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Disponibil în 71 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voedselketting" title="Voedselketting – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Voedselketting" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%BA%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سلسلة غذائية – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلسلة غذائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qida_z%C9%99nciri" title="Qida zənciri – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qida zənciri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Хранителна верига – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хранителна верига" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%B2" title="খাদ্যশৃঙ্খল – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খাদ্যশৃঙ্খল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadena_tr%C3%B2fica" title="Cadena tròfica – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cadena tròfica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%88" title="زنجیرەی بژیو – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زنجیرەی بژیو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potravn%C3%AD_%C5%99et%C4%9Bzec" title="Potravní řetězec – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Potravní řetězec" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B4dny_li%C5%84cuch" title="Jôdny lińcuch – cașubiană" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Jôdny lińcuch" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="cașubiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwyn_fwyd" title="Cadwyn fwyd – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cadwyn fwyd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8dek%C3%A6de" title="Fødekæde – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fødekæde" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahrungskette" title="Nahrungskette – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nahrungskette" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%A7%DE%84%DE%AF%DE%8C%DE%A6%DE%86%DE%AC%DE%8C%DE%A9%DE%8E%DE%AC_%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ކާބޯތަކެތީގެ އަންބަލަން – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކާބޯތަކެތީގެ އަންބަލަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Τροφική αλυσίδα – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τροφική αλυσίδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Food chain" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C4%9Do%C4%89eno" title="Manĝoĉeno – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Manĝoĉeno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadena_tr%C3%B3fica" title="Cadena trófica – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cadena trófica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toitumisahel" title="Toitumisahel – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Toitumisahel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_trofiko" title="Kate trofiko – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kate trofiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%BA%D8%B0%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زنجیره غذایی – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زنجیره غذایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravintoketju" title="Ravintoketju – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ravintoketju" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha%C3%AEne_alimentaire" title="Chaîne alimentaire – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chaîne alimentaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biashlabhra" title="Biashlabhra – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Biashlabhra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadea_tr%C3%B3fica" title="Cadea trófica – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cadea trófica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="खाद्य शृंखला – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खाद्य शृंखला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hranidbeni_lanac" title="Hranidbeni lanac – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hranidbeni lanac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1pl%C3%A1l%C3%A9kl%C3%A1nc" title="Tápláléklánc – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tápláléklánc" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սննդային կապեր – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սննդային կապեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rantai_makanan" title="Rantai makanan – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rantai makanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nri_yinye" title="Nri yinye – igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Nri yinye" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutriva_kateno" title="Nutriva kateno – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nutriva kateno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A6%C3%B0uke%C3%B0ja" title="Fæðukeðja – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fæðukeðja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catena_alimentare" title="Catena alimentare – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Catena alimentare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%80%A3%E9%8E%96" title="食物連鎖 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="食物連鎖" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%AD%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="კვების ჯაჭვი – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კვების ჯაჭვი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Қоректік тізбек – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қоректік тізбек" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF" title="ಆಹಾರ ಸರಪಳಿ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಹಾರ ಸರಪಳಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A8%B9%EC%9D%B4_%EC%82%AC%EC%8A%AC" title="먹이 사슬 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="먹이 사슬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Трофикалык чынжырлар – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Трофикалык чынжырлар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitybos_grandin%C4%97" title="Mitybos grandinė – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mitybos grandinė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%C4%ABbas_%C4%B7%C4%93de" title="Barības ķēde – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Barības ķēde" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ланец на исхрана – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ланец на исхрана" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%B2" title="ആഹാരശൃഖല – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആഹാരശൃഖല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%80" title="अन्नसाखळी – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अन्नसाखळी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rantai_makanan" title="Rantai makanan – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rantai makanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="အစာကွင်းဆက် – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အစာကွင်းဆက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voedselketen" title="Voedselketen – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Voedselketen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A6ringskjede" title="Næringskjede – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Næringskjede" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A6ringskjede" title="Næringskjede – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Næringskjede" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%80" title="ਖੁਰਾਕ ਲੜੀ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖੁਰਾਕ ਲੜੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81a%C5%84cuch_pokarmowy" title="Łańcuch pokarmowy – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Łańcuch pokarmowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadeia_alimentar" title="Cadeia alimentar – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cadeia alimentar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%8C" title="Пищевая цепь – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пищевая цепь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catina_alimintari" title="Catina alimintari – siciliană" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Catina alimintari" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hranidbeni_lanac" title="Hranidbeni lanac – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hranidbeni lanac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Food chain" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potravov%C3%BD_re%C5%A5azec" title="Potravový reťazec – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Potravový reťazec" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehranjevalna_veriga" title="Prehranjevalna veriga – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prehranjevalna