref":"c29034b4-1b7b-4a9c-92ea-740285752f62","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0c802b888560"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Low viscosity means that mafic magma is the most fluid of magma types. It erupts non-explosively and moves very quickly when it reaches Earth’s surface as lava. This lava cools into ","_key":"c71defc5bc7c"},{"_type":"span","marks":["cc9af656a5e4"],"text":"basalt","_key":"195d24f5125e"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":", a rock that is heavy and dark in color due to its higher iron and magnesium levels. Basalt is one of the most common rocks in Earth’s crust as well as the volcanic islands created by hot spots. The Hawaiian Islands are a direct result of mafic magma eruptions. Steady and relatively calm “","_key":"e2f94b26a135"},{"marks":["7999d4d4abc1"],"text":"lava fountains","_key":"8c34cc0cbbc3","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"” continue to change and expand the “Big Island” of Hawaii. ","_key":"5f702f61621e"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"","_key":"163f762a3ca017","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"10b4340535c3","markDefs":[]},{"markDefs":[{"item":{"_ref":"1dbe21d7-8b5a-45c2-aeda-43507fd1cfeb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"e069c7bbeb91"},{"item":{"_ref":"ab485c35-7a5f-4557-8f00-02c2095bf662","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b01a23be31cd"},{"_key":"ffe70519a599","item":{"_ref":"fd05b17b-eb2b-4e05-8284-013f8d55ea67","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"item":{"_ref":"82afabfc-44b6-4443-b9a5-fc79bfb259ae","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fd2efa8d7486"},{"item":{"_ref":"df3371b9-3495-4ad8-ad7c-cd9710b15020","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b060635ba173"},{"item":{"_ref":"4c736caa-db46-4f08-a9fd-6c262759ba23","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"63db8fe6598d"},{"item":{"_ref":"dd8a211f-508d-4499-969d-d6aa95fe92e8","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7c2ee4245bf6"},{"_key":"0c802b888560","item":{"_ref":"c29034b4-1b7b-4a9c-92ea-740285752f62","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":"Intermediate Magma","_key":"b7e6795c7ac4"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"3e0abce5aeb0"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Intermediate magma has higher silica content (roughly 60%) than mafic magma. This results in a higher gas content and viscosity. Its mean temperature ranges from 800° to 1000° Celsius (1472° to 1832° Fahrenheit). ","_key":"daf805bf5a38"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"2457cb120352","markDefs":[{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"e069c7bbeb91","item":{"_ref":"1dbe21d7-8b5a-45c2-aeda-43507fd1cfeb","_type":"reference"}},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b01a23be31cd","item":{"_ref":"ab485c35-7a5f-4557-8f00-02c2095bf662","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"fd05b17b-eb2b-4e05-8284-013f8d55ea67","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ffe70519a599"},{"item":{"_ref":"82afabfc-44b6-4443-b9a5-fc79bfb259ae","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fd2efa8d7486"},{"item":{"_ref":"df3371b9-3495-4ad8-ad7c-cd9710b15020","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b060635ba173"},{"item":{"_ref":"4c736caa-db46-4f08-a9fd-6c262759ba23","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"63db8fe6598d"},{"item":{"_ref":"dd8a211f-508d-4499-969d-d6aa95fe92e8","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7c2ee4245bf6"},{"item":{"_ref":"c29034b4-1b7b-4a9c-92ea-740285752f62","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0c802b888560"}]},{"_key":"dad33804f6d1","markDefs":[{"item":{"_ref":"1dbe21d7-8b5a-45c2-aeda-43507fd1cfeb","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"e069c7bbeb91"},{"_key":"b01a23be31cd","item":{"_ref":"ab485c35-7a5f-4557-8f00-02c2095bf662","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ffe70519a599","item":{"_ref":"fd05b17b-eb2b-4e05-8284-013f8d55ea67","_type":"reference"}},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fd2efa8d7486","item":{"_ref":"82afabfc-44b6-4443-b9a5-fc79bfb259ae","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"df3371b9-3495-4ad8-ad7c-cd9710b15020","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b060635ba173"},{"item":{"_ref":"4c736caa-db46-4f08-a9fd-6c262759ba23","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"63db8fe6598d"},{"item":{"_ref":"dd8a211f-508d-4499-969d-d6aa95fe92e8","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7c2ee4245bf6"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0c802b888560","item":{"_ref":"c29034b4-1b7b-4a9c-92ea-740285752f62","_type":"reference"}}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"As