National Institute of Standards and Technology

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# "> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.nist.gov/","20230909061533","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1694240133"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="utf-8"/><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["gov-bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"37b7ccb661",applicationID:"1089704227"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.239.1.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{"use strict";var e,t,n={763:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{P_:()=>g,Mt:()=>h,C5:()=>s,DL:()=>b,OP:()=>j,lF:()=>k,Yu:()=>w,Dg:()=>p,CX:()=>c,GE:()=>y,sU:()=>T});var r=n(632),i=n(567);const a={beacon:r.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:r.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},o={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!o[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return o[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");o[e]=(0,i.D)(t,a),(0,r.Qy)(e,o[e],"info")}var d=n(56);const u=()=>{const e={blockSelector:"[data-nr-block]",maskInputOptions:{password:!0}};return{privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},session:{domain:void 0,expiresMs:d.oD,inactiveMs:d.Hb},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,long_task:!1,autoStart:!0},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,sampleRate:.1,errorSampleRate:.1,maskTextSelector:"*",maskAllInputs:!0,get blockClass(){return"nr-block"},get ignoreClass(){return"nr-ignore"},get maskTextClass(){return"nr-mask"},get blockSelector(){return e.blockSelector},set blockSelector(t){e.blockSelector+=",".concat(t)},get maskInputOptions(){return e.maskInputOptions},set maskInputOptions(t){e.maskInputOptions={...t,password:!0}}},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function g(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,i.D)(t,u()),(0,r.Qy)(e,l[e],"config")}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var n=g(e);if(n){for(var r=t.split("."),i=0;i<r.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(n=n[r[i]]))return;n=n[r[r.length-1]]}return n}const v={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},m={};function b(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!m[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return m[e]}function y(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");m[e]=(0,i.D)(t,v),(0,r.Qy)(e,m[e],"loader_config")}const w=(0,r.mF)().o;var A=n(385),x=n(818);const D={buildEnv:x.Re,customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,distMethod:x.gF,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,offset:Math.floor(A._A?.performance?.timeOrigin||A._A?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart||Date.now()),onerror:void 0,origin:""+A._A.location,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},session:void 0,xhrWrappable:"function"==typeof A._A.XMLHttpRequest?.prototype?.addEventListener,version:x.q4,denyList:void 0},E={};function j(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!E[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return E[e]}function T(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");E[e]=(0,i.D)(t,D),(0,r.Qy)(e,E[e],"runtime")}function k(e){return function(e){try{const t=s(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}(e)}},567:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{D:()=>i});var r=n(50);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,r.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires an object as input");if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,r.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties");const n=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),a=0===Object.keys(n).length?e:n;for(let o in a)if(void 0!==e[o])try{"object"==typeof e[o]&&"object"==typeof t[o]?n[o]=i(e[o],t[o]):n[o]=e[o]}catch(e){(0,r.Z)("An error occurred while setting a property of a Configurable",e)}return n}catch(e){(0,r.Z)("An error occured while setting a Configurable",e)}}},818:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{Re:()=>i,gF:()=>a,q4:()=>r});const r="1.239.1",i="PROD",a="CDN"},385:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{Nk:()=>d,Tt:()=>o,_A:()=>a,il:()=>r,ux:()=>s,v6:()=>i,w1:()=>c});const r="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,i="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=r?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),o=(a?.location,/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(navigator.userAgent)),s=o&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,c=((()=>{const e=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Boolean(r&&window.document.documentMode)),d=!!navigator.sendBeacon},711:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{w:()=>a});var r=n(50);const i={agentIdentifier:"",ee:void 0};class a{constructor(e){try{if("object"!