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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ana menü</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ana menü</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">kenar çubuğuna taşı</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">gizle</button> 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title="Proje hakkında, neler yapabilirsiniz, ne nerededir"><span>Topluluk portali</span></a></li><li id="n-shop-text" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//shop.wikimedia.org"><span>Wikimedia dükkânı</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yard%C4%B1m:%C4%B0%C3%A7indekiler" title="Yardım almak için"><span>Yardım</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Anasayfa" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Vikipedi" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-tr.svg" style="width: 6.6875em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Özgür Ansiklopedi" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-tr.svg" width="104" height="13" style="width: 6.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:Ara" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Vikipedi içinde ara [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Ara</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Vikipedi üzerinde ara" aria-label="Vikipedi üzerinde ara" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Vikipedi içinde ara [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Özel:Ara"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Ara</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Kişisel araçlar"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Görünüm"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Sayfanın yazı tipi boyutunun, genişliğinin ve renginin görünümünü değiştirin" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Görünüm" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Görünüm</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_tr.wikipedia.org&uselang=tr" class=""><span>Bağış yapın</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:HesapOlu%C5%9Ftur&returnto=Laksatif" title="Bir hesap oluşturup oturum açmanız tavsiye edilmektedir ancak bu zorunlu değildir" class=""><span>Hesap oluştur</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:Kullan%C4%B1c%C4%B1OturumuA%C3%A7ma&returnto=Laksatif" title="Oturum açmanız tavsiye edilmektedir; ancak bu zorunlu değildir [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Oturum aç</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Daha fazla seçenek" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Kişisel araçlar" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Kişisel araçlar</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Kullanıcı menüsü" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_tr.wikipedia.org&uselang=tr"><span>Bağış yapın</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:HesapOlu%C5%9Ftur&returnto=Laksatif" title="Bir hesap oluşturup oturum açmanız tavsiye edilmektedir ancak bu zorunlu değildir"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Hesap oluştur</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:Kullan%C4%B1c%C4%B1OturumuA%C3%A7ma&returnto=Laksatif" title="Oturum açmanız tavsiye edilmektedir; ancak bu zorunlu değildir [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Oturum aç</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Çıkış yapmış editörler için sayfalar <a href="/wiki/Yard%C4%B1m:Giri%C5%9F" aria-label="Değişiklik yapma hakkında daha fazla bilgi edinin"><span>daha fazla bilgi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:Katk%C4%B1lar%C4%B1m" title="Bu IP adresinden yapılmış değişiklikler listesi [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Katkılar</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:MesajSayfam" title="Bu IP adresindeki düzenlemeler hakkında tartışma [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Mesaj</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="İçindekiler" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">İçindekiler</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">kenar çubuğuna taşı</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">gizle</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Giriş</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Kaynakça" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaynakça"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Kaynakça</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaynakça-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="İçindekiler" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="İçindekiler tablosunu değiştir" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">İçindekiler tablosunu değiştir</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Laksatif</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Başka bir dildeki sayfaya gidin. 44 dilde mevcut" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 dil</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ملين - Arapça" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ملين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llaxante" title="Llaxante - Asturyasça" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llaxante" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturyasça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxant" title="Laxant - Katalanca" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Laxant" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxativum" title="Laxativum - Çekçe" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Laxativum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Çekçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthydd" title="Carthydd - Galce" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Carthydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Galce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aff%C3%B8ringsmiddel" title="Afføringsmiddel - Danca" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Afføringsmiddel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abf%C3%BChrmittel" title="Abführmittel - Almanca" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abführmittel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Almanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Καθαρτικό - Yunanca" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καθαρτικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxative" title="Laxative - İngilizce" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Laxative" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="İngilizce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksigilo" title="Laksigilo - Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Laksigilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxante" title="Laxante - İspanyolca" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Laxante" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="İspanyolca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libragarri" title="Libragarri - Baskça" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Libragarri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ملین - Farsça" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ملین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Farsça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksatiivit" title="Laksatiivit - Fince" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Laksatiivit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fince" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxatif" title="Laxatif - Fransızca" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Laxatif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Fransızca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buarannach" title="Buarannach - İrlandaca" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Buarannach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="İrlandaca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95" title="विरेचक - Hintçe" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विरेचक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hintçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksativi" title="Laksativi - Hırvatça" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Laksativi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hırvatça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashajt%C3%B3" title="Hashajtó - Macarca" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hashajtó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Macarca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksatif" title="Laksatif - Endonezce" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laksatif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Endonezce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassativo" title="Lassativo - İtalyanca" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lassativo" data-language-autonym="İtaliano" data-language-local-name="İtalyanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>İtaliano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%80%89%E4%B8%8B%E8%96%AC" title="瀉下薬 - Japonca" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="瀉下薬" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%95" title="ವಿರೇಚಕ - Kannada dili" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿರೇಚಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%84%ED%95%98%EC%A0%9C" title="완하제 - Korece" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="완하제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korece" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Лаксатив - Makedonca" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лаксатив" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksatif" title="Laksatif - Malayca" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Laksatif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malayca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxeermiddelen" title="Laxeermiddelen - Felemenkçe" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Laxeermiddelen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Felemenkçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avf%C3%B8ringsmiddel" title="Avføringsmiddel - Norveççe Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Avføringsmiddel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norveççe Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Arodki_przeczyszczaj%C4%85ce" title="Środki przeczyszczające - Lehçe" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Środki przeczyszczające" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Lehçe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxante" title="Laxante - Portekizce" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Laxante" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portekizce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxativ" title="Laxativ - Rumence" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Laxativ" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumence" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Слабительные средства - Rusça" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Слабительные средства" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksativ" title="Laksativ - Sırp-Hırvat Dili" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Laksativ" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Sırp-Hırvat Dili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxative" title="Laxative - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Laxative" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preh%C3%A1%C5%88adlo" title="Preháňadlo - Slovakça" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Preháňadlo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovakça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odvajalo" title="Odvajalo - Slovence" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Odvajalo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovence" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksativ" title="Laksativ - Sırpça" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Laksativ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Sırpça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxermedel" title="Laxermedel - İsveççe" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Laxermedel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="İsveççe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="மலமிளக்கி - Tamilce" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மலமிளக்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamilce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ยาระบายอย่างอ่อน - Tayca" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยาระบายอย่างอ่อน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tayca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Проносні засоби - Ukraynaca" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Проносні засоби" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraynaca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%BB%E8%8D%AF" title="泻药 - Wu Çincesi" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="泻药" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Çincesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%BB%E8%8D%AF" title="泻药 - Çince" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="泻药" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Çince" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%9A%E7%97%BE%E8%97%A5" title="肚痾藥 - Kantonca" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="肚痾藥" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q217972#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Dillerarası bağlantıları değiştir" class="wbc-editpage">Bağlantıları değiştir</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ad