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<button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehepatic_causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehepatic_causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prehepatic causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehepatic_causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hepatic_causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hepatic_causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hepatic causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hepatic_causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthepatic_causes_(Obstructive_jaundice)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthepatic_causes_(Obstructive_jaundice)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Posthepatic causes (Obstructive jaundice)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthepatic_causes_(Obstructive_jaundice)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathophysiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathophysiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pathophysiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pathophysiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Normal_heme_metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Normal_heme_metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Normal heme metabolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Normal_heme_metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehepatic_metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehepatic_metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Prehepatic metabolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehepatic_metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hepatic_metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hepatic_metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Hepatic metabolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hepatic_metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthepatic_metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthepatic_metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Posthepatic metabolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthepatic_metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abnormalities_in_heme_metabolism_and_excretion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abnormalities_in_heme_metabolism_and_excretion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Abnormalities in heme metabolism and excretion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abnormalities_in_heme_metabolism_and_excretion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehepatic_pathophysiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehepatic_pathophysiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Prehepatic pathophysiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehepatic_pathophysiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hepatic_pathophysiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hepatic_pathophysiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Hepatic pathophysiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hepatic_pathophysiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthepatic_pathophysiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthepatic_pathophysiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Posthepatic pathophysiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthepatic_pathophysiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diagnosis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Laboratory_tests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laboratory_tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Laboratory tests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laboratory_tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Imaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differential_diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differential_diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Differential diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differential_diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Complications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Epidemiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Risk_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Risk factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risk_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Special populations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Special_populations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Special populations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Special_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neonatal_jaundice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neonatal_jaundice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Neonatal jaundice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neonatal_jaundice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symptoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symptoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Symptoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathophysiology_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathophysiology_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.3</span> <span>Pathophysiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathophysiology_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.4</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jaundice</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 88 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelsug" title="Geelsug – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geelsug" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86" title="يرقان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يرقان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiricia" title="Tiricia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tiricia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%BF" title="Դեղնախտ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Դեղնախտ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9B" title="জণ্ডিছ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জণ্ডিছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="पीलिया – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पीलिया" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="ГӀобилунти – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀобилунти" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1l%C4%B1q" title="Sarılıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sarılıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="ساریلیق/جوندایس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ساریلیق/جوندایس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8" title="জন্ডিস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জন্ডিস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8A%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Жълтеница – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жълтеница" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDutica" title="Žutica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Žutica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icter%C3%ADcia" title="Icterícia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Icterícia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Сарамак – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сарамак" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDloutenka" title="Žloutenka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Žloutenka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clefyd_melyn" title="Clefyd melyn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Clefyd melyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulsot" title="Gulsot – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gulsot" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikterus" title="Ikterus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ikterus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%83%DE%A9%DE%82%DE%8B%DE%AB%DE%88%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ރީނދޫވުން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ރީނދޫވުން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8A%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ίκτερος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ίκτερος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ictericia" title="Ictericia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ictericia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iktero" title="Iktero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Iktero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikterizia" title="Ikterizia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ikterizia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86" title="یرقان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یرقان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ict%C3%A8re" title="Ictère – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ictère" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C3%ADoch%C3%A1n" title="Buíochán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Buíochán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ictericia" title="Ictericia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ictericia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B3%E0%AB%8B" title="કમળો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કમળો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%A9%EB%8B%AC" title="황달 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="황달" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawara" title="Shawara – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Shawara" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF" title="Դեղնուկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դեղնուկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="पीलिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पीलिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDutica" title="Žutica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Žutica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iktero" title="Iktero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Iktero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaundis" title="Jaundis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jaundis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula" title="Gula – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gula" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ittero" title="Ittero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ittero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%94%D7%91%D7%AA" title="צהבת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צהבת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86" title="ಕಾಮಾಲೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾಮಾಲೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%8E_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Сарғаю синдромы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сарғаю синдромы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Сарык – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сарык" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icterus" title="Icterus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Icterus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzelte" title="Dzelte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzelte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelta" title="Gelta – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gelta" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Жолтица – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Жолтица" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="മഞ്ഞപ്പിത്തം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മഞ്ഞപ്പിത്തം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaundis" title="Jaundis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jaundis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အသားဝါခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အသားဝါခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelzucht" title="Geelzucht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geelzucht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="कमलपित्त – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कमलपित्त" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E7%96%B8" title="黄疸 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="黄疸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulsott" title="Gulsott – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gulsott" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulsott" title="Gulsott – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gulsott" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D" title="ଜଣ୍ଡିସ୍ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜଣ୍ଡିସ୍" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sariqlik" title="Sariqlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sariqlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikterus" title="Ikterus – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ikterus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BB%C3%B3%C5%82taczka_(medycyna)" title="Żółtaczka (medycyna) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żółtaczka (medycyna)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icter%C3%ADcia" title="Icterícia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Icterícia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icter" title="Icter – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Icter" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Желтуха – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Желтуха" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulsoch" title="Gulsoch – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gulsoch" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdh%C3%ABza" title="Verdhëza – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Verdhëza" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="සෙංගමාලය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සෙංගමාලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jaundice" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDlta%C4%8Dka" title="Žltačka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Žltačka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatenica" title="Zlatenica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zlatenica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagaarshow" title="Cagaarshow – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Cagaarshow" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زەردوویی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زەردوویی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDutica" title="Žutica – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Žutica" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDutica" title="Žutica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Žutica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltaisuus" title="Keltaisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keltaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulsot" title="Gulsot – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gulsot" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paninilaw" title="Paninilaw – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Paninilaw" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="மஞ்சள் காமாலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மஞ்சள் காமாலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawra%C9%A3" title="Sawraɣ – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Sawraɣ" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siw%E1%B9%9Bi%C9%A3" title="Siwṛiɣ – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Siwṛiɣ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="పచ్చకామెర్లు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పచ్చకామెర్లు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ดีซ่าน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดีซ่าน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Abnormal pigmentation symptom for disease of the liver</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Icteric" redirects here. For the physiological event, see <a href="/wiki/Ictal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ictal">Ictal</a>. For the songbird <i>Icteria</i>, see <a href="/wiki/Yellow-breasted_chat" title="Yellow-breasted chat">Yellow-breasted chat</a>. For Jaundice in babies, see <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_jaundice" title="Neonatal jaundice">Neonatal jaundice</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Yellowing" redirects here. For of ABS plastic, see <a href="/wiki/Retrobright" title="Retrobright">Retrobright</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Jaundice</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Icterus<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaundice08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Jaundice08.jpg/220px-Jaundice08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Jaundice08.jpg/330px-Jaundice08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Jaundice08.jpg/440px-Jaundice08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Jaundice of the skin caused by <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">pancreatic cancer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">JAWN</span>-diss</i></a> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterology" title="Gastroenterology">Gastroenterology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hepatology" title="Hepatology">hepatology</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_surgery" title="General surgery">general surgery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellowish</a> coloration of skin and <a href="/wiki/Sclera" title="Sclera">sclera</a>, itchiness<sup id="cite_ref-Bas2015_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bas2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hyperbilirubinemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbilirubinemia">High bilirubin levels</a><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">Pancreatic cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">pancreatitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver_disease" title="Liver disease">liver disease</a>, certain infections</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Blood bilirubin, <a href="/wiki/Liver_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver panel">liver panel</a><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carotenemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carotenemia">Carotenemia</a>, taking <a href="/wiki/Rifampin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifampin">rifampin</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rog2004_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rog2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data">Based on the underlying cause<sup id="cite_ref-Fer2014_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jaundice</b>, also known as <b>icterus</b>, is a yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the <a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sclera" title="Sclera">sclera</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Hyperbilirubinemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbilirubinemia">high bilirubin levels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-But2012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-But2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jaundice in adults is typically a sign indicating the presence of underlying diseases involving abnormal <a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">heme</a> <a href="/wiki/Heme_oxygenase" title="Heme oxygenase">metabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver_dysfunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver dysfunction">liver dysfunction</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Biliary_tract" title="Biliary tract">biliary-tract</a> obstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prevalence of jaundice in adults is rare, while <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_jaundice" title="Neonatal jaundice">jaundice in babies</a> is common, with an estimated 80% affected during their first week of life.<sup id="cite_ref-Kap2017_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kap2017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most commonly associated symptoms of jaundice are <a href="/wiki/Biliary_pruritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Biliary pruritus">itchiness</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bas2015_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bas2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pale <a href="/wiki/Human_feces" title="Human feces">feces</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dark_urine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark urine">dark urine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rog2004_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rog2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Normal levels of bilirubin in <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">blood</a> are below 1.0 <a href="/wiki/Milligram" class="mw-redirect" title="Milligram">mg</a>/<a href="/wiki/Decilitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Decilitre">dl</a> (17 <a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">μmol</a>/<a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">L</a>), while levels over 2–3 mg/dl (34–51 μmol/L) typically result in jaundice.<sup id="cite_ref-Rog2004_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rog2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CMAJ2015_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMAJ2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hyperbilirubinemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbilirubinemia">High blood bilirubin</a> is divided into two types: <a href="/wiki/Unconjugated_bilirubin" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconjugated bilirubin">unconjugated</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conjugated_bilirubin" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugated bilirubin">conjugated bilirubin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Win2011_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Win2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Causes of jaundice vary from relatively benign to potentially fatal.