=typeof e)return(0,r.Z)("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,n]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=n)}))}catch(e){(0,r.Z)("An error occured while setting SharedContext",e)}}}},0:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{L:()=>u,R:()=>c});var r=n(148),i=n(284),a=n(322),o=n(325);const s={};function c(e,t){const n={staged:!1,priority:o.p[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,n)}function d(e){e&&(s[e]||(s[e]=new Map))}function u(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"feature";if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t))return o(t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0;const n=[...s[e]];function o(t){const n=e?r.ee.get(e):r.ee,o=a.X.handlers;if(n.backlog&&o){var s=n.backlog[t],c=o[t];if(c){for(var d=0;s&&d<s.length;++d)l(s[d],c);(0,i.D)(c,(function(e,t){(0,i.D)(t,(function(t,n){n[0].on(e,n[1])}))}))}delete o[t],n.backlog[t]=null,n.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}n.every((e=>{let[t,n]=e;return n.staged}))&&(n.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),n.forEach((t=>{let[n]=t;s[e].delete(n),o(n)})))}function l(e,t){var n=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[n],(function(t,n){var r=e[0];if(n[0]===r){var i=n[1],a=e[3],o=e[2];i.apply(a,o)}}))}},148:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{A:()=>c,ee:()=>d});var r=n(632),i=n(210),a=n(763);class o{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}var s=n(117);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.a),d=function e(t,n){var r={},s={},u={},f=!1;try{f=16===n.length&&(0,a.OP)(n).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var g={on:h,addEventListener:h,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var n=r[e];if(!n)return;for(var i=0;i<n.length;i++)n[i]===t&&n.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,n,r,i,a){!1!==a&&(a=!0);if(d.aborted&&!i)return;t&&a&&t.emit(e,n,r);for(var o=p(r),c=v(e),u=c.length,l=0;l<u;l++)c[l].apply(o,n);var f=b()[s[e]];f&&f.push([g,e,n,o]);return o},get:m,listeners:v,context:p,buffer:function(e,t){const n=b();if(t=t||"feature",g.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((e=>{let[r,i]=e;s[i]=t,t in n||(n[t]=[])}))},abort:l,aborted:!1,isBuffering:function(e){return!!b()[s[e]]},debugId:n,backlog:f?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return g;function p(e){return e&&e instanceof o?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,c,(()=>new o(c))):new o(c)}function h(e,t){r[e]=v(e).concat(t)}function v(e){return r[e]||[]}function m(t){return u[t]=u[t]||e(g,t)}function b(){return g.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),u=(0,r.fP)();function l(){d.aborted=!0,d.backlog={}}u.ee||(u.ee=d)},546:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{E:()=>r,p:()=>i});var r=n(148).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,n,i,a){a?(a.buffer([e],i),a.emit(e,t,n)):(r.buffer([e],i),r.emit(e,t,n))}},322:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{X:()=>a});var r=n(546);a.on=o;var i=a.handlers={};function a(e,t,n,a){o(a||r.E,i,e,t,n)}function o(e,t,n,i,a){a||(a="feature"),e||(e=r.E);var o=t[a]=t[a]||{};(o[n]=o[n]||[]).push([e,i])}},239:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>o});var r=n(385);let i=!1,a=!1;try{const e={get passive(){return i=!0,!1},get signal(){return a=!0,!1}};r._A.addEventListener("test",null,e),r._A.removeEventListener("test",null,e)}catch(e){}function o(e,t){return i||a?{capture:!!e,passive:i,signal:t}:!!e}function s(e,t){let n=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],r=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;window.addEventListener(e,t,o(n,r))}function c(e,t){let n=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],r=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;document.addEventListener(e,t,o(n,r))}},117:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{a:()=>r});const r=(0,n(402).Rl)()},402:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{Rl:()=>o,ky:()=>s});var r=n(385);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function a(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function o(){const e=r._A?.crypto||r._A?.msCrypto;let t,n=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?a(t,++n).