CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>苏丹 (称谓) - 维基百科，自由的百科全书</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zhwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"zh", "wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"307c84b8-7479-43ed-8ebd-75015a82210b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"苏丹_(称谓)","wgTitle":"苏丹 (称谓)","wgCurRevisionId":83779798,"wgRevisionId":83779798,"wgArticleId":89300,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["需要從英語維基百科翻譯的條目","所有需要專家關注的頁面","其他需要專家關注的頁面","自2019年7月需补充来源的条目","拒绝当选首页新条目推荐栏目的条目","含有多个问题的条目","含有阿拉伯語的條目","含有英語的條目","维基共享资源分类链接使用了维基数据上的匹配项","需要伊斯兰教专家关注的页面","苏丹 (称谓)","君主称谓","伊斯兰教阿拉伯语头衔","亞洲伊斯蘭教歷史", "非洲伊斯蘭教歷史"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"苏丹_(称谓)","wgRelevantArticleId":89300,"wgUserVariant":"zh","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"zh","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["zh-hans","zh-hant","zh-cn","zh-tw","zh-hk","zh-sg","zh-mo","zh-my"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true, "wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q43292","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.large-font":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site" ,"mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.edit0","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.UnihanTooltips","ext.gadget.Difflink","ext.gadget.pseudonamespace-UI","ext.gadget.SpecialWikitext","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.VariantAlly","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.hideConversionTab","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.gadget.noteTA","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.scrollUpButton","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession", "wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.gadget.large-font&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant%2C_Persian_painting%2C_1306-14.jpg/1200px-The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant%2C_Persian_painting%2C_1306-14.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="654"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant%2C_Persian_painting%2C_1306-14.jpg/800px-The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant%2C_Persian_painting%2C_1306-14.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="436"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant%2C_Persian_painting%2C_1306-14.jpg/640px-The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant%2C_Persian_painting%2C_1306-14.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="349"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="苏丹 (称谓) - 维基百科，自由的百科全书"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="编辑本页" href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (zh)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-mo/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia的Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-苏丹_称谓 rootpage-苏丹_称谓 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">主菜单</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="访问首页[z]" accesskey="z"><span>首页</span></a></li><li id="n-indexpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="以分类索引搜寻中文维基百科"><span>分类索引</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured_content" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9" title="查看中文维基百科的特色内容"><span>特色内容</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B" title="提供当前新闻事件的背景资料"><span>新闻动态</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="列出维基百科中的最近修改[r]" accesskey="r"><span>最近更改</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="随机载入一个页面[x]" accesskey="x"><span>随机条目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 帮助 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="寻求帮助"><span>帮助</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="关于本计划、你可以做什么、应该如何做"><span>维基社群</span></a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="查看维基百科的方针和指引"><span>方针与指引</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A0%88" title="参与维基百科社群的讨论"><span>互助客栈</span></a></li><li id="n-Information_desk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E9%97%AE%E7%AD%94" title="解答任何与维基百科无关的问题的地方"><span>知识问答</span></a></li><li id="n-conversion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2" title="提出字词转换请求"><span>字词转换</span></a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93"><span>IRC即时聊天</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC" title="如何联络维基百科"><span>联络我们</span></a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E" title="查看维基百科的简介"><span>关于维基百科</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh.svg" style="width: 6.5625em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="自由的百科全书" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh.svg" width="103" height="14" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>搜索</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科" aria-label="搜索维基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9+%28%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93%29" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9+%28%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93%29" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9+%28%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93%29" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9+%28%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93%29" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-定義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#定義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>定義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-定義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關称谓" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關称谓"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>相關称谓</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關称谓-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史上已确认的苏丹国" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史上已确认的苏丹国"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>历史上已确认的苏丹国</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史上已确认的苏丹国-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关历史上已确认的苏丹国子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-历史上已确认的苏丹国-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-安納托利亞和中亚" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#安納托利亞和中亚"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>安納托利亞和中亚</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-安納托利亞和中亚-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-高加索地區" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#高加索地區"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>高加索地區</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-高加索地區-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-南亚" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#南亚"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>南亚</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-南亚-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-东亚和东南亚" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#东亚和东南亚"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>东亚和东南亚</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-东亚和东南亚-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中國" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中國"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>中國</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中國-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-阿拉伯世界" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#阿拉伯世界"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>阿拉伯世界</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-阿拉伯世界-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-非洲之角" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#非洲之角"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>非洲之角</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-非洲之角-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-东非和印度洋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#东非和印度洋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>东非和印度洋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-东非和印度洋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-斯瓦希里" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#斯瓦希里"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>斯瓦希里</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-斯瓦希里-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-西非和中非" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#西非和中非"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>西非和中非</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-西非和中非-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-当代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#当代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>当代</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-当代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>注释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">苏丹 (称谓)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。99种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sold%C3%A1n" title="Soldán – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Soldán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سلطان – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلطان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سلطان – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سلطان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sult%C3%A1n" title="Sultán – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sultán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سولطان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سولطان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Солтан – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Солтан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Султан – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Султан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Султан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Султан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Султан – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Султан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="সুলতান – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুলতান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sult%C3%A0" title="Sultà – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sultà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%B5%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سوڵتان – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سوڵتان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sult%C3%A1n" title="Sultán – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sultán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Султан – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Султан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swltan" title="Swltan – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Swltan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Σουλτάνος – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σουλτάνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultano" title="Sultano – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sultano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sult%C3%A1n" title="Sultán – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sultán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سلطان – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سلطان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulttaani" title="Sulttaani – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sulttaani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabhd%C3%A1n" title="Sabhdán – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sabhdán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sult%C3%A1n" title="Sultán – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sultán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="סולטאן – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סולטאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="सुल्तान – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सुल्तान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szult%C3%A1n" title="Szultán – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szultán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Սուլթան – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուլթան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultano" title="Sultano – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sultano" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sold%C3%A1n" title="Soldán – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Soldán" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultano" title="Sultano – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sultano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="スルターン – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スルターン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სულთანი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სულთანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%B1%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сұлтан – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сұлтан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸುಲ್ತಾನ್ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸುಲ್ತಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%A0%ED%83%84" title="술탄 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="술탄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siltan" title="Siltan – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Siltan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanus" title="Sultanus – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sultanus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultonas" title="Sultonas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sultonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sult%C4%81ns" title="Sultāns – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sultāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solt%C3%A0na" title="Soltàna – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Soltàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Султан – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Султан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="സുൽത്താൻ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സുൽത്താൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Султан – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Султан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_(rang)" title="Sultan (rang) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sultan (rang)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C5%82tan" title="Sułtan – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sułtan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سلطان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سلطان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سلطان – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سلطان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sult%C3%A3o" title="Sultão – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sultão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Султан – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Султан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanu" title="Sultanu – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sultanu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سلطان – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سلطان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sult%C3%A1n" title="Sultán – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sultán" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulltani" title="Sulltani – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sulltani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Султан – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Султан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usultani" title="Usultani – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Usultani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="சுல்தான் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுல்தான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Султон – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Султон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="สุลต่าน – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สุลต่าน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soltan" title="Soltan – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Soltan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Султан – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Султан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سلطان – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلطان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulton" title="Sulton – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sulton" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%EF%BC%88%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93%EF%BC%89" title="苏丹（称谓） – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="苏丹（称谓）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სულთანი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სულთანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="סולטאן – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סולטאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A0%E6%AA%80" title="素檀 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="素檀" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A8%B1%E5%91%BC)" title="蘇丹 (稱呼) – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蘇丹 (稱呼)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43292#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)&oldid=83779798" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_%28%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93%29&id=83779798&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%258B%258F%25E4%25B8%25B9_%28%25E7%25A7%25B0%25E8%25B0%2593%29"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%258B%258F%25E4%25B8%25B9_%28%25E7%25A7%25B0%25E8%25B0%2593%29"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_%28%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93%29&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sultans" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43292" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-6f9ae8a" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-6f9ae8a" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="地名"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84596247">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{display:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-问题条目 plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>本條目存在以下問題</b>，請協助<b><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)&action=edit">改善本條目</a></b>或在<b><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)" title="Talk:苏丹 (称谓)">討論頁</a></b>針對議題發表看法。 <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Expand_English plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>可参照<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" class="extiw" title="en:Sultan">英語維基百科</a>相應條目来扩充</b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%AE%88%E5%88%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:翻译守则">参考外语维基百科扩充条目</a>。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%9C%A8%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%86%85%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%86%85%E5%AE%B9" title="Wikipedia:在维基百科内复制内容">版权协议</a>，译文需<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B7%A8%E8%BC%AF%E6%91%98%E8%A6%81#翻譯文章" title="Wikipedia:編輯摘要">在编辑摘要注明来源</a>，或于讨论页顶部标记<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Translated_page" title="Template:Translated page">Translated page</a>}}</code>标签。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Expert_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目需要<b>精通或熟悉<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="伊斯兰教">伊斯兰教</a>的编者</b>参与及协助编辑。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>請<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E9%82%80%E8%AB%8B%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%B0%8F%E7%B5%84" title="Wikipedia:專家邀請工作小組">邀請</a>適合的人士<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)&action=edit">改善本条目</a>。更多的細節與詳情請參见<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)" title="Talk:苏丹 (称谓)">討論頁</a>。<br />另見其他<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E4%B8%93%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%B3%E6%B3%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:需要伊斯兰教专家关注的页面（页面不存在）">需要伊斯兰教專家關注的頁面</a>。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Refimprove plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/45px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/68px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/90px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要补充更多<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">来源</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2019年7月9日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请协助補充多方面<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>，<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:可供查证">无法查证</a>的内容可能會因為<a href="/wiki/Template:Fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fact">异议提出</a>而被移除。<br />致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9+%28%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93%29%22">"苏丹 (称谓)"</a> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?q=%22%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9+%28%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93%29%22">网页</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=&as_src=-newswire+-wire+-presswire+-PR+-press+-release+-wikipedia&q=%22%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9+%28%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93%29%22">新闻</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_pub=-icon&q=%22%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9+%28%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93%29%22">书籍</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=%22%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9+%28%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93%29%22">学术</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&safe=off&q=%22%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9+%28%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93%29%22">图像</a></span>），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">判定指引</a>）。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div><span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile">  </span><span class="mobile"></span></span>此条目页的主題是伊斯兰教统治者的称呼。关于其他含義，請見「<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89)" class="mw-disambig" title="苏丹 (消歧义)">苏丹 (消歧义)</a></b>」。</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant,_Persian_painting,_1306-14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant%2C_Persian_painting%2C_1306-14.jpg/250px-The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant%2C_Persian_painting%2C_1306-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant%2C_Persian_painting%2C_1306-14.jpg/375px-The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant%2C_Persian_painting%2C_1306-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant%2C_Persian_painting%2C_1306-14.jpg/500px-The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant%2C_Persian_painting%2C_1306-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2925" data-file-height="1593" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%85%B9%E5%B0%BC%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="加兹尼王朝">加茲尼</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%85%B9%E5%B0%BC%E7%9A%84%E9%A9%AC%E5%93%88%E8%8C%82%E5%BE%B7" title="加兹尼的马哈茂德">馬哈姆德</a>（大象上），首位使用蘇丹稱謂的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97" title="穆斯林">穆斯林</a>君主</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84913072">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:100%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="Category:君主制">君主制系列</a>的一部分</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="西亚">西亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9A" title="中亚">中亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A" title="南亚">南亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%9D%9E" title="北非">北非</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E6%97%8F%E7%AD%89%E7%BA%A7" title="贵族等级">贵族等级</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_(heraldry).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_%28heraldry%29.svg/120px-Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_%28heraldry%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_%28heraldry%29.svg/180px-Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_%28heraldry%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_%28heraldry%29.svg/240px-Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_%28heraldry%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="171" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="皇帝">皇帝</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E5%8F%91" title="哈里发">哈里发</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%8B%E7%8E%8B" title="王中之王">王中之王</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E4%B9%8B%E7%8E%8B" title="亞洲之王">亞洲之王</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E9%98%BF" title="沙阿">沙阿</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E8%BF%AA%E6%B2%99%E9%98%BF" title="帕迪沙阿">帕迪沙</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蘇丹中的蘇丹" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sultan of Sultans"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蘇丹中的蘇丹（页面不存在）">蘇丹中的蘇丹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Sultans" class="extiw" title="en:Sultan of Sultans"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sultan of Sultans</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E8%BC%AA%E7%8E%8B" title="轉輪王">轉輪王</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="賈特拉帕蒂" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chhatrapati"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%88%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%95%E8%92%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="賈特拉帕蒂（页面不存在）">賈特拉帕蒂</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrapati" class="extiw" title="en:Chhatrapati"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chhatrapati</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="皇帝">薩姆拉特</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%B1%97" title="可汗">可汗</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B3%E9%AB%98%E7%8E%8B" title="至高王">至高王</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-disambig" title="大王">大王</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%AF%83%E7%BD%97%E9%98%87" title="摩诃罗阇">摩訶羅闍</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="貝格汗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Beg Khan"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%9D%E6%A0%BC%E6%B1%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="貝格汗（页面不存在）">貝格汗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beg_Khan" class="extiw" title="en:Beg Khan"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Beg Khan</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%97%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E4%B9%8B%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94" title="众埃米尔之埃米尔">众埃米尔之埃米尔</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%97%E4%BC%AF%E5%85%8B" title="汗伯克">汗伯克</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%93%A6%E5%8D%9C" title="納瓦卜">納瓦卜</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B" title="王">王</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%88%A9%E5%85%8B" title="馬利克">馬利克</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">蘇丹</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="苏丹娜 (称号)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sultana (title)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%A8%9C_(%E7%A7%B0%E5%8F%B7)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏丹娜 (称号)（页面不存在）">蘇丹娜</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultana_(title)" class="extiw" title="en:Sultana (title)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sultana (title)</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE" title="埃米爾">埃米爾</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%9F%BA%E5%A7%86_(%E7%A7%B0%E5%8F%B7)" title="哈基姆 (称号)">哈基姆</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%A2%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%AB" title="谢里夫">谢里夫</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E9%98%BF" title="沙阿">沙阿</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%88%BE%E8%90%AC%E6%B2%99%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="希爾萬沙王朝">希爾萬沙</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%98%87" title="罗阇">罗阇</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拉納 (称号)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rana (title)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E7%B4%8D_(%E7%A7%B0%E5%8F%B7)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉納 (称号)（页面不存在）">拉納</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana_(title)" class="extiw" title="en:Rana (title)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rana (title)</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%97_(%E9%A0%AD%E9%8A%9C)" title="汗 (頭銜)">汗</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%95%A6" title="可敦">可敦</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B1%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="哈屯">哈屯</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%AA%E4%BC%8A" title="迪伊">迪伊</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="尼扎姆 (頭銜)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nizam (title)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E6%89%8E%E5%A7%86_(%E9%A0%AD%E9%8A%9C)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼扎姆 (頭銜)（页面不存在）">尼扎姆</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_(title)" class="extiw" title="en:Nizam (title)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nizam (title)</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%93%A6%E5%8D%9C" title="納瓦卜">納瓦卜</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5" title="大公爵">大公爵</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E8%BF%AA%E5%A4%AB" title="赫迪夫">赫迪夫</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%93%A6%E5%8D%9C" title="納瓦卜">納瓦卜</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="海德拉巴尼扎姆" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nizam of Hyderabad"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E6%89%8E%E5%A7%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海德拉巴尼扎姆（页面不存在）">尼扎姆</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" class="extiw" title="en:Nizam of Hyderabad"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nizam of Hyderabad</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%88%A9_(%E7%A8%B1%E8%99%9F)" title="瓦利 (稱號)">瓦利</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E6%8A%A4" title="叶护">叶护</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A8%E5%90%9B" title="储君">储君</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E9%98%BF" title="沙阿">沙赫扎德</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E6%89%8E" title="米尔扎">米尔扎</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%93%A6%E5%8D%9C" title="納瓦卜">納瓦卜扎達</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="尤夫拉吉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Yuvraj"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%A4%E5%A4%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%90%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尤夫拉吉（页面不存在）">尤夫拉吉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuvraj" class="extiw" title="en:Yuvraj"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Yuvraj</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="瓦利艾哈德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vali