<sup id="cite_ref-Win2011_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Win2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High unconjugated bilirubin may be due to <a href="/wiki/Haemolytic_anemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemolytic anemia">excess red blood cell breakdown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Large_bruise" class="mw-redirect" title="Large bruise">large bruises</a>, genetic conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Gilbert%27s_syndrome" title="Gilbert's syndrome">Gilbert's syndrome</a>, not eating for a prolonged period of time, newborn jaundice, or <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_disease" title="Thyroid disease">thyroid problems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rog2004_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rog2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Win2011_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Win2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High conjugated bilirubin may be due to liver diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a>, infections, <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medications</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Blockage_of_the_bile_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Blockage of the bile duct">blockage of the bile duct</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Rog2004_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rog2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to factors including <a href="/wiki/Gallstones" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallstones">gallstones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">pancreatitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rog2004_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rog2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other conditions can also cause yellowish skin, but are not jaundice, including <a href="/wiki/Carotenemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carotenemia">carotenemia</a>, which can develop from eating large amounts of foods containing <a href="/wiki/Carotene" title="Carotene">carotene</a>—or medications such as <a href="/wiki/Rifampin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifampin">rifampin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rog2004_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rog2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Treatment of jaundice is typically determined by the underlying cause.<sup id="cite_ref-Fer2014_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a bile duct blockage is present, <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a> is typically required; otherwise, management is medical.<sup id="cite_ref-Fer2014_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medical management may involve treating infectious causes and stopping medication that could be contributing to the jaundice.<sup id="cite_ref-Fer2014_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jaundice in newborns may be treated with <a href="/wiki/Phototherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Phototherapy">phototherapy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Exchanged_transfusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchanged transfusion">exchanged transfusion</a> depending on age and <a href="/wiki/Premature_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature birth">prematurity</a> when the bilirubin is greater than 4–21 mg/dl (68–365 μmol/L).<sup id="cite_ref-CMAJ2015_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMAJ2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The itchiness may be helped by <a href="/wiki/Cholecystostomy" title="Cholecystostomy">draining the gallbladder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ursodeoxycholic_acid" title="Ursodeoxycholic acid">ursodeoxycholic acid</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioid</a> antagonists such as <a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">naltrexone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bas2015_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bas2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>jaundice</i> is from the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jaune#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:jaune">jaunisse</a></i>, meaning 'yellow disease'.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaundice&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaundice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Jaundice.jpg/220px-Jaundice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Jaundice.jpg/330px-Jaundice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Jaundice.jpg/440px-Jaundice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1762" /></a><figcaption>A 4-year-old boy with icteric sclera due to <a href="/wiki/G6PD_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="G6PD deficiency">G6PD deficiency</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The most common signs of jaundice in adults are a yellowish discoloration of the white area of the eye (<a href="/wiki/Sclera" title="Sclera">sclera</a>) and skin<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with scleral icterus presence indicating a serum bilirubin of at least 3 mg/dl.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuben_2012_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuben_2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other common signs include dark urine (<a href="/wiki/Bilirubinuria" title="Bilirubinuria">bilirubinuria</a>) and pale (<a href="/wiki/Acholia" title="Acholia">acholia</a>) fatty stool (<a href="/wiki/Steatorrhea" title="Steatorrhea">steatorrhea</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because bilirubin is a skin irritant, jaundice is commonly associated with severe itchiness.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eye <a href="/wiki/Conjunctiva" title="Conjunctiva">conjunctiva</a> has a particularly high affinity for bilirubin deposition due to high elastin content. Slight increases in serum bilirubin can, therefore, be detected early on by observing the yellowing of sclerae. Traditionally referred to as scleral icterus, this term is actually a misnomer, because bilirubin deposition technically occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Conjunctiva" title="Conjunctiva">conjunctival membranes</a> overlying the avascular sclera. Thus, the proper term for the yellowing of "white of the eyes" is conjunctival icterus.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A much less common sign of jaundice specifically during childhood is yellowish or greenish teeth. In developing children, hyperbilirubinemia may cause a yellow or green discoloration of teeth due to bilirubin deposition during the process of tooth calcification.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this may occur in children with hyperbilirubinemia, tooth discoloration due to hyperbilirubinemia is not observed in individuals with adult-onset liver disease. Disorders associated with a rise in serum levels of conjugated bilirubin during early development can also cause <a href="/wiki/Enamel_hypoplasia" title="Enamel hypoplasia">dental hypoplasia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaundice&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaundice-types.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Jaundice-types.png/350px-Jaundice-types.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Jaundice-types.png/525px-Jaundice-types.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Jaundice-types.png/700px-Jaundice-types.png 2x" data-file-width="1517" data-file-height="829" /></a><figcaption>Types of jaundice</figcaption></figure> <p>Jaundice is a sign indicating the presence of an underlying diseases involving abnormal bilirubin metabolism, liver dysfunction, or biliary-tract obstruction. In general, jaundice is present when blood levels of bilirubin exceed 3 mg/dl.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuben_2012_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuben_2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jaundice is classified into three categories, depending on which part of the physiological mechanism the pathology affects. The three categories are: </p> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th>Category </th> <th>Definition </th></tr> <tr> <td>Prehepatic/hemolytic </td> <td>The pathology occurs prior to the liver metabolism, due to either intrinsic causes to red blood cell rupture or extrinsic causes to red blood cell rupture. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hepatic/hepatocellular </td> <td>The pathology is due to damage of parenchymal liver cells. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Posthepatic/cholestatic </td> <td>The pathology occurs after bilirubin conjugation in the liver, due to obstruction of the biliary tract and/or decreased bilirubin excretion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehepatic_causes">Prehepatic causes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaundice&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehepatic causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prehepatic jaundice is most commonly caused by a pathological increased rate of red blood cell (erythrocyte) <a href="/wiki/Hemolysis" title="Hemolysis">hemolysis</a>. The increased breakdown of erythrocytes → increased unconjugated serum bilirubin → increased deposition of unconjugated bilirubin into mucosal tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These diseases may cause jaundice due to increased erythrocyte hemolysis:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sickle-cell_anemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sickle-cell anemia">Sickle-cell anemia</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spherocytosis" title="Spherocytosis">Spherocytosis</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassemia" title="Thalassemia">Thalassemia</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_kinase_deficiency" title="Pyruvate kinase deficiency">Pyruvate kinase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase_deficiency" title="Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency">Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microangiopathic_hemolytic_anemia" title="Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia">Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic%E2%80%93uremic_syndrome" title="Hemolytic–uremic syndrome">Hemolytic–uremic syndrome</a></li> <li>Severe <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> (in endemic countries)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hepatic_causes">Hepatic causes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaundice&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hepatic causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilirubin_pigment_in_cholestatic_liver_40X.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bilirubin_pigment_in_cholestatic_liver_40X.jpg/220px-Bilirubin_pigment_in_cholestatic_liver_40X.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bilirubin_pigment_in_cholestatic_liver_40X.jpg/330px-Bilirubin_pigment_in_cholestatic_liver_40X.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bilirubin_pigment_in_cholestatic_liver_40X.jpg/440px-Bilirubin_pigment_in_cholestatic_liver_40X.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>Microscopy of a biopsy of a cholestatic liver showing bilirubin pigment (brown pigment), <a href="/wiki/H%26E" class="mw-redirect" title="H&E">H&E</a> stain</figcaption></figure> <p>Hepatic jaundice is caused by abnormal liver metabolism of bilirubin.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major causes of hepatic jaundice are significant damage to hepatocytes due to infectious, drug/medication-induced, autoimmune etiology, or less commonly, due to inheritable genetic diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following is a partial list of hepatic causes to jaundice:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_hepatitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute hepatitis">Acute hepatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_hepatitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic hepatitis">Chronic hepatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatotoxicity" title="Hepatotoxicity">Hepatotoxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">Cirrhosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug-induced_hepatitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug-induced hepatitis">Drug-induced hepatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_liver_disease" title="Alcoholic liver disease">Alcoholic liver disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert%27s_syndrome" title="Gilbert's syndrome">Gilbert's syndrome</a> (found in about 5% of the population, results in induced mild jaundice)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crigler%E2%80%93Najjar_syndrome,_type_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Crigler–Najjar syndrome, type I">Crigler–Najjar syndrome, type I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crigler%E2%80%93Najjar_syndrome,_type_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Crigler–Najjar syndrome, type II">Crigler–Najjar syndrome, type II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis" title="Leptospirosis">Leptospirosis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posthepatic_causes_(Obstructive_jaundice)"><span id="Posthepatic_causes_.28Obstructive_jaundice.29"></span>Posthepatic causes (Obstructive jaundice)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaundice&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Posthepatic causes (Obstructive jaundice)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Posthepatic jaundice (obstructive jaundice) is caused by a blockage of bile ducts that transport bile containing conjugated bilirubin out of the liver for excretion.