Isotopes | AMERICAN ELEMENTS®

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="description" content="Isotopes are variants of chemical elements: while all isotopes of a given element contain the same number of protons, they vary in the number of neutrons they contain. Variation in neutron number produces chemically identical atoms with different masses, which can be exploited to allow tracing of specific individual atoms through a system. Stable isotopes Stable isotopes are generally defined as non-radioactive isotopic elements that do not decay over time. Radioactive isotopes may also be classified as stable isotopes when their half-lives are too long to be measured. These elements can often be found to occur in nature and include isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, noble gases and metals. For example, three naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen include protium (H) having one neutron, deuterium (2H) having two neutrons, and tritium having three neutrons. Isotopically labeled compounds Isotopically labelled compounds are compounds that incorporate isotopic elements within their molecular structure and are thus "labelled" by the isotope. These compounds are used to study chemical and biochemical reactions, metabolic pathways or cellular transport. Specifically, isotope-labelled compounds are routinely used for a variety of applications including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and geochemical analyses. An example of using an isotopic label includes replacing the most common isotope of hydrogen, protium, with deuterium to observe hydrogen exchange reactions in water. Isotope separation methods Distillation and Diffusion Processes Distillation or diffusion are processes which are for enrichment used when there are relatively large mass differences between different isotopes of an element. Centrifuge enrichment Centrifuge processes for enrichment includes gas centrifugation and improvements upon the gas centrifuge techniques. This process involves rotating cylinders in order to move the heavier gas molecules containing a given isotope to the outer radius of the cylinder while collecting the lighter gas molecules containing the given isotope in the center of the cylinder. Electromagnetic enrichment Electromagnetic isotope separation processes involves first vaporizing the isotope containing molecules followed by ionizing the vapor with positively charged ions. A mass spectrometer, known as the Calutron, is then used to redirect a stream of cations onto a target for collection. Other methods: laser enrichment, photochemical enrichment and plasma separation Laser enrichment processes provide for lower energy inputs and thus more economical enrichment. One method currently under investigation is known as the Separation of Isotopes by Laser Excitiation (SILEX). Another laser method that is used to enrich uranium containing the 235U atom is known as molecular laser isotope separation (MLIS) which involves using infrared laser at UF6 molecules and a second laser to free a fluorine atom resulting in precipitation of the remaining UF5 compound out of the gas. Plasma separation involves the principle of ion cyclotron resonance and uses superconducting magnets to energize a given isotope in plasma consisting of an ionic mixture. Applications Medical Metabolic studies Biochemical markers and probes are used to research the uptake of compounds by the body. For example, nutritional studies are commonly performed using isotopic labeled compounds. Brain and kidney function Studies of brain and kidney function are performed by tracing isotopes throughout these organs for both diagnostics and treatment applications. Therapeutics Precursors for therapeutic radioisotopes or radiation therapy are used for a variety of therapies. For example, neuroendocrine tumors are treated by radiotherapy using hormone bound lutetium-177 and yttrium-90. Clinical pharmacology Tracing drug metabolism requires the use of isotopes bound to drug in order to understand the processing of the given pharmaceutical by the body. Research Biology A wide range of biochemical processes can be studied using stable isotopes. For example, a technique known as stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) is used in proteomics research to help identify disease biomarkers. Chemistry The use of isotope labeling allows chemists to study the mechanisms of chemical reactions, as individual atoms can be followed through a system. Environmental science Isotopes are valuable for studying release and spread of pollutants in the environment. Oceanography The tracing of isotope movement, either within a local system such as an estuary or on a global scale, can allow study of circulation patterns. Agriculture Various compounds labeled with nitrogen-15 are used in the study of processes such as plant metabolism and fertilizer uptake." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.americanelements.com/isotopes.html" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org); Commerce 2" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="icon" href="/themes/custom/ae_theme/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Isotopes" href="https://www.americanelements.com/taxonomy/term/142/feed" /> <title>Isotopes | AMERICAN ELEMENTS®</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/images/css/css_sNuPD1MjjTryEoRwq0pm1peYM-rVXzxX73drzwnIKYw.css?delta=0&language=en&theme=ae_theme&include=eJxljUsOwyAMRC-E4EjIwDSkNTGyIW1u349UpVI3ozdvMUOIo6IhLCyJ2NG3G6_55uhKj8hCBRp-2I-qkhLUZcoVF55Ww4m-YZsuS2vQjJhJR3hHTCyvUaZD5ohltSw79AiyIQu7TkqLUq8Wis5O7E_j59Zn4tUqirPDBlpIZHAjxYaF3o__wsbBMLevuFv4pG9SJuMJf2pgaw" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/images/css/css_G0sSiDBs3yXGnb6UOeNl_gd2kRTLlcVEk8ZHjhnnl6Q.css?delta=1&language=en&theme=ae_theme&include=eJxljUsOwyAMRC-E4EjIwDSkNTGyIW1u349UpVI3ozdvMUOIo6IhLCyJ2NG3G6_55uhKj8hCBRp-2I-qkhLUZcoVF55Ww4m-YZsuS2vQjJhJR3hHTCyvUaZD5ohltSw79AiyIQu7TkqLUq8Wis5O7E_j59Zn4tUqirPDBlpIZHAjxYaF3o__wsbBMLevuFv4pG9SJuMJf2pgaw" /> <script> (function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js'}); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-NHBD3H'); </script> </head> <body> <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-NHBD3H" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable"> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <div id="page-wrapper"> <div id="page"> <div class="top-menu"><div class="top-menu-region my-account-menu-item"> <div class="site-logo"> <a class="site-logo__link" href="/"> <img src="/images/2024-08/American-Elements-Company-Logo%20%281%29.svg" alt="American Element site logo"> </a> </div> <div id="block-ae-theme-navbarsearch" class="top-menu-region__search"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div> <form class="form-search" role="search" method="get" action="/all-products" id="product-search-form"> <div class="form-search-wrapper"> <input type="search" class="form-search-field" placeholder="Search by Keyword, Product, CAS..." name="search_api_fulltext" title="search" aria-labelledby="search" id="search-input" required> <input type="submit" class="form-search-submit magnifier16" value="Search" id="search" title="Search"> <input type="submit" class="form-search-apply" value="Apply" id="apply" title="Apply"> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-ae-theme-simplesocialicons" class="top-menu-region__social-icons simple-social-icons"> <div class="social-icons"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--social-icons paragraph--view-mode--simple-icons"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/AmericanElement" class="simple-social-icon facebook"></a> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--social-icons paragraph--view-mode--simple-icons"> <a href="https://twitter.com/AmericanElement" class="simple-social-icon twitter"></a> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--social-icons paragraph--view-mode--simple-icons"> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/americanelements/" class="simple-social-icon instagram"></a> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--social-icons paragraph--view-mode--simple-icons"> <a href="http://www.linkedin.com/company/american-elements" class="simple-social-icon linkedin"></a> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--social-icons paragraph--view-mode--simple-icons"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/Americanelements" class="simple-social-icon youtube"></a> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--social-icons paragraph--view-mode--simple-icons"> <a href="mailto:customerservice@americanelements.com" class="simple-social-icon email"></a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-ae-theme-navbartranslate" class="top-menu-region__translate"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div> <div class="translate-title"> </div><ul id="flags"><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=zh-CN&u=https://www.americanelements.com/isotopes.html"><span class="flag cn"> </span> <span class="flag-text notranslate">简化字</span></a></li><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=de&u=https://www.americanelements.com/isotopes.html"><span class="flag de"> </span> <span class="flag-text notranslate">Deutsch</span></a></li><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=es&u=https://www.americanelements.com/isotopes.html"><span class="flag es"> </span> <span class="flag-text notranslate">español</span></a></li><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=fr&u=https://www.americanelements.com/isotopes.html"><span class="flag fr"> </span> <span class="flag-text notranslate">français</span></a></li><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=hi&u=https://www.americanelements.com/isotopes.html"><span class="flag hi"> </span> <span class="flag-text notranslate">हिन्दी</span></a></li><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=it&u=https://www.americanelements.com/isotopes.html"><span class="flag it"> </span> <span class="flag-text notranslate">italiano</span></a></li><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=ja&u=https://www.americanelements.com/isotopes.html"><span class="flag ja"> </span> <span class="flag-text notranslate">日本語</span></a></li><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=ko&u=https://www.americanelements.com/isotopes.html"><span class="flag ko"> </span><span class="flag-text notranslate">한국어</span></a></li><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=nl&u=https://www.americanelements.com/isotopes.html"><span class="flag nl"> </span><span class="flag-text notranslate">nederlands</span></a></li><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=pt&u=https://www.americanelements.com/isotopes.html"><span class="flag pt"> </span><span class="flag-text notranslate">português</span></a></li><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=ru&u=https://www.americanelements.com/isotopes.html"><span class="flag ru"> </span><span class="flag-text notranslate">России</span></a></li><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=sv&u=https://www.americanelements.com/isotopes.html"><span class="flag sv"> </span><span class="flag-text notranslate">svensk</span></a></li><li><a href="https://www.americanelements.com"><span class="flag us"> </span><span class="flag-text notranslate">English</span></a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-ae-theme-cart" class="top-menu-region__cart"> <div class="cart--cart-block"> <div class="cart-block--summary"> <a class="cart-block--link__expand" href="/cart"> <span class="cart-block--summary__icon"> <svg width="40" height="40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 576 512"><path fill="#666666" d="M0 24C0 10.7 10.7 0 24 0L69.5 0c22 0 41.5 12.8 50.6 32l411 0c26.3 0 45.5 25 38.6 50.4l-41 152.3c-8.5 31.4-37 53.3-69.5 53.3l-288.5 0 5.4 28.5c2.2 11.3 12.1 19.5 23.6 19.5L488 336c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24s-10.7 24-24 24l-288.3 0c-34.6 0-64.3-24.6-70.7-58.5L77.4 54.5c-.7-3.8-4-6.5-7.9-6.5L24 48C10.7 48 0 37.3 0 24zM128 464a48 48 0 1 1 96 0 48 48 0 1 1 -96 0zm336-48a48 48 0 1 1 0 96 48 48 0 1 1 0-96z"/></svg> </span> <span class="cart-block--summary__count">0</span> </a> </div> <div class="cart-block--contents empty-cart"> <div class="cart-block--contents__inner"> Your shopping cart is empty! </div> </div> </div> </div> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-ae-theme-customloginlogoutmenu-menu" id="block-ae-theme-customloginlogoutmenu" class="top-menu-region__usermenu"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-ae-theme-customloginlogoutmenu-menu">Custom Login/Logout menu</h2> <ul class="menu"> <li class="menu-item" > <a href="/user/login?current=/isotopes.html" data-drupal-link-system-path="user/login">Log in or Sign up</a> </li> <li class="menu-item" > <a href="/user/not%20yet%20assigned/edit">My Account</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="menubar"> <div class="menubar-region"> <div id="block-ae-theme-emptyblock-2"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-ae-theme-mainmenu-2" class="menu__main-nav"> <nav class="tbm tbm-main tbm-no-arrows" id="tbm-main" data-breakpoint="1199" aria-label="main navigation"> <button class="tbm-button" type="button"> <span class="tbm-button-container"> <span></span> <span></span> <span></span> <span></span> </span> </button> <div class="tbm-collapse "> <ul class="tbm-nav level-0 items-10" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-1 tbm-right tbm-item--has-dropdown" aria-level="1" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <span class="tbm-link level-1 no-link tbm-toggle" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false"> About Us <span class="tbm-caption"></span> </span> <button class="tbm-submenu-toggle"><span class="visually-hidden">Toggle submenu</span></button> </div> <div class="tbm-submenu tbm-item-child" role="list"> <div class="tbm-row"> <div class="tbm-column span2 hidden-collapse"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <div class="tbm-block"> <div class="block-inner"> <div id="block-fixed-block-contentempty-block"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tbm-column span2"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <ul class="tbm-subnav level-1 items-7" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/company.