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href="#In_infants_and_for_exercise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In infants and for exercise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_infants_and_for_exercise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_human_quadrupedalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_human_quadrupedalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other human quadrupedalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_human_quadrupedalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quadrupedal_robots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quadrupedal_robots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Quadrupedal robots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quadrupedal_robots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9" title="رباعيات الحركة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رباعيات الحركة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrupedisme" title="Quadrupedisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Quadrupedisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvadrupedie" title="Kvadrupedie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kvadrupedie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrupedie" title="Quadrupedie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Quadrupedie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuadripedestaci%C3%B3n" title="Cuadripedestación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cuadripedestación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvarpiedismo" title="Kvarpiedismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kvarpiedismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="چهارپایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چهارپایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrup%C3%A9die" title="Quadrupédie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Quadrupédie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuadrupedalisme" title="Kuadrupedalisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kuadrupedalisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9gyl%C3%A1b%C3%BAs%C3%A1g" title="Négylábúság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Négylábúság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuadrupedalisme" title="Kuadrupedalisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kuadrupedalisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viervoetigheid" title="Viervoetigheid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Viervoetigheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czworono%C5%BCno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Czworonożność – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czworonożność" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrupedalismo" title="Quadrupedalismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quadrupedalismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Квадропедализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Квадропедализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadruped_walk" title="Quadruped walk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Quadruped walk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6rt_ayakl%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" title="Dört ayaklılık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dört ayaklılık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i_%C4%91%E1%BB%A9ng_b%E1%BA%B1ng_b%E1%BB%91n_ch%C3%A2n" title="Đi đứng bằng bốn chân – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đi đứng bằng bốn chân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadrupedal&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrupedal">Quadrupedal</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brush_Foot_IMG_1205.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Brush_Foot_IMG_1205.jpg/220px-Brush_Foot_IMG_1205.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Brush_Foot_IMG_1205.jpg/330px-Brush_Foot_IMG_1205.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Brush_Foot_IMG_1205.jpg/440px-Brush_Foot_IMG_1205.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="787" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly" title="Monarch butterfly">monarch</a> is a quadruped, but a hexapod. Arrow points to the miniature front leg not used for locomotion</figcaption></figure> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of locomotion using four limbs</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapod</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zebra_sideview.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Zebra_sideview.jpg/220px-Zebra_sideview.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Zebra_sideview.jpg/330px-Zebra_sideview.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Zebra_sideview.jpg/440px-Zebra_sideview.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra">zebra</a> is a quadruped.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Quadrupedalism</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Animal_locomotion" title="Animal locomotion">locomotion</a> where animals have four legs that are used to <a href="/wiki/Weight-bearing" title="Weight-bearing">bear weight</a> and move around. An <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">machine</a> that usually maintains a four-legged posture and moves using all four legs is said to be a <b>quadruped</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>quattuor</i> for "four", and <i>pes</i>, <i>pedis</i> for "foot"). Quadruped animals are found among both <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Invertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrates">invertebrates</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quadrupeds_vs._tetrapods">Quadrupeds vs. tetrapods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadrupedalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Quadrupeds vs. tetrapods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the words ‘quadruped’ and ‘tetrapod’ are both derived from terms meaning ‘four-footed’, they have distinct meanings. A <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapod</a> is any member of the <a href="/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy" title="Linnaean taxonomy">taxonomic</a> unit <b><a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrapoda">Tetrapoda</a></b> (which is defined by descent from a specific four-limbed ancestor), whereas a quadruped actually uses four limbs for