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a list of conditions that can cause posthepatic jaundice: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_bile_duct_stone" title="Common bile duct stone">Choledocholithiasis</a> (common bile duct gallstones). It is the most common cause of obstructive jaundice.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">Pancreatic cancer</a> of the pancreatic head</li> <li>Biliary tract strictures</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biliary_atresia" title="Biliary atresia">Biliary atresia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_biliary_cholangitis" title="Primary biliary cholangitis">Primary biliary cholangitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholestasis_of_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholestasis of pregnancy">Cholestasis of pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_pancreatitis" title="Acute pancreatitis">Acute Pancreatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_pancreatitis" title="Chronic pancreatitis">Chronic Pancreatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_pseudocyst" title="Pancreatic pseudocyst">Pancreatic pseudocysts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirizzi%27s_syndrome" title="Mirizzi's syndrome">Mirizzi's syndrome</a></li> <li>Parasites ("<a href="/wiki/Liver_fluke" title="Liver fluke">liver flukes</a>" of the <a href="/wiki/Opisthorchiidae" title="Opisthorchiidae">Opisthorchiidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fasciolidae" title="Fasciolidae">Fasciolidae</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaundice&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pathophysiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heme_Breakdown.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Heme_Breakdown.png/220px-Heme_Breakdown.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Heme_Breakdown.png/330px-Heme_Breakdown.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Heme_Breakdown.png/440px-Heme_Breakdown.png 2x" data-file-width="812" data-file-height="993" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><p>Jaundice is typically caused by an underlying pathological process that occurs at some point along the normal physiological pathway of heme metabolism. A deeper understanding of the anatomical flow of normal heme metabolism is essential to appreciate the importance of prehepatic, hepatic, and posthepatic categories. Thus, an anatomical approach to heme metabolism precedes a discussion of the pathophysiology of jaundice.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Normal_heme_metabolism">Normal heme metabolism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaundice&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Normal heme metabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prehepatic_metabolism">Prehepatic metabolism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaundice&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Prehepatic metabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a> complete their lifespan of about 120 days, or if they are damaged, they rupture as they pass through the <a href="/wiki/Reticuloendothelial_system" title="Reticuloendothelial system">reticuloendothelial system</a>, and cell contents including <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> are released into circulation. Macrophages phagocytose free hemoglobin and split it into <a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">heme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Globin" title="Globin">globin</a>. Two reactions then take place with the heme molecule. The first <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> reaction is catalyzed by the microsomal enzyme <a href="/wiki/Heme_oxygenase" title="Heme oxygenase">heme oxygenase</a> and results in <a href="/wiki/Biliverdin" title="Biliverdin">biliverdin</a> (green color pigment), <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>. The next step is the reduction of biliverdin to a yellow color <a href="/wiki/Tetrapyrrole" title="Tetrapyrrole">tetrapyrrole</a> pigment called bilirubin by cytosolic enzyme <a href="/wiki/Biliverdin_reductase" title="Biliverdin reductase">biliverdin reductase</a>. This bilirubin is "unconjugated", "free", or "indirect" bilirubin. Around 4 mg of bilirubin per kg of blood are produced each day.<sup id="cite_ref-PedRev_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PedRev-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of this bilirubin comes from the breakdown of heme from expired red blood cells in the process just described. Roughly 20% comes from other heme sources, however, including ineffective <a href="/wiki/Erythropoiesis" title="Erythropoiesis">erythropoiesis</a>, and the breakdown of other heme-containing proteins, such as muscle <a href="/wiki/Myoglobin" title="Myoglobin">myoglobin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome" title="Cytochrome">cytochromes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PedRev_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PedRev-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unconjugated bilirubin then travels to the liver through the bloodstream. Because this bilirubin is not soluble, it is transported through the blood bound to <a href="/wiki/Serum_albumin" title="Serum albumin">serum albumin</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hepatic_metabolism">Hepatic metabolism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaundice&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hepatic metabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once unconjugated bilirubin arrives in the liver, liver enzyme <a href="/wiki/UDP-glucuronyl-transferase" class="mw-redirect" title="UDP-glucuronyl-transferase">UDP-glucuronyl transferase</a> conjugates bilirubin + <a href="/wiki/Glucuronic_acid" title="Glucuronic acid">glucuronic acid</a> → <a href="/wiki/Bilirubin_diglucuronide" title="Bilirubin diglucuronide">bilirubin diglucuronide</a> (conjugated bilirubin). Bilirubin that has been conjugated by the liver is water-soluble and excreted into the gallbladder.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Posthepatic_metabolism">Posthepatic metabolism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaundice&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Posthepatic metabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bilirubin enters the intestinal tract via bile. In the intestinal tract, bilirubin is converted into <a href="/wiki/Urobilinogen" title="Urobilinogen">urobilinogen</a> by symbiotic intestinal bacteria. Most urobilinogen is converted into <a href="/wiki/Stercobilinogen" title="Stercobilinogen">stercobilinogen</a> and further oxidized into <a href="/wiki/Stercobilin" title="Stercobilin">stercobilin</a>. Stercobilin is excreted via <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a>, giving stool its characteristic brown coloration.<sup id="cite_ref-Berthelot_2018_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berthelot_2018-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small portion of urobilinogen is reabsorbed back into the gastrointestinal cells. Most reabsorbed urobilinogen undergoes hepatobiliary recirculation. A smaller portion of reabsorbed urobilinogen is filtered into the kidneys. In the urine, urobilinogen is converted to <a href="/wiki/Urobilin" title="Urobilin">urobilin</a>, which gives urine its characteristic yellow color.<sup id="cite_ref-Berthelot_2018_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berthelot_2018-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abnormalities_in_heme_metabolism_and_excretion">Abnormalities in heme metabolism and excretion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaundice&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Abnormalities in heme metabolism and excretion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One way to understand jaundice pathophysiology is to organize it into disorders that cause increased bilirubin production (abnormal heme metabolism) or decreased bilirubin excretion (abnormal heme excretion).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prehepatic_pathophysiology">Prehepatic pathophysiology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaundice&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Prehepatic pathophysiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prehepatic jaundice results from a pathological increase in bilirubin production: an increased rate of erythrocyte hemolysis causes increased bilirubin production, leading to increased deposition of bilirubin in mucosal tissues and the appearance of a yellow hue.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hepatic_pathophysiology">Hepatic pathophysiology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaundice&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hepatic pathophysiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hepatic jaundice (hepatocellular jaundice) is due to significant disruption of liver function, leading to hepatic cell death and necrosis and impaired bilirubin transport across <a href="/wiki/Hepatocyte" title="Hepatocyte">hepatocytes</a>. Bilirubin transport across hepatocytes may be impaired at any point between hepatocellular uptake of unconjugated bilirubin and hepatocellular transport of conjugated bilirubin into the gallbladder. In addition, subsequent cellular <a href="/wiki/Oedema" class="mw-redirect" title="Oedema">edema</a> due to inflammation causes mechanical obstruction of the intrahepatic biliary tract. Most commonly, interferences in all three major steps of bilirubin metabolism—uptake, conjugation, and excretion—usually occur in hepatocellular jaundice. Thus, an abnormal rise in both unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin (formerly called <b>cholemia</b>) will be present. Because excretion (the rate-limiting step) is usually impaired to the greatest extent, conjugated hyperbilirubinemia predominates.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The unconjugated bilirubin still enters the liver cells and becomes conjugated in the usual way. This conjugated bilirubin is then returned to the blood, probably by rupture of the congested bile canaliculi and direct emptying of the bile into the <a href="/wiki/Lymph" title="Lymph">lymph</a> exiting the liver. Thus, most of the bilirubin in the plasma becomes the conjugated type rather than the unconjugated type, and this conjugated bilirubin, which did not go to the intestine to become <a href="/wiki/Urobilinogen" title="Urobilinogen">urobilinogen</a>, gives the urine a dark color.