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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Northern California</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Northern_California-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Northern California subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Northern_California-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Klamath_Mountains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klamath_Mountains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Klamath Mountains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klamath_Mountains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cascade_Range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cascade_Range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cascade Range</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cascade_Range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modoc_Plateau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modoc_Plateau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modoc Plateau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modoc_Plateau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basin_and_Range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basin_and_Range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Basin and Range</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basin_and_Range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coast_Ranges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coast_Ranges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Coast Ranges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coast_Ranges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Valley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Valley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Central Valley</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Valley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sierra_Nevada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sierra_Nevada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Sierra Nevada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sierra_Nevada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_California" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_California"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Southern California</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Southern_California-sublist" class="cdx-button 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Faults,_volcanoes,_and_tsunamis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faults,_volcanoes,_and_tsunamis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Faults, volcanoes, and tsunamis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faults,_volcanoes,_and_tsunamis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tectonics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tectonics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Tectonics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tectonics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Geography of California</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geograf%C3%ADa_de_California" title="Geografía de California – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Geografía de California" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ographie_de_la_Californie" title="Géographie de la Californie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Géographie de la Californie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E5%B7%9E%E3%81%AE%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_California&params=37_9_58_N_119_26_58_W_dim:650km_type:landmark_region:US-CA_source:enwiki&title=Center+of+California"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°9′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">119°26′58″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.16611°N 119.44944°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.16611; -119.44944</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Center of California</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:California_Topography_and_Geomorphic.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/California_Topography_and_Geomorphic.gif/330px-California_Topography_and_Geomorphic.gif" decoding="async" width="330" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/California_Topography_and_Geomorphic.gif/495px-California_Topography_and_Geomorphic.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/California_Topography_and_Geomorphic.gif/660px-California_Topography_and_Geomorphic.gif 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Map of California topography and geomorphic provinces</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:California_Mountain_Ranges.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/California_Mountain_Ranges.gif/330px-California_Mountain_Ranges.gif" decoding="async" width="330" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/California_Mountain_Ranges.gif/495px-California_Mountain_Ranges.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/California_Mountain_Ranges.gif/660px-California_Mountain_Ranges.gif 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>California's major mountain ranges</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> is a <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> on the western coast of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. Covering an area of 163,696 sq mi (423,970 km<sup>2</sup>), California is among the most geographically diverse states. The <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a>, the fertile farmlands of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)" title="Central Valley (California)">Central Valley</a>, and the arid <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a> of the south are some of the geographic features of this <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a>. It is home to some of the world's most exceptional trees: the tallest (<a href="/wiki/Coast_redwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast redwood">coast redwood</a>), most massive (<a href="/wiki/Giant_Sequoia" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant Sequoia">Giant Sequoia</a>), and oldest (<a href="/wiki/Bristlecone_pine" title="Bristlecone pine">bristlecone pine</a>). It is also home to both the highest (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Whitney" title="Mount Whitney">Mount Whitney</a>) and lowest (<a href="/wiki/Death_Valley" title="Death Valley">Death Valley</a>) points in the <a href="/wiki/Continental_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental United States">48 contiguous states</a>. </p><p>The state is generally divided into <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>, although the boundary between the two is not well defined. San Francisco is decidedly a Northern California city and Los Angeles is a Southern California one but areas in between do not often share their confidence in geographic identity. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">US Geological Survey</a> defines the geographic center of California about 7.1 miles (11.4 km) driving distance from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service</a> office in the community of <a href="/wiki/North_Fork,_California" title="North Fork, California">North Fork</a>. Earth scientists typically divide the state into eleven geomorphic provinces with clearly defined boundaries. They are, from north to south, the <a href="/wiki/Klamath_Mountains" title="Klamath Mountains">Klamath Mountains</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Modoc_Plateau" title="Modoc Plateau">Modoc Plateau</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Basin_and_Range_Province" title="Basin and Range Province">Basin and Range</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coast_Ranges" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast Ranges">Coast Ranges</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)" title="Central Valley (California)">Central Valley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Transverse_Ranges" title="Transverse Ranges">Transverse Ranges</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Ranges" title="Peninsular Ranges">Peninsular Ranges</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Desert" title="Colorado Desert">Colorado Desert</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_boundaries">State boundaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_California&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: State boundaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The boundaries of California were defined by Spanish claims of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, as part of the province of <a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a>. The northern boundary of Spanish claims was set at 42 degrees latitude by the <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93Onis_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adams–Onis Treaty">Adams–Onis Treaty</a> of 1819.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The states of Nevada and Utah, also originally part of Alta California, also use that line for their northern boundaries. The southern boundary, between California and Mexico, was established by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a> that ended the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> in 1848. The line is about 30 miles (48 km) north of the former Alta California southern boundary. The eastern boundary consists of two straight lines: a north–south line from the northern border to the middle of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tahoe" title="Lake Tahoe">Lake Tahoe</a>, and a second line angling southeast to the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a>. From that point, 14 miles (23 km) south-southwest of <a href="/wiki/Davis_Dam" title="Davis Dam">Davis Dam</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mohave" title="Lake Mohave">Lake Mohave</a>, the southeast boundary follows the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a> to the international border west of <a href="/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona" title="Yuma, Arizona">Yuma, Arizona</a>. The eastern and south-eastern boundaries were decided upon during the debates of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Convention (California)">California Constitutional Convention</a> in 1849. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Northern_California">Northern California</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_California&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Northern California"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mtshasta-large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Mtshasta-large.jpg/350px-Mtshasta-large.