veriga" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinxhiri_ushqimor" title="Zinxhiri ushqimor – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zinxhiri ushqimor" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Ланац исхране – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ланац исхране" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4ringskedja" title="Näringskedja – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Näringskedja" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtando_chakula" title="Mtando chakula – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mtando chakula" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="உணவுச் சங்கிலி – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உணவுச் சங்கிலி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81" title="ఆహారపు గొలుసు – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆహారపు గొలుసు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="โซ่อาหาร – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โซ่อาหาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besin_zinciri" title="Besin zinciri – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Besin zinciri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8E%D0%B3_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Ланцюг живлення – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ланцюг живлення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu%E1%BB%97i_th%E1%BB%A9c_%C4%83n" title="Chuỗi thức ăn – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chuỗi thức ăn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%93%BE" title="食物链 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="食物链" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%8F%88" title="食物鏈 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="食物鏈" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%8F%88" title="食物鏈 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="食物鏈" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q159462#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Food_chain" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q159462" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:FoodChain.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/FoodChain.svg/250px-FoodChain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/FoodChain.svg/375px-FoodChain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/FoodChain.svg/500px-FoodChain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Lanțul trofic</b> este un șir care enumeră relațiile de hrănire dintre organismele componente ale unui anumit <a href="/wiki/Ecosistem" title="Ecosistem">ecosistem</a>. Fiecare <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a> depinde, pentru a se hrăni, de membrul anterior al lanțului său trofic.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Este o unitate funcțională de transformare a substanței și de transfer de energie, alcătuită dintr-un șir de specii, pornind de la o bază trofică și sfârșind cu un răpitor de vârf sau un ultrahiperparazit.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lanțul trofic mai poate fi definit ca o unitate trofodinamică de transformare și circulație a hranei, în care substanța organică circulă de la o <a href="/wiki/Specie" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Specie">specie</a> la alta într-un singur sens. Fiecare organism care intră în componența lanțului trofic formează o <i>verigă</i> trofică.<sup id="cite_ref-ecosistem_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecosistem-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numărul verigilor într-un lanț trofic este variabil; frecvent sunt 3-5 verigi, rareori ajungând la un număr mai mare.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prima verigă o constituie <a href="/wiki/Produc%C4%83tor" class="mw-disambig" title="Producător">producătorii</a>, care de obicei sunt plantele. Rolul lor este să transforme materia anorganică în materie organică. </p><p>Ultima verigă o constituie mereu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Descompun%C4%83tor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Descompunător — pagină inexistentă">descompunătorii</a>, care sunt micro-organismele, al căror rol este de a transforma materia organică în cea anorganică. </p><p>A doua verigă o constituie animalele ierbivore, sau consumatorii primari, care se hrănesc cu plante (cu organe ale plantelor sau cu produse de natură vegetală, cum ar fi frunze, ramuri, rădăcini, fructe, semințe, nectar, polen, în funcție de care ele se împart în patru categorii: ierbivore, frugivore, granivore, nect arivore). </p> <ul><li><i>Ierbivorele</i> (mamifere copitate, insecte și larvele lor) consumă organele vegetative ale plantelor.</li> <li><i>Frugivorele</i> (ex.: sturzul de vâsc) se hrănesc, cu predilecție, cu fructele plantelor.</li> <li><i>Granivorele</i> (ex.: forfecuța) se hrănesc cu semințe.</li> <li><i>Nectarivorele</i> (insectele lepidoptere și himenoptere, iar dintre păsări - Colibri) se hrănesc cu nectarul și polenul, favorizând <a href="/wiki/Polenizare" title="Polenizare">polenizarea</a> încrucișată a florilor și înmulțirea plantelor.</li></ul> <p>A treia verigă o constituie consumatorii secundari, a patra- cei terțiari, iar a cincea-cei cuaternari, verigile 3-5 fiind reprezentate de animale <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polifage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polifage — pagină inexistentă">polifage</a> (se hrănesc cu hrană amestecată, denumite și <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnivore">omnivore</a>) și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoofag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoofag — pagină inexistentă">zoofage</a> (denumite și <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivore</a> sau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnasiere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carnasiere — pagină inexistentă">carnasiere</a>). </p><p>În principiu se disting 3 tipuri de lanturi trofice:<sup id="cite_ref-ecosistem_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecosistem-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><i>lanțul prădătorilor</i> (fitofag-carnivor) – se caracterizează prin faptul că talia organismelor crește de la verigile inferioare spre cele superioare.</li> <li><i>lanțul saprofagelor</i> – este alcătuit din organismele saprofage care consumă materialul vegetal sau animal mort.</li> <li><i>lanțul paraziților</i> – prezintă un număr redus de verigi, de obicei 2 sau 3: gazdă – parazit și, uneori, hiperparazit. Talia organismelor la un astfel de lanț scade de la gazdă spre parazit sau hiperparazit.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lan%C8%9B_trofic&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lan%C8%9B_trofic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100529121151/http://www.informatiamedicala.ro/dictionar-medical/l/lant-trofic-3687.html">„Lanț trofic”</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informatiamedicala.ro/dictionar-medical/l/lant-trofic-3687.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2010-05-29">29 mai 2010</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-11-09">9 noiembrie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lan%C8%9B+trofic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informatiamedicala.ro%2Fdictionar-medical%2Fl%2Flant-trofic-3687.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ALan%C8%9B+trofic" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan%C8%9B_trofic">Dicționar de termeni medicali</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ecosistem-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ecosistem_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ecosistem_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101120034045/http://www.apmvn.ro/NOUTATI/ARTICOLE.htm">„Relații trofice in ecosistem”</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apmvn.ro/NOUTATI/ARTICOLE.htm">original</a> la <time datetime="2010-11-20">20 noiembrie 2010</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-11-09">9 noiembrie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rela%C8%9Bii+trofice+in+ecosistem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apmvn.ro%2FNOUTATI%2FARTICOLE.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ALan%C8%9B+trofic" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tpu.ro/informatii-utilitare/ajutati-ma-va-rog-care-poate-am-nevoie-de-un-lant-trofic-a-unei-mari-va-multumesc/">Lanțurile trofice</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lan%C8%9B_trofic&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lan%C8%9B_trofic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piramid%C4%83_trofic%C4%83" title="Piramidă trofică">Piramidă trofică</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lan%C8%9B_trofic&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a 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