a result of its higher viscosity and gas content, intermediate magma builds up pressure below the Earth’s surface before it can be released as lava. This more gaseous and sticky lava tends to explode violently and cools as ","_key":"72763a118990"},{"_type":"span","marks":["e069c7bbeb91"],"text":"andesite","_key":"e0f2564d4489"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" rock. Intermediate magma most commonly transforms into andesite due to the transfer of heat at convergent plate boundaries. Andesitic rocks are often found at ","_key":"d7c76af1d6c2"},{"_type":"span","marks":["b01a23be31cd"],"text":"continental","_key":"b56fef3a4d0e"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" volcanic arcs, such as the Andes Mountains in South America, after which they are named. ","_key":"5bc64a719e3f"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"_key":"9f2217de8beb","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"1418364b155c"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["em","ffe70519a599"],"text":"Felsic","_key":"e2c0d66ea560"},{"_type":"span","marks":["em"],"text":" Magma","_key":"7cd9f3680e28"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"c49beec6d593","markDefs":[{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"ffe70519a599","item":{"_ref":"fd05b17b-eb2b-4e05-8284-013f8d55ea67","_type":"reference"}}]},{"_key":"0843aa165264","markDefs":[{"item":{"_ref":"82afabfc-44b6-4443-b9a5-fc79bfb259ae","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fd2efa8d7486"},{"item":{"_ref":"df3371b9-3495-4ad8-ad7c-cd9710b15020","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"b060635ba173"},{"item":{"_ref":"4c736caa-db46-4f08-a9fd-6c262759ba23","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"63db8fe6598d"},{"item":{"_ref":"dd8a211f-508d-4499-969d-d6aa95fe92e8","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7c2ee4245bf6"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0c802b888560","item":{"_ref":"c29034b4-1b7b-4a9c-92ea-740285752f62","_type":"reference"}}],"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"Felsic magma has the highest silica content of all magma types, between 65-70%. As a result, felsic magma also has the highest gas content and viscosity, and lowest mean temperatures, between 650° and 800° Celsius (1202° and 1472° Fahrenheit). ","_key":"19bccc68ea6b","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Thick, ","_key":"7ef6b9660b61"},{"_type":"span","marks":["fd2efa8d7486"],"text":"viscous","_key":"b2f936070660"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" felsic magma can trap gas bubbles in a volcano’s magma chamber. These trapped bubbles can cause explosive and ","_key":"502955ddead9"},{"_type":"span","marks":["b060635ba173"],"text":"destructive","_key":"6341364e6a39"},{"text":" eruptions. These eruptions eject lava violently into the air, which cools into ","_key":"7ddbb876b3ea","_type":"span","marks":[]},{"_type":"span","marks":["63db8fe6598d"],"text":"dacite","_key":"334675ca499e"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" and ","_key":"9e12a7157edc"},{"text":"rhyolite","_key":"804b501ed75b","_type":"span","marks":["7c2ee4245bf6"]},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" rock. Much like intermediate magma, felsic magma may be most commonly found at convergent plate boundaries where transfer of heat and flux melting create large ","_key":"807c879a41e8"},{"text":"stratovolcanoes","_key":"a40efffd0fd5","_type":"span","marks":["0c802b888560"]},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":".","_key":"08536873f787"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"41e8c0f1ed99","markDefs":[{"item":{"_ref":"82afabfc-44b6-4443-b9a5-fc79bfb259ae","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"fd2efa8d7486"},{"_key":"b060635ba173","item":{"_ref":"df3371b9-3495-4ad8-ad7c-cd9710b15020","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem"},{"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"63db8fe6598d","item":{"_ref":"4c736caa-db46-4f08-a9fd-6c262759ba23","_type":"reference"}},{"item":{"_ref":"dd8a211f-508d-4499-969d-d6aa95fe92e8","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"7c2ee4245bf6"},{"item":{"_ref":"c29034b4-1b7b-4a9c-92ea-740285752f62","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"0c802b888560"}]},{"_key":"e2e3e6fa2afa","markDefs":[{"item":{"_ref":"8e6cdf09-1a06-4df8-9e38-516ee8e02ea0","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"41d0058a0868"},{"item":{"_ref":"5513a81b-a19f-47cf-8463-322274181468","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"dad2c79c4e8b"},{"item":{"_type":"reference","_ref":"8d6d6b84-f6df-4bd1-8009-a902b5ec2736"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"13a058176e5e"},{"item":{"_ref":"8d6d6b84-f6df-4bd1-8009-a902b5ec2736","_type":"reference"},"_type":"vocabularyItem","_key":"13a058176e5e"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Magma