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Our Company <span class="tbm-caption"></span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/services" class="tbm-link level-2"> Services <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/quality-assurance-quality-control" class="tbm-link level-2"> Quality Assurance / Quality Control <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/eventspressreleases.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> News & Events <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/Media.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Media <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/employment.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Employment <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2 tbm-group" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <span class="tbm-link level-2 no-link tbm-group-title" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false"> Locations <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </span> </div> <div class="tbm-group-container tbm-item-child" role="list"> <div class="tbm-row"> <div class="tbm-column span12"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <ul class="tbm-subnav level-2 items-35" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/osterreich.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Austria <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/belgium.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Belgium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/brasil.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Brazil <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/canada.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Canada <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/china-hongkong.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> China & Hong Kong <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ceskarepublika.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Czech Republic <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/danmark.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Denmark <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/suomi.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Finland <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/france.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> France <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/deutschland.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Germany <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/greece.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Greece <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/magyarorszag.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Hungary <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/india.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> India <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/indonesia.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Indonesia <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/israel.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Israel <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/italia.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Italy <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/japan.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Japan <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/malaysia.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Malaysia <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/mexico.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Mexico <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/nederland.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Netherlands <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/norge.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Norway <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/philippines.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Philippines <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/polska.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Poland <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/portugal.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Portugal <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/russia.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Russia <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/singapore.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Singapore <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/korea.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> South Korea <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/espana.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Spain <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/sverige.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Sweden <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/switzerland.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Switzerland <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/taiwan.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Taiwan <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/thailand.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Thailand <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/turkiye.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Turkey <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/united-kingdom.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> United Kingdom <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/" class="tbm-link level-3"> United States <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-1 tbm-right tbm-item--has-dropdown active active-trail" aria-level="1" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <span class="tbm-link level-1 no-link tbm-toggle active-trail" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false"> Products <span class="tbm-caption"></span> </span> <button class="tbm-submenu-toggle"><span class="visually-hidden">Toggle submenu</span></button> </div> <div class="tbm-submenu tbm-item-child" role="list"> <div class="tbm-row"> <div class="tbm-column span2 hidden-collapse"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <div class="tbm-block"> <div class="block-inner"> <div id="block-fixed-block-contentempty-block--2"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tbm-column span2"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <ul class="tbm-subnav level-1 items-5" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/search-products" class="tbm-link level-2"> Search Products <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2 tbm-group" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <span class="tbm-link level-2 no-link tbm-group-title" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false"> Products by Element <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </span> </div> <div class="tbm-group-container tbm-item-child" role="list"> <div class="tbm-row"> <div class="tbm-column span12"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <ul class="tbm-subnav level-2 items-36" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-3 menu-item-bold" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/products-by-element" class="tbm-link level-3"> All Elements <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/al.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Aluminum <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/sb.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Antimony <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/as.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Arsenic <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ba.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Barium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/be.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Beryllium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/bi.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Bismuth <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/bb.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Boron <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/bromine.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Bromine <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/cd.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Cadmium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ca.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Calcium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/cc.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Carbon <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ce.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Cerium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/cs.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Cesium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/chlorine.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Chlorine <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/cr.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Chromium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/co.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Cobalt <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/cu.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Copper <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/dy.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Dysprosium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/er.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Erbium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/eu.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Europium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/fluorine.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Fluorine <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/gd.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Gadolinium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ga.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Gallium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ge.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Germanium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/au.htm" class="tbm-link level-3"> Gold <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/hf.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Hafnium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ho.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Holmium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/in.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Indium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ii.htm" class="tbm-link level-3"> Iodine <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ir.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Iridium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/fe.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Iron <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/la.