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Mtshasta-large.jpg/525px-Mtshasta-large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Mtshasta-large.jpg/700px-Mtshasta-large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption>Mount Shasta from <a href="/wiki/Interstate_5" title="Interstate 5">Interstate 5</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a></div> <p>Northern California usually refers to the state's northernmost 48 counties. </p><p>The main population centers of Northern California include <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> (which includes the cities of <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland</a>, and the largest city of the region, <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a> (the state capital) as well as <a href="/wiki/Greater_Sacramento" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Sacramento">its metropolitan area</a>. It also contains <a href="/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens" title="Sequoia sempervirens">redwood</a> forests, along with the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a> including <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_Valley" title="Yosemite Valley">Yosemite Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tahoe" title="Lake Tahoe">Lake Tahoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Shasta" title="Mount Shasta">Mount Shasta</a> (the second-highest peak in the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a> after <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier">Mount Rainier</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington state">Washington</a>), and the northern half of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)" title="Central Valley (California)">Central Valley</a>, one of the world's most productive agricultural regions. The climate can be generally characterized by its <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">marine</a> to warm <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climates</a> along the coast, to a somewhat continental Mediterranean climate in the valley to alpine climate zones in the high mountains. Apart from the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_metropolitan_area" title="Sacramento metropolitan area">Sacramento metropolitan areas</a> (and some other cities in the Central Valley), it is a region of relatively low population density. Northern California's economy is noted for being the de facto world leader in industries such as high technology (both software and <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a>), as well as being known for <a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">clean power</a>, biomedical, government, and finance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klamath_Mountains">Klamath Mountains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_California&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Klamath Mountains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canyon_Creek_Lakes_(3618410685).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Canyon_Creek_Lakes_%283618410685%29.jpg/170px-Canyon_Creek_Lakes_%283618410685%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Canyon_Creek_Lakes_%283618410685%29.jpg/255px-Canyon_Creek_Lakes_%283618410685%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Canyon_Creek_Lakes_%283618410685%29.jpg/340px-Canyon_Creek_Lakes_%283618410685%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Alpine tarn in the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Alps" title="Trinity Alps">Trinity Alps</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Klamath_Mountains" title="Klamath Mountains">Klamath Mountains</a> are a <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">range</a> in northwest California and southwest Oregon, the highest peak being <a href="/wiki/Mount_Eddy" title="Mount Eddy">Mount Eddy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trinity_County,_California" title="Trinity County, California">Trinity County, California</a>, at 9,037 feet (2,754 m).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The range has a varied geology, with substantial areas of <a href="/wiki/Serpentine_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpentine group">serpentine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>. The climate is characterized by moderately cold winters with heavy snowfall and warm, very dry summers with limited rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence of the geology, the mountains have a unique flora, including several endemic or near-endemic species, such as <a href="/wiki/Lawson%27s_Cypress" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawson's Cypress">Lawson's Cypress</a> (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) and <a href="/wiki/Foxtail_Pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Foxtail Pine">Foxtail Pine</a> (Pinus balfouriana). <a href="/wiki/Brewer%27s_Spruce" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewer's Spruce">Brewer's Spruce</a> <i>(Picea breweriana)</i> and <a href="/wiki/Kalmiopsis" title="Kalmiopsis">Kalmiopsis</a> <i>(Kalmiopsis leachiana)</i> are relict species, remaining since the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation" title="Wisconsin glaciation">last ice age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cascade_Range">Cascade Range</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_California&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cascade Range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a> is a mountainous region stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_River" title="Fraser River">Fraser River</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, Canada down to south of <a href="/wiki/Lassen_Peak" title="Lassen Peak">Lassen Peak</a>, California.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cascades (as they are called for short) are part of the Pacific <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a>, the ring of volcanoes around the Pacific Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of the known historic eruptions in the contiguous United States have been from either Cascade volcanoes or near <a href="/wiki/Mono_Lake" title="Mono Lake">Mono Lake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-firemountains_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firemountains-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> Lassen Peak was the last Cascade volcano to erupt in California, from 1914 to 1921. Lassen is the most southerly active volcano of the Cascade chain.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This region is located in the northeastern section of the state bordering <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, mostly north of the Central Valley and the Sierra Nevada mountain range. The area is centered on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Shasta" title="Mount Shasta">Mount Shasta</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Alps" title="Trinity Alps">Trinity Alps</a>. Mount Shasta is a dormant volcano, but there is some evidence that it erupted in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-firemountains_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firemountains-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 99">: 99 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modoc_Plateau">Modoc Plateau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_California&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modoc Plateau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the northeast corner of the state lies the <a href="/wiki/Modoc_Plateau" title="Modoc Plateau">Modoc Plateau</a>, an expanse of <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> flows that formed a million years ago and now lie at an altitude of 4,000 to 5,000 feet (1,200 to 1,500 m).<sup id="cite_ref-ModocWAP_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ModocWAP-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plateau has many <a href="/wiki/Cinder_cone" title="Cinder cone">cinder cones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">juniper</a> flats, <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> forests, and seasonal lakes.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plateau lies between the Cascade Range to the west and the <a href="/wiki/Warner_Mountains" title="Warner Mountains">Warner Mountains</a> to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-ModocWAP_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ModocWAP-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lost_River_(California)" title="Lost River (California)">Lost River</a> watershed drains the north part of the plateau, while southern watersheds either collect in basin reservoirs or flow into <a href="/wiki/Big_Sage_Reservoir" title="Big Sage Reservoir">Big Sage Reservoir</a> and thence to the <a href="/wiki/Pit_River" title="Pit River">Pit River</a>. </p><p>Nine percent of the plateau is protected as reserves or wilderness areas,<sup id="cite_ref-ModocWAP_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ModocWAP-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the <a href="/wiki/Modoc_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Modoc National Wildlife Refuge">Modoc National Wildlife Refuge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plateau supports large herds of <a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">mule deer</a> (<i>Odocoileus hemionus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Elk" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocky Mountain Elk">Rocky Mountain Elk</a> (<i>Cervus canadensis</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">pronghorn</a> (<i>Antilocapra americana</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-ModocWAP_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ModocWAP-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herds of wild horses and livestock grazing have altered the original high desert ecosystem of the plateau.<sup id="cite_ref-ModocWAP_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ModocWAP-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basin_and_Range">Basin and Range</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_California&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Basin and Range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mono_Lake_from_Mount_Dana_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mono_Lake_from_Mount_Dana_%281%29.jpg/280px-Mono_Lake_from_Mount_Dana_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mono_Lake_from_Mount_Dana_%281%29.jpg/420px-Mono_Lake_from_Mount_Dana_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mono_Lake_from_Mount_Dana_%281%29.jpg/560px-Mono_Lake_from_Mount_Dana_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>Mono Lake</figcaption></figure> <p>To the east of the Sierra is the <a href="/wiki/Basin_and_Range_Province" title="Basin and Range Province">Basin and Range geological province</a>, which extends into <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>. The Basin and Range is a series of mountains and valleys (specifically <a href="/wiki/Horst_(geology)" title="Horst (geology)">horsts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graben" title="Graben">grabens</a>), caused by the extension of the Earth's crust.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One notable feature of the Basin and Range is <a href="/wiki/Mono_Lake" title="Mono Lake">Mono Lake</a>, which is the oldest lake in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Basin and Range also contains the <a href="/wiki/Owens_Valley" title="Owens Valley">Owens Valley</a>, the deepest valley in North America (more than 10,000 feet (3 km) deep, as measured from the top of Mount Whitney).