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&a()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=r._A?.crypto||r._A?.msCrypto;let n,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(n=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));const o=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)o.push(a(n,++i).toString(16));return o.join("")}},56:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{Bq:()=>r,Hb:()=>a,oD:()=>i});const r="NRBA",i=144e5,a=18e5},894:(e,t,n)=>{function r(){return Math.round(performance.now())}n.d(t,{z:()=>r})},50:(e,t,n)=>{function r(e,t){"function"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn("New Relic: ".concat(e)),t&&console.warn(t))}n.d(t,{Z:()=>r})},587:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{N:()=>c,T:()=>d});var r=n(148),i=n(546),a=n(325);const o={stn:[a.D.sessionTrace],err:[a.D.jserrors,a.D.metrics],ins:[a.D.pageAction],spa:[a.D.spa],sr:[a.D.sessionReplay,a.D.sessionTrace]},s=new Set;function c(e,t){const n=r.ee.get(t);e&&"object"==typeof e&&(s.has(t)||Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;o[t]?o[t].forEach((e=>{r?(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,e,n):(0,i.p)("block-"+t,[],void 0,e,n),(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+t,[Boolean(r)],void 0,e,n)})):r&&(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,void 0,n),d[t]=Boolean(r)})),Object.keys(o).forEach((e=>{void 0===d[e]&&(o[e]?.forEach((t=>(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+e,[!1],void 0,t,n))),d[e]=!1)})),s.add(t))}const d={}},210:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{X:()=>i});var r=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,n){if(r.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=n();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},284:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{D:()=>r});const r=(e,t)=>Object.entries(e||{}).map((e=>{let[n,r]=e;return t(n,r)}))},351:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{P:()=>a});var r=n(148);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,n)=>{if("object"==typeof n&&null!==n){if(e.has(n))return;e.add(n)}return n}};function a(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())}catch(e){try{r.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}}},960:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{K:()=>o,b:()=>a});var r=n(239);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function a(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,r.bP)("load",e,t)}function o(e){if(i())return e();(0,r.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},632:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{EZ:()=>d,Qy:()=>c,ce:()=>a,fP:()=>o,gG:()=>u,mF:()=>s});var r=n(894),i=n(385);const a={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function o(){return i._A.NREUM||(i._A.NREUM={}),void 0===i._A.newrelic&&(i._A.newrelic=i._A.NREUM),i._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=o();return e.o||(e.o={ST:i._A.setTimeout,SI:i._A.setImmediate,CT:i._A.clearTimeout,XHR:i._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:i._A.Request,EV:i._A.Event,PR:i._A.Promise,MO:i._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:i._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t,n){let i=o();const a=i.initializedAgents||{},s=a[e]||{};return Object.keys(s).length||(s.initializedAt={ms:(0,r.z)(),date:new Date}),i.initializedAgents={...a,[e]:{...s,[n]:t}},i}function d(e,t){o()[e]=t}function u(){return function(){let e=o();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:a.beacon,errorBeacon:a.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=o();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=o();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),o()}},956:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{N:()=>i});var r=n(239);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1],n=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,i=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;(0,r.iz)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),n,i)}},81:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{gF:()=>a,mY:()=>i,t9:()=>r,vz:()=>s,xS:()=>o});const r=n(325).D.metrics,i="sm",a="cm",o="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},633:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{Dz:()=>i,OJ:()=>o,qw:()=>a,t9:()=>r});const r=n(325).D.pageViewEvent,i="firstbyte",a="domcontent",o="windowload"},251:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{t:()=>r});const r=n(325).D.pageViewTiming},938:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{W:()=>a});var r=n(763),i=n(148);class a{constructor(e,t,n){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=i.ee.get(e,(0,r.OP)(this.agentIdentifier).isolatedBacklog),this.featureName=n,this.blocked=!1}}},144:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{j:()=>v});var r=n(325),i=n(763),a=n(546),o=n(148),s=n(894),c=n(0),d=n(960),u=n(385),l=n(50),f=n(81),g=n(632);function p(){const e=(0,g.gG)();["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start"].forEach((t=>{e[t]=function(){for(var n=arguments.length,r=new Array(n),i=0;i<n;i++)r[i]=arguments[i];return function(t){for(var n=arguments.length,r=new Array(n>1?n-1:0),i=1;i<n;i++)r[i-1]=arguments[i];let a=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&a.push(e.api[t](...r))})),a.length>1?a:a[0]}(t,...r)}}))}var h=n(587);function v(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},v=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,m=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:b,info:y,loader_config:w,runtime:A={loaderType:v},exposed:x=!0}=t;const D=(0,g.gG)();y||(b=D.init,y=D.info,w=D.loader_config),(0,i.Dg)(e,b||{}),(0,i.GE)(e,w||{}),y.jsAttributes??