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Lanthanum <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/pb.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Lead <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/li.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Lithium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3 menu-item-bold" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/products-by-element" class="tbm-link level-3"> More… <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2 tbm-group active active-trail" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <span class="tbm-link level-2 no-link tbm-group-title active-trail" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false"> Products by Form <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </span> </div> <div class="tbm-group-container tbm-item-child" role="list"> <div class="tbm-row"> <div class="tbm-column span12"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <ul class="tbm-subnav level-2 items-18" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/2d-materials" class="tbm-link level-3"> 2D Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/alloys.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Alloys <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/alloys.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Alloy Forms <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ceramic-fibers" class="tbm-link level-3"> Ceramic Fibers <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ceramics.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Ceramics <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/chemicals.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Chemicals & Salts <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/foams.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Foams <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/Ultra_high_purity_metals_powders.htm" class="tbm-link level-3"> High Purity Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3 active active-trail" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/isotopes.html" class="tbm-link level-3 active-trail"> Isotopes <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/metals.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Metal Forms <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/mxenes" class="tbm-link level-3"> Mxenes <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/nanomaterials-nanoparticles-nanotechnology.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Nanomaterials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/organometallics.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Organometallics <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/oxides.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Oxides <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/metals.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Pure Metals <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/rare-earths.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Rare Earths <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/semiconductors.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Semiconductors <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/solutions" class="tbm-link level-3"> Solutions <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2 tbm-group" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <span class="tbm-link level-2 no-link tbm-group-title" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false"> Products by Application <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </span> </div> <div class="tbm-group-container tbm-item-child" role="list"> <div class="tbm-row"> <div class="tbm-column span12"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <ul class="tbm-subnav level-2 items-30" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/additive-manufacturing-3d-printing" class="tbm-link level-3"> 3D Printing <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/additive-manufacturing-3d-printing" class="tbm-link level-3"> Additive Manufacturing <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/green-technology-alternative-energy.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Alternative Energy <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/Battery-Technology.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Battery Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/Bio-Medical.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Biomaterials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/catalysts" class="tbm-link level-3"> Catalysts <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/dental-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Dental Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/electronics-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Electronics Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/fuel-cell-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Fuel Cell Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/fusion-energy" class="tbm-link level-3"> Fusion Energy <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/optical-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Glass Manufacturing <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/green-technology-alternative-energy.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Green Technology <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/Hydrogen-Storage.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Hydrogen Storage <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/optical-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Laser Crystals <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/life-science-organic-chemistry" class="tbm-link level-3"> Life Sciences <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/metallurgy.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Metallurgy <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/nanomaterials-nanoparticles-nanotechnology.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Nanomaterials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/nanomaterials-nanoparticles-nanotechnology.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Nanotechnology <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/optical-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Optical Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/solar-energy-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Photovoltaics <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/pigments-coatings.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Pigments & Coatings <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/metal-plating" class="tbm-link level-3"> Plating <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/research-and-development.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Research & Development <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/solar-energy-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Solar Energy <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/space-industry.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Space Technology <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/sputtering-targets.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Sputtering Targets <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/Battery-Technology.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Supercapacitor Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/thin-film-evaporation-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Thin Film Deposition <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/water-treatment-chemicals.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Water Treatment <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/weather-modification" class="tbm-link level-3"> Weather Modification <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2 tbm-group" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <span class="tbm-link level-2 no-link tbm-group-title" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false"> Life Science Products <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </span> </div> <div class="tbm-group-container tbm-item-child" role="list"> <div class="tbm-row"> <div class="tbm-column span12"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <ul class="tbm-subnav level-2 items-37" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-3 menu-item-bold" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/life-science-organic-chemistry" class="tbm-link level-3"> All Life Science <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/alcohols" class="tbm-link level-3"> Alcohols <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/aldehydes" class="tbm-link level-3"> Aldehydes <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/alkanes" class="tbm-link level-3"> Alkanes <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/amides" class="tbm-link level-3"> Amides <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/amines" class="tbm-link level-3"> Amines <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/amino-acids-derivatives" class="tbm-link level-3"> Amino Acids & Derivatives <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/aromatics" class="tbm-link level-3"> Aromatics <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/aryls" class="tbm-link level-3"> Aryls <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/azetidines" class="tbm-link level-3"> Azetidines <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/benzimidazoles" class="tbm-link level-3"> Benzimidazoles <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/benzothiophenes" class="tbm-link level-3"> Benziothiophenes <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/benzisoxazoles" class="tbm-link level-3"> Benzisoxazoles <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/benzodioxans" class="tbm-link level-3"> Benzodioxans <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/benzofurans" class="tbm-link level-3"> Benzofurans <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/benzothiazoles" class="tbm-link level-3"> Benzothiazoles <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/benzoxazoles" class="tbm-link level-3"> Benzoxazoles <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/carboxylic-acids" class="tbm-link level-3"> Carboxylic Acids <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/enzymes-inhibitors" class="tbm-link level-3"> Enzymes & Inhibitors <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/esters" class="tbm-link level-3"> Esters <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ethers" class="tbm-link level-3"> Ethers <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/fluorinated-building-blocks" class="tbm-link level-3"> Fluorinated Building Blocks <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/furans" class="tbm-link level-3"> Furans <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/halides" class="tbm-link level-3"> Halides <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/imidazoles" class="tbm-link level-3"> Imidazoles <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/imidazolidines" class="tbm-link level-3"> Imidazolidines <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/indazoles" class="tbm-link level-3"> Indazoles <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/indoles" class="tbm-link level-3"> Indoles <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/indolines" class="tbm-link level-3"> Indolines <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/isoquinolines" class="tbm-link level-3"> Isoquinolines <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/isoxazoles" class="tbm-link level-3"> Isoxazoles <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ketones" class="tbm-link level-3"> Ketones <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/morpholines" class="tbm-link level-3"> Morpholines <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/naphthyridines" class="tbm-link level-3"> Napthyridines <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/nitriles" class="tbm-link level-3"> Nitriles <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/organoboron" class="tbm-link level-3"> Organoboron <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3 menu-item-bold" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/life-science-organic-chemistry" class="tbm-link level-3"> More… <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-1 tbm-right tbm-item--has-dropdown" aria-level="1" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <span class="tbm-link level-1 no-link tbm-toggle" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false"> Industries <span class="tbm-caption"></span> </span> <button class="tbm-submenu-toggle"><span class="visually-hidden">Toggle submenu</span></button> </div> <div class="dropdown-layout tbm-submenu tbm-item-child" role="list"> <div class="tbm-row"> <div class="tbm-column span2 hidden-collapse"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <div class="tbm-block"> <div class="block-inner"> <div id="block-fixed-block-contentempty-block--3"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tbm-column span2"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <ul class="tbm-subnav level-1 items-9" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/aerospace-aircraft.