Ahd"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E5%88%A9%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦利艾哈德（页面不存在）">瓦利艾哈德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vali_Ahd" class="extiw" title="en:Vali Ahd"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vali Ahd</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="賽義德王子" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Prince of the Sa'id"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%BD%E7%BE%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%8B%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="賽義德王子（页面不存在）">賽義德王子</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_the_Sa%27id" class="extiw" title="en:Prince of the Sa'id"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Prince of the Sa'id</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="米爾 (稱號)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mir (title)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE_(%E7%A8%B1%E8%99%9F)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="米爾 (稱號)（页面不存在）">米爾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_(title)" class="extiw" title="en:Mir (title)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mir (title)</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%AD" title="設">設</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E7%88%B5" title="王爵">王爵</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5" title="公爵">公爵</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE" title="埃米爾">埃米爾</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%9D%E8%B5%AB_(%E7%A8%B1%E8%99%9F)" class="mw-redirect" title="謝赫 (稱號)">謝赫</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%B5%AB%E4%BB%80%E5%BE%B7" title="伊赫什德">伊赫什德</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%8B%92%E8%B4%9D%E4%BC%8A" title="贝勒贝伊">贝勒贝伊</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%A4%8F" title="帕夏">帕夏</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴布薩赫布" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Babu Saheb"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E8%96%A9%E8%B5%AB%E5%B8%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴布薩赫布（页面不存在）">巴布薩赫布</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babu_Saheb" class="extiw" title="en:Babu Saheb"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Babu Saheb</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="薩達爾" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sardar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%A9%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="薩達爾（页面不存在）">薩達爾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardar" class="extiw" title="en:Sardar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sardar</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%98%87" title="罗阇">羅闍庫馬爾</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="薩希布扎達" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sahibzada"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%A9%E5%B8%8C%E5%B8%83%E6%89%8E%E9%81%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="薩希布扎達（页面不存在）">薩希布扎達</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahibzada" class="extiw" title="en:Sahibzada"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sahibzada</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%93%A6%E5%8D%9C" title="納瓦卜">納瓦卜</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%93%A6%E5%8D%9C" title="納瓦卜">納瓦卜扎達</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="尤夫拉吉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Yuvraj"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%A4%E5%A4%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%90%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尤夫拉吉（页面不存在）">尤夫拉吉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuvraj" class="extiw" title="en:Yuvraj"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Yuvraj</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="薩達爾" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sardar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%A9%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="薩達爾（页面不存在）">薩達爾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardar" class="extiw" title="en:Sardar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sardar</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="塔庫爾 (稱號)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thakur (title)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%94%E5%BA%AB%E7%88%BE_(%E7%A8%B1%E8%99%9F)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塔庫爾 (稱號)（页面不存在）">塔庫爾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakur_(title)" class="extiw" title="en:Thakur (title)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thakur (title)</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="泽扎德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Şehzade"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%BD%E6%89%8E%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="泽扎德（页面不存在）">泽扎德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade" class="extiw" title="en:Şehzade"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Şehzade</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E6%89%8E" title="米尔扎">米尔扎</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E5%B0%94%E6%89%8E" title="穆尔扎">穆尔扎</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%A4" title="特勤">特勤</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> 貴族王子: <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="薩希布扎達" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sahibzada"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%A9%E5%B8%8C%E5%B8%83%E6%89%8E%E9%81%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="薩希布扎達（页面不存在）">薩希布扎達</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahibzada" class="extiw" title="en:Sahibzada"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sahibzada</span></a></span>）</span></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5" title="伯爵">伯爵</a>: <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="曼卡里" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mankari"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%BC%E5%8D%A1%E9%87%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="曼卡里（页面不存在）">曼卡里</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mankari" class="extiw" title="en:Mankari"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mankari</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="底萬·巴哈杜爾" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dewan Bahadur"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%95%E8%90%AC%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%88%E6%9D%9C%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="底萬·巴哈杜爾（页面不存在）">底萬·巴哈杜爾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Bahadur" class="extiw" title="en:Dewan Bahadur"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dewan Bahadur</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E8%B3%88%E5%85%8B%E8%B2%9D%E4%BC%8A" title="桑賈克貝伊">桑賈克貝伊</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="雷·巴哈杜爾" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rao Bahadur"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%B7%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%88%E6%9D%9C%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雷·巴哈杜爾（页面不存在）">雷·巴哈杜爾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rao_Bahadur" class="extiw" title="en:Rao Bahadur"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rao Bahadur</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="汗·巴哈杜爾" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Khan Bahadur"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%97%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%88%E6%9D%9C%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="汗·巴哈杜爾（页面不存在）">汗·巴哈杜爾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Bahadur" class="extiw" title="en:Khan Bahadur"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Khan Bahadur</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BE%B7%E8%B2%9D%E6%A0%BC" title="阿德貝格">阿德貝格</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="博伊拉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Boila"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%9A%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="博伊拉（页面不存在）">博伊拉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boila" class="extiw" title="en:Boila"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Boila</span></a></span>）</span></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E7%88%B5" title="子爵">子爵</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8E%E6%98%8E%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE" title="扎明達爾">扎明達爾</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="汗·薩希布" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Khan Sahib"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%97%C2%B7%E8%96%A9%E5%B8%8C%E5%B8%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="汗·薩希布（页面不存在）">汗·薩希布</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Sahib" class="extiw" title="en:Khan Sahib"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Khan Sahib</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E4%BC%8A" title="贝伊">贝伊</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卡迪 (奥斯曼帝国)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kadi (Ottoman Empire)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E8%BF%AA_(%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡迪 (奥斯曼帝国)（页面不存在）">卡迪</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadi_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="extiw" title="en:Kadi (Ottoman Empire)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kadi (Ottoman Empire)</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E5%85%8B%E5%88%B6" title="伯克制">伯克</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A5%E5%A7%AC" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="別姬">別姬</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="貝格扎達" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Begzada"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%9D%E6%A0%BC%E6%89%8E%E9%81%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="貝格扎達（页面不存在）">貝格扎達</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begzada" class="extiw" title="en:Begzada"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Begzada</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="烏赫貝伊" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Uç bey"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%8F%E8%B5%AB%E8%B2%9D%E4%BC%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="烏赫貝伊（页面不存在）">烏赫貝伊</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%A7_bey" class="extiw" title="en:Uç bey"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Uç bey</span></a></span>）</span></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5" title="男爵">男爵</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%8B%89_(%E9%A0%AD%E9%8A%9C)" title="拉拉 (頭銜)">拉拉</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%BF%A6_(%E9%84%82%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B)" title="阿迦 (鄂圖曼帝國)">阿迦</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哈辛達爾" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hazinedar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E8%BE%9B%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈辛達爾（页面不存在）">哈辛達爾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazinedar" class="extiw" title="en:Hazinedar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hazinedar</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="雷伊斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rais"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%B7%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雷伊斯（页面不存在）">雷伊斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rais" class="extiw" title="en:Rais"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rais</span></a></span>）</span></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> 王室: <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E9%A6%AC%E7%89%B9" title="達馬特">達馬特</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%85%80%E5%85%92%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="蒙兀兒帝國">古爾卡尼</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F" title="貴族">貴族</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8E%E6%98%8E%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE" title="扎明達爾">扎明達爾</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="曼卡里" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mankari"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%BC%E5%8D%A1%E9%87%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="曼卡里（页面不存在）">曼卡里</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mankari" class="extiw" title="en:Mankari"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mankari</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E6%89%8E" title="米尔扎">米尔扎</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%A4%8F" title="帕夏">帕夏</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E4%BC%8A" title="贝伊">贝伊</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E5%85%8B%E5%88%B6" title="伯克制">伯克</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="貝格扎達" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Begzada"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%9D%E6%A0%BC%E6%89%8E%E9%81%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="貝格扎達（页面不存在）">貝格扎達</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begzada" class="extiw" title="en:Begzada"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Begzada</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="道拉 (稱號)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="al-Dawla"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E6%8B%89_(%E7%A8%B1%E8%99%9F)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道拉 (稱號)（页面不存在）">道拉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/al-Dawla" class="extiw" title="en:al-Dawla"><span lang="en" dir="auto">al-Dawla</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E6%AF%94_(%E9%A0%AD%E9%8A%9C)" title="比比 (頭銜)">比比</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> 政府: <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%8B%89_(%E9%A0%AD%E9%8A%9C)" title="拉拉 (頭銜)">拉拉</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%BF%A6_(%E9%84%82%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B)" title="阿迦 (鄂圖曼帝國)">阿迦</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哈辛達爾" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hazinedar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E8%BE%9B%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈辛達爾（页面不存在）">哈辛達爾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazinedar" class="extiw" title="en:Hazinedar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hazinedar</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="穆斯圖菲·瑪瑪雷克 (頭銜)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mostowfi ol-Mamalek (title)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%96%E8%8F%B2%C2%B7%E7%91%AA%E7%91%AA%E9%9B%B7%E5%85%8B_(%E9%A0%AD%E9%8A%9C)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="穆斯圖菲·瑪瑪雷克 (頭銜)（页面不存在）">穆斯圖菲·瑪瑪雷克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostowfi_ol-Mamalek_(title)" class="extiw" title="en:Mostowfi ol-Mamalek (title)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mostowfi ol-Mamalek (title)</span></a></span>）</span></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E3%80%81%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9E%E3%80%81%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E3%80%81%E5%8C%97%E9%9D%9E%E7%9A%84%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F%E7%AD%89%E7%B4%9A" title="Template:西亞、中亞、南亞、北非的貴族等級"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E3%80%81%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9E%E3%80%81%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E3%80%81%E5%8C%97%E9%9D%9E%E7%9A%84%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F%E7%AD%89%E7%B4%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:西亞、中亞、南亞、北非的貴族等級（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E3%80%81%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9E%E3%80%81%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E3%80%81%E5%8C%97%E9%9D%9E%E7%9A%84%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F%E7%AD%89%E7%B4%9A" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:西亞、中亞、南亞、北非的貴族等級"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>苏丹</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉伯文">阿拉伯文</a>：سلطان，<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%BD%89%E5%AF%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁轉寫">拉丁轉寫</a>：Sulṭān，<small>發音：</small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:阿拉伯語國際音標">[ˈsulˈtˤɑːn]</a></span>），阿拉伯語音譯詞，有「力量」「統治權」等含義，後衍生為<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯兰国家">伊斯兰国家</a>的统治者头衔，在<a href="/wiki/11%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="11世纪">11世纪</a>被伊斯兰国家的君主广泛使用。