locomotion. Not all tetrapods are quadrupeds and not all entities that could be described as ‘quadrupedal’ are tetrapods. This last meaning includes certain artificial objects; almost all quadruped <i>organisms</i> are tetrapods (one exception is some <a href="/wiki/Raptorial" title="Raptorial">raptorial</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> adapted for four-footed locomotion, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mantodea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantodea">Mantodea</a>. Another example is brush-footed butterflies (Nymphalidae), the largest butterfly family with ~6000 species, including the well-known <a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly" title="Monarch butterfly">monarch</a> (shown in photo). </p><p>The distinction between quadrupeds and tetrapods is important in <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biology</a>, particularly in the context of tetrapods whose limbs have adapted to other roles (e.g., hands in the case of humans, wings in the case of birds and bats, and fins in the case of whales). All of these animals are tetrapods, but not all are quadrupeds. Even snakes, whose limbs have become <a href="/wiki/Vestigial_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestigial structure">vestigial</a> or lost entirely, are, nevertheless, tetrapods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_infants_and_for_exercise">In infants and for exercise</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadrupedalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In infants and for exercise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crawling_(human)" title="Crawling (human)">Crawling (human)</a></div> <p>Quadrupedalism is sometimes referred to as being "on all fours", and is observed in <a href="/wiki/Crawling_(human)" title="Crawling (human)">crawling</a>, especially by infants.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 20th century quadrupedal movement was popularized as a form of physical exercise by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Hebert" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges Hebert">Georges Hebert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kenichi_Ito_(athlete)" title="Kenichi Ito (athlete)">Kenichi Ito</a> is a Japanese man famous for speed running on four limbs in competitions.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_human_quadrupedalism">Other human quadrupedalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadrupedalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other human quadrupedalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/CA8-Mutations-Cause-a-Novel-Syndrome-Characterized-by-Ataxia-and-Mild-Mental-Retardation-with-pgen.1000487.s001.ogv/220px-seek%3D14-CA8-Mutations-Cause-a-Novel-Syndrome-Characterized-by-Ataxia-and-Mild-Mental-Retardation-with-pgen.1000487.s001.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="63" data-mwtitle="CA8-Mutations-Cause-a-Novel-Syndrome-Characterized-by-Ataxia-and-Mild-Mental-Retardation-with-pgen.1000487.s001.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:CA8-Mutations-Cause-a-Novel-Syndrome-Characterized-by-Ataxia-and-Mild-Mental-Retardation-with-pgen.1000487.s001.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/CA8-Mutations-Cause-a-Novel-Syndrome-Characterized-by-Ataxia-and-Mild-Mental-Retardation-with-pgen.1000487.s001.ogv/CA8-Mutations-Cause-a-Novel-Syndrome-Characterized-by-Ataxia-and-Mild-Mental-Retardation-with-pgen.1000487.s001.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/CA8-Mutations-Cause-a-Novel-Syndrome-Characterized-by-Ataxia-and-Mild-Mental-Retardation-with-pgen.1000487.s001.ogv/CA8-Mutations-Cause-a-Novel-Syndrome-Characterized-by-Ataxia-and-Mild-Mental-Retardation-with-pgen.1000487.s001.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/CA8-Mutations-Cause-a-Novel-Syndrome-Characterized-by-Ataxia-and-Mild-Mental-Retardation-with-pgen.1000487.s001.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/CA8-Mutations-Cause-a-Novel-Syndrome-Characterized-by-Ataxia-and-Mild-Mental-Retardation-with-pgen.1000487.s001.ogv/CA8-Mutations-Cause-a-Novel-Syndrome-Characterized-by-Ataxia-and-Mild-Mental-Retardation-with-pgen.1000487.s001.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span><figcaption>Quadrupedalism in an <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Kurdish">Iraqi Kurdish</a> family</figcaption></figure> <p>In July 2005, in rural <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, scientists discovered five <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> siblings who had learned to walk naturally on their hands and feet. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Common_chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a>, which ambulate <a href="/wiki/Knuckle-walking" title="Knuckle-walking">on their knuckles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ulas_family" title="Ulas family">Ulas family</a> walked on their palms, allowing them to preserve the dexterity of their fingers.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quadrupedal_robots">Quadrupedal robots</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadrupedalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Quadrupedal robots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/BigDog" title="BigDog">BigDog</a> is a dynamically stable quadruped <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robot</a> created in 2005 by <a href="/wiki/Boston_Dynamics" title="Boston Dynamics">Boston Dynamics</a> with <a href="/wiki/Foster-Miller" title="Foster-Miller">Foster-Miller</a>, the <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Concord_Field_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard University Concord Field Station">Harvard University Concord Field Station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BD_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BD-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its successor was Spot. </p><p>Also by NASA JPL, in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a> Robotics Lab, is RoboSimian, with emphasis on stability and deliberation. It has been demonstrated at the <a href="/wiki/DARPA_Robotics_Challenge" title="DARPA Robotics Challenge">DARPA Robotics Challenge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RoboSimian_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoboSimian-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pronograde_posture">Pronograde posture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadrupedalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pronograde posture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A related concept to quadrupedalism is pronogrady, or having a horizontal posture of the <a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">trunk</a>. Although nearly all quadrupedal animals are pronograde, bipedal animals also have that posture, including many living birds and extinct dinosaurs.