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Aerospace <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/agriculture.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Agriculture <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/automotive.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Automotive <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/chemical-manufacturing.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Chemical Manufacturing <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/defense.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Defense <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/dentistry.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Dentistry <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/electronics.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Electronics <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/energy-storage-batteries.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Energy Storage & Batteries <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/fine-art-materials" class="tbm-link level-2"> Fine Art Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="tbm-column span2"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <ul class="tbm-subnav level-1 items-8" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/fuel-cell.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Fuel Cells <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/fusion-energy" class="tbm-link level-2"> Fusion Energy <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/green-technology-alternative-energy.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Green Technology <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/investment-grade-metals.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Investment Grade Metals <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/jewelry-fashion.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Jewelry & Fashion <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/research-laboratory.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Laboratory <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/Bio-Medical.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Life Sciences <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/lighting.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Lighting <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="tbm-column span2"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <ul class="tbm-subnav level-1 items-8" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/medical-devices.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Medical Devices <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/metal-plating" class="tbm-link level-2"> Metal Plating <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/metallurgy.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Metallurgy <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/museum-gallery-services" class="tbm-link level-2"> Museums & Galleries <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/nuclear-energy.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Nuclear Energy <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/oil-gas.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Oil & Gas <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/optical-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Optics & Glass <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/paper-pulp.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Paper & Pulp <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="tbm-column span2"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <ul class="tbm-subnav level-1 items-9" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/pharmaceuticals-cosmetics.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Pharmaceutical & Cosmetics <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/research-and-development.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Research & Development <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/robotics" class="tbm-link level-2"> Robotics <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/solar-energy.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Solar Energy <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/space-industry.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Space <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/sports-equipment.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Sports Equipment <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/steel.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Steel & Alloy Producers <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/textiles-fabrics.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Textiles & Fabrics <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/water-treatment-chemicals.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Water Treatment <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-1 tbm-right tbm-item--has-dropdown" aria-level="1" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <span class="tbm-link level-1 no-link tbm-toggle" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false"> Research <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </span> <button class="tbm-submenu-toggle"><span class="visually-hidden">Toggle submenu</span></button> </div> <div class="dropdown-layout tbm-submenu tbm-item-child" role="list"> <div class="tbm-row"> <div class="tbm-column span2 hidden-collapse"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <div class="tbm-block"> <div class="block-inner"> <div id="block-fixed-block-contentempty-block--4"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tbm-column span2"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <ul class="tbm-subnav level-1 items-2" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/aenotes.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Materials Science News <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/research-center" class="tbm-link level-2"> Research Center <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-1" aria-level="1" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/safety-data-center" class="tbm-link level-1"> SDS <span class="tbm-caption"></span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-1" aria-level="1" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/quote" class="tbm-link level-1"> Contact Us / Request Quote <span class="tbm-caption"></span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-1 d-none-on-desktop" aria-level="1" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/materials-science" class="tbm-link level-1"> Explore Materials Science <span class="tbm-caption"></span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-1 d-none-on-desktop" aria-level="1" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/toolbox.html" class="tbm-link level-1"> Toolbox <span class="tbm-caption"></span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-1" aria-level="1" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/user/login" class="tbm-link level-1 d-none-on-desktop"> Login </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-1" aria-level="1" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/user/register" class="tbm-link level-1 d-none-on-desktop"> Sign Up </a> </div> </li> </ul> <div id="block-ae-theme-simplesocialicons-2" class="mobile-social-icons simple-social-icons"> <div class="social-icons"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--social-icons paragraph--view-mode--simple-icons"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/AmericanElement" class="simple-social-icon facebook"></a> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--social-icons paragraph--view-mode--simple-icons"> <a href="https://twitter.com/AmericanElement" class="simple-social-icon twitter"></a> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--social-icons paragraph--view-mode--simple-icons"> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/americanelements/" class="simple-social-icon instagram"></a> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--social-icons paragraph--view-mode--simple-icons"> <a href="http://www.linkedin.com/company/american-elements" class="simple-social-icon linkedin"></a> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--social-icons paragraph--view-mode--simple-icons"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/Americanelements" class="simple-social-icon youtube"></a> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--social-icons paragraph--view-mode--simple-icons"> <a href="mailto:customerservice@americanelements.com" class="simple-social-icon email"></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <script> if (window.matchMedia("(max-width: 1199px)").matches) { document.getElementById("tbm-main").classList.add('tbm--mobile') } if (0) { document.getElementById('tbm-main').classList.add('tbm--mobile-hide') } </script> </div> <div id="block-ae-theme-titlewithbuttons263" class="menu__toolbox title-with-btns On hide-on-mobile--On"> <h3 class="title-with-btns__title"></h3> <div class="title-with-btns__btns"> <a href="/materials-science">EXPLORE MATERIALS SCIENCE</a> <a href="/toolbox.html">TOOLBOX</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <header id="header" class="header" role="banner"> <div class="section layout-container clearfix"> </div> </header> <div class="highlighted"> <aside class="layout-container section clearfix" role="complementary"> <div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> </aside> </div> <div id="main-wrapper" class="page-layout-main-wrapper layout-container clearfix"> <div id="main" class="layout-main clearfix container-fluid"> <main id="content" class="column main-content" role="main"> <section class="section"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div> <div id="block-ae-theme-gratis-ae-subtheme-system-main"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-1c4dba05e4a9906a6b8f0405360630369c797b03971fa4a315a997b5fe082fe1"> <header> <div> <div class="chemical-forms layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="views-element-container title-class"> <div><div class="chemical-form-view js-view-dom-id-cd8d303807f07504ca5f26da976791baa3d35dbd178e51e9e4c121b32f3ec046"> <div class="all-items"> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-nothing"><span class="field-content"><div class="chemical_forms-main"> <div class="chemical_forms-main-bg"> <div class="chemical_forms-main-title short">Isotopes</div> </div> </div></span></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container main-class"> <div><div class="anion-products js-view-dom-id-2f25d93c1ebfba0e36cb6bed7857f61c97987d920d994f0273d5b616d7fb2d9f"> <h3> <strong>A</strong> </h3> <div class="all-items"> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/aluminum-oxide-18o3" hreflang="en">Aluminum Oxide-18O3</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/antimony-121-metal-isotope-14265-72-6" hreflang="en">Antimony 121 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/antimony-123-metal-isotope-14119-16-5" hreflang="en">Antimony 123 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> </div> <h3> <strong>B</strong> </h3> <div class="all-items"> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/barium-carbonate-13c-51956-33-3" hreflang="en">Barium Carbonate-13C</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/barium-135-carbonate-isotope-14698-58-9" hreflang="en">Barium-135 Carbonate Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/barium-135-nitrate-isotope-14698-58-9" hreflang="en">Barium-135 Nitrate Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/barium-136-carbonate-isotope-15125-64-1" hreflang="en">Barium-136 Carbonate Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/barium-136-nitrate-isotope-15125-64-1" hreflang="en">Barium-136 