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the eastern part of the state, below the Sierra Nevada, there is a series of dry lake beds that were filled with water during the last ice age (fed by ice melt from <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">alpine glaciers</a> but never directly affected by <a href="/wiki/Glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciation">glaciation</a>; see <a href="/wiki/Pluvial" title="Pluvial">pluvial</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these lakes have extensive <a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">evaporite deposits</a> that contain a variety of different <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a>. In fact, the salt sediments of many of these lake beds have been <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mined</a> for many years for various salts, most notably <a href="/wiki/Borax" title="Borax">borax</a> (this is most famously true for <a href="/wiki/Owens_Lake" title="Owens Lake">Owens Lake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Death_Valley" title="Death Valley">Death Valley</a>). </p><p>In this province reside the <a href="/wiki/White_Mountains_(California)" title="White Mountains (California)">White Mountains</a>, which are home to the oldest living organism in the world, the <a href="/wiki/Bristlecone_pine" title="Bristlecone pine">bristlecone pine</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coast_Ranges">Coast Ranges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_California&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Coast Ranges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Francisco_Bay_Area_Skyline_Blvd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/San_Francisco_Bay_Area_Skyline_Blvd.jpg/350px-San_Francisco_Bay_Area_Skyline_Blvd.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/San_Francisco_Bay_Area_Skyline_Blvd.jpg/525px-San_Francisco_Bay_Area_Skyline_Blvd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/San_Francisco_Bay_Area_Skyline_Blvd.jpg/700px-San_Francisco_Bay_Area_Skyline_Blvd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1270" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>Skyline Boulevard, along the crest of the Santa Cruz Mountains</figcaption></figure> <p>To the west of the Central Valley lies the <a href="/wiki/Coast_Ranges_(California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast Ranges (California)">Coast Ranges</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Diablo_Range" title="Diablo Range">Diablo Range</a>, just east of <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Mountains" title="Santa Cruz Mountains">Santa Cruz Mountains</a>, to the south of San Francisco. The Coast Ranges north of San Francisco become increasingly foggy and rainy. These mountains are noted for their <a href="/wiki/Coast_redwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast redwood">coast redwoods</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_trees" title="List of tallest trees">tallest trees</a> on earth, which live within the range of the coastal <a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">fog</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Valley">Central Valley</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_California&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Central Valley"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>California's geography is largely defined by its central feature—the <a href="/wiki/California_Central_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="California Central Valley">Central Valley</a>, a huge, fertile <a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">valley</a> between the coastal mountain ranges and the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a>. The northern part of the Central Valley is called the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_Valley" title="Sacramento Valley">Sacramento Valley</a>, after its main river, and the southern part is called the <a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley" title="San Joaquin Valley">San Joaquin Valley</a> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>, after its main river. The whole Central Valley is watered by mountain-fed rivers (notably the <a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_River" title="San Joaquin River">San Joaquin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kings_River_(California)" title="Kings River (California)">Kings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_River" title="Sacramento River">Sacramento</a>) that drain to the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a> system. The rivers are sufficiently large and deep that several inland cities, notably <a href="/wiki/Stockton,_California" title="Stockton, California">Stockton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sacramento" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramento">Sacramento</a> are seaports. </p><p>The southern tip of the valley has interior drainage and thus is not technically part of the valley at all. <a href="/wiki/Tulare_Lake" title="Tulare Lake">Tulare Lake</a>, with an area of 570 square miles (1,476 km<sup>2</sup>), once filled much of the area. In modern times, it is usually a <a href="/wiki/Dry_lake" title="Dry lake">dry lake</a> and partially covered with agricultural fields. The lake reappears during unusually high levels of rainfall or snow melt such as the winter of 2022 and early spring of 2023. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sierra_Nevada">Sierra Nevada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_California&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sierra Nevada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Lakes_Valley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Little_Lakes_Valley.jpg/220px-Little_Lakes_Valley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Little_Lakes_Valley.jpg/330px-Little_Lakes_Valley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Little_Lakes_Valley.jpg/440px-Little_Lakes_Valley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_(Owens_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock Creek (Owens River)">Little Lakes Valley</a> in the eastern Sierra Nevada</figcaption></figure> <p>In the east of the state lies the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a>, which runs north–south for 400 miles (640 km). The highest peak in the contiguous United States, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Whitney" title="Mount Whitney">Mount Whitney</a> at 14,505 feet (4.42 km), lies within the Sierra Nevada. The topography of the Sierra is shaped by uplift and glacial action. </p><p>The Sierra has 200–250 sunny days each year, warm summers, fierce winters, and varied terrain, a rare combination of rugged variety and pleasant weather. The famous <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_Valley" title="Yosemite Valley">Yosemite Valley</a> lies in the Central Sierra. The large, deep freshwater <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tahoe" title="Lake Tahoe">Lake Tahoe</a> lies to the North of Yosemite. The Sierra is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Giant_Sequoia" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant Sequoia">Giant Sequoia</a>, the most massive trees on Earth. </p><p>The most famous hiking and horse-packing trail in the Sierra is the <a href="/wiki/John_Muir_Trail" title="John Muir Trail">John Muir Trail</a>, which goes from the top of Mt. Whitney to Yosemite valley. This is part of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Crest_Trail" title="Pacific Crest Trail">Pacific Crest Trail</a> that goes from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> to <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. The three major national parks in this province are <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park" title="Yosemite National Park">Yosemite National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kings_Canyon_National_Park" title="Kings Canyon National Park">Kings Canyon National Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sequoia_National_Park" title="Sequoia National Park">Sequoia National Park</a>. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Southern_California">Southern California</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_California&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Southern California"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_California_counties_in_red_noshade.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Southern_California_counties_in_red_noshade.png/220px-Southern_California_counties_in_red_noshade.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Southern_California_counties_in_red_noshade.png/330px-Southern_California_counties_in_red_noshade.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Southern_California_counties_in_red_noshade.png/440px-Southern_California_counties_in_red_noshade.png 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>Southern California</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_southern_California" title="Geography of southern California">Geography of southern California</a></div> <p>The term Southern California usually refers to the ten southernmost counties which closely match the lower one-third of California's span of latitude. This definition coincides neatly with the county lines at 35° 47′ 28″ north latitude, which form the northern borders of <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo_County,_California" title="San Luis Obispo County, California">San Luis Obispo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kern_County,_California" title="Kern County, California">Kern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_County,_California" title="San Bernardino County, California">San Bernardino</a> counties. Another definition for Southern California uses the <a href="/wiki/Transverse_Ranges" title="Transverse Ranges">Transverse Ranges</a> as geographic landmarks for the northern boundary. </p><p>Southern California consists of a heavily developed <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban</a> environment, home to some of the largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_urbanized_areas_in_California_(by_population)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of urbanized areas in California (by population)">urban areas</a> in the state, along with vast areas that have been left undeveloped. With over 22 million people, roughly 60% of California's population resides in Southern California. It is the second-largest urbanized region in the United States, second only to the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>/<a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>/<a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>/<a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> <a href="/wiki/Northeast_megalopolis" title="Northeast megalopolis">Northeastern Megalopolis</a>. Where these cities are dense, with major downtown populations and significant rail and transit systems, much of Southern California is famous for its