alanları"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laksatif" title="İçerik sayfasını göster [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Madde</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tart%C4%B1%C5%9Fma:Laksatif" rel="discussion" title="İçerik ile ilgili tartışma [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Tartışma</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Dil varyantını değiştir" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Türkçe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Görünüm"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laksatif"><span>Oku</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laksatif&veaction=edit" title="Bu sayfayı değiştir [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Değiştir</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laksatif&action=edit" title="Bu sayfanın kaynak kodunu düzenleyin [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Kaynağı değiştir</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laksatif&action=history" title="Bu sayfanın geçmiş sürümleri [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Geçmişi gör</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sayfa araçları"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Araçlar" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Araçlar</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" 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class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laksatif&veaction=edit" title="Bu sayfayı değiştir [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Değiştir</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laksatif&action=edit" title="Bu sayfanın kaynak kodunu düzenleyin [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Kaynağı değiştir</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laksatif&action=history"><span>Geçmişi gör</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Genel </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:SayfayaBa%C4%9Flant%C4%B1lar/Laksatif" title="Bu sayfaya bağlantı vermiş tüm viki sayfalarının listesi [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Sayfaya bağlantılar</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:%C4%B0lgiliDe%C4%9Fi%C5%9Fiklikler/Laksatif" rel="nofollow" title="Bu sayfadan bağlantı verilen sayfalardaki son değişiklikler [k]" accesskey="k"><span>İlgili değişiklikler</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:%C3%96zelSayfalar" title="Tüm özel sayfaların listesi [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Özel sayfalar</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laksatif&oldid=31188771" title="Bu sayfanın bu revizyonuna kalıcı bağlantı"><span>Kalıcı bağlantı</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laksatif&action=info" title="Bu sayfa hakkında daha fazla bilgi"><span>Sayfa bilgisi</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:KaynakG%C3%B6ster&page=Laksatif&id=31188771&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Bu sayfadan nasıl kaynak göstereceği hakkında bilgi"><span>Bu sayfayı kaynak göster</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLaksatif"><span>Kısaltılmış URL'yi al</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLaksatif"><span>Karekodu indir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Yazdır/dışa aktar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:Kitap&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Laksatif"><span>Bir kitap oluştur</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:DownloadAsPdf&page=Laksatif&action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF olarak indir</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laksatif&printable=yes" title="Bu sayfanın basılmaya uygun sürümü [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Basılmaya uygun görünüm</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Diğer projelerde </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Laxatives" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q217972" title="Veri havuzundaki ilgili ögeye bağlantı [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Vikiveri ögesi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sayfa araçları"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Görünüm"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Görünüm</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">kenar çubuğuna taşı</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">gizle</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Vikipedi, özgür ansiklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%BCshil&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Müshil">Müshil</a> sayfasından yönlendirildi)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="tr" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Dosya:Glycerin_suppositories.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Glycerin_suppositories.jpg/220px-Glycerin_suppositories.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Glycerin_suppositories.jpg/330px-Glycerin_suppositories.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Glycerin_suppositories.jpg/440px-Glycerin_suppositories.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1623" /></a><figcaption>Müshil olarak kullanılan <a href="/wiki/Gliserin" title="Gliserin">gliserin</a> fitilleri.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Laksatifler</b>, <b>purgatifler</b> (ya da <b>pürgatifler</b>) veya <b>müshiller</b>, <a href="/wiki/D%C4%B1%C5%9Fk%C4%B1" title="Dışkı">dışkıyı</a> gevşeten maddelerdir<sup id="cite_ref-NIDDK_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIDDK-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ve <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ba%C4%9F%C4%B1rsak_hareketleri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bağırsak hareketleri (sayfa mevcut değil)">bağırsak hareketlerini</a> artırırlar. <a href="/wiki/Kab%C4%B1zl%C4%B1k" title="Kabızlık">Kabızlığı</a> tedavi etmek ve önlemek için kullanılırlar. </p><p>Laksatifler, nasıl çalıştıklarına ve sahip olabilecekleri yan etkilere göre değişkenlik gösterirler. <a href="/wiki/Rektum" title="Rektum">Rektal</a> muayeneler ve <a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%9F%C4%B1rsak" title="Bağırsak">bağırsak</a> muayeneleri için <a href="/wiki/Kal%C4%B1n_ba%C4%9F%C4%B1rsak" title="Kalın bağırsak">kolonu</a> boşaltmak amacıyla belirli <a href="/wiki/Uyar%C4%B1c%C4%B1" title="Uyarıcı">uyarıcı</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kayganla%C5%9Ft%C4%B1r%C4%B1c%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kayganlaştırıcı (sayfa mevcut değil)">kayganlaştırıcı</a> ve <a href="/wiki/Tuzluluk" title="Tuzluluk">tuzlu</a> laksatifler kullanılır ve belirli koşullar altında <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lavman (sayfa mevcut değil)">lavmanlarla</a> desteklenebilir. Yeterince yüksek dozda müshiller, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0shal" title="İshal">ishale</a> neden olabilir. </p><p>Bazı müshillerin birden fazla aktif bileşeni olabilir. Laksatifler <a href="/wiki/A%C4%9F%C4%B1z" title="Ağız">ağızdan</a> veya <a href="/wiki/Rektum" title="Rektum">rektumdan</a> kullanılabilir. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kaynakça"><span id="Kaynak.C3.A7a"></span>Kaynakça</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laksatif&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Kaynakça" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laksatif&action=edit&section=1" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Kaynakça"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r32805677">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-count:2}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-count:3}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NIDDK-1"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-NIDDK_1-0">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120515032552/http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/constipation/Constipation_508.pdf">"Constipation"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.digestive.niddk.nih.gov</i>. National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse. 15 Mayıs 2012 tarihinde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/constipation/Constipation_508.pdf">kaynağından</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> arşivlendi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Erişim tarihi: 3 Kasım 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.digestive.niddk.nih.gov&rft.atitle=Constipation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigestive.niddk.nih.gov%2Fddiseases%2Fpubs%2Fconstipation%2FConstipation_508.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3ALaksatif" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomik_Terapötik_Kimyasal_Sınıflandırma_Sistemine_dayalı_olarak_-_Büyük_ilaç_grupları" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25548259">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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grupları"><abbr title="Bu şablonu görüntüle" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">g</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eablon_tart%C4%B1%C5%9Fma:B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_ila%C3%A7_gruplar%C4%B1" title="Şablon tartışma:Büyük ilaç grupları"><abbr title="Bu şablonu tartış" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eablon:B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_ila%C3%A7_gruplar%C4%B1&action=edit"><abbr title="Bu şablonu değiştir" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomik_Terapötik_Kimyasal_Sınıflandırma_Sistemine_dayalı_olarak_-_Büyük_ilaç_grupları" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anatomik_Terap%C3%B6tik_Kimyasal_S%C4%B1n%C4%B1fland%C4%B1rma_Sistemi" title="Anatomik Terapötik Kimyasal Sınıflandırma Sistemi">Anatomik Terapötik Kimyasal Sınıflandırma Sistemine</a> dayalı olarak - Büyük ilaç grupları</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_kanal" title="Gastrointestinal kanal">Gastrointestinal kanal</a><br />/ <a href="/wiki/Metabolizma" title="Metabolizma">metabolizma</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_kodu_A" title="ATC kodu A">A</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Mide asidi</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiasitler" title="Antiasitler">Antiasitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H2_antagonisti" title="H2 antagonisti">H<sub>2</sub> antagonistleri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_pompa_inhibit%C3%B6r%C3%BC" title="Proton pompa inhibitörü">Proton pompa inhibitörleri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiemetik" title="Antiemetik">Antiemetikler</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laksatifler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidiyare_ila%C3%A7lar%C4%B1" title="Antidiyare ilaçları">Antidiyare ilaçları</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipropulsif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antipropulsif (sayfa mevcut değil)">Antipropulsifler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-obezite_ilac%C4%B1" title="Anti-obezite ilacı">Anti-obezite ilaçları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidiyabetik" title="Antidiyabetik">Antidiyabetikler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitaminler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral_(besin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mineral (besin) (sayfa mevcut değil)">Mineraller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kan" title="Kan">Kan</a> ve kan<br />yapıcı organlar (<a href="/wiki/ATC_kodu_B" title="ATC kodu B">B</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antitrombotik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antitrombotik (sayfa mevcut değil)">Antitrombotikler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiplatelet_ila%C3%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antiplatelet ilaç (sayfa mevcut değil)">Antiplateletler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antikoag%C3%BClan" title="Antikoagülan">Antikoagülanlar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tromboliz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tromboliz (sayfa mevcut değil)">Trombolitikler</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihemorajik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antihemorajik (sayfa mevcut değil)">Antihemorajikler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trombosit" title="Trombosit">Plateletler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koag%C3%BClasyon" title="Koagülasyon">Koagülantlar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antifibrinolitik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antifibrinolitik (sayfa mevcut değil)">Antifibrinolitikler</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dola%C5%9F%C4%B1m_sistemi" title="Dolaşım sistemi">Kardiyovasküler<br />sistem</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_kodu_C" title="ATC kodu C">C</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Kardiyak tedavisi / <a href="/wiki/Antianjinal" title="Antianjinal">Antianjinallar</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kardiyak_glikozit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kardiyak glikozit (sayfa mevcut değil)">Kardiyak glikozitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritim_bozuklu%C4%9Fu_ila%C3%A7lar%C4%B1" title="Ritim bozukluğu ilaçları">Antiaritmikler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kardiyak_uyar%C4%B1c%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kardiyak uyarıcı (sayfa mevcut değil)">Kardiyak