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Posthepatic_pathophysiology">Posthepatic pathophysiology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaundice&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Posthepatic pathophysiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Posthepatic jaundice, also called obstructive jaundice, is due to the blockage of bile excretion from the biliary tract, which leads to increased conjugated bilirubin and bile salts there. In complete obstruction of the bile duct, conjugated bilirubin cannot access the intestinal tract, disrupting further bilirubin conversion to urobilinogen and, therefore, no <a href="/wiki/Stercobilin" title="Stercobilin">stercobilin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Urobilin" title="Urobilin">urobilin</a> is produced. In obstructive jaundice, excess conjugated bilirubin is filtered into the urine without urobilinogen. Conjugated bilirubin in urine (bilirubinuria) gives urine an abnormally dark brown color. Thus, the presence of pale stool (stercobilin absent from feces) and dark urine (conjugated bilirubin present in urine) suggests an obstructive cause of jaundice. Because these associated signs are also positive in many hepatic jaundice conditions, they cannot be a reliable clinical feature to distinguish obstructive versus hepatocellular jaundice causes.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaundice&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obstructivebiliarydilation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Obstructivebiliarydilation.png/220px-Obstructivebiliarydilation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Obstructivebiliarydilation.png/330px-Obstructivebiliarydilation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Obstructivebiliarydilation.png/440px-Obstructivebiliarydilation.png 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption>Biliary-tract dilation due to obstruction as seen on CT scan (frontal plane)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obstructivebiliarydilation2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Obstructivebiliarydilation2.png/220px-Obstructivebiliarydilation2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Obstructivebiliarydilation2.png/330px-Obstructivebiliarydilation2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Obstructivebiliarydilation2.png/440px-Obstructivebiliarydilation2.png 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption>Biliary-tract dilation due to obstruction as seen on CT scan (axial plane)</figcaption></figure> <p>Most people presenting with jaundice have various predictable patterns of liver panel abnormalities, though significant variation does exist. The typical liver panel includes blood levels of enzymes found primarily from the liver, such as the <a href="/wiki/Aminotransferases" class="mw-redirect" title="Aminotransferases">aminotransferases</a> (ALT, AST), and <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_phosphatase" title="Alkaline phosphatase">alkaline phosphatase</a> (ALP); bilirubin (which causes the jaundice); and protein levels, specifically, <a href="/wiki/Blood_proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood proteins">total protein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albumin" title="Albumin">albumin</a>. Other primary lab tests for liver function include <a href="/wiki/Gamma_glutamyl_transpeptidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase">gamma glutamyl transpeptidase</a> (GGT) and <a href="/wiki/Prothrombin_time" title="Prothrombin time">prothrombin time</a> (PT).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No single test can differentiate between various classifications of jaundice. A combination of <a href="/wiki/Liver_function_tests" title="Liver function tests">liver function tests</a> and other physical examination findings is essential to arrive at a diagnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laboratory_tests">Laboratory tests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaundice&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Laboratory tests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Prehepatic jaundice </th> <th>Hepatic jaundice </th> <th>Posthepatic jaundice </th></tr> <tr> <th>Total serum bilirubin </th> <td>Normal / increased </td> <td>Increased </td> <td>Increased </td></tr> <tr> <th>Conjugated bilirubin </th> <td>Normal </td> <td>Increased </td> <td>Increased </td></tr> <tr> <th>Unconjugated bilirubin </th> <td>Normal / increased </td> <td>Increased </td> <td>Normal </td></tr> <tr> <th>Urobilinogen </th> <td>Normal / increased </td> <td>Decreased </td> <td>Decreased / negative </td></tr> <tr> <th>Urine color </th> <td>Normal<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Dark (urobilinogen, conjugated bilirubin) </td> <td>Dark (conjugated bilirubin) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Stool color </th> <td>Brown </td> <td>Slightly pale </td> <td>Pale, white </td></tr> <tr> <th>Alkaline phosphatase levels </th> <td rowspan="2">Normal </td> <td>Increased </td> <td>Highly increased </td></tr> <tr> <th>Alanine transferase and aspartate transferase levels </th> <td>Highly increased </td> <td>Increased </td></tr> <tr> <th>Conjugated bilirubin in urine </th> <td>Not present </td> <td>Present </td> <td>Present </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some bone and heart disorders can lead to an increase in ALP and the aminotransferases, so the first step in differentiating these from liver problems is to compare the levels of GGT, which are only elevated in liver-specific conditions. The second step is distinguishing from biliary (cholestatic) or liver causes of jaundice and altered laboratory results. ALP and GGT levels typically rise with one pattern while <a href="/wiki/Aspartate_aminotransferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspartate aminotransferase">aspartate aminotransferase</a> (AST) and <a href="/wiki/Alanine_aminotransferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Alanine aminotransferase">alanine aminotransferase</a> (ALT) rise in a separate pattern. If the ALP (10–45 IU/L) and GGT (18–85 IU/L) levels rise proportionately as high as the AST (12–38 IU/L) and ALT (10–45 IU/L) levels, this indicates a cholestatic problem. If the AST and ALT rise is significantly higher than the ALP and GGT rise, though, this indicates a liver problem. Finally, distinguishing between liver causes of jaundice, comparing levels of AST and ALT can prove useful. AST levels typically are higher than ALT. This remains the case in most liver disorders except for hepatitis (viral or hepatotoxic). Alcoholic liver damage may have fairly normal ALT levels, with AST 10 times higher than ALT. If ALT is higher than AST, however, this is indicative of hepatitis. Levels of ALT and AST are not well correlated to the extent of liver damage, although rapid drops in these levels from very high levels can indicate severe necrosis. Low levels of albumin tend to indicate a chronic condition, while the level is normal in hepatitis and cholestasis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Laboratory results for liver panels are frequently compared by the magnitude of their differences, not the pure number, as well as by their ratios. The AST:ALT ratio can be a good indicator of whether the disorder is alcoholic liver damage (above 10), some other form of liver damage (above 1), or hepatitis (less than 1). Bilirubin levels greater than 10 times normal could indicate neoplastic or intrahepatic cholestasis. Levels lower than this tend to indicate hepatocellular causes. AST levels greater than 15 times normal tend to indicate acute hepatocellular damage. Less than this tend to indicate obstructive causes. ALP levels greater than 5 times normal tend to indicate obstruction, while levels greater than 10 times normal can indicate drug (toxin) induced cholestatic hepatitis or <a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">cytomegalovirus</a> infection. Both of these conditions can also have ALT and AST greater than 20 times normal. GGT levels greater than 10 times normal typically indicate cholestasis. Levels 5–10 times tend to indicate viral hepatitis. Levels less than 5 times normal tend to indicate drug toxicity. Acute hepatitis typically has ALT and AST levels rising 20–30 times normal (above 1000) and may remain significantly elevated for several weeks. <a href="/wiki/Acetaminophen" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetaminophen">Acetaminophen</a> toxicity can result in ALT and AST levels greater than 50 times than normal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Laboratory findings depend on the cause of jaundice: </p> <ul><li>Urine: conjugated bilirubin present, urobilinogen > 2 units but variable (except in children)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein" title="Plasma protein">Plasma proteins</a> show characteristic changes.</li> <li>Plasma albumin level is low, but plasma <a href="/wiki/Globulin" title="Globulin">globulins</a> are raised due to an increased formation of <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibodies</a>.</li></ul> <p>Unconjugated bilirubin is hydrophobic, so cannot be excreted in urine. Thus, the finding of increased urobilinogen in the urine without the presence of bilirubin in the urine (due to its unconjugated state) suggests <a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_jaundice" title="Hemolytic jaundice">hemolytic jaundice</a> as the underlying disease process.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urobilinogen will be greater than 2 units, as hemolytic anemia causes increased heme metabolism; one exception being the case of infants, where the <a href="/wiki/Gut_flora" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut flora">gut flora</a> has not developed). Conversely, conjugated bilirubin is hydrophilic and thus can be detected as present in the urine—<a href="/wiki/Bilirubinuria" title="Bilirubinuria">bilirubinuria</a>—in contrast to unconjugated bilirubin, which is absent in the urine.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP2004_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP2004-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imaging">Imaging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaundice&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Imaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a>, <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cholescintigraphy" title="Cholescintigraphy">HIDA scan</a> are useful for detecting bile-duct blockage.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP2004_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP2004-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differential_diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaundice&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Differential diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Yellow discoloration of the skin, especially on the palms and the soles, but not of the sclera or inside the mouth, is often due to <a href="/wiki/Carotenemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carotenemia">carotenemia</a>—a harmless condition.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Yellow discoloration of the skin can also rarely occur with <a href="/wiki/Copper_toxicity" title="Copper toxicity">hypercupremia</a>, whether from <a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_disease" title="Wilson's disease">Wilson's disease</a> or from another metabolic derangement. Similarly, a golden-ish ring at the edges of the <a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">irises</a> can occur (<a href="/wiki/File:Kayser-Fleischer_ring.jpg" title="File:Kayser-Fleischer ring.jpg">Kayser-Fleischer ring</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaundice&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Treatment of jaundice varies depending on the underlying cause.<sup id="cite_ref-Fer2014_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a bile duct blockage is present, surgery is typically required; otherwise, management is pharmacological.