large, spread-out, <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburban</a> communities and use of automobiles and highways. The dominant areas are <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California" title="Orange County, California">Orange County</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Riverside,_California" title="Riverside, California">Riverside</a>-<a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino,_California" title="San Bernardino, California">San Bernardino</a>, each of which is the center of its respective metropolitan area, composed of numerous smaller cities and communities. The urban area is also host to an international metropolitan region in the form of <a href="/wiki/San_Diego%E2%80%93Tijuana" title="San Diego–Tijuana">San Diego–Tijuana</a>, created by the urban area spilling over into Baja California. </p><p>Southern California is noted for industries including the film industry, residential construction, entertainment industry, and military aerospace. Other industries include software, automotive, ports, finance, tourism, biomedical, and regional logistics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transverse_Ranges">Transverse Ranges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_California&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Transverse Ranges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Gorgonio_Mountain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/San_Gorgonio_Mountain.jpg/220px-San_Gorgonio_Mountain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/San_Gorgonio_Mountain.jpg/330px-San_Gorgonio_Mountain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/San_Gorgonio_Mountain.jpg/440px-San_Gorgonio_Mountain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="2043" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_San_Gorgonio" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount San Gorgonio">Mount San Gorgonio</a>, the highest mountain in Southern California</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sb_2004_dt_snowskyline_003a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Sb_2004_dt_snowskyline_003a.jpg/220px-Sb_2004_dt_snowskyline_003a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Sb_2004_dt_snowskyline_003a.jpg/330px-Sb_2004_dt_snowskyline_003a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Sb_2004_dt_snowskyline_003a.jpg/440px-Sb_2004_dt_snowskyline_003a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Even after the snow melts in <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino,_California" title="San Bernardino, California">San Bernardino</a>, the <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_Mountains" title="San Bernardino Mountains">San Bernardino Mountains</a> in the background retain the snow.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a> is separated from the rest of the state by the east–west trending <a href="/wiki/Transverse_Ranges" title="Transverse Ranges">Transverse Ranges</a>. The Transverse Ranges include a series of east–west trending mountain ranges that extend from Point Conception, at the western tip of Santa Barbara County, eastward (and a bit south) to the east end of the San Jacinto Mountains in western Riverside County. </p><p>The Santa Ynez Mountains make up the westernmost ranges, extending from Point Conception to the Ventura River just west-northwest of Ojai in Ventura County. Pine Mountain Ridge, Nordhoff Ridge–Topatopa Mountains, Rincon Peak–Red Mountain, Sulphur Mountain, Santa Paula Ridge, South Mountain–<a href="/wiki/Oat_Mountain_(California)" title="Oat Mountain (California)">Oat Mountain</a>–Santa Susana Mountains, Simi Hills, Conejo Mountains–Santa Monica Mountains are all part of the Western Transverse Ranges in Ventura and western Los Angeles counties. The Transverse Ranges also include the <a href="/wiki/Tehachapi_Mountains" title="Tehachapi Mountains">Tehachapi Mountains</a>, which separate the Central Valley from the <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a>. </p><p>The Liebre Mountains occupy the northwest corner of Los Angeles County, and represent a northwestern extension of the San Gabriel Mountains, both on the Pacific plate side of the San Andreas Fault. The fault divides the San Gabriel Mountains from the San Bernardino Mountains further to the east in San Bernardino County. </p><p>Urban Southern California occupies the valleys between the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Susana_Mountains" title="Santa Susana Mountains">Santa Susana Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica_Mountains" title="Santa Monica Mountains">Santa Monica Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Gabriel_Mountains" title="San Gabriel Mountains">San Gabriel Mountains</a>, which range from the Pacific Coast, eastward over 100 miles (160 km), to the <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_Mountains" title="San Bernardino Mountains">San Bernardino Mountains</a>, north of <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino,_California" title="San Bernardino, California">San Bernardino</a>. The highest point of the range is <a href="/wiki/Mount_San_Gorgonio" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount San Gorgonio">Mount San Gorgonio</a> at 11,499 feet (3,505 m). The San Gabriel Mountains have <a href="/wiki/Mount_Wilson_observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Wilson observatory">Mount Wilson observatory</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Redshift" title="Redshift">redshift</a> was discovered in the 1920s. </p><p>It is possible to <a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">surf</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ski" title="Ski">ski</a> on a mountain during the same winter day in <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mojave_Desert">Mojave Desert</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_California&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mojave Desert"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Badwater_Basin_from_Dantes_View-800px.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Badwater_Basin_from_Dantes_View-800px.JPG/220px-Badwater_Basin_from_Dantes_View-800px.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Badwater_Basin_from_Dantes_View-800px.JPG/330px-Badwater_Basin_from_Dantes_View-800px.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Badwater_Basin_from_Dantes_View-800px.JPG/440px-Badwater_Basin_from_Dantes_View-800px.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Badwater Basin: the lowest point in North America at −279 feet (−85 m).</figcaption></figure> <p>There are harsh <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a> in the Southeast of California. These deserts are caused by a combination of the cold offshore current, which limits evaporation, and the <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> of the mountains. The prevailing winds blow from the ocean inland. When the air passes over the mountains, <a href="/wiki/Adiabatic_lapse_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Adiabatic lapse rate">adiabatic cooling</a> causes most water in the air to rain on the mountains. When the air returns to sea level on the other side of the mountains, it recompresses, warms and dries, parching the deserts. When the wind blows from inland, the resulting hot dry <a href="/wiki/Katabatic_wind" title="Katabatic wind">katabatic winds</a> are called the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana_winds" title="Santa Ana winds">Santa Ana Winds</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a> is bounded by the peninsular Tehachapi Mountains on the Northwest, together with the San Gabriel and the San Bernardino Mountains on the Southwest. These Western boundaries are quite distinct, forming the dominant pie-slice shaped <a href="/wiki/Antelope_Valley,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Antelope Valley, California">Antelope Valley</a> in Southern California. The outlines of this valley are caused by the two largest faults in California: the <a href="/wiki/San_Andreas_Fault" title="San Andreas Fault">San Andreas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Garlock_Fault" title="Garlock Fault">Garlock</a>. The Mojave Desert extends Eastward into the State of <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>. The Mojave Desert receives less than 6 inches (150 mm) of rain a year and is generally between 3,000 and 6,000 feet (1,000 and 2,000 m) of elevation. Areas such as the Antelope Valley desert which is a high desert received snow each year, in the past it could snow 2–3 times a year; however, recently snow level has declined significantly to once a year or less. Most of the towns and cities in the California portion of the Mojave are relatively small, except for <a href="/wiki/Palmdale,_California" title="Palmdale, California">Palmdale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_California" title="Lancaster, California">Lancaster</a>. However, some are quite famous like <a href="/wiki/Barstow,_California" title="Barstow, California">Barstow</a>, a popular stop on the famous <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_66" title="U.S. Route 66">U.S. Route 66</a>. The Mojave Desert also contains the lowest, hottest place in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>: <a href="/wiki/Death_Valley_National_Park" title="Death Valley National Park">Death Valley</a>, where temperature normally approaches 120 °F (49 °C), in late July and early August. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peninsular_Ranges">Peninsular Ranges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_California&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Peninsular Ranges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The southernmost mountains of California are the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Ranges" title="Peninsular Ranges">Peninsular Ranges</a>, which are east of <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> and continue into <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_San_Pedro_Martir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra San Pedro Martir">Sierra San Pedro Martir</a>. The Peninsular Ranges contain the <a href="/wiki/Laguna_Mountains" title="Laguna Mountains">Laguna Mountains</a>, the <a href="/wiki/San_Jacinto_Mountains" title="San Jacinto Mountains">San Jacinto Mountains</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_Mountains_(California)" title="Santa Rosa Mountains (California)">Santa Rosa Mountains</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana_Mountains" title="Santa Ana Mountains">Santa Ana Mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Palomar_Mountain_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Palomar Mountain Range">Palomar Mountain Range</a>, notable for its famous <a href="/wiki/Mount_Palomar_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Palomar Observatory">Palomar observatory</a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Jacinto_Peak" title="San Jacinto Peak">San Jacinto Peak</a>'s eastern shoulder has a cable tram that runs from the desert floor to nearly the top of the mountain where riders can set off <a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">hiking</a> or go <a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing" title="Cross-country skiing">cross-country skiing</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colorado_Desert">Colorado Desert</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_California&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Colorado Desert"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CoachellaValleyPreserve.