can intrude into a low-density area of another geologic formation, such as a ","_key":"cc61e4ac7f7c"},{"_type":"span","marks":["41d0058a0868"],"text":"sedimentary rock","_key":"7ba7b135dd8d"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":" structure. When it cools to solid rock, this intrusion is often called a ","_key":"247551780130"},{"_type":"span","marks":["dad2c79c4e8b"],"text":"pluton","_key":"7b5963eb4b83"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":". A pluton is an intrusion of magma that wells up from below the surface. ","_key":"309467c3d4ce"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"}],"fastFacts":[[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"marks":["strong"],"text":"Hawaii's Molten Magma","_key":"a8a57d3b65bc0","_type":"span"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"\nHawaiian magma is different than magma in other parts of the Earth because it has more molten rock and less dissolved gases and rock fragments. The Hawaiian volcano Kilauea, on the \"Big Island\" of Hawaii, has erupted with enough molten lava to pave a road around the Earth three times.","_key":"a8a57d3b65bc1"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"a8a57d3b65bc"}],[{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Mysterious Magma","_key":"622bc3cce7a40"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"622bc3cce7a4","markDefs":[]},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"0773c5a3dc7c","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Magma is usually studied as lava or igneous rock. But most magma remains molten or partly molten beneath Earth’s surface. In fact, magma has only been discovered three times in its “natural” habitat deep in Earth’s crust. Geothermal drilling projects discovered two magma sites on the “Big Island” of Hawai'i, and one on Iceland.","_key":"5679059ddf6d"}]}],[{"style":"normal","_key":"6e090ba3443a","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Tapping into Magma’s Potential","_key":"6e090ba3443a0"}],"_type":"block"},{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"In 2009, the Icelandic Deep Drilling Project created a well that uses magma to generate geothermal energy. Normally, geothermal energy is created by pumping water into hot volcanic bedrock, creating steam that is then harnessed to generate electricity. While normal geothermal sources average around 60° to 80° Celsius (140° to 176° Fahrenheit), the magma well’s steam reached a record-breaking temperature of 450° Celsius (842° Fahrenheit)! This huge increase in temperature allowed just one magma well to generate roughly 36 megawatts of electricity, powering 36,000 homes. In comparison, one single wind turbine generates between one to three megawatts.","_key":"b3e5635e89a5"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"848cdb455df7","markDefs":[]}]],"interactive":null,"ideas":null,"instructionalLinks":null,"sponsors":null,"collectionItems":null},"date":"2022-05-09T11:11:33Z","keyImageUrl":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1638891818/EducationHub/photos/lava-lake.jpg","id":"c451f90e-3d3b-4484-ad4b-3cb3388b8f10","title":"Magma's Role in the Rock Cycle","format":null,"keyImage":{"width":2010,"format":"jpg","url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1638891818/EducationHub/photos/lava-lake.jpg","height":1337,"context":{"custom":{"alt":"Close-up photo of hot lava.","caption":"Lava Lake"}},"name":"lava-lake.jpg","_type":"cloudinary.asset","bytes":529611,"metadata":{"credits":"Photograph by Carsten Peter, National Geographic"},"_version":1,"resource_type":"image","secure_url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1638891818/EducationHub/photos/lava-lake.jpg","source":{"name":"cloudinary","id":"JTdCJTIyZm9ybWF0JTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyanBnJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycHVibGljX2lkJTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyRWR1Y2F0aW9uSHViJTJGcGhvdG9zJTJGbGF2YS1sYWtlJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycmVzb3VyY2VfdHlwZSUyMiUzQSUyMCUyMmltYWdlJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIydHlwZSUyMiUzQSUyMCUyMnVwbG9hZCUyMiUyQyUyMCUyMnJhd1RyYW5zZm9ybWF0aW9uJTIyJTNBJTIwbnVsbCU3RA=="},"access_mode":"public"},"subjects":["Earth Science","Geology","Geography","Physical