Nitrate Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/barium-137-carbonate-isotope-13981-97-0" hreflang="en">Barium-137 Carbonate Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/barium-138-carbonate-isotope-15010-01-2" hreflang="en">Barium-138 Carbonate Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/beryllium-boron-10b-sputtering-target" hreflang="en">Beryllium Boron-10B Sputtering Target</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/bis-cyclopentadienyl-zirconium-chloride-deuteride-80789-51-1" hreflang="en">Bis(cyclopentadienyl)zirconium Chloride Deuteride</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/boric-11-acid-isotope-13813-78-0" hreflang="en">Boric 11 Acid Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/boric-acid-10-b-13813-79-1" hreflang="en">Boric Acid 10-B</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/boron-10-carbide-isotope-200443-95-4" hreflang="en">Boron-10 Carbide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/boron-10-carbide-sputtering-target-200443-95-4" hreflang="en">Boron-10 Carbide Sputtering Target</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/boron-10-isotope-14798-12-0" hreflang="en">Boron-10 Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/boron-10-isotope-sputtering-target-14798-12-0" hreflang="en">Boron-10 Isotope Sputtering Target</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/boron-10-oxide-isotope-12228-57-8" hreflang="en">Boron-10 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/boron-10-trifluoride-isotope-15875-25-9" hreflang="en">Boron-10 Trifluoride Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/boron-10b-trifluoride-diethyl-etherate-312619-25-3" hreflang="en">Boron-10B Trifluoride Diethyl Etherate</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/boron-11-carbide-isotope-200443-96-5" hreflang="en">Boron-11 Carbide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/boron-11-isotope-14798-13-1" hreflang="en">Boron-11 Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/boron-11-isotope-sputtering-target-14798-13-1" hreflang="en">Boron-11 Isotope Sputtering Target</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/boron-11-oxide-isotope-77704-22-4" hreflang="en">Boron-11 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/boron-11-trifluoride-isotope-20654-88-0" hreflang="en">Boron-11 Trifluoride Isotope</a></span></div></div> </div> <h3> <strong>C</strong> </h3> <div class="all-items"> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/cadmium-106-metal-isotope" hreflang="en">Cadmium-106 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/cadmium-106-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Cadmium-106 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/cadmium-108-metal-isotope" hreflang="en">Cadmium-108 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/cadmium-108-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Cadmium-108 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/cadmium-110-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Cadmium-110 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/cadmium-111-chloride-isotope" hreflang="en">Cadmium-111 Chloride Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/cadmium-111-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Cadmium-111 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/cadmium-112-metal-isotope" hreflang="en">Cadmium-112 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/cadmium-112-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Cadmium-112 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/cadmium-113-chloride-isotope" hreflang="en">Cadmium-113 Chloride Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/cadmium-113-metal-isotope" hreflang="en">Cadmium-113 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/cadmium-113-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Cadmium-113 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/cadmium-114-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Cadmium-114 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/cadmium-116-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Cadmium-116 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/calcium-40-carbonate-isotope-14092-94-5" hreflang="en">Calcium-40 Carbonate Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/calcium-42-carbonate-isotope-14333-05-2" hreflang="en">Calcium-42 Carbonate Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/calcium-43-carbonate-isotope-14333-06-3" hreflang="en">Calcium-43 Carbonate Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/calcium-44-carbonate-isotope-14255-03-9" hreflang="en">Calcium-44 Carbonate Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/calcium-44-chloride-isotope-133954-38-8" hreflang="en">Calcium-44 Chloride Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/calcium-44-metal-isotope-14255-03-9" hreflang="en">Calcium-44 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/calcium-46-carbonate-isotope-13981-77-6" hreflang="en">Calcium-46 Carbonate Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/cerium-136-oxide-isotope-15758-67-5" hreflang="en">Cerium-136 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/cerium-138-oxide-isotope-15758-26-6" hreflang="en">Cerium-138 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/cerium-140-oxide-isotope-14191-73-2" hreflang="en">Cerium-140 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/cerium-142-oxide-isotope-14119-20-1" hreflang="en">Cerium-142 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/chromium-50-metal-isotope-14304-94-0" hreflang="en">Chromium-50 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/chromium-50-oxide-isotope-14304-94-0" hreflang="en">Chromium-50 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/chromium-52-metal-isotope-14092-98-9" hreflang="en">Chromium-52 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/chromium-52-oxide-isotope-14092-98-9" hreflang="en">Chromium-52 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/chromium-53-metal-isotope-13981-78-7" hreflang="en">Chromium-53 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/chromium-53-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Chromium-53 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/chromium-54-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Chromium-54 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/copper-63-metal-isotope-14191-84-5" hreflang="en">Copper-63 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/copper-63-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Copper-63 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/copper-65-metal-isotope-14119-06-3" hreflang="en">Copper-65 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/copper-65-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Copper-65 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> </div> <h3> <strong>D</strong> </h3> <div class="all-items"> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/dysprosium-160-oxide-isotope-14683-25-1" hreflang="en">Dysprosium-160 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/dysprosium-161-oxide-isotope-13967-68-5" hreflang="en">Dysprosium-161 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/dysprosium-162-oxide-isotope-14834-85-6" hreflang="en">Dysprosium-162 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/dysprosium-164-oxide-isotope-13967-69-6" hreflang="en">Dysprosium-164 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> </div> <h3> <strong>E</strong> </h3> <div class="all-items"> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/erbium-162-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Erbium-162 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/erbium-166-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Erbium-166 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/erbium-168-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Erbium-168 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/erbium-170-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Erbium-170 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/europium-151-oxide" hreflang="en">Europium-151 Oxide</a></span></div></div> </div> <h3> <strong>G</strong> </h3> <div class="all-items"> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/gadolinium-155-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Gadolinium-155 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/gadolinium-156-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Gadolinium-156 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/gadolinium-158-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Gadolinium-158 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/gadolinium-160-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Gadolinium-160 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/gallium-69-metal-isotope-14391-02-7" hreflang="en">Gallium-69 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/gallium-69-oxide-isotope-14391-02-7" hreflang="en">Gallium-69 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/gallium-71-metal-isotope-14391-03-8" hreflang="en">Gallium-71 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/gallium-71-sesquioxide-isotope-14391-03-8" hreflang="en">Gallium-71 Sesquioxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/germanium-70-metal-isotope-14687-55-9" hreflang="en">Germanium-70 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/germanium-70-oxide-isotope-14687-55-9" hreflang="en">Germanium-70 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/germanium-72-metal-isotope-13982-21-3" hreflang="en">Germanium-72 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/germanium-72-oxide-isotope-13982-21-3" hreflang="en">Germanium-72 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/germanium-73-metal-isotope-15034-58-9" hreflang="en">Germanium-73 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/germanium-73-oxide-isotope-15034-58-9" hreflang="en">Germanium-73 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/germanium-74-metal-isotope-15034-59-0" hreflang="en">Germanium-74 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/germanium-74-oxide-isotope-15034-59-0" hreflang="en">Germanium-74 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/germanium-76-metal-isotope-14687-41-3" hreflang="en">Germanium-76 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/germanium-76-oxide-isotope-14687-41-3" hreflang="en">Germanium-76 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> </div> <h3> <strong>H</strong> </h3> <div class="all-items"> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/hafnium-180-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Hafnium-180 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> </div> <h3> <strong>I</strong> </h3> <div class="all-items"> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/indium-113-metal-isotope-14885-78-0" hreflang="en">Indium-113 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/indium-113-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Indium-113 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/indium-115-metal-isotope-14191-71-0" hreflang="en">Indium-115 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/iridium-191-metal-isotope-13967-66-3" hreflang="en">Iridium-191 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/iridium-193-metal-isotope-13967-67-4" hreflang="en">Iridium-193 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/iron-54-metal-isotope-13982-24-6" hreflang="en">Iron-54 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/iron-54-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Iron-54 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/iron-56-metal-isotope-14093-02-8" hreflang="en">Iron-56 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/iron-57-chloride-7705-08-0" hreflang="en">Iron-57 Chloride</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/iron-57-metal-isotope-14762-69-7" hreflang="en">Iron-57 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/iron-57-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Iron-57 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/iron-58-metal-isotope-13968-47-3" hreflang="en">Iron-58 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/iron-58-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Iron-58 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> </div> <h3> <strong>L</strong> </h3> <div class="all-items"> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lanthanum-138-oxide-isotope-15816-87-2" hreflang="en">Lanthanum-138 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lanthanum-139-chloride-isotope" hreflang="en">Lanthanum-139 