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/CoachellaValleyPreserve.jpg/220px-CoachellaValleyPreserve.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/CoachellaValleyPreserve.jpg/330px-CoachellaValleyPreserve.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/CoachellaValleyPreserve.jpg/440px-CoachellaValleyPreserve.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>The Coachella Valley Preserve</figcaption></figure> <p>To the east of the peninsular ranges lie the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Desert" title="Colorado Desert">Colorado</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Deserts</a>, which extend into <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and Mexico. </p><p>The ground elevation is generally lower and in some areas was compressed downward, therefore the eastern <a href="/wiki/Coachella_Valley" title="Coachella Valley">Coachella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Valley" title="Imperial Valley">Imperial Valleys</a> north of the <a href="/wiki/U.S.-Mexican_border" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.-Mexican border">U.S.-Mexican border</a> are below sea level. The lowest community in the U.S. is <a href="/wiki/Calipatria,_California" title="Calipatria, California">Calipatria, California</a>, at 180 feet (55 m) below sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One feature of the desert is the <a href="/wiki/Salton_Sea" title="Salton Sea">Salton Sea</a>, an inland lake that was formed in 1905 when a swollen <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado River (U.S.)">Colorado River</a> breached a <a href="/wiki/Alamo_Canal" title="Alamo Canal">canal</a> near the <a href="/wiki/U.S.-Mexico_border" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.-Mexico border">U.S.-Mexico border</a> and flowed into the <a href="/wiki/Salton_Sink" title="Salton Sink">Salton Sink</a> (Salton Basin) for almost two years. Today, the Salton Sea, a new version of historic <a href="/wiki/Lake_Cahuilla" title="Lake Cahuilla">Lake Cahuilla</a>, remains as California's largest lake. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pacific_Ocean">Pacific Ocean</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_California&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pacific Ocean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> lies to the west of California. Owing to the long length of the state, Sea temperatures generally range from 50 °F (10 °C) in the northernmost parts during winter to 70 °F (21 °C) in the south coast during summer. The lower seasonal temperature variance compared to the waters of the East Coast is because of <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">up-welling</a> deep waters with dissolved nutrients. Therefore, sea life in and around California has examples of both Arctic and tropical, <a href="/wiki/Biotope" title="Biotope">biotopes</a>, leaning more towards the latter in the south coast and vice versa. The sea off California is remarkably fertile, a murky green filled with a massive variety of fish, rather than the clear dead blue of most tropical seas. Before 1930, there was an extremely valuable <a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">sardine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a>) fishery off <a href="/wiki/Monterey,_California" title="Monterey, California">Monterey</a>, but this was depleted, an event later famous as the background to <a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Cannery_Row_(novel)" title="Cannery Row (novel)">Cannery Row</a></i>. </p><p>California's coastline is about 840 miles long, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_coastline" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by coastline">third longest coastline in the United States</a> after <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_California&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of California">Geology of California</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faults,_volcanoes,_and_tsunamis"><span id="Faults.2C_volcanoes.2C_and_tsunamis"></span>Faults, volcanoes, and tsunamis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_California&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Faults, volcanoes, and tsunamis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">Earthquakes</a> occur due to <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">faults</a> that run the length of the Pacific coast, the largest being the <a href="/wiki/San_Andreas_Fault" title="San Andreas Fault">San Andreas Fault</a>. Major historical earthquakes include, with the magnitudes listed: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake" title="1906 San Francisco earthquake">1906 San Francisco earthquake</a> (magnitude 7.8–8.2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_San_Fernando_earthquake" title="1971 San Fernando earthquake">1971 San Fernando earthquake</a> (magnitude 6.6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Loma_Prieta_earthquake" title="1989 Loma Prieta earthquake">1989 Loma Prieta earthquake</a> (magnitude 6.9–7.1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Northridge_earthquake" title="1994 Northridge earthquake">1994 Northridge earthquake</a> (magnitude 6.7)</li></ul> <p>Coastal cities are vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a> from locally generated earthquakes as well as those elsewhere in the Pacific <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Chilean_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Chilean earthquake">Great Chilean earthquake</a> tsunami (1960) killed one person and caused $500,000 to $1,000,000 of damage in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, damaged harbors in many coastal cities, and flooded streets in <a href="/wiki/Crescent_City,_California" title="Crescent City, California">Crescent City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Waves from the Alaskan <a href="/wiki/1964_Alaska_earthquake" title="1964 Alaska earthquake">Good Friday earthquake</a> of 1964 killed twelve people in Crescent City and caused damage as far south as Los Angeles. USGS has released the UCERF <a href="/wiki/California_earthquake_forecast" class="mw-redirect" title="California earthquake forecast">California earthquake forecast</a> which models earthquake occurrence in California. </p><p>California is also home to several <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Lassen_Peak" title="Lassen Peak">Lassen Peak</a>, which erupted in 1914 and 1921, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Shasta" title="Mount Shasta">Mount Shasta</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tectonics">Tectonics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_California&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tectonics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>California, when only partially explored by the Spanish, was once thought to be an island, as when the southern <a href="/wiki/Baja_California_peninsula" title="Baja California peninsula">Baja California peninsula</a> is approached from the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a> the land appears to the west. It is expected, through the motions of <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a> that the sea floor spreading now acting in the Gulf of California (also known as the Sea of Cortez) will eventually extend through Southern California and along the San Andreas fault to below <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, finally forming a long island in less than 150 million years. (For comparison, this is also the approximate age of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>.) Predictions suggest that this island will eventually collide with <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> after an additional 100 million years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_California&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_California" title="Climate of California">Climate of California</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:California_K%C3%B6ppen.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/California_K%C3%B6ppen.gif/280px-California_K%C3%B6ppen.gif" decoding="async" width="280" height="432" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/California_K%C3%B6ppen.gif/420px-California_K%C3%B6ppen.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/California_K%C3%B6ppen.gif/560px-California_K%C3%B6ppen.gif 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3157" /></a><figcaption>California map of Köppen climate classification.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>'s climate varies widely, from <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> to <a href="/wiki/Subarctic" title="Subarctic">subarctic</a>, depending on <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a>, and proximity to the coast. Coastal and Southern parts of the state have a <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">Subtropical</a> <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a>, with somewhat rainy winters and dry summers. The influence of the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a> generally moderates temperature extremes, creating warmer winters and substantially cooler summers, especially along the coastal areas. </p><p>The state is subject to <a href="/wiki/Coastal_storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal storm">coastal storms</a> during the winter. Eastern California is subject to summertime thunderstorms caused by the <a href="/wiki/North_American_monsoon" title="North American monsoon">North American monsoon</a>. Dry weather during the rest of the year produces conditions favorable to <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfires</a>. <a href="/wiki/California_hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="California hurricane">California hurricanes</a> occur less frequently than their counterparts on the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. Higher elevations experience <a href="/wiki/Snowstorm" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowstorm">snowstorms</a> in the winter months. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Floods</a> are occasionally caused by heavy rain, storms, and snowmelt. Steep slopes and unstable soil make certain locations vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Landslides" class="mw-redirect" title="Landslides">landslides</a> in wet weather or during earthquakes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_California&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deserts_of_California" title="Deserts of California">Deserts of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_California" title="Ecology of California">Ecology of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_14,000-foot_summits" title="List of California 14,000-foot summits">List of California 14,000-foot summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_state_parks" title="List of California state parks">List of California state parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forts_in_California" title="List of forts in California">List of forts in California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes in California">List of lakes in California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_California" title="List of mountain peaks of California">List of mountain peaks of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges_of_California" title="List of mountain ranges of California">List of mountain ranges of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_California" title="List of regions of California">List of regions of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_California" title="List of rivers of California">List of rivers of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_major_3000-meter_summits_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the major 3000-meter summits of California">List of the major 3000-meter summits of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_California" title="List of islands of California">List of islands of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_California" title="List of lakes of California">List of lakes of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_California" title="List of beaches in California">List of beaches in California</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_California&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarnard1985" class="citation news cs1">Barnard, Jeff (May 19, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-05-19-mn-9232-story.html">"California–Oregon Dispute : Border Fight Has Townfolk on Edge"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=California%E2%80%93Oregon+Dispute+%3A+Border+Fight+Has+Townfolk+on+Edge&rft.date=1985-05-19&rft.aulast=Barnard&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1985-05-19-mn-9232-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peakbagger.com/range.aspx?rid=1223">"Klamath Mountains"</a>. <i>Peakbagger</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Peakbagger&rft.atitle=Klamath+Mountains&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peakbagger.com%2Frange.aspx%3Frid%3D1223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkinnerTaylorAgee2006" class="citation book cs1">Skinner, C.N.; Taylor, A.H.; Agee, J.K. (2006). "Klamath Mountains bioregion". In Sugihara, N.G.; van Wagtendonk, J.W.; Fites-Kaufman, J.; Shaffer, K.E.; Thode, A.E. (eds.). <i>Fire in California's Ecosystems</i>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">170–</span>194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Klamath+Mountains+bioregion&rft.btitle=Fire+in+California%27s+Ecosystems&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E170-%3C%2Fspan%3E194&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Skinner&rft.aufirst=C.N.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+A.H.&rft.au=Agee%2C+J.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606112322/http://botany.si.edu/projects/cpd/na/na16c.htm">"KLAMATH-SISKIYOU REGION, California and Oregon, U.S.A."</a> <i>North America Regional Centre of Endemism</i>. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://botany.si.edu/projects/cpd/na/na16c.htm">the original</a> on 2011-06-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=North+America+Regional+Centre+of+Endemism&rft.atitle=KLAMATH-SISKIYOU+REGION%2C+California+and+Oregon%2C+U.S.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbotany.si.edu%2Fprojects%2Fcpd%2Fna%2Fna16c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckey2000" class="citation book cs1">Beckey, Fred W. (2000). <i>Cascade Alpine Guide: Columbia River to Stevens Pass</i>. Mountaineers Press. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cascade+Alpine+Guide%3A+Columbia+River+to+Stevens+Pass&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Mountaineers+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Beckey&rft.aufirst=Fred+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghHaritashya2011" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pratap; Haritashya, Umesh Kumar (2011). <i>Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers</i>. 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(2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firemountainsofw00harr"><i>Fire Mountains of the West: The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). Mountain Press Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87842-220-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87842-220-3"><bdi>978-0-87842-220-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+Mountains+of+the+West%3A+The+Cascade+and+Mono+Lake+Volcanoes&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Mountain+Press+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87842-220-3&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffiremountainsofw00harr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1998/fs173-98/">"Eruptions of Lassen Peak"</a>. 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California Department of Fish and Game. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/WAP/docs/report/ch12-modoc.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-05-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=California+Wildlife+Action+Plan&rft.atitle=Modoc+Plateau+Region&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfg.ca.gov%2Fwildlife%2FWAP%2Fdocs%2Freport%2Fch12-modoc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugihara2006" class="citation book cs1">Sugihara, Neil G. (2006). <i>Fire in California's ecosystems</i>. 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US Fish and Wildlife Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modoc+National+Wildlife+Refuge&rft.pub=US+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fws.gov%2Fmodoc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090125163038/http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/province/basinrange.html">"Basin and Range Province"</a>. United States Geological Survey. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/province/basinrange.html">the original</a> on 2009-01-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Mountain Press. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87842-511-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87842-511-2"><bdi>978-0-87842-511-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+Mountains+of+the+West%3A+The+Cascade+and+Mono+Lake+Volcanoes&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Mountain+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87842-511-2&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=S.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithPutnam1976" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Genny; Putnam, Jeff (1976). <i>Deepest Valley: a Guide to Owens Valley, its roadsides and mountain trails</i> (2nd ed.). 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United States Geological Survey. 30 June 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/usgsnps/deva/ftsho1.html">the original</a> on 2015-04-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Death+Valley+Geology+Field+Trip+Shoreline+Butte&rft.atitle=Shoreline+Butte%3A+Ice+age+Death+Valley&rft.date=2000-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.nps.gov%2Fgeology%2Fusgsnps%2Fdeva%2Fftsho1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBain2001" class="citation web cs1">Bain, G. Donald (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/methuselah/explore.html">"Explore the Methuselah Grove"</a>. <i>NOVA Online: Methuselah Tree</i>. PBS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOVA+Online%3A+Methuselah+Tree&rft.atitle=Explore+the+Methuselah+Grove&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Bain&rft.aufirst=G.+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fmethuselah%2Fexplore.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/summary/1652681">"Geographic Names Information System"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedits.nationalmap.gov%2Fapps%2Fgaz-domestic%2Fpublic%2Fsummary%2F1652681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427033753/http://wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov/web_tsus/19600522/damage.htm">May 22, 1960 Tsunami</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_California&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Miller, Crane S., and Richard S. Hyslop. <i>California, the Geography of Diversity</i> (Mayfield Publishing Company, 1983).</li> <li>Pyne, Stephen J. <i>California: A Fire Survey</i> (2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IqA9DAAAQBAJ&dq=PYNE+california&pg=PR7">online</a></li> <li>Safford, Hugh D., et al. "Fire ecology of the North American Mediterranean-climate zone." in <i>Fire ecology and management: Past, present, and future of US forested ecosystems</i> (2021): 337–392. re California and its neighbors <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/download/63841.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Selby, William A. <i>Rediscovering the Golden State: California Geography</i> (John Wiley & Sons, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-OOLDwAAQBAJ&dq=Geography+california&pg=PA1">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_California&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/united_states/california_north_90.jpg">Map of Northern California</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/united_states/california_south_90.jpg">Map of Southern California</a></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_California&params=37_9_58_N_119_26_58_W_dim:650km_type:landmark_region:US-CA_source:enwiki&title=Center+of+California"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°9′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">119°26′58″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.16611°N 119.44944°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.16611; -119.44944</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Center of California</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gis.data.ca.gov/pages/organizations">CA State Geoportal</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:California" title="Template:California"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:California" title="Template talk:California"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:California" title="Special:EditPage/Template:California"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_California475" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FCC200;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FCC200;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_California" title="Outline of California">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_California" title="Culture of California">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_California" title="Cuisine of California">food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_California" title="Music of California">music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of California">languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_sound" title="California