={},u.v6&&(y.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.CX)(e,y);const E=(0,i.P_)(e);A.denyList=[...E.ajax?.deny_list||[],...E.ajax?.block_internal?[y.beacon,y.errorBeacon]:[]],(0,i.sU)(e,A),p();const j=function(e,t){t||(0,c.R)(e,"api");const g={};var p=o.ee.get(e),h=p.get("tracer"),v="api-",m=v+"ixn-";function b(t,n,r,a){const o=(0,i.C5)(e);return null===n?delete o.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.CX)(e,{...o,jsAttributes:{...o.jsAttributes,[t]:n}}),A(v,r,!0,a||null===n?"session":void 0)(t,n)}function y(){}["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"].forEach((e=>{g[e]=A(v,e,!0,"api")})),g.addPageAction=A(v,"addPageAction",!0,r.D.pageAction),g.setCurrentRouteName=A(v,"routeName",!0,r.D.spa),g.setPageViewName=function(t,n){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,i.OP)(e).customTransaction=(n||"https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/http://custom.transaction")+t,A(v,"setPageViewName",!0)()},g.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t){let n=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return b(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",n);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nNon-null value must be a string or number type, but a type of <".concat(typeof t,"> was provided."))}else(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nName must be a string type, but a type of <".concat(typeof e,"> was provided."))},g.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setUserId.\nNon-null value must be a string type, but a type of <".concat(typeof e,"> was provided."))},g.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setApplicationVersion. Expected <String | null>, but got <".concat(typeof e,">."))},g.start=e=>{try{const t=Object.values(r.D);if(void 0===e)e=t;else{if((e=Array.isArray(e)&&e.length?e:[e]).some((e=>!t.includes(e))))return(0,l.Z)("Invalid feature name supplied. Acceptable feature names are: ".concat(t));e.includes(r.D.pageViewEvent)||e.push(r.D.pageViewEvent)}e.forEach((e=>{p.emit("".concat(e,"-opt-in"))}))}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("An unexpected issue occurred",e)}},g.interaction=function(){return(new y).get()};var w=y.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var n={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(m+"tracer",[(0,s.z)(),e,n],i,r.D.spa,p),function(){if(h.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,s.z)(),i,o],n),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw h.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,e],n),e}finally{h.emit("fn-end",[(0,s.z)()],n)}}}};function A(e,t,n,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xS,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,r.D.metrics,p),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,s.z)(),...arguments],n?null:this,i,p),n?void 0:this}}function x(){n.e(75).then(n.bind(n,438)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:n}=t;n(e),(0,c.L)(e,"api")})).catch((()=>(0,l.Z)("Downloading runtime APIs failed...")))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{w[e]=A(m,e,void 0,r.D.spa)})),g.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,a.p)(f.xS,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,r.D.metrics,p),(0,a.p)("err",[e,(0,s.z)(),!1,t],void 0,r.D.jserrors,p)},u.il?(0,d.b)((()=>x()),!0):x(),g}(e,m);return(0,g.Qy)(e,j,"api"),(0,g.Qy)(e,x,"exposed"),(0,g.EZ)("activatedFeatures",h.T),j}},325:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{D:()=>r,p:()=>i});const r={ajax:"ajax",jserrors:"jserrors",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",spa:"spa"},i={[r.pageViewEvent]:1,[r.pageViewTiming]:2,[r.metrics]:3,[r.jserrors]:4,[r.ajax]:5,[r.sessionTrace]:6,[r.pageAction]:7,[r.spa]:8,[r.sessionReplay]:9}}},r={};function i(e){var t=r[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var a=r[e]={exports:{}};return n[e](a,a.exports,i),a.exports}i.m=n,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var n in t)i.o(t,n)&&!i.o(e,n)&&Object.defineProperty(e,n,{enumerable:!0,get:t[n]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,n)=>(i.f[n](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum.1efcb83a-1.239.1.