<sup id="cite_ref-Fer2014_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Complications">Complications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaundice&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Complications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hyperbilirubinemia, more precisely hyperbilirubinemia due to the unconjugated fraction, may cause bilirubin to accumulate in the <a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">grey matter</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>, potentially causing irreversible neurological damage, leading to a condition known as <a href="/wiki/Kernicterus" title="Kernicterus">kernicterus</a>. Depending on the level of exposure, the effects range from unnoticeable to severe brain damage and even death. Newborns are especially vulnerable to hyperbilirubinemia-induced neurological damage, so must be carefully monitored for alterations in their serum bilirubin levels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Individuals with parenchymal liver disease who have impaired <a href="/wiki/Hemostasis" title="Hemostasis">hemostasis</a> may develop bleeding problems.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaundice&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jaundice in adults is rare.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bansal_2006_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bansal_2006-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the five year DISCOVERY programme in the UK, annual incidence of jaundice was 0.74 per 1000 individuals over age 45, although this rate may be slightly inflated due to the main goal of the programme collecting and analyzing cancer data in the population.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jaundice is commonly associated with severity of disease with an incidence of up to 40% of patients requiring intensive care in ICU experiencing jaundice.<sup id="cite_ref-Bansal_2006_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bansal_2006-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The causes of jaundice in the intensive care setting is both due to jaundice as the primary reason for ICU stay or as a morbidity to an underlying disease (i.e. sepsis).<sup id="cite_ref-Bansal_2006_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bansal_2006-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the developed world, the most common causes of jaundice are blockage of the bile duct or medication-induced. In the developing world, the most common cause of jaundice is infectious such as <a href="/wiki/Viral_hepatitis" title="Viral hepatitis">viral hepatitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis" title="Leptospirosis">leptospirosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis" title="Schistosomiasis">schistosomiasis</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rog2004_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rog2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risk_factors">Risk factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaundice&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Risk factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Risk factors associated with high serum bilirubin levels include male gender, white ethnicities, and active smoking.<sup id="cite_ref-Zucker_827–835_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zucker_827–835-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mean serum total bilirubin levels in adults were found to be higher in men (0.72 ± 0.004 mg/dl) than women (0.52 ± 0.003 mg/dl).<sup id="cite_ref-Zucker_827–835_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zucker_827–835-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Higher bilirubin levels in adults are found also in non-Hispanic white population (0.63 ± 0.004 mg/dl) and Mexican American population (0.61 ± 0.005 mg/dl) while lower in non-Hispanic black population (0.55 ± 0.005 mg/dl).<sup id="cite_ref-Zucker_827–835_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zucker_827–835-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bilirubin levels are higher in active smokers.<sup id="cite_ref-Zucker_827–835_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zucker_827–835-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Special_populations">Special populations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaundice&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Special populations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neonatal_jaundice">Neonatal jaundice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaundice&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Neonatal jaundice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_jaundice" title="Neonatal jaundice">Neonatal jaundice</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Symptoms">Symptoms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaundice&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jaundice in infants presents with yellowed skin and icteral sclerae. Neonatal jaundice spreads in a cephalocaudal pattern, affecting the face and neck before spreading down to the trunk and lower extremities in more severe cases.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other symptoms may include drowsiness, poor feeding, and in severe cases, unconjugated bilirubin can cross the blood-brain barrier and cause permanent neurological damage (<a href="/wiki/Kernicterus" title="Kernicterus">kernicterus</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Causes_2">Causes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaundice&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common cause of jaundice in infants is <a href="/wiki/Physiologic_jaundice" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiologic jaundice">normal physiologic jaundice</a>. Pathologic causes of neonatal jaundice include: </p> <ul><li>Formula jaundice<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_spherocytosis" title="Hereditary spherocytosis">Hereditary spherocytosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase_deficiency" title="Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency">Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_kinase_deficiency" title="Pyruvate kinase deficiency">Pyruvate kinase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system" title="ABO blood group system">ABO</a>/<a href="/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system" title="Rh blood group system">Rh</a> blood type autoantibodies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_1-antitrypsin_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency">Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alagille_syndrome" title="Alagille syndrome">Alagille syndrome</a> (genetic defect resulting in hypoplastic intrahepatic bile ducts)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_familial_intrahepatic_cholestasis" title="Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis">Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyknocytosis" title="Pyknocytosis">Pyknocytosis</a> (due to vitamin deficiency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretinism">Cretinism</a> (congenital hypothyroidism)</li> <li>Sepsis or other infectious causes</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pathophysiology_2">Pathophysiology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaundice&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Pathophysiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transient <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_jaundice" title="Neonatal jaundice">neonatal jaundice</a> is one of the most common conditions occurring in newborns (children under 28 days of age) with more than 80 per cent experienceing jaundice during their first week of life.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jaundice in infants, as in adults, is characterized by increased bilirubin levels (infants: total serum bilirubin greater than 5 mg/dL). </p><p>Normal physiological neonatal jaundice is due to immaturity of liver enzymes involved in bilirubin metabolism, immature gut microbiota, and increased breakdown of fetal hemoglobin (HbF).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breast milk jaundice is caused by an increased concentration of <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-glucuronidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-glucuronidase">β-glucuronidase</a> in breast milk, which increases bilirubin deconjugation and reabsorption of bilirubin, leading to persistence of physiologic jaundice with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Onset of breast milk jaundice is within 2 weeks after birth and lasts for 4–13 weeks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While most cases of newborn jaundice are not harmful, when bilirubin levels are very high, brain damage—<a href="/wiki/Kernicterus" title="Kernicterus">kernicterus</a>—may occur<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kap2017_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kap2017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to significant disability.<sup id="cite_ref-family_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-family-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kernicterus is associated with increased unconjugated bilirubin (bilirubin which is not carried by <a href="/wiki/Albumin" title="Albumin">albumin</a>). Newborns are especially vulnerable to this damage, due to increased permeability of the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a> occurring with increased unconjugated bilirubin, simultaneous to the breakdown of fetal hemoglobin and the immaturity of gut flora. This condition has been rising in recent years, as babies spend less time in sunlight.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Treatment_2">Treatment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaundice&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jaundice in newborns is usually transient and dissipates without medical intervention. In cases when serum bilirubin levels are greater than 4–21 mg/dl (68–360 μmol/L), infant may be treated with <a href="/wiki/Phototherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Phototherapy">phototherapy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Exchanged_transfusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchanged transfusion">exchanged transfusion</a> depending on the infant's age and prematurity status.<sup id="cite_ref-CMAJ2015_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMAJ2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Bili_light" title="Bili light">bili light</a> is often the tool used for early treatment, which consists of exposing the baby to intensive <a href="/wiki/Phototherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Phototherapy">phototherapy</a>, which may be intermittent or continuous.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2014 systematic review found no evidence indicating whether outcomes were different for hospital-based versus home-based treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2021 Cochrane systematic review found that sunlight can be used to supplement phototherapy, as long as care is taken to prevent overheating and skin damage.<sup id="cite_ref-Horn_2021_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horn_2021-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was not sufficient evidence to conclude that sunlight by itself is an effective treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Horn_2021_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horn_2021-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bilirubin count is also lowered through excretion—bowel movements and urination—so frequent and effective feedings are vital measures to decrease jaundice in infants.