Chloride Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lanthanum-139-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Lanthanum-139 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lead-204-carbonate-isotope" hreflang="en">Lead- 204 Carbonate Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lead-206-carbonate-isotope" hreflang="en">Lead- 206 Carbonate Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lead-206-metal-isotope-13966-27-3" hreflang="en">Lead- 206 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lead-206-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Lead- 206 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lead-207-carbonate-isotope" hreflang="en">Lead- 207 Carbonate Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lead-207-metal-isotope-14119-29-0" hreflang="en">Lead- 207 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lead-207-nitrate-isotope" hreflang="en">Lead- 207 Nitrate Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lead-207-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Lead- 207 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lead-207-sulfate-isotope" hreflang="en">Lead- 207 Sulfate Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lead-208-carbonate-isotope" hreflang="en">Lead- 208 Carbonate Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lead-204-metal-isotope-13966-26-2" hreflang="en">Lead-204 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lead-208-metal-isotope-13966-28-4" hreflang="en">Lead-208 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lithium-aluminum-deuteride-14128-54-2" hreflang="en">Lithium Aluminum Deuteride</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lithium-aluminum-deuteride-solution-14128-54-2" hreflang="en">Lithium Aluminum Deuteride Solution</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lithium-borodeuteride-15246-28-3" hreflang="en">Lithium Borodeuteride</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lithium-deuteride-13587-16-1" hreflang="en">Lithium Deuteride</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lithium-triethylborodeuteride-74540-86-6" hreflang="en">Lithium Triethylborodeuteride</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lithium-6-carbonate-isotope-25890-20-4" hreflang="en">Lithium-6 Carbonate Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lithium-6-chloride-20227-31-0" hreflang="en">Lithium-6 Chloride</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lithium-6-deuteroxide-deuterate-51250-95-4" hreflang="en">Lithium-6 Deuteroxide Deuterate</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lithium-6-fluoride-14885-65-5" hreflang="en">Lithium-6 Fluoride</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lithium-6-hydroxide-monohydrate-76576-67-5" hreflang="en">Lithium-6 Hydroxide Monohydrate</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lithium-6-metal-isotope-14258-72-1" hreflang="en">Lithium-6 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lithium-6-oxide" hreflang="en">Lithium-6 Oxide</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lithium-6-sulfate" hreflang="en">Lithium-6 Sulfate</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lithium-7-carbonate-71552-93-7" hreflang="en">Lithium-7 Carbonate</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lithium-7-fluoride-17409-87-9" hreflang="en">Lithium-7 Fluoride</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lithium-7-hydroxide-monohydrate-76576-68-6" hreflang="en">Lithium-7 Hydroxide Monohydrate</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lithium-7-metal-isotope-13982-05-3" hreflang="en">Lithium-7 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lithium-7-oxide" hreflang="en">Lithium-7 Oxide</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lutetium-175-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Lutetium-175 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/lutetium-176-oxide-isotope-14452-47-2" hreflang="en">Lutetium-176 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> </div> <h3> <strong>M</strong> </h3> <div class="all-items"> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/magnesium-24-metal-isotope-14280-39-8" hreflang="en">Magnesium-24 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/magnesium-24-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Magnesium-24 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/magnesium-25-metal-isotope-14304-84-8" hreflang="en">Magnesium-25 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/magnesium-25-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Magnesium-25 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/magnesium-26-metal-isotope-13981-68-5" hreflang="en">Magnesium-26 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/magnesium-26-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Magnesium-26 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/mercury-202-metal-isotope" hreflang="en">Mercury-202 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/methyl-d3-magnesium-iodide-solution-41251-37-0" hreflang="en">Methyl-d3-magnesium Iodide Solution</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/molybdenum-100-metal-isotope" hreflang="en">Molybdenum-100 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/molybdenum-94-metal-isotope-14683-00-2" hreflang="en">Molybdenum-94 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/molybdenum-94-trioxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Molybdenum-94 Trioxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/molybdenum-95-metal-isotope" hreflang="en">Molybdenum-95 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/molybdenum-95-trioxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Molybdenum-95 Trioxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/molybdenum-96-trioxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Molybdenum-96 Trioxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/molybdenum-97-metal-isotope" hreflang="en">Molybdenum-97 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/molybdenum-97-trioxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Molybdenum-97 Trioxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/molybdenum-98-trioxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Molybdenum-98 Trioxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> </div> <h3> <strong>N</strong> </h3> <div class="all-items"> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/neodymium-145-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Neodymium 145 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/neodymium-150-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Neodymium 150 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/nickel-58-metal-isotope-13981-79-8" hreflang="en">Nickel-58 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/nickel-60-metal-isotope" hreflang="en">Nickel-60 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/nickel-61-metal-isotope" hreflang="en">Nickel-61 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/nickel-62-metal-isotope-13981-81-2" hreflang="en">Nickel-62 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/nickel-64-metal-isotope" hreflang="en">Nickel-64 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> </div> <h3> <strong>O</strong> </h3> <div class="all-items"> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/osmium-187-metal-isotope-15766-52-6" hreflang="en">Osmium 187 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/osmium-188-metal-isotope" hreflang="en">Osmium 188 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> </div> <h3> <strong>P</strong> </h3> <div class="all-items"> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/palladium-102-metal-isotope" hreflang="en">Palladium 102 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/palladium-104-metal-isotope" hreflang="en">Palladium 104 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/palladium-105-metal-isotope-15749-57-2" hreflang="en">Palladium 105 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/palladium-105-nitrate-isotope-15749-57-2" hreflang="en">Palladium-105 Nitrate Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/palladium-108-metal-isotope-15749-58-3" hreflang="en">Palladium-108 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/palladium-108-nitrate-isotope-15749-58-3" hreflang="en">Palladium-108 Nitrate Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/platinum-194-metal-isotope" hreflang="en">Platinum 194 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/platinum-196-metal-isotope" hreflang="en">Platinum 196 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/platinum-198-metal-isotope" hreflang="en">Platinum 198 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/potassium-41-chloride-isotope" hreflang="en">Potassium 41 Chloride Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/potassium-cyanoborodeuteride-25895-63-0" hreflang="en">Potassium Cyanoborodeuteride</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/potassium-dideuterium-phosphate-13761-79-0" hreflang="en">Potassium Dideuterium Phosphate</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/potassium-40-chloride-isotope" hreflang="en">Potassium-40 Chloride Isotope</a></span></div></div> </div> <h3> <strong>R</strong> </h3> <div class="all-items"> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/rhenium-185-metal-isotope-14391-28-7" hreflang="en">Rhenium 185 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/rubidium-85-chloride-isotope-13982-12-2" hreflang="en">Rubidium-85 Chloride Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/rubidium-87-chloride-isotope-13982-13-3" hreflang="en">Rubidium-87 Chloride Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/ruthenium-100-metal-isotope" hreflang="en">Ruthenium 100 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/ruthenium-101-metal-isotope" hreflang="en">Ruthenium 101 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/ruthenium-104-metal-isotope" hreflang="en">Ruthenium 104 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/ruthenium-99-metal-isotope" hreflang="en">Ruthenium 99 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> </div> <h3> <strong>S</strong> </h3> <div class="all-items"> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/samarium-144-oxide-isotope-14981-82-9" hreflang="en">Samarium 144 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/samarium-152-oxide-isotope-14280-32-1" hreflang="en">Samarium 152 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/samarium-154-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Samarium 154 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/selenium-74-isotope-13981-33-4" hreflang="en">Selenium-74 Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/selenium-76-isotope-13981-32-3" hreflang="en">Selenium-76 Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/selenium-77-isotope-14681-72-2" hreflang="en">Selenium-77 Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/selenium-78-isotope-14833-16-0" hreflang="en">Selenium-78 Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/selenium-80-isotope-14681-72-2" hreflang="en">Selenium-80 Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/selenium-82-isotope-14687-58-2" hreflang="en">Selenium-82 Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/silicon-28-dioxide-isotope-14276-58-5" hreflang="en">Silicon 28 Dioxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/silicon-28-isotope" hreflang="en">Silicon 28 Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/silicon-29-dioxide-isotope-14304-87-1" hreflang="en">Silicon 29 Dioxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/silicon-29-isotope-14304-87-1" hreflang="en">Silicon 29 Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/silicon-30-dioxide-isotope-13981-69-6" hreflang="en">Silicon 30 Dioxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/silicon-30-isotope-13981-69-6" hreflang="en">Silicon-30 Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/silver-107-metal-isotope" hreflang="en">Silver 107 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/silver-109-metal-isotope" hreflang="en">Silver 109 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/silver-cyanide-13c-15n-285978-21-4" hreflang="en">Silver Cyanide- 13C,15N</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/sodium-borodeuteride-15681-89-7" hreflang="en">Sodium Borodeuteride</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/sodium-bromide-79" hreflang="en">Sodium Bromide-79</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/sodium-bromide-81" hreflang="en">Sodium Bromide-81</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/sodium-chloride-35cl-isotope-20510-55-8" hreflang="en">Sodium