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.239.1.PROD:",i.l=(n,r,a,o)=>{if(e[n])e[n].push(r);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==a)for(var d=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),u=0;u<d.length;u++){var l=d[u];if(l.getAttribute("src")==n||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+a){s=l;break}}s||(c=!0,(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+a),s.src=n),e[n]=[r];var f=(t,r)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(g);var i=e[n];if(delete e[n],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(r))),t)return t(r)},g=setTimeout(f.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=f.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=f.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={50:0,832:0};i.f.j=(t,n)=>{var r=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==r)if(r)n.push(r[2]);else{var a=new Promise(((n,i)=>r=e[t]=[n,i]));n.push(r[2]=a);var o=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(o,(n=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(r=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),r)){var a=n&&("load"===n.type?"missing":n.type),o=n&&n.target&&n.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+a+": "+o+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=a,s.request=o,r[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,n)=>{var r,a,[o,s,c]=n,d=0;if(o.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(r in s)i.o(s,r)&&(i.m[r]=s[r]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(n);d<o.length;d++)a=o[d],i.o(e,a)&&e[a]&&e[a][0](),e[a]=0},n=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.239.1.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.239.1.PROD"]||[];n.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),n.push=t.bind(null,n.push.bind(n))})(),(()=>{var e=i(50);class t{addPageAction(t,n){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api addPageAction failed. The session trace feature is not currently initialized.")}setPageViewName(t,n){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api setPageViewName failed. The page view feature is not currently initialized.")}setCustomAttribute(t,n,r){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api setCustomAttribute failed. The js errors feature is not currently initialized.")}noticeError(t,n){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api noticeError failed. The js errors feature is not currently initialized.")}setUserId(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api setUserId failed. The js errors feature is not currently initialized.")}setApplicationVersion(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api setApplicationVersion failed. The agent is not currently initialized.")}setErrorHandler(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api setErrorHandler failed. The js errors feature is not currently initialized.")}finished(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api finished failed. The page action feature is not currently initialized.")}addRelease(t,n){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api addRelease failed. The agent is not currently initialized.")}start(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api addRelease failed. The agent is not currently initialized.")}}var n=i(325),r=i(763);const a=Object.values(n.D);function o(e){const t={};return a.forEach((n=>{t[n]=function(e,t){return!1!==(0,r.Mt)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(n,e)})),t}var s=i(144);var c=i(546),d=i(385),u=i(0),l=i(938),f=i(960);class g extends l.W{constructor(e,t,n){let i=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,n),this.auto=i,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===(0,r.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"".concat(this.featureName,".autoStart"))&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto&&(0,u.R)(e,n)}importAggregator(){let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};if(this.featAggregate)return;if(!this.auto)return void this.ee.on("".concat(this.featureName,"-opt-in"),(()=>{(0,u.R)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator()}));const n=d.il&&!0===(0,r.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"privacy.cookies_enabled");let a;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{a=e}));const o=async()=>{let r;try{if(n){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(75).then(i.bind(i,228));r=e(this.agentIdentifier)}}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("A problem occurred when starting up session manager. This page will not start or extend any session.",t)}try{if(!this.shouldImportAgg(this.featureName,r))return(0,u.