Geography"],"slug":"magma-role-rock-cycle","_id":"c451f90e-3d3b-4484-ad4b-3cb3388b8f10","description":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Magma is a mixture of molten and semi-molten rock found beneath the surface of the Earth.","_key":"bb710b4972750"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"bb710b497275"}],"credits":{"otherCreditsHeading":"other","otherCredits":null,"items":[{"item":{"name":"Jeannie Evers, Emdash Editing","url":"","organization":{"name":"Emdash Editing","url":""}},"category":"Editor"},{"item":{"name":"National Geographic Society","url":"","organization":{"name":"National Geographic Society","url":""}},"category":"Producer"}]},"updatedAt":"2024-04-26T13:51:03Z","relatedResources":[{"format":null,"id":"2a2c31a5-2b5d-4279-ae1e-aba9873c6324","title":"Magma","description":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Magma is extremely hot liquid and semi-liquid rock located under Earth’s surface. When magma flows onto Earth’s surface, it is called lava.","_key":"7ea6e18820d50"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"7ea6e18820d5"},{"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"2ff5350f6bce","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"","_key":"2ff5350f6bce0"}]}],"contentType":"encyclopedicEntry","slug":"magma","keyImage":{"width":2000,"_type":"cloudinary.asset","metadata":{"credits":"Photograph by Budkov Denis"},"access_mode":"public","bytes":3105326,"name":"lava-flow.jpg","resource_type":"image","_version":1,"secure_url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1638891630/EducationHub/photos/lava-flow.jpg","height":1333,"context":{"custom":{"alt":"Lava (magma that has erupted onto Earth's surface) is visually mesmerizing – as the molten rock flows downhill, lava exposed to the air cools to a deep black color, while the molten rock beneath glows bright orange.","caption":"Lava Flow"}},"url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1638891630/EducationHub/photos/lava-flow.jpg","format":"jpg","source":{"name":"cloudinary","id":"JTdCJTIyZm9ybWF0JTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyanBnJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycHVibGljX2lkJTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyRWR1Y2F0aW9uSHViJTJGcGhvdG9zJTJGbGF2YS1mbG93JTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycmVzb3VyY2VfdHlwZSUyMiUzQSUyMCUyMmltYWdlJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIydHlwZSUyMiUzQSUyMCUyMnVwbG9hZCUyMiUyQyUyMCUyMnJhd1RyYW5zZm9ybWF0aW9uJTIyJTNBJTIwbnVsbCU3RA=="}}},{"id":"50ff29ac-c9a1-4383-af02-b36f289b6dbb","title":"Xenolith","description":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"A xenolith is a piece of rock trapped in another type of rock.","_key":"947218a9ee500"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"947218a9ee50"}],"contentType":"encyclopedicEntry","slug":"xenolith","keyImage":{"width":990,"bytes":731221,"context":{"custom":{"alt":"Photo: Rock with ruler.","caption":"Xenolith"}},"access_mode":"public","name":"xenolith.jpg","_type":"cloudinary.asset","_version":1,"source":{"name":"cloudinary","id":"JTdCJTIyZm9ybWF0JTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyanBnJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycHVibGljX2lkJTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyRWR1Y2F0aW9uSHViJTJGcGhvdG9zJTJGeGVub2xpdGglMjIlMkMlMjAlMjJyZXNvdXJjZV90eXBlJTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyaW1hZ2UlMjIlMkMlMjAlMjJ0eXBlJTIyJTNBJTIwJTIydXBsb2FkJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycmF3VHJhbnNmb3JtYXRpb24lMjIlM0ElMjBudWxsJTdE"},"secure_url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1638886982/EducationHub/photos/xenolith.jpg","url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1638886982/EducationHub/photos/xenolith.jpg","height":743,"format":"jpg","metadata":{"credits":"Photograph courtesy Woudloper (Wikipedia)"},"resource_type":"image"},"format":null},{"format":null,"id":"af9b979c-9177-4aac-8ea4-e07d3891be03","title":"Earth","description":[{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"The structure of the earth is divided into four major components: the crust, the mantle, the outer core, and the inner core. Each layer has a unique chemical composition, physical state, and can impact life on Earth's surface. Movement in the mantle caused by variations in heat from the core, cause the plates to shift, which can cause earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. These natural hazards then change our landscape, and in some cases, threaten lives and property. Learn more about how the earth is constructed with these classroom