由苏丹统治的國家被称为“<b>苏丹国</b>”（阿拉伯文：سلطنة）。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="定義"><span id=".E5.AE.9A.E7.BE.A9"></span>定義</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：定義"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>苏丹的称谓最早由<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%85%B9%E5%B0%BC%E7%9A%84%E9%A9%AC%E5%93%88%E8%8C%82%E5%BE%B7" title="加兹尼的马哈茂德">加兹尼的马哈茂德</a>使用，後在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="突厥人">突厥人</a>建立的穆斯林王朝中流行，逐渐扩散到整个<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="穆斯林世界">穆斯林世界</a>。苏丹与“<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%88%A9%E5%85%8B" title="馬利克">國王</a>”（<span lang="ar">ملك</span>‎ <i>malik</i>）存在区别，虽然二者都指主权国家的君主，“苏丹”一词限于穆斯林国家使用，因此带有宗教意义，使之与穆斯林与非穆斯林国家的世俗“国王”形成对比<sup id="cite_ref-Montgomery2004_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montgomery2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kassis1999_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。女性苏丹称为“苏丹娜”，但是在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="伊斯兰教历史">伊斯兰教历史</a>上是很罕见的。另外，还有一种特别的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%A6%84%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="苏禄苏丹国">苏禄苏丹国</a>，这种国家正式的统治者是男苏丹，但是他的妻子却是一个实际上的“监督者”。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關称谓"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E7.A7.B0.E8.B0.93"></span>相關称谓</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：相關称谓"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>苏丹称谓比较多，在不同时期不同地区都不同，也会迎合当地人的习惯。一些比较著名的是： </p> <ul><li>“曼尼苏丹”（<i>Mani Sultan</i>或作<i>Manney Sultan</i>，字面含义为“珍珠之王”，引申為“尊贵的君主”），在印度的俗名为“<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%97%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="羅闍">羅闍</a>”，今稱「拉者」。其中文翻译作“<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%9B" class="mw-disambig" title="大君">大君</a>”。</li> <li>“苏丹殿下（英語：<span lang="en"><i>Sultanic Highness</i></span>）”，东西方结合的混合式尊称，用来称呼苏丹的<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%BF%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="儿子">儿子</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="王子">王子</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E5%84%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="女儿">女儿</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%A5%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="王女">王女</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%92%E5%AA%B3%E5%A9%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="兒媳婦">儿媳婦</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%AD%90%E5%A6%83" class="mw-disambig" title="王子妃">王子妃</a>）。</li> <li>用作王子的专称，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="哈萨克汗国">哈萨克汗國</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E5%B0%94%E7%BE%8C%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="叶尔羌汗国">叶尔羌汗國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E6%B1%97%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="布哈拉汗國">布哈拉汗國</a>使用，一般寫作速檀。</li></ul> <p>在中国古代，“蘇丹”一词有“素檀”、“速檀”、“速魯檀”、“鎖魯檀”、“素里檀”、“唆里檀”、“算端”、“層檀”等多种译名。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史上已确认的苏丹国"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2.E4.B8.8A.E5.B7.B2.E7.A1.AE.E8.AE.A4.E7.9A.84.E8.8B.8F.E4.B8.B9.E5.9B.BD"></span>历史上已确认的苏丹国</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：历史上已确认的苏丹国"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="安納托利亞和中亚"><span id=".E5.AE.89.E7.B4.8D.E6.89.98.E5.88.A9.E4.BA.9E.E5.92.8C.E4.B8.AD.E4.BA.9A"></span>安納托利亞和中亚</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：安納托利亞和中亚"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%85%B9%E5%B0%BC%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="加兹尼王国">加茲尼王國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E6%9F%B1%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="塞尔柱帝国">塞尔柱帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E5%A7%86%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B" title="魯姆蘇丹國">魯姆蘇丹國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥斯曼帝国">鄂圖曼帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E5%B0%94%E7%BE%8C%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="叶尔羌汗国">叶尔羌汗国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%96%E6%9C%A8%E5%85%92%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="帖木兒帝國">帖木兒帝國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%89%8C%E5%AD%90%E6%A8%A1%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="花剌子模王朝">花剌子模王朝</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="高加索地區"><span id=".E9.AB.98.E5.8A.A0.E7.B4.A2.E5.9C.B0.E5.8D.80"></span>高加索地區</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：高加索地區"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊利蘇蘇丹國" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Elisu Sultanate"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E8%98%87%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊利蘇蘇丹國（页面不存在）">伊利蘇蘇丹國</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisu_Sultanate" class="extiw" title="en:Elisu Sultanate"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Elisu Sultanate</span></a></span>）</span></span>及其他一些國家</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="南亚"><span id=".E5.8D.97.E4.BA.9A"></span>南亚</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：南亚"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>： </p> <ul><li>巴赫曼尼苏丹国</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B" title="孟加拉蘇丹國">孟加拉苏丹国</a></li> <li>德干苏丹国</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B" title="德里蘇丹國">德里苏丹国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E5%8D%A7%E5%84%BF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="莫卧儿王朝">蒙兀兒帝國</a></li> <li>古吉拉特邦苏丹国</li> <li>章普尔苏丹国</li> <li>马尔瓦苏丹国</li> <li>迈索尔王国</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E5%9C%B0%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="馬爾地夫">馬爾地夫</a>： </p> <ul><li>马尔代夫苏丹国</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="东亚和东南亚"><span id=".E4.B8.9C.E4.BA.9A.E5.92.8C.E4.B8.9C.E5.8D.97.E4.BA.9A"></span>东亚和东南亚</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：东亚和东南亚"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%B6%E8%90%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="汶萊">汶萊</a>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%B6%E8%90%8A%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="汶萊蘇丹帝國">汶萊蘇丹帝國</a></li></ul> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93" class="mw-redirect" title="菲律賓">菲律賓</a>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E7%A5%BF%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B" title="蘇祿蘇丹國">蘇祿蘇丹國</a></li></ul> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="泰國">泰國</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%B9%B4%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%9B%BD" title="北大年苏丹国">北大年苏丹国</a></li></ul> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="印度尼西亞">印度尼西亞</a>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E6%B4%B2" title="婆罗洲">婆罗洲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E4%BC%AF%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="西里伯島">西里伯岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%AA%E5%93%87%E5%B2%9B" title="爪哇岛">爪哇岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E9%B9%BF%E5%8A%A0%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="摩鹿加群岛">摩鹿加群岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E9%96%80%E9%81%94%E8%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇門達臘">苏门达腊</a></li></ul> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="馬來西亞">馬來西亞</a>，过去曾有八个苏丹国，其中七个至今仍存在： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%AD%E7%94%B2%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%9B%BD" title="马六甲苏丹国">马六甲苏丹国</a>（已灭亡）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%94%E4%BD%9B%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="柔佛苏丹王朝">柔佛苏丹国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%89%93%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="吉打苏丹王朝">吉打苏丹国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%B9" title="吉兰丹">吉兰丹</a>苏丹国</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%AD%E4%BA%A8" title="彭亨">彭亨</a>苏丹国</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="霹雳州">霹雳</a>苏丹国</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E5%85%B0%E8%8E%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="雪兰莪">雪兰莪</a>苏丹国</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BB%E5%98%89%E6%A5%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="登嘉楼">登嘉楼</a>苏丹国</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中國"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E5.9C.8B"></span>中國</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：中國"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%8A%81%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%9B%BD" title="伊犁苏丹国">伊犁蘇丹國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E5%9B%9E%E5%8F%98" title="云南回变">雲南回變</a>政權（<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E6%96%87%E7%A7%80" title="杜文秀">杜文秀</a>在國外被稱“蘇丹”）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="阿拉伯世界"><span id=".E9.98.BF.E6.8B.89.E4.BC.AF.E4.B8.96.E7.95.8C"></span>阿拉伯世界</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：阿拉伯世界"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="敘利亞">敘利亞</a>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%AE%A5%E6%AF%94%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="埃宥比王朝">埃宥比王朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%9C%A8%E8%B7%AF%E5%85%8B%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="馬木路克蘇丹國">馬木路克蘇丹國</a></li></ul> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%83%8F%E5%9C%B0%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="沙烏地阿拉伯">沙烏地阿拉伯</a>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%BF%97" title="内志">內志蘇丹國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%BF%97_(%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF)" class="mw-redirect" title="汉志 (沙特阿拉伯)">漢志蘇丹國</a></li></ul> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%9B%BC" title="阿曼">阿曼</a>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BD%E7%BE%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="賽義德王朝">賽義德王朝</a></li></ul> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾及利亞">阿爾及利亞</a>： </p> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="圖古爾特蘇丹國" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sultanate of Tuggurt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%96%E5%8F%A4%E7%88%BE%E7%89%B9%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="圖古爾特蘇丹國（页面不存在）">圖古爾特蘇丹國</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Tuggurt" class="extiw" title="en:Sultanate of Tuggurt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sultanate of Tuggurt</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%AE%A5%E6%AF%94%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="埃宥比王朝">埃宥比王朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%9C%A8%E8%B7%AF%E5%85%8B%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="馬木路克蘇丹國">馬木路克蘇丹國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B" title="埃及蘇丹國">埃及蘇丹國</a></li></ul> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇丹">蘇丹</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="達富爾蘇丹國" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sultanate of Darfur"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%94%E5%AF%8C%E7%88%BE%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="達富爾蘇丹國（页面不存在）">達富爾蘇丹國</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Darfur" class="extiw" title="en:Sultanate of Darfur"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sultanate of Darfur</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B0%E5%90%89%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%9B%BD" title="丰吉苏丹国">豐吉蘇丹國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%9A%E5%87%A1" title="科爾多凡">科爾多凡</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="非洲之角"><span id=".E9.9D.9E.E6.B4.B2.E4.B9.8B.E8.A7.92"></span>非洲之角</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：非洲之角"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B1%85%E5%85%B0%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="阿居兰苏丹国">阿居蘭蘇丹國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%9B%BD" title="阿达尔苏丹国">阿達爾蘇丹國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E5%BB%B7%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%9B%BD" title="马吉尔廷苏丹国">馬吉爾廷蘇丹國</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊薩克蘇丹國" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Isaaq Sultanate"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊薩克蘇丹國（页面不存在）">伊薩克蘇丹國</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" class="extiw" title="en:Isaaq Sultanate"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Isaaq Sultanate</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="加哈吉斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Garhajis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E5%93%88%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加哈吉斯（页面不存在）">加哈吉斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garhajis" class="extiw" title="en:Garhajis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Garhajis</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92%E8%BF%AA%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%9B%BD" title="格勒迪苏丹国">格勒迪蘇丹國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E8%96%A9%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B" title="奧薩蘇丹國">奧薩蘇丹國</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哈拉爾蘇丹國" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sultanate of Harar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E7%88%BE%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈拉爾蘇丹國（页面不存在）">哈拉爾蘇丹國</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Harar" class="extiw" title="en:Sultanate of Harar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sultanate of Harar</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E6%AF%94%E5%A5%A5%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%9B%BD" title="霍比奥苏丹国">霍比奧蘇丹國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%B3%95%E7%89%B9%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%9B%BD" title="伊法特苏丹国">伊法特蘇丹國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%8A%A0%E8%BF%AA%E6%B2%99%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%9B%BD" title="摩加迪沙苏丹国">摩加迪沙蘇丹國</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="紹阿蘇丹國" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sultanate of Showa"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%B9%E9%98%BF%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="紹阿蘇丹國（页面不存在）">紹阿蘇丹國</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Showa" class="extiw" title="en:Sultanate of Showa"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sultanate of