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void a(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(75).then(i.bind(i,582)),{Aggregate:n}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new n(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator,t),a(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("Downloading and initializing ".concat(this.featureName," failed..."),t),this.abortHandler?.(),a(!1)}};d.il?(0,f.b)((()=>o()),!0):o()}shouldImportAgg(e,t){return e!==n.D.sessionReplay||!!r.Yu.MO&&(!1!==(0,r.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"session_trace.enabled")&&(!!t?.isNew||!!t?.state.sessionReplay))}}var p=i(633),h=i(894);class v extends g{static featureName=p.t9;constructor(e,t){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];if(super(e,t,p.t9,i),("undefined"==typeof PerformanceNavigationTiming||d.Tt)&&"undefined"!=typeof PerformanceTiming){const t=(0,r.OP)(e);t[p.Dz]=Math.max(Date.now()-t.offset,0),(0,f.K)((()=>{t[p.qw]=Math.max((0,h.z)()-t[p.Dz],0)})),(0,f.b)((()=>{const e=(0,h.z)();t[p.OJ]=Math.max(e-t[p.Dz],0),(0,c.p)("timing",["load",e],void 0,n.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}))}this.importAggregator()}}var m=i(711),b=i(284);class y extends m.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,n,r,i){var a=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);return a.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,b.D)(e,(function(e,n){t[e]=w(n,t[e])})),t}(r,a.metrics),a}merge(e,t,n,r,i){var a=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);if(a.metrics){var o=a.metrics;o.count+=n.count,(0,b.D)(n,(function(e,t){if("count"!==e){var r=o[e],i=n[e];i&&!i.c?o[e]=w(i.t,r):o[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=A(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,o[e])}}))}else a.metrics=n}storeMetric(e,t,n,r){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,n);return i.stats=w(r,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,n,r){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:n||{}},r&&(i.custom=r)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},n="",r=!1,i=0;i<e.length;i++)t[n=e[i]]=x(this.aggregatedData[n]),t[n].length&&(r=!0),delete this.aggregatedData[n];return r?t:null}}function w(e,t){return null==e?function(e){e?e.c++:e={c:1};return e}(t):t?(t.c||(t=A(t.t)),t.c+=1,t.t+=e,t.sos+=e*e,e>t.max&&(t.max=e),e<t.min&&(t.min=e),t):{t:e}}function A(e){return{t:e,min:e,max:e,sos:e*e,c:1}}function x(e){return"object"!=typeof e?[]:(0,b.D)(e,D)}function D(e,t){return t}var E=i(632),j=i(402),T=i(351);var k=i(956),_=i(239),S=i(251);class P extends g{static featureName=S.t;constructor(e,t){let n=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,S.t,n),d.il&&((0,r.OP)(e).initHidden=Boolean("hidden"===document.visibilityState),(0,k.N)((()=>(0,c.p)("docHidden",[(0,h.z)()],void 0,S.t,this.ee)),!0),(0,_.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,c.p)("winPagehide",[(0,h.z)()],void 0,S.t,this.ee))),this.importAggregator())}}var C=i(81);class I extends g{static featureName=C.t9;constructor(e,t){let n=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,C.t9,n),this.importAggregator()}}new class extends t{constructor(t){let n=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:(0,j.ky)(16);super(),d._A?(this.agentIdentifier=n,this.sharedAggregator=new y({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(v),Object.assign(this,(0,s.j)(this.agentIdentifier,t,t.loaderType||"agent")),this.run()):(0,e.Z)("Failed to initial the agent. Could not determine the runtime environment.")}get config(){return{info:(0,r.C5)(this.agentIdentifier),init:(0,r.P_)(this.agentIdentifier),loader_config:(0,r.DL)(this.agentIdentifier),runtime:(0,r.OP)(this.agentIdentifier)}}run(){const t="features";try{const r=o(this.agentIdentifier),i=[...this.desiredFeatures];i.sort(((e,t)=>n.p[e.featureName]-n.p[t.featureName])),i.forEach((t=>{if(r[t.featureName]||t.featureName===n.D.pageViewEvent){const i=function(e){switch(e){case n.D.ajax:return[n.D.jserrors];case n.D.sessionTrace:return[n.D.ajax,n.D.pageViewEvent];case n.D.sessionReplay:return[n.D.sessionTrace];case n.D.pageViewTiming:return[n.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(t.featureName);i.every((e=>r[e]))||(0,e.Z)("".concat(t.featureName," is enabled but one or more dependent features has been disabled (").concat((0,T.P)(i),"). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...")),this.features[t.featureName]=new t(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}})),(0,E.Qy)(this.agentIdentifier,this.features,t)}catch(n){(0,e.Z)("Failed to initialize all enabled instrument classes (agent aborted) -",n);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,E.fP)();return delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.