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nonhuman apes with <a href="/wiki/Orthograde" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthograde">orthograde</a> (vertical) backs may walk quadrupedally in what is called <a href="/wiki/Knuckle-walking" title="Knuckle-walking">knuckle-walking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadrupedalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mondschein, Emily R., Karen E. Adolph, and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Tamis-LeMonda" title="Catherine Tamis-LeMonda">Catherine S. Tamis-LeMonda</a>. "Gender bias in mothers' expectations about infant crawling." Journal of experimental child psychology 77.4 (2000): 304–316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRathbone2022" class="citation book cs1">Rathbone, Keith (8 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZidcEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT73"><i>Sport and physical culture in Occupied France: Authoritarianism, agency, and everyday life</i></a>. Manchester University Press. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-5327-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-5327-2"><bdi>978-1-5261-5327-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sport+and+physical+culture+in+Occupied+France%3A+Authoritarianism%2C+agency%2C+and+everyday+life&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2022-02-08&rft.isbn=978-1-5261-5327-2&rft.aulast=Rathbone&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZidcEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadrupedalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwatman2015" class="citation web cs1">Swatman, Rachel (12 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2015/11/video-watch-japan%E2%80%99s-kinichi-ito-scamper-to-gwr-day-success-with-fastest-100-m-ru-405713">"Video: Watch Japan's Kenichi Ito scamper to GWR Day success with fastest 100 m running on all fours"</a>. <i>Guinness World Records</i>. 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(2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/primate-locomotion-105284696/">"Primate Locomotion"</a>. <i>Nature Education Knowledge</i>. <b>4</b> (8): 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Education+Knowledge&rft.atitle=Primate+Locomotion&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Gebo&rft.aufirst=Daniel+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fscitable%2Fknowledge%2Flibrary%2Fprimate-locomotion-105284696%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadrupedalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadrupedalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Animal_locomotion_on_land" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_locomotion" title="Terrestrial locomotion">Animal locomotion on land</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gait" title="Gait">Gait</a> class</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legged</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arboreal_locomotion" title="Arboreal locomotion">Arboreal locomotion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brachiation" title="Brachiation">Brachiation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_walking" title="Hand walking">Hand-walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumping" title="Jumping">Jumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knuckle-walking" title="Knuckle-walking">Knuckle-walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running" title="Running">Running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">Walking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legless</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concertina_movement" title="Concertina movement">Concertina movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undulatory_locomotion" title="Undulatory locomotion">Undulatory locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectilinear_locomotion" title="Rectilinear locomotion">Rectilinear locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_locomotion_in_living_systems" title="Rotating locomotion in living systems">Rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewinding" title="Sidewinding">Sidewinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_locomotion#Limbless_locomotion" title="Terrestrial locomotion">Other modes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_foot_morphology" title="Comparative foot morphology">Comparative foot morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod_leg" title="Arthropod leg">Arthropod leg</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foot structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digitigrade" title="Digitigrade">Digitigrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantigrade" title="Plantigrade">Plantigrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">Unguligrade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by limb</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unipedalism" title="Unipedalism">Uniped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipedalism" title="Bipedalism">Biped</a> (<a href="/wiki/Facultative_bipedalism" title="Facultative bipedalism">Facultative</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripedalism" title="Tripedalism">Triped</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quadruped</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canine_gait" title="Canine gait">Canine gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_gait" title="Horse gait">Horse gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gait_(human)" title="Gait (human)">Human gait</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_locomotion_on_the_water_surface" title="Animal locomotion on the water surface">Animal locomotion on the water surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_locomotion" title="Fish locomotion">Fish locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_and_gliding_animals" title="Flying and gliding animals">Volant animals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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