uyarıcılar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihipertansif" title="Antihipertansif">Antihipertansifler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di%C3%BCretik" title="Diüretik">Diüretikler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazodilatasyon" title="Vazodilatasyon">Vazodilatörler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_blok%C3%B6r" title="Beta blokör">Beta blokörler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalsiyum_kanal_blok%C3%B6r%C3%BC" title="Kalsiyum kanal blokörü">Kalsiyum kanal blokörleri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Renin-anjiotensin_sistemi" title="Renin-anjiotensin sistemi">Renin-anjiotensin sistemi</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibit%C3%B6r%C3%BC" title="ACE inhibitörü">ACE inhibitörleri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjiotensin_II_resept%C3%B6r_antagonistleri" title="Anjiotensin II reseptör antagonistleri">Anjiotensin II reseptör antagonistleri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renin_inhibit%C3%B6r%C3%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renin inhibitörü (sayfa mevcut değil)">Renin inhibitörleri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipit_d%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BCr%C3%BCc%C3%BC_ila%C3%A7" title="Lipit düşürücü ilaç">Antihiperlipidemikler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statinler" title="Statinler">Statinler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibratlar" title="Fibratlar">Fibratlar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safra_asidi_sekestran%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Safra asidi sekestranı (sayfa mevcut değil)">Safra asidi sekestranları</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deri" title="Deri">Deri</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_kodu_D" title="ATC kodu D">D</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krem" title="Krem">Kremler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ATC_kodu_D03&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ATC kodu D03 (sayfa mevcut değil)">Sikatrizanlar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipruritik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antipruritik (sayfa mevcut değil)">Antipruritikler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedef_hastal%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Sedef hastalığı">Antipsoriatikler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ATC_kodu_D09&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ATC kodu D09 (sayfa mevcut değil)">İlaçlı pansumanlar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genito%C3%BCriner_sistem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genitoüriner sistem (sayfa mevcut değil)">Genitoüriner<br />sistem</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_kodu_G" title="ATC kodu G">G</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hormonal_kontrasepsiyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hormonal kontrasepsiyon (sayfa mevcut değil)">Hormonal kontrasepsiyon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Do%C4%9Furganl%C4%B1k_ilac%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doğurganlık ilacı (sayfa mevcut değil)">Doğurganlık maddeleri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Se%C3%A7ici_%C3%B6strojen_resept%C3%B6r_mod%C3%BClat%C3%B6r%C3%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seçici östrojen reseptör modülatörü (sayfa mevcut değil)">Seçici östrojen reseptör modülatörleri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinsiyet_steroidi" title="Cinsiyet steroidi">Cinsiyet hormonları</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endokrin_sistem" title="Endokrin sistem">Endokrin<br />sistem</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_kodu_H" title="ATC kodu H">H</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipotalamik-hipofiz_hormonu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hipotalamik-hipofiz hormonu (sayfa mevcut değil)">Hipotalamik-hipofiz hormonları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kortikosteroid" title="Kortikosteroid">Kortikosteroidler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glukokortikoid" title="Glukokortikoid">Glukokortikoidler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineralokortikoidler" title="Mineralokortikoidler">Mineralokortikoidler</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinsiyet_steroidi" title="Cinsiyet steroidi">Cinsiyet hormonları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiroit_hormonu" title="Tiroit hormonu">Tiroit hormonları</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antitiroit_ajan%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antitiroit ajanı (sayfa mevcut değil)">Antitiroit ajanları</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enfeksiyon" title="Enfeksiyon">Enfeksiyonlar</a> ve<br /><a href="https://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/infestation" class="extiw" title="wikt:infestation">enfestasyonlar</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_kodu_J" title="ATC kodu J">J</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATC_kodu_P" title="ATC kodu P">P</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATCvet_kodu_QI" title="ATCvet kodu QI">QI</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimikrobiyal" title="Antimikrobiyal">Antimikrobiyaller</a>: <a href="/wiki/Antibiyotik" title="Antibiyotik">Antibakteriyeller</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimikobakteriyel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antimikobakteriyel (sayfa mevcut değil)">Antimikobakteriyeller</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifungal" title="Antifungal">Antifungallar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiviral_ila%C3%A7" title="Antiviral ilaç">Antivirallar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiparaziter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antiparaziter (sayfa mevcut değil)">Antiparaziterler</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiprotozoal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antiprotozoal (sayfa mevcut değil)">Antiprotozoallar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihelmintik" title="Antihelmintik">Antihelmintikler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ektoparazitisit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ektoparazitisit (sayfa mevcut değil)">Ektoparazitisitler</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0mm%C3%BCnoglobulin_tedavisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İmmünoglobulin tedavisi (sayfa mevcut değil)">İntravenöz immünoglobulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1_(t%C4%B1p)" title="Aşı (tıp)">Aşılar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malignite" title="Malignite">Malign</a> hastalıklar<br />(<a href="/wiki/ATC_kodu_L" title="ATC kodu L">L01-L02</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemoterapi" title="Kemoterapi">Antikanser