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaundice&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jaundice comes from the French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">jaune</i></span>, meaning 'yellow'; <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">jaunisse</i></span> meaning 'yellow disease'. The medical term is <i>icterus,</i> from the Greek word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">ikteros</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-medicinenet_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medicinenet-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>icterus</i> is sometimes incorrectly used to refer to jaundice specifically of sclera.<sup id="cite_ref-medicinenet_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medicinenet-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also referenced in the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific name">scientific name</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow-breasted_chat" title="Yellow-breasted chat">yellow-breasted chat</a> (<i>Icteria virens</i>), whose sight was believed to cure jaundice.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaundice&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZiebert2009" class="citation book cs1">Ziebert M (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S0Jz_3WEPYMC&pg=PA101">"Jaundice"</a>. In Torre DM, Lamb GC, van Ruiswyk J, Schapira RM (eds.). <i>Kochar's Clinical Medicine for Students</i>. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-6699-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-6699-9"><bdi>978-0-7817-6699-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jaundice&rft.btitle=Kochar%27s+Clinical+Medicine+for+Students&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-6699-9&rft.aulast=Ziebert&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS0Jz_3WEPYMC%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaundice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bas2015-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bas2015_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bas2015_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bas2015_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassariKoea2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bassari R, Koea JB (February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4316083">"Jaundice associated pruritis: a review of pathophysiology and treatment"</a>. <i>World Journal of Gastroenterology</i>. <b>21</b> (5): 1404–1413. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3748%2Fwjg.v21.i5.1404">10.3748/wjg.v21.i5.1404</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4316083">4316083</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25663760">25663760</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Journal+of+Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Jaundice+associated+pruritis%3A+a+review+of+pathophysiology+and+treatment&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1404-1413&rft.date=2015-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4316083%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25663760&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3748%2Fwjg.v21.i5.1404&rft.aulast=Bassari&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Koea%2C+JB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4316083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaundice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIH2016-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/jaundice.html"><i>Jaundice</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827200257/https://medlineplus.gov/jaundice.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaundice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedlineplus.gov%2Fjaundice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaundice" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rog2004-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rog2004_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rog2004_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rog2004_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rog2004_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rog2004_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rog2004_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rog2004_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rog2004_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger2004" class="citation book cs1">Roger J (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2LB0PC17uFsC&pg=PA758"><i>Oxford Textbook of Primary Medical Care</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 758. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-856782-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-856782-0"><bdi>978-0-19-856782-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170908204555/https://books.google.com/books?id=2LB0PC17uFsC&pg=PA758">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Textbook+of+Primary+Medical+Care&rft.pages=758&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-856782-0&rft.aulast=Roger&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2LB0PC17uFsC%26pg%3DPA758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaundice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fer2014-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fer2014_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fer2014_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fer2014_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fer2014_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fer2014_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fer2014_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerri2014" class="citation book cs1">Ferri FF (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=icTsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA672"><i>Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2015: 5 Books in 1</i></a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 672. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-08430-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-08430-7"><bdi>978-0-323-08430-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170908204555/https://books.google.com/books?id=icTsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA672">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ferri%27s+Clinical+Advisor+2015%3A+5+Books+in+1&rft.pages=672&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-323-08430-7&rft.aulast=Ferri&rft.aufirst=FF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DicTsAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaundice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-But2012-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-But2012_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButtaroTrybulskiPolgar-BaileySandberg-Cook2012" class="citation book cs1">Buttaro TM, Trybulski JA, Polgar-Bailey P, Sandberg-Cook J (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YBcHR-wQOWQC&pg=PA690"><i>Primary Care: A Collaborative Practice</i></a> (4th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 690. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-07585-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-07585-5"><bdi>978-0-323-07585-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170908204555/https://books.google.com/books?id=YBcHR-wQOWQC&pg=PA690">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primary+Care%3A+A+Collaborative+Practice&rft.pages=690&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-323-07585-5&rft.aulast=Buttaro&rft.aufirst=TM&rft.au=Trybulski%2C+JA&rft.au=Polgar-Bailey%2C+P&rft.au=Sandberg-Cook%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYBcHR-wQOWQC%26pg%3DPA690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaundice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Tubaikh2017" class="citation book cs1">Al-Tubaikh JA (2017). <i>Internal Medicine</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-39747-4">10.1007/978-3-319-39747-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-39746-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-39746-7"><bdi>978-3-319-39746-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internal+Medicine&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-39747-4&rft.isbn=978-3-319-39746-7&rft.aulast=Al-Tubaikh&rft.aufirst=JA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaundice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kap2017-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kap2017_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kap2017_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplanHammerman2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kaplan M, Hammerman C (2017). 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Retrieved on 2013-12-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoenig2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hoenig LJ (1 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archderm.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.107">"True Colors"</a>. <i>JAMA Dermatology</i>. <b>151</b> (6): 641. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamadermatol.2015.107">10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2168-6068">2168-6068</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26061953">26061953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA+Dermatology&rft.atitle=True+Colors&rft.volume=151&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=641&rft.date=2015-06-01&rft.issn=2168-6068&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26061953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjamadermatol.2015.107&rft.aulast=Hoenig&rft.aufirst=Leonard+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchderm.jamanetwork.com%2Farticle.aspx%3Fdoi%3D10.1001%2Fjamadermatol.2015.107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaundice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaundice&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenBeyarSidemanMordechovitz1986" class="citation journal cs1">Green J, Beyar R, Sideman S, Mordechovitz D, Better OS (1986). "The 'jaundiced heart': A possible explanation for postoperative shock in obstructive jaundice". <i>Surgery</i>. <b>100</b> (1): 14–20. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3726756">3726756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surgery&rft.atitle=The+%27jaundiced+heart%27%3A+A+possible+explanation+for+postoperative+shock+in+obstructive+jaundice&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14-20&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3726756&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Beyar%2C+R&rft.au=Sideman%2C+S&rft.au=Mordechovitz%2C+D&rft.au=Better%2C+O.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaundice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenBeyarBomzonFinberg1984" class="citation journal cs1">Green J, Beyar R, Bomzon L, Finberg JP, Better OS (1984). "Jaundice, the Circulation and the Kidney". <i>Nephron</i>. <b>37</b> (3): 145–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000183235">10.1159/000183235</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6738765">6738765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nephron&rft.atitle=Jaundice%2C+the+Circulation+and+the+Kidney&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=145-152&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000183235&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6738765&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft.au=Beyar%2C+Rafael&rft.au=Bomzon%2C+Lionel&rft.au=Finberg%2C+John+P.M.&rft.au=Better%2C+Ori+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaundice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFajers2009" class="citation journal cs1">Fajers CM (2009). "Experimental Studies in Cholemic Nephrosis". <i>Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica</i>. <b>41</b> (1): 44–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1699-0463.1957.tb00996.x">10.1111/j.1699-0463.1957.tb00996.