Showa</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="比馬爾" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bimaal"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="比馬爾（页面不存在）">比馬爾蘇丹國</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimaal" class="extiw" title="en:Bimaal"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bimaal</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="东非和印度洋"><span id=".E4.B8.9C.E9.9D.9E.E5.92.8C.E5.8D.B0.E5.BA.A6.E6.B4.8B"></span>东非和印度洋</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：东非和印度洋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="安戈什蘇丹國" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Angoche Sultanate"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E6%88%88%E4%BB%80%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安戈什蘇丹國（页面不存在）">安戈什蘇丹國</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angoche_Sultanate" class="extiw" title="en:Angoche Sultanate"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Angoche Sultanate</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奇爾瓦蘇丹國" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kilwa Sultanate"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%87%E7%88%BE%E7%93%A6%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奇爾瓦蘇丹國（页面不存在）">奇爾瓦蘇丹國</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilwa_Sultanate" class="extiw" title="en:Kilwa Sultanate"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kilwa Sultanate</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="斯瓦希里"><span id=".E6.96.AF.E7.93.A6.E5.B8.8C.E9.87.8C"></span>斯瓦希里</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：斯瓦希里"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E5%90%89%E5%B7%B4%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="尚吉巴蘇丹國">尚吉巴蘇丹國</a></li></ul> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="肯亞">肯亞</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%B3%B0%E5%B3%B6" title="帕泰島">帕泰島</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威圖蘭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Wituland"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%9C%96%E8%98%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威圖蘭（页面不存在）">威圖蘭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wituland" class="extiw" title="en:Wituland"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Wituland</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="西非和中非"><span id=".E8.A5.BF.E9.9D.9E.E5.92.8C.E4.B8.AD.E9.9D.9E"></span>西非和中非</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：西非和中非"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E9%BA%A5%E9%9A%86" class="mw-redirect" title="喀麥隆">喀麥隆</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴蒙王國" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kingdom of Bamum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E8%92%99%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴蒙王國（页面不存在）">巴蒙王國</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bamum" class="extiw" title="en:Kingdom of Bamum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kingdom of Bamum</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="曼德拉王國" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mandara Kingdom"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%BC%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="曼德拉王國（页面不存在）">曼德拉王國</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandara_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="en:Mandara Kingdom"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mandara Kingdom</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%9D%9E%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="中非共和國">中非</a> </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="尼日">尼日</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="達馬加蘭蘇丹國" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sultanate of Damagaram"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%94%E9%A6%AC%E5%8A%A0%E8%98%AD%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="達馬加蘭蘇丹國（页面不存在）">達馬加蘭蘇丹國</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Damagaram" class="extiw" title="en:Sultanate of Damagaram"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sultanate of Damagaram</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%88%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="奈及利亞">奈及利亞</a> </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="查德">查德</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴吉爾米蘇丹國" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sultanate of Bagirmi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE%E7%B1%B3%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴吉爾米蘇丹國（页面不存在）">巴吉爾米蘇丹國</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" class="extiw" title="en:Sultanate of Bagirmi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sultanate of Bagirmi</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E9%81%94%E4%BC%8A%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="瓦達伊王國">瓦達伊王國</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="当代"><span id=".E5.BD.93.E4.BB.A3"></span>当代</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：当代"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>只剩下四个国家拥有苏丹、而且大都在東南亞地區，分別是：<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/44px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%B6%E8%90%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="汶萊">文莱</a>、<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/22px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/33px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/44px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%9B%BC" title="阿曼">阿曼</a>、<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="印度尼西亚">印度尼西亞</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%83%B9%E7%89%B9%E5%8C%BA" title="日惹特区">日惹特区</a>）、<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="马来西亚">马来西亚</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E5%85%B0%E8%8E%AA%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="雪兰莪州">雪兰莪州</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BB%E5%98%89%E6%A8%93%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="登嘉樓州">登嘉楼州</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%89%93%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="吉打州">吉打州</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%B9%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="吉兰丹州">吉兰丹州</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%AD%E4%BA%A8%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="彭亨州">彭亨州</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%94%E4%BD%9B%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="柔佛州">柔佛州</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="霹雳州">霹雳州</a>）。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%9D%83%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="主权国家">主權国家</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%83%E9%A6%96" title="國家元首">國家元首</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E9%AB%94%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="政治體制">政治體制</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%97%E5%B9%9F" title="旗幟">旗幟</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" class="mw-redirect" title="行政區劃">行政區劃</a> </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/44px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%B6%E8%90%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="汶萊">文莱</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%8E%B1%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="文莱苏丹">文萊蘇丹</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%B0%88%E5%88%B6" title="君主專制">君主專制</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%B6%E8%90%8A" title="汶萊"><img alt="汶萊" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/220px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/330px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/440px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%B6%E8%90%8A%E6%91%A9%E6%8B%89%E7%B8%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="汶萊摩拉縣">汶萊摩拉縣</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E5%A5%95%E7%B8%A3" title="馬來奕縣">馬來奕縣</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E6%9D%B1%E7%B8%A3" title="都東縣">都東縣</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A1%E6%AD%A6%E5%BB%8A%E7%B8%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="淡武廊縣">淡武廊縣</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/22px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/33px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/44px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%9B%BC" title="阿曼">阿曼</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%9B%BC%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="阿曼苏丹">阿曼蘇丹</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%93%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="君主专制">君主专制</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%9B%BC" title="阿曼"><img alt="阿曼" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/220px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/330px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/440px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td> <td>2011年10月28日阿曼政府对行政区划重新调整，所有区整齐为省，并将巴提奈区与东部区各自分为两个省。以下为调整后的行政区划<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： <ol><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%9C%B0%E7%9C%81" title="內地省">內地省</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%88%E8%8C%B2%E7%93%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="奈茲瓦">奈兹瓦</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8E%E5%B8%8C%E6%8B%89%E7%9C%81" title="扎希拉省">扎希拉省</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%8D%9C%E9%87%8C" title="伊卜里">伊卜里</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E5%B7%B4%E6%8F%90%E5%A5%88%E7%9C%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北巴提奈省（页面不存在）">北巴提奈省</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%B4%E6%8F%90%E5%A5%88%E7%9C%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南巴提奈省（页面不存在）">南巴提奈省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%B3%B4%E7%B1%B3%E7%9C%81" title="布賴米省">布赖米省</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E8%B5%96%E7%B1%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布赖米（页面不存在）">布赖米</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E5%8D%80_(%E9%98%BF%E6%9B%BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="中部區 (阿曼)">中部省</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E9%A9%AC_(%E9%98%BF%E6%9B%BC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海马 (阿曼)（页面不存在）">海马</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E7%9C%81_(%E9%98%BF%E6%9B%BC)" title="東北省 (阿曼)">東北省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81_(%E9%98%BF%E6%9B%BC)" title="東南省 (阿曼)">東南省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%90%E6%B3%95%E7%88%BE%E7%9C%81" title="佐法爾省">佐法尔省</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%89%E8%8E%B1" title="塞拉莱">塞拉莱</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%A1%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%A7%86%E7%9C%81" title="穆桑代姆省">穆桑代姆省</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%A1%9E%E5%8D%9C" title="海塞卜">海塞卜</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%E5%96%80%E7%89%B9%E7%9C%81" title="馬斯喀特省">马斯喀特省</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%E5%96%80%E7%89%B9" title="马斯喀特">马斯喀特</a>）</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="马来西亚">马来西亚</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E5%85%83%E9%A6%96" class="mw-redirect" title="馬來西亞最高元首">馬來西亞最高元首</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%88%B6" title="联邦制">联邦</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="选举君主制">选举</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%AA%E5%88%B6" title="君主立宪制">君主立宪制</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="马来西亚"><img alt="马来西亚" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/220px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/330px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/440px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/22px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/33px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/44px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%94%E4%BD%9B%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="柔佛州">柔佛</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%89%93" title="吉打">吉打</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%B9" title="吉兰丹">吉兰丹</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Malacca.svg/22px-Flag_of_Malacca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Malacca.svg/33px-Flag_of_Malacca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Malacca.svg/44px-Flag_of_Malacca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%AD%E7%94%B2" title="马六甲">马六甲</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E7%BE%8E%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="森美蘭">森美蘭</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/22px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/33px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/44px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%AD%E4%BA%A8" title="彭亨">彭亨</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%B3%E5%9F%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="檳城">檳城</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/22px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/33px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/44px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="霹靂州">霹靂</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Perlis.svg/22px-Flag_of_Perlis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Perlis.svg/33px-Flag_of_Perlis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Perlis.svg/44px-Flag_of_Perlis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83%E5%B8%82" title="玻璃市">玻璃市</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Sabah.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sabah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Sabah.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sabah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Sabah.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sabah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%B7%B4" title="沙巴">沙巴</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Sarawak.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sarawak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Sarawak.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sarawak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Sarawak.