sound">California sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_California" title="Sports in California">sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Dream" title="California Dream">California Dream</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_California" title="Crime in California">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_California" title="Demographics of California">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_California" title="List of earthquakes in California">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_California" title="Economy of California">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_California" title="Agriculture in California">agriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_California" title="Education in California">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_California" title="Environment of California">Environment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_California" title="Climate of California">climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_California" title="Ecology of California">ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Floristic_Province" title="California Floristic Province">flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_California" title="Fauna of California">fauna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_California" title="Government of California">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_State_Capitol" title="California State Capitol">Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_in_California" title="Districts in California">districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_State_Legislature" title="California State Legislature">legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California" title="Supreme Court of California">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_California" title="Healthcare in California">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_California" title="Abortion in California">Abortion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_California" title="Law of California">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in California">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_California" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in California">National Historic Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Natural_Landmarks_in_California" title="List of National Natural Landmarks in California">National Natural Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_California" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in California">NRHP listings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_California" title="Politics of California">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_California" title="United States congressional delegations from California">congressional delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_California" title="Elections in California">elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_California" title="List of people from California">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_protected_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="California protected areas">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_state_parks" title="List of California state parks">state parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_Historical_Landmarks" title="List of California Historical Landmarks">state historic landmarks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_state_symbols" title="List of California state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_California" title="Transportation in California">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_in_California" title="Water in California">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_California-related_articles" title="Index of California-related articles">Index of articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FCC200;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_California" title="List of regions of California">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antelope_Valley" title="Antelope Valley">Antelope Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Sur" title="Big Sur">Big Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Coast_Ranges" title="California Coast Ranges">California Coast Ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_California" title="Central California">Central California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Coast_(California)" title="Central Coast (California)">Central Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)" title="Central Valley (California)">Central Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_(California)" title="Channel Islands (California)">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coachella_Valley" title="Coachella Valley">Coachella Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_California" title="Coastal California">Coastal California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conejo_Valley" title="Conejo Valley">Conejo Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucamonga_Valley" title="Cucamonga Valley">Cucamonga Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_Valley" title="Death Valley">Death Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bay_(San_Francisco_Bay_Area)" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)">East Bay (SF Bay Area)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_County,_San_Diego" title="East County, San Diego">East County (SD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_California" title="Eastern California">Eastern California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Triangle" title="Emerald Triangle">Emerald Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Country" title="Gold Country">Gold Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_Valley" title="San Bernardino Valley">Greater San Bernardino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Empire" title="Inland Empire">Inland Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klamath_Basin" title="Klamath Basin">Klamath Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tahoe" title="Lake Tahoe">Lake Tahoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Los Angeles Area">Greater Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Basin" title="Los Angeles Basin">Los Angeles Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Coast" title="Lost Coast">Lost Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Empire,_San_Diego" title="Mountain Empire, San Diego">Mountain Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bay_(San_Francisco_Bay_Area)" title="North Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)">North Bay (SF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Coast_(California)" title="North Coast (California)">North Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_County_(San_Diego_area)" class="mw-redirect" title="North County (San Diego area)">North County (SD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Coast" title="Orange Coast">Orange Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owens_Valley" title="Owens Valley">Owens Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxnard_Plain" title="Oxnard Plain">Oxnard Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Ranges" title="Peninsular Ranges">Peninsular Ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomona_Valley" title="Pomona Valley">Pomona Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento%E2%80%93San_Joaquin_River_Delta" title="Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta">Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento_Valley" title="Sacramento Valley">Sacramento Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddleback_Valley" title="Saddleback Valley">Saddleback Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinas_Valley" title="Salinas Valley">Salinas Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley" title="San Fernando Valley">San Fernando Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Peninsula" title="San Francisco Peninsula">San Francisco Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Gabriel_Valley" title="San Gabriel Valley">San Gabriel Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley" title="San Joaquin Valley">San Joaquin Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley" title="Santa Clara Valley">Santa Clara Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_River_Valley" title="Santa Clara River Valley">Santa Clara River Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clarita_Valley" title="Santa Clarita Valley">Santa Clarita Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Ynez_Valley" title="Santa Ynez Valley">Santa Ynez Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_Cascade" title="Shasta Cascade">Shasta Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bay_(Los_Angeles_County)" title="South Bay (Los Angeles County)">South Bay (LA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bay,_San_Diego" class="mw-redirect" title="South Bay, San Diego">South Bay (SD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley#San_Francisco_South_Bay" title="Santa Clara Valley">South Bay (SF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Coast_(California)" title="South Coast (California)">South Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Border_Region_(California)" title="Southern Border Region (California)">Southern Border Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_Ranges" title="Transverse Ranges">Transverse Ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tri-Valley" title="Tri-Valley">Tri-Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Valley" title="Victor Valley">Victor Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_Country_(California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine Country (California)">Wine Country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FCC200;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">Metro regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Fresno" title="Metropolitan Fresno">Fresno–Madera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Greater Los Angeles">Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento_metropolitan_area" title="Sacramento metropolitan area">Sacramento–Roseville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Empire" title="Inland Empire">Riverside–San Bernardino–Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego%E2%80%93Tijuana" title="San Diego–Tijuana">San Diego–Tijuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose%E2%80%93San_Francisco%E2%80%93Oakland,_CA_Combined_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area">San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FCC200;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_California" title="List of counties in California">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alameda_County,_California" title="Alameda County, California">Alameda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_County,_California" title="Alpine County, California">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amador_County,_California" title="Amador County, California">Amador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butte_County,_California" title="Butte