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13443982">13443982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Pathologica+et+Microbiologica+Scandinavica&rft.atitle=Experimental+Studies+in+Cholemic+Nephrosis&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=44-55&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1699-0463.1957.tb00996.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13443982&rft.aulast=Fajers&rft.aufirst=Carl-Mabtin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJaundice" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaundice&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jaundice" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:jaundice"><i>jaundice</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jaundice" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jaundice">Jaundice</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133244" class="extiw" title="d:Q133244">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/R17">R17</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=782.4">782.4</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D007565">D007565</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb7038.htm">7038</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/SNOMED_CT" title="SNOMED CT">SNOMED CT</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snomed.info/id/18165001">18165001</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003243.htm">003243</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/Jaundice">Jaundice</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Signs_and_symptoms_relating_to_the_human_digestive_system_or_abdomen" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Digestive_system_and_abdomen_symptoms_and_signs" title="Template:Digestive system and abdomen symptoms and signs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Digestive_system_and_abdomen_symptoms_and_signs" title="Template talk:Digestive system and abdomen symptoms and signs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive_system_and_abdomen_symptoms_and_signs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive system and abdomen symptoms and signs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Signs_and_symptoms_relating_to_the_human_digestive_system_or_abdomen" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Signs and symptoms</a> relating to the <a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">human digestive system</a> or <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Gastrointestinal<br />tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">Nausea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">Vomiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartburn" title="Heartburn">Heartburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerophagia" title="Aerophagia">Aerophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pica_(disorder)" title="Pica (disorder)">Pica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trichophagia" title="Trichophagia">Trichophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagophagia" title="Pagophagia">Pagophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophagia" title="Geophagia">Geophagia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysphagia" title="Dysphagia">Dysphagia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oropharyngeal_dysphagia" title="Oropharyngeal dysphagia">oropharyngeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_dysphagia" title="Esophageal dysphagia">esophageal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odynophagia" title="Odynophagia">Odynophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_breath" title="Bad breath">Bad breath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerostomia" title="Xerostomia">Xerostomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersalivation" title="Hypersalivation">Hypersalivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burping" title="Burping">Burping</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goodsall%27s_rule" title="Goodsall's rule">Goodsall's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilaiditi_syndrome" title="Chilaiditi syndrome">Chilaiditi syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance%27s_sign" title="Dance's sign">Dance's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron%27s_sign" title="Aaron's sign">Aaron's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapov%27s_contracture" title="Arapov's contracture">Arapov's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markle%27s_sign" title="Markle's sign">Markle's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McBurney%27s_point" title="McBurney's point">McBurney's point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherren%27s_triangle" title="Sherren's triangle">Sherren's triangle</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Radiologic_sign" title="Radiologic sign">Radiologic signs</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Hampton%27s_line" title="Hampton's line">Hampton's line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemm%27s_sign" title="Klemm's sign">Klemm's sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accessory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Councilman_body" title="Councilman body">Councilman body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallory_body" title="Mallory body">Mallory body</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>biliary:</i> <a href="/wiki/Boas%27_sign" title="Boas' sign">Boas' sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courvoisier%27s_law" title="Courvoisier's law">Courvoisier's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcot%27s_cholangitis_triad" title="Charcot's cholangitis triad">Charcot's cholangitis triad</a>/<a href="/wiki/Reynolds%27_pentad" title="Reynolds' pentad">Reynolds' pentad</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cholecystitis" title="Cholecystitis">cholecystitis</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Murphy%27s_sign" title="Murphy's sign">Murphy's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9pine%27s_sign" title="Lépine's sign">Lépine's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirizzi%27s_syndrome" title="Mirizzi's syndrome">Mirizzi's syndrome</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nardi_test" title="Nardi test">Nardi test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Defecation" title="Defecation">Defecation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flatulence" title="Flatulence">Flatulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_incontinence" title="Fecal incontinence">Fecal incontinence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Encopresis" title="Encopresis">encopresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_occult_blood" title="Fecal occult blood">Fecal occult blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectal_tenesmus" title="Rectal tenesmus">Rectal tenesmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">Constipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstructed_defecation" title="Obstructed defecation">Obstructed defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">Diarrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectal_discharge" title="Rectal discharge">Rectal discharge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abdomen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pain" title="Abdominal pain">Abdominal pain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_abdomen" title="Acute abdomen">Acute abdomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colic" title="Colic">Colic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_colic" title="Baby colic">Baby colic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_guarding" title="Abdominal guarding">Abdominal guarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blumberg%27s_sign" title="Blumberg's sign">Blumberg's sign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Distension</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_distension" title="Abdominal distension">Abdominal distension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloating" title="Bloating">Bloating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascites" title="Ascites">Ascites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tympany" title="Tympany">Tympany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_dullness" title="Shifting dullness">Shifting dullness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_wave_test" title="Fluid wave test">Fluid wave test</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Masses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_mass" title="Abdominal mass">Abdominal mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatosplenomegaly" title="Hepatosplenomegaly">Hepatosplenomegaly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatomegaly" title="Hepatomegaly">Hepatomegaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splenomegaly" title="Splenomegaly">Splenomegaly</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jaundice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mallet-Guy%27s_sign" title="Mallet-Guy's sign">Mallet-Guy's sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puddle_sign" title="Puddle sign">Puddle sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballance%27s_sign" title="Ballance's sign">Ballance's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_insufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Aortic insufficiency">Aortic insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castell%27s_sign" title="Castell's sign">Castell's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehr%27s_sign" title="Kehr's sign">Kehr's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullen%27s_sign" title="Cullen's sign">Cullen's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Turner%27s_sign" title="Grey Turner's sign">Grey Turner's sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hernia" title="Hernia">Hernia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howship%E2%80%93Romberg_sign" title="Howship–Romberg sign">Howship–Romberg sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannington-Kiff_sign" title="Hannington-Kiff sign">Hannington-Kiff sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psoas_sign" title="Psoas sign">Psoas sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obturator_sign" title="Obturator sign">Obturator sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rovsing%27s_sign" title="Rovsing's sign">Rovsing's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburger_sign" title="Hamburger sign">Hamburger sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heel_tap_sign" title="Heel tap sign">Heel tap sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aure-Rozanova%27s_sign" title="Aure-Rozanova's sign">Aure-Rozanova's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunphy%27s_sign" title="Dunphy's sign">Dunphy's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alder%27s_sign" title="Alder's sign">Alder's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockwood%27s_sign" title="Lockwood's sign">Lockwood's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenstein%27s_sign" title="Rosenstein's sign">Rosenstein's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupola_sign" title="Cupola sign">Cupola sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fothergill%27s_sign" title="Fothergill's sign">Fothergill's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnett%27s_sign" title="Carnett's sign">Carnett's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massouh%27s_sign" title="Massouh's sign">Massouh's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Mary_Joseph_nodule" title="Sister Mary Joseph nodule">Sister Mary Joseph nodule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blumer%27s_shelf" title="Blumer's shelf">Blumer's shelf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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