Chloride-35Cl Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/sodium-cyanoborodeuteride-25895-62-9" hreflang="en">Sodium Cyanoborodeuteride</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/sodium-deuteroxide-solution-14014-06-3" hreflang="en">Sodium Deuteroxide Solution</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/sodium-dideuterium-phosphate-96514-08-8" hreflang="en">Sodium Dideuterium Phosphate</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/sodium-trifluoroacetate-1-13c-286425-32-9" hreflang="en">Sodium Trifluoroacetate-1-13C</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/sodium-trifluoroacetate-13c2-1794767-05-7" hreflang="en">Sodium Trifluoroacetate-13C2</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/strontium-86-carbonate-isotope" hreflang="en">Strontium 86 Carbonate Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/strontium-87-carbonate-isotope" hreflang="en">Strontium 87 Carbonate Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/strontium-88-carbonate-isotope" hreflang="en">Strontium 88 Carbonate Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/sulfur-33-isotope-14257-58-0" hreflang="en">Sulfur-33 Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/sulfur-34-isotope-13965-97-4" hreflang="en">Sulfur-34 Isotope</a></span></div></div> </div> <h3> <strong>T</strong> </h3> <div class="all-items"> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/tellurium-122-isotope" hreflang="en">Tellurium 122 Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/tellurium-123-isotope" hreflang="en">Tellurium 123 Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/tellurium-124-isotope" hreflang="en">Tellurium 124 Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/tellurium-125-isotope" hreflang="en">Tellurium 125 Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/tellurium-126-isotope-14390-74-0" hreflang="en">Tellurium 126 Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/thallium-203-metal-isotope-14280-48-9" hreflang="en">Thallium-203 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/thallium-203-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Thallium-203 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/thallium-205-metal-isotope-14280-49-0" hreflang="en">Thallium-205 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/thallium-205-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Thallium-205 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/tin-112-metal-isotope-15125-53-8" hreflang="en">Tin-112 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/tin-116-metal-isotope-14191-70-9" hreflang="en">Tin-116 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/tin-117-metal-isotope-13981-59-4" hreflang="en">Tin-117 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/tin-118-metal-isotope-14914-65-9" hreflang="en">Tin-118 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/tin-119-metal-isotope-14314-35-3" hreflang="en">Tin-119 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/tin-119-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Tin-119 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/titanium-49-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Titanium 49 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/tungsten-182-metal-isotope-14265-80-6" hreflang="en">Tungsten 182 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/tungsten-182-trioxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Tungsten 182 Trioxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/tungsten-183-metal-isotope" hreflang="en">Tungsten 183 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/tungsten-186-trioxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Tungsten 186 Trioxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/tungsten-184-trioxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Tungsten-184 Trioxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> </div> <h3> <strong>Y</strong> </h3> <div class="all-items"> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/ytterbium-171-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Ytterbium 171 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/ytterbium-172-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Ytterbium 172 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/ytterbium-174-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Ytterbium 174 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/ytterbium-176-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Ytterbium 176 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> </div> <h3> <strong>Z</strong> </h3> <div class="all-items"> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/zinc-64-oxide-isotope-175449-32-8" hreflang="en">Zinc-64 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/zinc-66-metal-isotope-14378-33-7" hreflang="en">Zinc-66 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/zinc-66-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Zinc-66 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/zinc-67-metal-isotope-14378-34-8" hreflang="en">Zinc-67 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/zinc-67-oxide-isotope-57080-79-2" hreflang="en">Zinc-67 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/zinc-68-metal-isotope-14378-35-9" hreflang="en">Zinc-68 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/zinc-68-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Zinc-68 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/zinc-70-metal-isotope" hreflang="en">Zinc-70 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/zinc-70-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Zinc-70 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/zirconium-90-metal-isotope-13982-15-5" hreflang="en">Zirconium 90 Metal Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/zirconium-91-oxide-isotope" hreflang="en">Zirconium 91 Oxide Isotope</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/zirconium-nickel-hydride-zirconium-nickel-deuteride" hreflang="en">Zirconium Nickel Hydride - Zirconium Nickel Deuteride</a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container section-one body-class"> <div><div class="about-chemical-forms js-view-dom-id-7a4a9ff70191e3681b015be8d9d0f8c00639fe4c620fba776ca686af0acc9d98"> <div class="all-items"> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-nothing"><span class="field-content"><div class="chemical_forms-accordion"> <div class="accordion-title custom-accordion-header accordion--item1">About Isotopes</div> <div class="accordion-body custom-accordion-body accordion--item1"><p>Isotopes are variants of chemical elements: while all isotopes of a given element contain the same number of protons, they vary in the number of neutrons they contain. Variation in neutron number produces chemically identical atoms with different masses, which can be exploited to allow tracing of specific individual atoms through a system.</p> <h3>Stable isotopes</h3> <p>Stable isotopes are generally defined as non-radioactive isotopic elements that do not decay over time. Radioactive isotopes may also be classified as stable isotopes when their half-lives are too long to be measured. These elements can often be found to occur in nature and include isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, noble gases and metals. For example, three naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen include protium (H) having one neutron, deuterium (2H) having two neutrons, and tritium having three neutrons.</p> <h3>Isotopically labeled compounds </h3> <p>Isotopically labelled compounds are compounds that incorporate isotopic elements within their molecular structure and are thus "labelled" by the isotope. These compounds are used to study chemical and biochemical reactions, metabolic pathways or cellular transport. Specifically, isotope-labelled compounds are routinely used for a variety of applications including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and geochemical analyses. An example of using an isotopic label includes replacing the most common isotope of hydrogen, protium, with deuterium to observe hydrogen exchange reactions in water. </p> <h3>Isotope separation methods </h3> <h4>Distillation and Diffusion Processes</h4> <p>Distillation or diffusion are processes which are for enrichment used when there are relatively large mass differences between different isotopes of an element.</p> <h4>Centrifuge enrichment </h4> <p>Centrifuge processes for enrichment includes gas centrifugation and improvements upon the gas centrifuge techniques. This process involves rotating cylinders in order to move the heavier gas molecules containing a given isotope to the outer radius of the cylinder while collecting the lighter gas molecules containing the given isotope in the center of the cylinder.</p> <h4>Electromagnetic enrichment </h4> <p>Electromagnetic isotope separation processes involves first vaporizing the isotope containing molecules followed by ionizing the vapor with positively charged ions. A mass spectrometer, known as the Calutron, is then used to redirect a stream of cations onto a target for collection. </p> <h4>Other methods: laser enrichment, photochemical enrichment and plasma separation</h4> <p>Laser enrichment processes provide for lower energy inputs and thus more economical enrichment. One method currently under investigation is known as the Separation of Isotopes by Laser Excitiation (SILEX). Another laser method that is used to enrich uranium containing the 235U atom is known as molecular laser isotope separation (MLIS) which involves using infrared laser at UF6 molecules and a second laser to free a fluorine atom resulting in precipitation of the remaining UF5 compound out of the gas. </p> <p>Plasma separation involves the principle of ion cyclotron resonance and uses superconducting magnets to energize a given isotope in plasma consisting of an ionic mixture. </p> <h3>Applications</h3> <h4>Medical</h4> <h5>Metabolic studies</h5> <p>Biochemical markers and probes are used to research the uptake of compounds by the body. For example, nutritional studies are commonly performed using isotopic labeled compounds.</p> <h5>Brain and kidney function</h5> <p>Studies of brain and kidney function are performed by tracing isotopes throughout these organs for both diagnostics and treatment applications.</p> <h5>Therapeutics</h5> <p>Precursors for therapeutic radioisotopes or radiation therapy are used for a variety of therapies. For example, neuroendocrine tumors are treated by radiotherapy using hormone bound lutetium-177 and yttrium-90.</p> <h5>Clinical pharmacology</h5> <p>Tracing drug metabolism requires the use of isotopes bound to drug in order to understand the processing of the given pharmaceutical by the body.</p> <h4>Research</h4> <h5>Biology</h5> <p>A wide range of biochemical processes can be studied using stable isotopes. For example, a technique known as stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) is used in proteomics research to help identify disease biomarkers.</p> <h5>Chemistry</h5> <p>The use of isotope labeling allows chemists to study the mechanisms of chemical reactions, as individual atoms can be followed through a system. </p> <h5>Environmental science</h5> <p>Isotopes are valuable for studying release and spread of pollutants in the environment.</p> <h5>Oceanography</h5> <p>The tracing of isotope movement, either within a local system such as an estuary or on a global scale, can allow study of circulation patterns.</p> <h5>Agriculture</h5> <p>Various compounds labeled with nitrogen-15 are used in the study of processes such as plant metabolism and fertilizer uptake.</p></div> </div> </div></span></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="all-items"> <div class="views-row"><article data-history-node-id="277299"> <h2> <a href="/research/long-term-toxicity-after-transarterial-radioembolization-with-yttrium-90-using-resin-microspheres" rel="bookmark"> <span>Long-Term Toxicity after Transarterial Radioembolization with Yttrium-90 Using Resin Microspheres for Neuroendocrine Tumor Liver Metastases.</span> </a> </h2> <div> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div> 10.1016/j.jvir.2018.02.002 </div> <div> <ul class="links inline"><li><a href="/research/long-term-toxicity-after-transarterial-radioembolization-with-yttrium-90-using-resin-microspheres" rel="tag" title="Long-Term Toxicity after Transarterial Radioembolization with Yttrium-90 Using Resin Microspheres for Neuroendocrine Tumor Liver Metastases." hreflang="en">Read more<span class="visually-hidden"> about Long-Term Toxicity after Transarterial Radioembolization with Yttrium-90 Using Resin Microspheres for Neuroendocrine Tumor Liver Metastases.