[t],delete this.sharedAggregator,r.ee?.abort(),delete r.ee?.get(this.agentIdentifier),!1}}addToTrace(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api addToTrace failed. The page action feature is not currently initialized.")}setCurrentRouteName(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api setCurrentRouteName failed. The spa feature is not currently initialized.")}interaction(){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api interaction failed. The spa feature is not currently initialized.")}}({features:[v,P,I],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <noscript><style>form.antibot * :not(.antibot-message) { display: none !important; }</style> </noscript><script async src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533js_/https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-HEQ0YF2VYL"></script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag('set', {'cookie_flags': 'SameSite=None;Secure', 'cookie_domain': 'www.nist.gov'});gtag("config", "G-HEQ0YF2VYL", {"groups":"default","page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_location","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false});gtag("event", "custom", {"node_title":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","node_id":"783411","content_type":"Homepage"});</script> <meta name="description" content="NIST promotes U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life."/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/"/> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="National Institute of Standards and Technology | NIST"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="NIST"/> <meta property="og:type" content="website"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/"/> <meta property="og:title" content="National Institute of Standards and Technology"/> <meta property="og:description" content="NIST promotes U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/nist_logo_sidestack.svg"/> <meta name="dcterms.title" content="National Institute of Standards and Technology"/> <meta name="dcterms.subject" content="Working with industry and science to advance innovation and improve quality of life."/> <meta name="dcterms.type" content="text"/> <meta name="dcterms.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dcterms.identifier" content="https://www.nist.gov/national-institute-standards-and-technology"/> <meta name="dcterms.source" content="NIST"/> <meta name="dcterms.modified" content="2023-09-08T09:32-04:00"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="NIST promotes U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life."/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="NIST"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="National Institute of Standards and Technology"/> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/"/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/nist_logo_sidestack.svg"/> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="9802F04AC0DBFA09E639BA8F2E349685"/> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="QMu0ODkER3rN5hLcMLqNVf7e3bkjYsNLTuhqfH48jCA"/> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 9 (https://www.drupal.org)"/> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width"/> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <meta name="nist_search_modified" class="elastic" content="2023-09-08T09:32:00-04:00"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@type": "Article", "headline": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "name": "NIST", "description": "NIST promotes U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life.", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "representativeOfPage": "True", "url": "/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/nist_logo_sidestack.svg", "width": "220", "height": "220" }, "datePublished": "2016-03-24T14:44-04:00", "dateModified": "2023-09-08T09:32-04:00" } ] }</script> <meta name="nist_search_bundle" class="elastic" content="homepage"/> <link rel="icon" href="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"/> <title>National Institute of Standards and Technology</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20230909061533cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_k4emWOv_NPa1WKIgS47VSQue1kN_PS3IgvacXjZ7MVo.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/web/20230909061533cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_J7RuJ-PwWY36lMjcmfbU1Uvs509-G5bIcbR2QTQU4K0.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/web/20230909061533cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_zbjDhj-AmeVwgu9y0DlPwEfp7l-a5BpoK3MpoGmRB6o.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20230909061533cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_PV0KmreUx3hVeYI6yGypf71UDz9BSQl1Z5DjiESDh-Y.