County, California">Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calaveras_County,_California" title="Calaveras County, California">Calaveras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colusa_County,_California" title="Colusa County, California">Colusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contra_Costa_County,_California" title="Contra Costa County, California">Contra Costa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Norte_County,_California" title="Del Norte County, California">Del Norte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Dorado_County,_California" title="El Dorado County, California">El Dorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno_County,_California" title="Fresno County, California">Fresno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_County,_California" title="Glenn County, California">Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_County,_California" title="Humboldt County, California">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_County,_California" title="Imperial County, California">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inyo_County,_California" title="Inyo County, California">Inyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_County,_California" title="Kern County, California">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_County,_California" title="Kings County, California">Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_County,_California" title="Lake County, California">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lassen_County,_California" title="Lassen County, California">Lassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_California" title="Los Angeles County, California">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madera_County,_California" title="Madera County, California">Madera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marin_County,_California" title="Marin County, California">Marin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariposa_County,_California" title="Mariposa County, California">Mariposa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendocino_County,_California" title="Mendocino County, California">Mendocino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merced_County,_California" title="Merced County, California">Merced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_County,_California" title="Modoc County, California">Modoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_County,_California" title="Mono County, California">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterey_County,_California" title="Monterey County, California">Monterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napa_County,_California" title="Napa County, California">Napa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_County,_California" title="Nevada County, California">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California" title="Orange County, California">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placer_County,_California" title="Placer County, California">Placer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumas_County,_California" title="Plumas County, California">Plumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside_County,_California" title="Riverside County, California">Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento_County,_California" title="Sacramento County, California">Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Benito_County,_California" title="San Benito County, California">San Benito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_County,_California" title="San Bernardino County, California">San Bernardino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California" title="San Diego County, California">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_County,_California" title="San Joaquin County, California">San Joaquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo_County,_California" title="San Luis Obispo County, California">San Luis Obispo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Mateo_County,_California" title="San Mateo County, California">San Mateo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara_County,_California" title="Santa Barbara County, California">Santa Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_County,_California" title="Santa Clara County, California">Santa Clara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_County,_California" title="Santa Cruz County, California">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_County,_California" title="Shasta County, California">Shasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_County,_California" title="Sierra County, California">Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siskiyou_County,_California" title="Siskiyou County, California">Siskiyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solano_County,_California" title="Solano County, California">Solano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoma_County,_California" title="Sonoma County, California">Sonoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_County,_California" title="Stanislaus County, California">Stanislaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutter_County,_California" title="Sutter County, California">Sutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehama_County,_California" title="Tehama County, California">Tehama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_County,_California" title="Trinity County, California">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulare_County,_California" title="Tulare County, California">Tulare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuolumne_County,_California" title="Tuolumne County, California">Tuolumne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventura_County,_California" title="Ventura County, California">Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolo_County,_California" title="Yolo County, California">Yolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuba_County,_California" title="Yuba County, California">Yuba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FCC200;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and towns in California">Most populous<br />cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaheim,_California" title="Anaheim, California">Anaheim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FCC200;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/16px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/24px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/32px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:California" title="Portal:California">California portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_the_United_States165" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:U.S._political_divisions_geographies" title="Template:U.S. political divisions geographies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:U.S._political_divisions_geographies" title="Template talk:U.S. political divisions geographies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:U.S._political_divisions_geographies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:U.S. political divisions geographies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_the_United_States165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Alabama" title="Geography of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Alaska" title="Geography of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Arizona" title="Geography of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Arkansas" title="Geography of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Colorado" title="Geography of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Connecticut" title="Geography of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Delaware" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Florida" title="Geography of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Geography of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Idaho" title="Geography of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Illinois" title="Geography of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Indiana" title="Geography of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iowa" title="Geography of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kansas" title="Geography of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kentucky" title="Geography of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Maryland" title="Geography of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Massachusetts" title="Geography of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Michigan" title="Geography of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Minnesota" title="Geography of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Missouri" title="Geography of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Montana" title="Geography of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nevada" title="Geography of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_New_Hampshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_New_Jersey" title="Geography of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_New_Mexico" title="Geography of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_New_York_(state)" title="Geography of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_Carolina" title="Geography of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_Dakota" title="Geography of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Oklahoma" title="Geography of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Oregon" title="Geography of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pennsylvania" title="Geography of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Dakota" title="Geography of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tennessee" title="Geography of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Texas" title="Geography of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Utah" title="Geography of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Vermont" title="Geography of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Washington_(state)" title="Geography of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wisconsin" title="Geography of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wyoming" title="Geography of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Washington,_D.C." title="Geography of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guam" title="Geography of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Geography of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Geography of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Geography of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Outlying islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_California&oldid=1271862331">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_California&oldid=1271862331</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_California" title="Category:Geography of California">Geography of California</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" 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