</span></a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="views-row"><article data-history-node-id="277298"> <h2> <a href="/research/response-and-overall-survival-for-yttrium-90-radioembolization-of-hepatic-sarcoma-a-multicenter" rel="bookmark"> <span>Response and Overall Survival for Yttrium-90 Radioembolization of Hepatic Sarcoma: A Multicenter Retrospective Study.</span> </a> </h2> <div> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div> 10.1016/j.jvir.2018.01.775 </div> <div> <ul class="links inline"><li><a href="/research/response-and-overall-survival-for-yttrium-90-radioembolization-of-hepatic-sarcoma-a-multicenter" rel="tag" title="Response and Overall Survival for Yttrium-90 Radioembolization of Hepatic Sarcoma: A Multicenter Retrospective Study." hreflang="en">Read more<span class="visually-hidden"> about Response and Overall Survival for Yttrium-90 Radioembolization of Hepatic Sarcoma: A Multicenter Retrospective Study.</span></a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="views-row"><article data-history-node-id="277270"> <h2> <a href="/research/determination-of-osmium-concentration-and-isotope-composition-at-ultra-low-level-in-polar-ice-and" rel="bookmark"> <span>Determination of Osmium Concentration and Isotope Composition at Ultra-low Level in Polar Ice and Snow.</span> </a> </h2> <div> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div> 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00150 </div> <div> <ul class="links inline"><li><a href="/research/determination-of-osmium-concentration-and-isotope-composition-at-ultra-low-level-in-polar-ice-and" rel="tag" title="Determination of Osmium Concentration and Isotope Composition at Ultra-low Level in Polar Ice and Snow." hreflang="en">Read more<span class="visually-hidden"> about Determination of Osmium Concentration and Isotope Composition at Ultra-low Level in Polar Ice and Snow.</span></a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="views-row"><article data-history-node-id="277264"> <h2> <a href="/research/minimal-starting-time-of-data-reconstruction-for-qualitative-myocardial-perfusion-rubidium-82" rel="bookmark"> <span>Minimal starting time of data reconstruction for qualitative myocardial perfusion rubidium-82 positron emission tomography imaging.</span> </a> </h2> <div> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div> 10.1097/MNM.0000000000000830 </div> <div> <ul class="links inline"><li><a href="/research/minimal-starting-time-of-data-reconstruction-for-qualitative-myocardial-perfusion-rubidium-82" rel="tag" title="Minimal starting time of data reconstruction for qualitative myocardial perfusion rubidium-82 positron emission tomography imaging." hreflang="en">Read more<span class="visually-hidden"> about Minimal starting time of data reconstruction for qualitative myocardial perfusion rubidium-82 positron emission tomography imaging.</span></a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="views-row"><article data-history-node-id="276990"> <h2> <a href="/research/toward-an-accurate-determination-of-half-life-of-sm-isotope" rel="bookmark"> <span>Toward an accurate determination of half-life of Sm isotope.</span> </a> </h2> <div> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div> 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.04.001 </div> <div> <ul class="links inline"><li><a href="/research/toward-an-accurate-determination-of-half-life-of-sm-isotope" rel="tag" title="Toward an accurate determination of half-life of Sm isotope." hreflang="en">Read more<span class="visually-hidden"> about Toward an accurate determination of half-life of Sm isotope.</span></a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="views-row"><article data-history-node-id="276989"> <h2> <a href="/research/a-comparative-68ga-citrate-and-68ga-chloride-pet-ct-imaging-of-osteomyelitis-in-the-rat-tibia" rel="bookmark"> <span>A Comparative 68Ga-Citrate and 68Ga-Chloride PET/CT Imaging of Osteomyelitis in the Rat Tibia.</span> </a> </h2> <div> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div> 10.1155/2018/9892604 </div> <div> <ul class="links inline"><li><a href="/research/a-comparative-68ga-citrate-and-68ga-chloride-pet-ct-imaging-of-osteomyelitis-in-the-rat-tibia" rel="tag" title="A Comparative 68Ga-Citrate and 68Ga-Chloride PET/CT Imaging of Osteomyelitis in the Rat Tibia." hreflang="en">Read more<span class="visually-hidden"> about A Comparative 68Ga-Citrate and 68Ga-Chloride PET/CT Imaging of Osteomyelitis in the Rat Tibia.</span></a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="views-row"><article data-history-node-id="276953"> <h2> <a href="/research/atypical-hemangioma-mimicking-metastasis-on-18f-sodium-fluoride-positron-emission-tomography" rel="bookmark"> <span>Atypical Hemangioma Mimicking Metastasis on 18F-Sodium Fluoride Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Gallium-68-Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Positron Emission Tomography Improves the Specificity of Bone Le</span> </a> </h2> <div> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div> 10.4103/ijnm.IJNM_150_17 </div> <div> <ul class="links inline"><li><a href="/research/atypical-hemangioma-mimicking-metastasis-on-18f-sodium-fluoride-positron-emission-tomography" rel="tag" title="Atypical Hemangioma Mimicking Metastasis on 18F-Sodium Fluoride Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Gallium-68-Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Positron Emission Tomography Improves the Specificity of Bone Le" hreflang="en">Read more<span class="visually-hidden"> about Atypical Hemangioma Mimicking Metastasis on 18F-Sodium Fluoride Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Gallium-68-Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Positron Emission Tomography Improves the Specificity of Bone Le</span></a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="views-row"><article data-history-node-id="276912"> <h2> <a href="/research/mesoproterozoic-juvenile-crust-in-microcontinents-of-the-central-asian-orogenic-belt-evidence-from" rel="bookmark"> <span>Mesoproterozoic juvenile crust in microcontinents of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt: evidence from oxygen and hafnium isotopes in zircon.</span> </a> </h2> <div> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div> 10.1038/s41598-018-23393-4 </div> <div> <ul class="links inline"><li><a href="/research/mesoproterozoic-juvenile-crust-in-microcontinents-of-the-central-asian-orogenic-belt-evidence-from" rel="tag" title="Mesoproterozoic juvenile crust in microcontinents of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt: evidence from oxygen and hafnium isotopes in zircon." hreflang="en">Read more<span class="visually-hidden"> about Mesoproterozoic juvenile crust in microcontinents of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt: evidence from oxygen and hafnium isotopes in zircon.</span></a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="views-row"><article data-history-node-id="276806"> <h2> <a href="/research/preparation-and-purification-of-organic-samples-for-selenium-isotope-studies" rel="bookmark"> <span>Preparation and purification of organic samples for selenium isotope studies.</span> </a> </h2> <div> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div> 10.1371/journal.pone.0193826 </div> <div> <ul class="links inline"><li><a href="/research/preparation-and-purification-of-organic-samples-for-selenium-isotope-studies" rel="tag" title="Preparation and purification of organic samples for selenium isotope studies." hreflang="en">Read more<span class="visually-hidden"> about Preparation and purification of organic samples for selenium isotope studies.</span></a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="views-row"><article data-history-node-id="276805"> <h2> <a href="/research/metallome-evolution-in-ageing-c-elegans-and-a-copper-stable-isotope-perspective" rel="bookmark"> <span>Metallome evolution in ageing C. elegans and a copper stable isotope perspective.</span> </a> </h2> <div> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div> 10.1039/c7mt00318h </div> <div> <ul class="links inline"><li><a href="/research/metallome-evolution-in-ageing-c-elegans-and-a-copper-stable-isotope-perspective" rel="tag" title="Metallome evolution in ageing C. elegans and a copper stable isotope perspective." hreflang="en">Read more<span class="visually-hidden"> about Metallome evolution in ageing C. elegans and a copper stable isotope perspective.</span></a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> <nav role="navigation" class="mini-pager" aria-labelledby="pagination-heading"> <h4 id="pagination-heading" class="visually-hidden">Pagination</h4> <ul class="js-pager__items"> <li class="active"> Page 1 </li> <li> <a class="next" href="/isotopes.html?page=1" title="Go to next page" rel="next"> <span class="visually-hidden">Next page</span> <span aria-hidden="true">››</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/taxonomy/term/142/feed" class="feed-icon"> Subscribe to Isotopes </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </main> </div> </div> <footer class="site-footer"> <div class="layout-container"> <div class="site-footer__top clearfix"> <div> <div id="block-ae-theme-sponsorsbox" class="Sponsers-box-block"> <div> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <img loading="lazy" src="/images/styles/large/public/2025-01/ARPA-E-Summit.png?itok=E3UTxRam" width="480" height="104" alt="ARPA-E Energy Innovation Summit" title="ARPA-E Energy Innovation Summit" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>Please join us and our customers and co-sponsors GE and BASF at the <a href="https://www.arpae-summit.com/">ARPA-E Energy Innovation Summit</a> in Washington, DC on March 17, 2025.</p> </div> <div id="block-ae-theme-copyright" class="footer-copyright"> <div class="footer-copyright--text"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div> Periodic table of the elements, materials science and academic information, elements and advanced materials data, scientific presentations and all pages, designs, concepts, logos, and color schemes herein are the copyrighted proprietary rights and intellectual property of American Elements. American Elements is a U.S. Registered Trademark. © 1997-2025 American Elements. All rights reserved. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"taxonomy\/term\/142","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"eJxljUsOwyAMRC-E4EjIwDSkNTGyIW1u349UpVI3ozdvMUOIo6IhLCyJ2NG3G6_55uhKj8hCBRp-2I-qkhLUZcoVF55Ww4m-YZsuS2vQjJhJR3hHTCyvUaZD5ohltSw79AiyIQu7TkqLUq8Wis5O7E_j59Zn4tUqirPDBlpIZHAjxYaF3o__wsbBMLevuFv4pG9SJuMJf2pgaw","theme":"ae_theme","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":[],"ajaxLoader":{"markup":"\u003Cdiv class=\u0022ajax-throbber sk-wander\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022sk-wander-cube\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022sk-wander-cube\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022sk-wander-cube\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022sk-wander-cube\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E","hideAjaxMessage":true,"alwaysFullscreen":true,"throbberPosition":"body"},"clientside_validation_jquery":{"validate_all_ajax_forms":2,"force_validate_on_blur":false,"messages":{"required":"This field is required.","remote":"Please fix this field.","email":"Please enter a valid email address.","url":"Please enter a valid URL.","date":"Please enter a valid date.","dateISO":"Please enter a valid date (ISO).","number":"Please enter a valid number.","digits":"Please enter only digits.","equalTo":"Please enter the same value again.","maxlength":"Please enter no more than {0} characters.","minlength":"Please enter at least {0} characters.","rangelength":"Please enter a value between {0} and {1} characters long.","range":"Please enter a value between {0} and {1}.","max":"Please enter a value less than or equal to {0}.","min":"Please enter a value greater than or equal to {0}.","step":"Please enter a multiple of {0}."}},"TBMegaMenu":{"TBElementsCounter":{"column":null},"theme":"ae_theme","tbm-main":{"arrows":"0"}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"ce2f1decf657a31c7c4dd8fbb49e0b5ecd442d1a0c7190d0d05f28b42f8adf78"}}</script> <script src="/images/js/js_X2JsGORybb4hBo6M-lPa2dEM7suPoM4dBwaTlON_m8A.js?scope=footer&delta=0&language=en&theme=ae_theme&include=eJxNi0sKgEAMxS40OEcqr-PDX2uhjuDx1YXgJiSLgNJnOutkobCCrw9b2law4hILjMz686HPGarM0sKd2SgN2esLUYvn7CrOCc79rIqDN15nKJQ"></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Isotopes | AMERICAN ELEMENTS®