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sarawak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%82%E6%8B%89%E8%B6%8A" title="砂拉越">砂拉越</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/22px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/33px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/44px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E8%98%AD%E8%8E%AA" title="雪蘭莪">雪蘭莪</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Terengganu.svg/22px-Flag_of_Terengganu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Terengganu.svg/33px-Flag_of_Terengganu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Terengganu.svg/44px-Flag_of_Terengganu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BB%E5%98%89%E6%A8%93" title="登嘉樓">登嘉樓</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E9%9A%86%E5%9D%A1" title="吉隆坡">吉隆坡</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Labuan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Labuan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Labuan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Labuan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Labuan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Labuan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E9%96%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="納閩">納閩</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Putrajaya.svg/22px-Flag_of_Putrajaya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Putrajaya.svg/33px-Flag_of_Putrajaya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Putrajaya.svg/44px-Flag_of_Putrajaya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%9F%8E" title="布城">布城</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="印度尼西亚">印度尼西亞</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%B0%BC%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="印尼總統">印尼總統</a><br />（<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%83%B9%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B" title="日惹蘇丹國">日惹蘇丹</a>）</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="總統共和制">總統共和制</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%83%B9%E7%89%B9%E5%8C%BA" title="日惹特区"><img alt="日惹特区" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_Yogyakarta.svg/220px-Flag_of_Yogyakarta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_Yogyakarta.svg/330px-Flag_of_Yogyakarta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_Yogyakarta.svg/440px-Flag_of_Yogyakarta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span></span></td> <td>* <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%BD%8A%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%80" title="亞齊特區">亞齊特區</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%8B%8F%E9%97%A8%E7%AD%94%E8%85%8A%E7%9C%81" title="北苏门答腊省">北苏门答腊省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%8B%8F%E9%97%A8%E7%AD%94%E8%85%8A%E7%9C%81" title="西苏门答腊省">西苏门答腊省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%96%E5%85%A7%E7%9C%81" title="廖內省">廖内省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%96%E5%86%85%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B%E7%9C%81" title="廖内群岛省">廖内群岛省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E7%A2%91%E7%9C%81" title="占碑省">占碑省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E5%8A%A0-%E5%8B%BF%E9%87%8C%E6%B4%9E%E7%9C%81" title="邦加-勿里洞省">邦加-勿里洞省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%8B%8F%E9%97%A8%E7%AD%94%E8%85%8A%E7%9C%81" title="南苏门答腊省">南苏门答腊省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%A4%E9%AD%AF%E7%9C%81" title="明古魯省">明古魯省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%A0%E6%A6%9C%E7%9C%81" title="楠榜省">楠榜省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E4%B8%B9%E7%9C%81" title="万丹省">万丹省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%8A%A0%E8%BE%BE" title="雅加达">雅加達首都特區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%88%AA%E5%93%87%E7%9C%81" title="西爪哇省">西爪哇省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%88%AA%E5%93%87%E7%9C%81" title="中爪哇省">中爪哇省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%83%B9%E7%89%B9%E5%8C%BA" title="日惹特区">日惹特區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E7%88%AA%E5%93%87%E7%9C%81" title="东爪哇省">东爪哇省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8E%98%E7%9C%81" title="巴厘省">巴厘省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8A%AA%E6%B2%99%E7%99%BB%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%9C%81" title="西努沙登加拉省">西努沙登加拉省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8A%AA%E6%B2%99%E7%99%BB%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%9C%81" title="東努沙登加拉省">东努沙登加拉省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%E6%9B%BC%E4%B8%B9%E7%9C%81" title="西加里曼丹省">西加里曼丹省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%E6%9B%BC%E4%B8%B9%E7%9C%81" title="中加里曼丹省">中加里曼丹省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%E6%9B%BC%E4%B8%B9%E7%9C%81" title="南加里曼丹省">南加里曼丹省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%E6%9B%BC%E4%B8%B9%E7%9C%81" title="東加里曼丹省">東加里曼丹省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%E6%9B%BC%E4%B8%B9%E7%9C%81" title="北加里曼丹省">北加里曼丹省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%8B%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%A8%81%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81" title="北苏拉威西省">北苏拉威西省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%89%93%E6%B4%9B%E7%9C%81" title="哥伦打洛省">哥伦打洛省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%A8%81%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81" title="中苏拉威西省">中苏拉威西省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%8B%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%A8%81%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81" title="西苏拉威西省">西苏拉威西省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%8B%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%A8%81%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81" title="南苏拉威西省">南苏拉威西省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E8%8B%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%A8%81%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81" title="东南苏拉威西省">东南苏拉威西省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%A9%AC%E9%B2%81%E5%8F%A4%E7%9C%81" title="北马鲁古省">北马鲁古省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%B2%81%E5%8F%A4%E7%9C%81" title="马鲁古省">马鲁古省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%9A%E7%9C%81" title="巴布亚省">巴布亚省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%9E%E7%9C%81" title="西巴布亞省">西巴布亚省</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：注释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; column-width: 25em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Montgomery2004-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Montgomery2004_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">James Edward Montgomery. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VHZXeOs_xYsC&pg=PA83">ʻAbbasid Studies: Occasional Papers of the School of ʻAbbasid Studies, Cambridge, 6-10 July 2002</a>. Peeters Publishers. 2004: 83 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-03-22</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-90-429-1433-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-90-429-1433-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-90-429-1433-9</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019050415/https://books.google.com/books?id=VHZXeOs_xYsC&pg=PA83">存档</a>于2020-10-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9+%28%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93%29&rft.au=James+Edward+Montgomery&rft.btitle=%CA%BBAbbasid+Studies%3A+Occasional+Papers+of+the+School+of+%CA%BBAbbasid+Studies%2C+Cambridge%2C+6-10+July+2002&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-90-429-1433-9&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVHZXeOs_xYsC%26pg%3DPA83&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassis1999-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kassis1999_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Riad Aziz Kassis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_zvXrQ7W7PEC&pg=PA65">The Book of Proverbs and Arabic Proverbial Works</a>. BRILL. 1999: 65 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-03-22</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/90-04-11305-3" title="Special:网络书源/90-04-11305-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 90-04-11305-3</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429023855/https://books.google.com/books?id=_zvXrQ7W7PEC&pg=PA65">存档</a>于2021-04-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9+%28%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93%29&rft.au=Riad+Aziz+Kassis&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Proverbs+and+Arabic+Proverbial+Works&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=90-04-11305-3&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=BRILL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_zvXrQ7W7PEC%26pg%3DPA65&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114025648/http://www.omanet.om/english/regions/bathina1.asp?cat=reg">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-02-12</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omanet.om/english/regions/bathina1.asp?cat=reg">原始内容</a>存档于2012-11-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9+%28%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93%29&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omanet.om%2Fenglish%2Fregions%2Fbathina1.asp%3Fcat%3Dreg&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sultans" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sultans"><span style="font-weight:bold;">苏丹</span></a></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="伊斯兰教主題" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C" title="Template:伊斯蘭教主題"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C" title="Template talk:伊斯蘭教主題"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:伊斯蘭教主題"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="伊斯兰教主題" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="伊斯兰教">伊斯兰教</a>主題</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE%E5%88%A5" title="伊斯蘭教神學派別">信仰</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E7%A5%9E" title="伊斯兰教的神">伊斯蘭教的神</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E4%B8%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="認主學">認主學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7" title="穆罕默德">穆罕默德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E5%85%88%E7%9F%A5" title="伊斯蘭教的先知">先知</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%BF" title="伊斯兰教中的天使">天使</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%81%96%E6%9B%B8" title="伊斯蘭教聖書">聖書</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E5%AE%BF%E5%91%BD%E8%AB%96" title="伊斯蘭教宿命論">宿命</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="審判日 (伊斯蘭教)" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="يوم القيامة في الإسلام"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%A9%E5%88%A4%E6%97%A5_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="審判日 (伊斯蘭教)（页面不存在）">審判日</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" class="extiw" title="ar:يوم القيامة في الإسلام"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">يوم القيامة في الإسلام</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%8A%9F" title="五功">五功</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80" title="清真言">清真言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BC%E6%8B%9C_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99)" title="礼拜 (伊斯兰教)">禮拜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%8B%E6%88%92_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99)" title="齋戒 (伊斯蘭教)">齋戒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E8%AA%B2" title="天課">天課</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E8%A7%90_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99)" title="朝觐 (伊斯兰教)">朝覲</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="伊斯兰教历史">歷史</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E9%A0%98%E8%A2%96" title="伊斯蘭教宗教領袖">領袖</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="伊斯蘭教歷史年表">年表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E7%9A%84%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D" title="穆斯林的征服">征服</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%BB%83%E9%87%91%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="伊斯蘭黃金時代">伊斯蘭黃金時代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%A3%94" title="聖裔">聖裔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%93%88%E5%B7%B4" title="薩哈巴">薩哈巴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%91%AA%E7%9B%AE%E6%95%99%E7%BE%A9" title="伊瑪目教義">什葉派伊瑪目</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E7%99%BC%E5%9C%8B" title="哈里發國">哈里發國</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%BB%9F%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E5%8F%91%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" title="正统哈里发时期">正統哈里發</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AD%E9%A9%AC%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="倭马亚王朝">倭马亚王朝</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%94%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿拔斯王朝">阿拔斯王朝</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A%E7%93%A6%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E5%8F%91%E5%9B%BD" title="科尔多瓦哈里发国">後倭馬亞王朝</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%92%82%E7%8E%9B%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="法蒂玛王朝">法蒂玛王朝</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥斯曼帝国">奥斯曼帝国</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭教早期史學史" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="علم التاريخ عند المسلمين"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教早期史學史（页面不存在）">史學史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86" class="extiw" title="ar:علم التاريخ عند المسلمين"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">علم التاريخ عند المسلمين</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">宗教經典</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B0%E7%BB%8F" title="古兰经">古兰经</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%A1%8C" title="聖行">聖行</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%A8%93" title="聖訓">聖訓</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%B4%BE" title="伊斯蘭教派">教派</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%9C%E5%B0%BC%E6%B4%BE" title="遜尼派">遜尼派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE" title="什叶派">什叶派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E9%9D%9E%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="蘇非主義">蘇非主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%B5%AB%E9%82%81%E5%BA%95%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿赫邁底亞">阿赫邁底亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%B7%B4%E5%BE%B7%E6%B4%BE" title="伊巴德派">伊巴德派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E7%8D%A8%E5%8F%A4%E8%98%AD%E7%B6%93" title="唯獨古蘭經">唯獨古蘭經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%95%99%E6%B4%BE%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97" title="无教派穆斯林">無教派穆斯林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="伊斯兰民族">伊斯蘭民族</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="穆斯林世界">生活</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="伊斯兰文化">文化</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="伊斯蘭教與動物">動物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="伊斯蘭藝術">藝術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%9B%86" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭曆">曆法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5" title="伊斯蘭教與兒童">兒童</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E7%AF%80%E6%97%A5" title="伊斯蘭教節日">節日</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA" title="清真寺">清真寺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1" title="伊斯蘭學校">伊斯蘭學校</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰哲学">哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="伊斯兰教与政治">政治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="伊斯蘭教與科學">科學</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的科學">中世紀</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%A6%E5%A5%B3%E8%88%87%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99" title="婦女與伊斯蘭教">婦女</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="各国伊斯兰教">各国伊斯兰教</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="法律法學" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%B3%95" title="伊斯蘭教法">法律</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="伊斯蘭教法學">法學</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="伊斯兰经济">經濟</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" title="伊斯蘭銀行">銀行</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭經濟史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Islamic economics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭經濟史（页面不存在）">經濟史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" class="extiw" title="en:History of Islamic economics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Islamic economics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%82%B5%E5%88%B8" title="伊斯蘭債券">債券</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭保險" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="تكافل"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭保險（页面不存在）">保險</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84" class="extiw" title="ar:تكافل"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">تكافل</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="穆拉巴哈" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="مرابحة"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="穆拉巴哈（页面不存在）">成本加利潤融資</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:مرابحة"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">مرابحة</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%B7%B4" title="里巴">利息</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭淨禮" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="الطهارة