resources.","_key":"b10df1a71abb0"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"b10df1a71abb"}],"contentType":"collection","slug":"resource-library-earth-structure","keyImage":{"_version":1,"source":{"id":"JTdCJTIyZm9ybWF0JTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyanBnJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycHVibGljX2lkJTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyRWR1Y2F0aW9uSHViJTJGcGhvdG9zJTJGbWlkLWF0bGFudGljLXJpZnQlMjIlMkMlMjAlMjJyZXNvdXJjZV90eXBlJTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyaW1hZ2UlMjIlMkMlMjAlMjJ0eXBlJTIyJTNBJTIwJTIydXBsb2FkJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycmF3VHJhbnNmb3JtYXRpb24lMjIlM0ElMjBudWxsJTdE","name":"cloudinary"},"format":"jpg","resource_type":"image","_type":"cloudinary.asset","access_mode":"public","width":2000,"height":1335,"bytes":2546607,"name":"mid-atlantic-rift.jpg","url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1638891623/EducationHub/photos/mid-atlantic-rift.jpg","secure_url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1638891623/EducationHub/photos/mid-atlantic-rift.jpg","context":{"custom":{"alt":"This is a rift in Thingvellir National Park, Iceland.","caption":"Mid-Atlantic Rift"}},"metadata":{"credits":"RAUL TOUZON"}}},{"format":null,"id":"b80f71cd-8fb9-46e7-801a-45ec907ad975","title":"Volcano","description":[{"style":"normal","_key":"02995df24d2a","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"According to the United States Geologic Survey, there are approximately 1,500 potentially active volcanoes worldwide. Most are located around the Pacific Ocean in what is commonly called the Ring of Fire. A volcano is defined as an opening in Earth's crust through which lava, ash, and gases erupt. The term also includes the cone-shaped landform built by repeated eruptions over time.","_key":"02995df24d2a0"}],"_type":"block"}],"contentType":"collection","slug":"resource-library-volcano","keyImage":{"url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1638891821/EducationHub/photos/pahoehoe-lava-hawaii.jpg","metadata":{"credits":"Photograph by Steve and Donna O'Meara"},"_type":"cloudinary.asset","context":{"custom":{"alt":"Photo: Red, glowing lava flows","caption":"Pahoehoe Lava, Hawaii"}},"name":"pahoehoe-lava-hawaii.jpg","_version":1,"bytes":445564,"access_mode":"public","resource_type":"image","format":"jpg","height":1305,"width":1800,"secure_url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1638891821/EducationHub/photos/pahoehoe-lava-hawaii.jpg","source":{"name":"cloudinary","id":"JTdCJTIyZm9ybWF0JTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyanBnJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycHVibGljX2lkJTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyRWR1Y2F0aW9uSHViJTJGcGhvdG9zJTJGcGFob2Vob2UtbGF2YS1oYXdhaWklMjIlMkMlMjAlMjJyZXNvdXJjZV90eXBlJTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyaW1hZ2UlMjIlMkMlMjAlMjJ0eXBlJTIyJTNBJTIwJTIydXBsb2FkJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycmF3VHJhbnNmb3JtYXRpb24lMjIlM0ElMjBudWxsJTdE"}}},{"description":[{"_key":"f2b9c31783f0","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Many of Earth’s key processes function in cycles, and the rock cycle is no exception. The rock cycle is a web of processes that outlines how each of the three major rock types—igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary—form and break down based on the different applications of heat and pressure over time. For example, sedimentary rock shale becomes slate when heat and pressure are added. The more heat and pressure you add, the further the rock metamorphoses until it becomes gneiss. If it is heated further, the rock will melt completely and reform as an igneous rock.","_key":"f2b9c31783f00"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"}],"contentType":"collection","slug":"resource-library-rock-cycle","keyImage":{"metadata":{"credits":"Illustration courtesy USGS"},"format":"jpg","_version":1,"url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1638890430/EducationHub/photos/rock-cycle.jpg","bytes":188042,"secure_url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1638890430/EducationHub/photos/rock-cycle.jpg","height":934,"access_mode":"public","source":{"name":"cloudinary","id":"JTdCJTIyZm9ybWF0JTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyanBnJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycHVibGljX2lkJTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyRWR1Y2F0aW9uSHViJTJGcGhvdG9zJTJGcm9jay1jeWNsZSUyMiUyQyUyMCUyMnJlc291cmNlX3R5cGUlMjIlM0ElMjAlMjJpbWFnZSUyMiUyQyUyMCUyMnR5cGUlMjIlM0ElMjAlMjJ1cGxvYWQlMjIlMkMlMjAlMjJyYXdUcmFuc2Zvcm1hdGlvbiUyMiUzQSUyMG51bGwlN0Q="},"name":"rock-cycle.jpg","resource_type":"image","width":1200,"_type":"cloudinary.asset","context":{"custom":{"alt":"Black-and-white