ajanları</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimetabolit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antimetabolit (sayfa mevcut değil)">Antimetabolitler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alkilleyici_antineoplastik_ajan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alkilleyici antineoplastik ajan (sayfa mevcut değil)">Alkilleme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0%C4%9F_zehiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İğ zehiri (sayfa mevcut değil)">İğ zehirleri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemoterapi" title="Kemoterapi">Antineoplastik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topoizomeraz_inhibit%C3%B6r%C3%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Topoizomeraz inhibitörü (sayfa mevcut değil)">Topoizomeraz inhibitörleri</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%9F%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1k_sistemi" title="Bağışıklık sistemi">Bağışıklık</a> hastalıkları<br />(<a href="/wiki/ATC_kodu_L" title="ATC kodu L">L03-L04</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0mm%C3%BCnoterapi#İmmünomodülatörler" title="İmmünoterapi">İmmünomodülatörler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%9F%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1k_uyar%C4%B1c%C4%B1lar" title="Bağışıklık uyarıcılar">İmmünostimülanlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0mm%C3%BCns%C3%BCpresif_ila%C3%A7" title="İmmünsüpresif ilaç">İmmünosupresanlar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kas" title="Kas">Kaslar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kemik" title="Kemik">kemikler</a><br />ve <a href="/wiki/Eklem" title="Eklem">eklemler</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_kodu_M" title="ATC kodu M">M</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabolik_steroid" title="Anabolik steroid">Anabolik steroidler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiinflamatuar" title="Antiinflamatuar">Antiinflamatuarlar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonsteroid_antiinflamatuar_ila%C3%A7" title="Nonsteroid antiinflamatuar ilaç">Nonsteroid antiinflamatuar ilaçlar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastal%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1_modifiye_eden_antiromatizmal_ila%C3%A7" title="Hastalığı modifiye eden antiromatizmal ilaç">Antiromatizmallar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kortikosteroid" title="Kortikosteroid">Kortikosteroidler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kas_gev%C5%9Fetici" title="Kas gevşetici">Kas gevşeticiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisfosfonat" title="Bisfosfonat">Bisfosfonatlar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beyin" title="Beyin">Beyin</a> ve<br /><a href="/wiki/Sinir_sistemi" title="Sinir sistemi">sinir sistemi</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_kodu_N" title="ATC kodu N">N</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1_kesici" title="Ağrı kesici">Ağrı kesiciler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anestezik" title="Anestezik">Anestezikler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genel_anestezik" title="Genel anestezik">Genel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokal_anestezik" title="Lokal anestezik">Lokal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anorektik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anorektik (sayfa mevcut değil)">Anorektikler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikkat_eksikli%C4%9Fi_ve_hiperaktivite_bozuklu%C4%9Fu#İlaçlar" title="Dikkat eksikliği ve hiperaktivite bozukluğu">Anti-DEHB ajanları</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ba%C4%9F%C4%B1ml%C4%B1l%C4%B1k_t%C4%B1bb%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bağımlılık tıbbı (sayfa mevcut değil)">Bağımlılık önleyiciler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antikonv%C3%BClzan" title="Antikonvülzan">Antikonvülzanlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demans#İlaçlar" title="Demans">Antidemans ajanları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidepresan" title="Antidepresan">Antidepresanlar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimigren_ilac%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antimigren ilacı (sayfa mevcut değil)">Antimigren ajanları</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parkinson_hastal%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_tedavisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parkinson hastalığının tedavisi (sayfa mevcut değil)">Antiparkinson ajanları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psikotrop_madde" title="Psikotrop madde">Psikoaktifler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsikotik" title="Antipsikotik">Antipsikotikler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anksiyolitik" title="Anksiyolitik">Anksiyolitikler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrodizyak" title="Afrodizyak">Afrodizyaklar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depresan" title="Depresan">Depresanlar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empatojen-entaktojen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Empatojen-entaktojen (sayfa mevcut değil)">Entaktojenler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entojen" title="Entojen">Entojenler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96fori" title="Öfori">Öforantlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal%C3%BCsinojen" title="Halüsinojen">Halüsinojenler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psikedelikler" title="Psikedelikler">Psikedelikler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissosiyatif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dissosiyatif (sayfa mevcut değil)">Dissosiyatifler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deliryant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deliryant (sayfa mevcut değil)">Deliryantlar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipnotik" title="Hipnotik">Hipnotikler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sakinle%C5%9Ftirici" title="Sakinleştirici">Sakinleştiriciler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duygudurum_dengeleyici" title="Duygudurum dengeleyici">Duygudurum dengeleyicileri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C3%B6roproteksiyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nöroproteksiyon (sayfa mevcut değil)">Nöroprotektifler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropik" title="Nootropik">Nootropikler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B6rotoksin" title="Nörotoksin">Nörotoksinler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0%C5%9Ftah_uyar%C4%B1c%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İştah uyarıcı (sayfa mevcut 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