في الإسلام"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%B7%A8%E7%A6%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭淨禮（页面不存在）">衛生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" class="extiw" title="ar:الطهارة في الإسلام"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">الطهارة في الإسلام</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大淨" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="غسل (إسلام)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B7%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大淨（页面不存在）">大淨</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B3%D9%84_(%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85)" class="extiw" title="ar:غسل (إسلام)"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">غسل (إسلام)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="咀嚼棒" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="سواك"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%92%80%E5%9A%BC%E6%A3%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="咀嚼棒（页面不存在）">咀嚼棒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%83" class="extiw" title="ar:سواك"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">سواك</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E6%B4%81_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="不洁 (伊斯兰教)">不潔</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="代淨" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="تيمم"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%A3%E6%B7%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="代淨（页面不存在）">代淨</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%85" class="extiw" title="ar:تيمم"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">تيمم</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%A6%82%E5%BB%81%E7%A6%AE%E5%84%80" title="伊斯蘭如廁禮儀">如廁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%B7%A8" title="小淨">小淨</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭家事法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Islamic family jurisprudence"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%AE%B6%E4%BA%8B%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭家事法（页面不存在）">家事</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" class="extiw" title="en:Islamic family jurisprudence"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Islamic family jurisprudence</span></a></span>）</span></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="伊斯蘭婚姻法學">婚姻</a></li><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="性與伊斯蘭教" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="فقه النكاح"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%A7%E8%88%87%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="性與伊斯蘭教（页面不存在）">性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AD" class="extiw" title="ar:فقه النكاح"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">فقه النكاح</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哈亞" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="حياء"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E4%BA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈亞（页面不存在）">廉恥</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1" class="extiw" title="ar:حياء"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">حياء</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭婚約" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="عقد الزواج في الإسلام"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%A9%9A%E7%B4%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭婚約（页面不存在）">婚約</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" class="extiw" title="ar:عقد الزواج في الإسلام"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">عقد الزواج في الإسلام</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E4%BA%A5%E7%88%BE" title="麥亥爾">麥亥爾</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="馬然" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="محرم (إسلام)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E7%84%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬然（页面不存在）">馬然</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85_(%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85)" class="extiw" title="ar:محرم (إسلام)"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">محرم (إسلام)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="伊斯蘭婚姻法學">終身婚姻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E5%AF%86%E4%B8%B4%E6%97%B6%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB" title="私密临时婚姻">臨時婚姻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%8A%E7%B4%8D_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99)" title="齊納 (伊斯蘭教)">非法性行為</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="成年 (伊斯蘭教)" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="بلوغ (إسلام)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E5%B9%B4_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="成年 (伊斯蘭教)（页面不存在）">成年</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA_(%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85)" class="extiw" title="ar:بلوغ (إسلام)"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">بلوغ (إسلام)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%88%91%E4%BA%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="伊斯蘭刑事法學">刑事</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="清真屠宰" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="ذبح حلال"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%B1%A0%E5%AE%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="清真屠宰（页面不存在）">清真屠宰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%A8%D8%AD_%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84" class="extiw" title="ar:ذبح حلال"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">ذبح حلال</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%90%E7%B1%B3" title="齐米">齊米</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="塔拉克">離婚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E5%90%88%E6%95%99%E8%A6%8F%E7%9A%84%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99)" title="符合教規的食物 (伊斯蘭教)">飲食</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭教倫理" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="أخلاق إسلامية"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教倫理（页面不存在）">倫理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:أخلاق إسلامية"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">أخلاق إسلامية</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E9%81%94%E5%8D%9C" title="艾達卜">禮儀</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="麦希尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Maisir"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BA%A6%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="麦希尔（页面不存在）">賭博</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maisir" class="extiw" title="en:Maisir"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Maisir</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="性別隔離與伊斯蘭教" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="حكم الاختلاط في الإسلام"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%A7%E5%88%A5%E9%9A%94%E9%9B%A2%E8%88%87%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="性別隔離與伊斯蘭教（页面不存在）">性別隔離</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" class="extiw" title="ar:حكم الاختلاط في الإسلام"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">حكم الاختلاط في الإسلام</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BC%E6%8B%9C_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99)" title="礼拜 (伊斯兰教)">尊稱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E7%B9%BC%E6%89%BF%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="伊斯蘭繼承法學">繼承</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E8%8C%B2%E4%BA%9E" title="吉茲亞">吉茲亞</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭領導權" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Islamic leadership"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%A0%98%E5%B0%8E%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭領導權（页面不存在）">領導權</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="extiw" title="en:Islamic leadership"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Islamic leadership</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8" title="伊斯蘭教與奴隸">奴隸</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭軍事法學" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="فقه عسكري إسلامي"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭軍事法學（页面不存在）">軍事</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87_%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:فقه عسكري إسلامي"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">فقه عسكري إسلامي</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:smaller;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="戰俘與伊斯蘭教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Prisoners of war in Islam"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B0%E4%BF%98%E8%88%87%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戰俘與伊斯蘭教（页面不存在）">戰俘</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="extiw" title="en:Prisoners of war in Islam"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Prisoners of war in Islam</span></a></span>）</span></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭教法源" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="مصادر التشريع الإسلامي"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%B3%95%E6%BA%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教法源（页面不存在）">法源</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:مصادر التشريع الإسلامي"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">مصادر التشريع الإسلامي</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="依巴代" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="العبادة في الإسلام"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BE%9D%E5%B7%B4%E4%BB%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="依巴代（页面不存在）">宗教禮儀法學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" class="extiw" title="ar:العبادة في الإسلام"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">العبادة في الإسلام</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰教义学">教義學</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="_伊斯蘭研究" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span style="padding-left: 2.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭研究">伊斯蘭研究</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="伊斯蘭藝術">藝術</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E7%B4%8B%E6%A8%A3" title="阿拉伯紋樣">阿拉伯式花紋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="伊斯蘭建築">建築</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E4%B9%A6%E6%B3%95" title="伊斯兰书法">書法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%92%E6%9E%97" title="伊斯蘭園林">園林</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭幾何圖形" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="زخارف هندسية إسلامية"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95%E5%9C%96%E5%BD%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭幾何圖形（页面不存在）">幾何圖形</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:زخارف هندسية إسلامية"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">زخارف هندسية إسلامية</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭音樂" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="الموسيقى في الإسلام"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭音樂（页面不存在）">音樂</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" class="extiw" title="ar:الموسيقى في الإسلام"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">الموسيقى في الإسلام</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭陶器" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="خزف إسلامي"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%99%B6%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭陶器（页面不存在）">陶器</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B2%D9%81_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:خزف إسلامي"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">خزف إسلامي</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的科學">中世紀科學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的煉金術" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="الخيمياء والكيمياء في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E7%85%89%E9%87%91%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的煉金術（页面不存在）">煉金術及化學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:الخيمياء والكيمياء في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">الخيمياء والكيمياء في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="中古伊斯蘭天文學">天文學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的宇宙學" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="علم الكونيات في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的宇宙學（页面不存在）">宇宙學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:علم الكونيات في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">علم الكونيات في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的地理與地圖學" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="الجغرافيا في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E8%88%87%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的地理與地圖學（页面不存在）">地理與地圖學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:الجغرافيا في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">الجغرافيا في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%BB%83%E9%87%91%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="伊斯蘭黃金時代的數學">數學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="中世纪伊斯兰世界的医学">醫學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的物理" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="الفيزياء في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的物理（页面不存在）">物理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:الفيزياء في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">الفيزياء في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭哲學">哲學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="早期伊斯蘭哲學" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="فلسفة إسلامية مبكرة"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="早期伊斯蘭哲學（页面不存在）">早期</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:فلسفة إسلامية مبكرة"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">فلسفة إسلامية مبكرة</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="當代伊斯蘭哲學" data-lang-code="fa" data-lang-name="波斯語" data-foreign-title="فلسفه اسلامی معاصر"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B6%E4%BB%A3%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="當代伊斯蘭哲學（页面不存在）">當代</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">波斯語</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="fa:فلسفه اسلامی معاصر"><span lang="fa" dir="auto">فلسفه اسلامی معاصر</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%9C%AB%E4%B8%96%E8%AB%96" title="伊斯蘭教末世論">末世論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰教义学">教義學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的占星術" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="التنجيم في الإسلام خلال العصور الوسطى"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%A0%E6%98%9F%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的占星術（页面不存在）">占星術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%89" class="extiw" title="ar:التنجيم في الإسلام خلال العصور الوسطى"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">التنجيم في الإسلام خلال العصور الوسطى</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭教與演化論" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="نظرة الإسلام للتطور"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教與演化論（页面不存在）">演化論</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="ar:نظرة الإسلام للتطور"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">نظرة الإسلام