illustration of the rock cycle, showing tectonic activity.","caption":"Rock Cycle"}}},"format":null,"id":"c0f4f2f6-82ca-4fd3-bb01-8fa74790eb58","title":"The Rock Cycle"},{"id":"cdef7a17-8daf-437c-a5d6-3070c3f9f46a","title":"Igneous Rocks","description":[{"children":[{"text":"Igneous rocks are one of three main types of rocks (along with sedimentary and metamorphic), and they include both intrusive and extrusive rocks.","_key":"a8682098a0870","_type":"span","marks":[]}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"a8682098a087","markDefs":[]}],"contentType":"encyclopedicEntry","slug":"igneous-rocks","keyImage":{"secure_url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1638892090/EducationHub/photos/devils-tower-rock.jpg","context":{"custom":{"alt":"Devil's Tower National Monument in Wyoming is an example of an igneous rock.","caption":"Devils Tower Rock"}},"metadata":{"credits":"Photograph by Koumlhn/ullstein bild courtesy of Getty Images"},"height":1615,"name":"devils-tower-rock.jpg","format":"jpg","width":2000,"_version":1,"bytes":1001675,"resource_type":"image","_type":"cloudinary.asset","access_mode":"public","url":"https://images.nationalgeographic.org/image/upload/v1638892090/EducationHub/photos/devils-tower-rock.jpg","source":{"name":"cloudinary","id":"JTdCJTIyZm9ybWF0JTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyanBnJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycHVibGljX2lkJTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyRWR1Y2F0aW9uSHViJTJGcGhvdG9zJTJGZGV2aWxzLXRvd2VyLXJvY2slMjIlMkMlMjAlMjJyZXNvdXJjZV90eXBlJTIyJTNBJTIwJTIyaW1hZ2UlMjIlMkMlMjAlMjJ0eXBlJTIyJTNBJTIwJTIydXBsb2FkJTIyJTJDJTIwJTIycmF3VHJhbnNmb3JtYXRpb24lMjIlM0ElMjBudWxsJTdE"}},"format":null}],"name":null,"contentType":"article","grades":["9","10","11","12","13"],"variations":[],"author":{"name":"Author","picture":null}},"sitePermissionsSetting":{"_id":"siteSettings","mediaCredits":[{"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited.","_key":"3fba9250906b"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"ad67221da691","markDefs":[]}],"userPermissions":[{"children":[{"marks":[],"text":"For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. They will best know the preferred format. When you reach out to them, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource.","_key":"3703e514fa02","_type":"span"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"4bcad4b301e9","markDefs":[]},{"_type":"block","style":"h6","_key":"5b6b5c0eec38","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Media","_key":"8f5e1d1d2aae"}]},{"_key":"a5ff6b3447c3","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media.","_key":"8cddef9f1c7d"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"},{"style":"h6","_key":"6997fbd9065b","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Text","_key":"e25c4344c8ec"}],"_type":"block"},{"markDefs":[{"_key":"fe26b2d6b10b","_type":"link","href":"https://www.nationalgeographic.org/terms-of-service/"}],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our ","_key":"f4c3d52fb864"},{"_type":"span","marks":["fe26b2d6b10b"],"text":"Terms of Service","_key":"557596ea2e11"},{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":".","_key":"36a42e592c94"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal","_key":"6d776491bc38"},{"markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":["strong"],"text":"Interactives","_key":"b862278a416b"}],"_type":"block","style":"h6","_key":"f7dae6d19d95"},{"_key":"44712f4e8a66","markDefs":[],"children":[{"_type":"span","marks":[],"text":"Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. You cannot download interactives.","_key":"07a5c4a3c306"}],"_type":"block","style":"normal"}]}},"siteUrl":"https://education.nationalgeographic.org"},"__N_SSG":true},"page":"/resource/[...pathParams]","query":{"pathParams":["magma-role-rock-cycle"]},"buildId":"ZAgyTNVeAE0sMN52-sYSn","runtimeConfig":{"cloudinary":{"cloudName":"dtpgi0zck"},"siteMetadata":{"url":"https://education.nationalgeographic.org","enableSEOIndexing":true},"resourceLibraryApi":{"url":"https://api.nationalgeographic.org/resource-library/"},"explorerClassroom":{"siteUrl":"https://www.nationalgeographic.org/tickets/explorer-classroom/"},"auth0":{"domain":"https://identity.nationalgeographic.org","clientId":"xWwn61RhFRISVgtlfLFgjyGrmGR0PBwk","audience":"resource-library-api","callbackUrl":"https://education.nationalgeographic.org"},"gtm":{"id":"GTM-5GDQ9F"}},"isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"gsp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}</script></body></html>