للتطور</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="伊斯蘭女性主義">女性主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E6%98%8E" title="伊斯蘭世界的發明">發明</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭自由主義與進步主義" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="ليبرالية إسلامية"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E8%88%87%E9%80%B2%E6%AD%A5%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭自由主義與進步主義（页面不存在）">自由主義與進步主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:ليبرالية إسلامية"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">ليبرالية إسلامية</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭文學" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="أدب إسلامي"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭文學（页面不存在）">文學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:أدب إسلامي"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">أدب إسلامي</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭詩歌" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Islamic poetry"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E8%A9%A9%E6%AD%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭詩歌（页面不存在）">詩歌</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_poetry" class="extiw" title="en:Islamic poetry"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Islamic poetry</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的心理學" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="علم النفس في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的心理學（页面不存在）">心理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:علم النفس في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">علم النفس في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%92%E4%B9%8C%E6%AF%94%E8%80%B6" title="舒乌比耶">舒烏比耶</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="非穆斯林場所改造成清真寺" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="تحويل دور العبادة غير الإسلامية إلى مساجد"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E5%A0%B4%E6%89%80%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0%E6%88%90%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非穆斯林場所改造成清真寺（页面不存在）">改造成清真寺</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF" class="extiw" title="ar:تحويل دور العبادة غير الإسلامية إلى مساجد"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">تحويل دور العبادة غير الإسلامية إلى مساجد</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="_其他" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span style="padding-left: 2.5em;"> </span>其他</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭教與其他宗教" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="الإسلام والأديان الأخرى"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%85%B6%E4%BB%96%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教與其他宗教（页面不存在）">其他宗教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%89" class="extiw" title="ar:الإسلام والأديان الأخرى"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">الإسلام والأديان الأخرى</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="伊斯蘭教與基督教關係">基督教</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭教與摩門教" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="الإسلام والمورمونية"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E6%91%A9%E9%96%80%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教與摩門教（页面不存在）">摩門教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:الإسلام والمورمونية"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">الإسلام والمورمونية</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭教與新教" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="البروتستانتية والإسلام"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教與新教（页面不存在）">新教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" class="extiw" title="ar:البروتستانتية والإسلام"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">البروتستانتية والإسلام</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印度教與伊斯蘭教" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="العلاقات الهندوسية الإسلامية"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度教與伊斯蘭教（页面不存在）">印度教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:العلاقات الهندوسية الإسلامية"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">العلاقات الهندوسية الإسلامية</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭教與耆那教" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="الإسلام والجاينية"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教與耆那教（页面不存在）">耆那教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:الإسلام والجاينية"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">الإسلام والجاينية</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭教與猶太教" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="الإسلام واليهودية"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教與猶太教（页面不存在）">猶太教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:الإسلام واليهودية"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">الإسلام واليهودية</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭教與錫克教" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="الإسلام والسيخية"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E9%8C%AB%E5%85%8B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教與錫克教（页面不存在）">錫克教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:الإسلام والسيخية"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">الإسلام والسيخية</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%9B%E6%95%99_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99)" title="叛教 (伊斯蘭教)">叛教</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="各國叛離伊斯蘭教的情況" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Apostasy in Islam by country"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%9B%E9%9B%A2%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E6%83%85%E6%B3%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="各國叛離伊斯蘭教的情況（页面不存在）">各國</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" class="extiw" title="en:Apostasy in Islam by country"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Apostasy in Islam by country</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="前穆斯林" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ex-Muslims"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="前穆斯林（页面不存在）">前穆斯林</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex-Muslims" class="extiw" title="en:Ex-Muslims"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ex-Muslims</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="前穆斯林列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of former Muslims"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="前穆斯林列表（页面不存在）">列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims" class="extiw" title="en:List of former Muslims"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of former Muslims</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="前穆斯林組織" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of ex-Muslim organisations"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="前穆斯林組織（页面不存在）">組織</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" class="extiw" title="en:List of ex-Muslim organisations"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of ex-Muslim organisations</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">相關主題</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%A9%95" title="對伊斯蘭教的批評">對伊斯蘭教的批評</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E4%BA%8E%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84" title="对于穆罕默德的批评">穆罕默德</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="對古蘭經的批評" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="نقد القرآن"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E5%8F%A4%E8%98%AD%E7%B6%93%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%A9%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="對古蘭經的批評（页面不存在）">古蘭經</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86" class="extiw" title="ar:نقد القرآن"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">نقد القرآن</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97" title="文化穆斯林">文化穆斯林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="伊斯兰主义">伊斯蘭主義</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="對伊斯蘭主義的批評" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="نقد الإسلاموية"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%A9%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="對伊斯蘭主義的批評（页面不存在）">批評</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:نقد الإسلاموية"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">نقد الإسلاموية</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="後伊斯蘭主義" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="ما بعد الإسلاموية"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%8C%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="後伊斯蘭主義（页面不存在）">後伊斯蘭主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:ما بعد الإسلاموية"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">ما بعد الإسلاموية</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E7%89%B9%E5%B8%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="庫特布主義">庫特布主義</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%81%90%E6%83%A7%E7%97%87" title="伊斯兰恐惧症">伊斯兰恐惧症</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭恐懼症相關事件列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of Islamophobic incidents"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%81%90%E6%87%BC%E7%97%87%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭恐懼症相關事件列表（页面不存在）">事件</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Islamophobic_incidents" class="extiw" title="en:List of Islamophobic incidents"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of Islamophobic incidents</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="伊斯蘭恐怖主義">伊斯蘭恐怖主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭教與奇跡" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Islamic view of miracles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%A5%87%E8%B7%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教與奇跡（页面不存在）">奇跡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" class="extiw" title="en:Islamic view of miracles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Islamic view of miracles</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭教與家庭暴力" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Islam and domestic violence"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教與家庭暴力（页面不存在）">家庭暴力</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" class="extiw" title="en:Islam and domestic violence"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Islam and domestic violence</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭教與護理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nursing in Islam"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E8%AD%B7%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教與護理（页面不存在）">護士</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_in_Islam" class="extiw" title="en:Nursing in Islam"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nursing in Islam</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%AB%E5%AE%B3" title="對穆斯林的迫害">對穆斯林的迫害</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭教象徵" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Symbols of Islam"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%B1%A1%E5%BE%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教象徵（页面不存在）">象徵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Islam" class="extiw" title="en:Symbols of Islam"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Symbols of Islam</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=苏丹_(称谓)&oldid=83779798">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=苏丹_(称谓)&oldid=83779798</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E4%B8%93%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%B3%E6%B3%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:需要伊斯兰教专家关注的页面（页面不存在）">需要伊斯兰教专家关注的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)" title="Category:苏丹 (称谓)">苏丹 (称谓)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93" title="Category:君主称谓">君主称谓</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AF%AD%E5%A4%B4%E8%A1%94" title="Category:伊斯兰教阿拉伯语头衔">伊斯兰教阿拉伯语头衔</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="Category:亞洲伊斯蘭教歷史">亞洲伊斯蘭教歷史</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="Category:非洲伊斯蘭教歷史">非洲伊斯蘭教歷史</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E5%BE%9E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:需要從英語維基百科翻譯的條目">需要從英語維基百科翻譯的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E9%97%9C%E6%B3%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:所有需要專家關注的頁面">所有需要專家關注的頁面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%85%B6%E4%BB%96%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E9%97%9C%E6%B3%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:其他需要專家關注的頁面">其他需要專家關注的頁面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA2019%E5%B9%B47%E6%9C%88%E9%9C%80%E8%A1%A5%E5%85%85%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:自2019年7月需补充来源的条目">自2019年7月需补充来源的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%8B%92%E7%BB%9D%E5%BD%93%E9%80%89%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5%E6%96%B0%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE%E6%8E%A8%E8%8D%90%E6%A0%8F%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:拒绝当选首页新条目推荐栏目的条目">拒绝当选首页新条目推荐栏目的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%AA%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有多个问题的条目">含有多个问题的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有阿拉伯語的條目">含有阿拉伯語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有英語的條目">含有英語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E5%8C%B9%E9%85%8D%E9%A1%B9" title="Category:维基共享资源分类链接使用了维基数据上的匹配项">维基共享资源分类链接使用了维基数据上的匹配项</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2024年8月12日 (星期一) 09:23。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh">知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用。（请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>）<br /> Wikipedia®和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/zh">维基媒体基金会</a>的注册商标；维基™是维基媒体基金会的商标。<br /> 维基媒体基金会是按美国国內稅收法501(c)(3)登记的<a class="external text" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tax_deductibility">非营利慈善机构</a>。<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rmdbt","wgBackendResponseTime":238,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.142","walltime":"1.473","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8690,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":623070,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":61338,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":28,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":107,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":38934,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":2,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1124.757 1 -total"," 19.18% 215.697 1 Template:西亞、中亞、南亞、北非的貴族等級"," 19.12% 215.066 1 Template:伊斯蘭教主題"," 19.02% 213.885 1 Template:Sidebar"," 18.86% 212.102 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 16.36% 184.038 1 Template:Multiple_issues"," 14.28% 160.657 4 Template:Navbox"," 9.52% 107.076 24 Template:Flag"," 9.37% 105.374 1 Template:Lang-en"," 8.98% 101.009 4 Template:Ambox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.521","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20763062,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-jbhkd","timestamp":"20241124084051","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u82cf\u4e39 (\u79f0\u8c13)","url":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q43292","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q43292","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u8d21\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-03-30T17:02:09Z","dateModified":"2024-08-12T09:23:48Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/92\/The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant%2C_Persian_painting%2C_1306-14.jpg","headline":"\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u79f0\u8c13"}</script> </body> </html>