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/web/20230909061533cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_TV_H3Lr1wA8DD-YkKT9w5b5ZRjHyVgmZQFBKcpwCQFk.css"/> <script src="/web/20230909061533js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_VDwaIMNiRtzQn-NZvj1F9loIzJ-i4yEDiruzS8Z6Ejo.js"></script> </head> <body class="node-783411"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable" data-elastic-exclude> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas>  <section data-elastic-exclude class="usa-banner" aria-label="Official government website"> <div class="usa-accordion"> <header class="usa-banner__header"> <div class="usa-banner__inner"> <div class="grid-col-auto"> <img class="usa-banner__header-flag" src="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/us_flag_small.png" alt="U.S. flag"> </div> <div class="grid-col-fill tablet:grid-col-auto"> <p class="usa-banner__header-text">An official website of the United States government</p> <p class="usa-banner__header-action" aria-hidden="true">Here’s how you know</p> </div> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-banner__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner-default"> <span class="usa-banner__button-text">Here’s how you know</span> </button> </div> </header> <div class="usa-banner__content usa-accordion__content" id="gov-banner-default"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-lg"> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-dot-gov.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Official websites use .gov</strong> <br/> A <strong>.gov</strong> website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. </p> </div> </div> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-https.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Secure .gov websites use HTTPS</strong> <br/> A <strong>lock</strong> ( <span class="icon-lock"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="52" height="64" viewbox="0 0 52 64" class="usa-banner__lock-image" role="img" aria-labelledby="banner-lock-title banner-lock-description" focusable="false"> <title id="banner-lock-title">Lock</title> <desc id="banner-lock-description">A locked padlock</desc><path fill="#000000" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M26 0c10.493 0 19 8.507 19 19v9h3a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v28a4 4 0 0 1-4 4H4a4 4 0 0 1-4-4V32a4 4 0 0 1 4-4h3v-9C7 8.507 15.507 0 26 0zm0 8c-5.979 0-10.843 4.77-10.996 10.712L15 19v9h22v-9c0-6.075-4.925-11-11-11z"/></svg> </span> ) or <strong>https://</strong> means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>  <div data-elastic-exclude>  <div class="nist-print-header" style="display:none;"> <p class="nist-print-header__url">https://www.nist.gov/national-institute-standards-and-technology</p> <img class="nist-print-header__logo" width="289" height="38" src="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/nist_logo_sidestack.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology"/> </div> <div class="usa-overlay"></div> <header class="usa-header nist-header--www nist-header--full" role="banner"> <div class="usa-navbar"> <div class="usa-logo flex-fill"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" aria-label="Home"> <img src="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/NIST-Logo-Brand-White.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology" width="300px" height="42px"/> </a> </div> <div class="usa-header__right grid-row flex-auto"> <div class="usa-nav__secondary"> <ul class="usa-nav__secondary-links"> <li class="usa-nav__secondary-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/careers">Careers</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__secondary-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/shop">Shop</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__secondary-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us">Contact</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="grid-col-fill nist-header__search-group"> <form class="usa-search usa-search--small" accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/search" id="search_form" method="get"> <div role="search"> <label class="usa-sr-only" for="search-form">Search NIST</label> <input class="usa-input" id="search-form" type="search" name="s" placeholder="Search NIST" required="" maxlength="128"> <button class="usa-button" type="submit"><img src="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/usa-icons-bg/search--white.svg" class="usa-search__submit-icon" alt="Search"></button> </div> </form> </div> <div class="grid-col-auto padding-left-1"> <button class="usa-menu-btn">Menu</button> </div> </div> </div> <nav aria-label="Primary navigation" class="usa-nav"> <div class="usa-nav__inner"> <button class="usa-nav__close">Close</button> <ul class="usa-nav__primary usa-accordion"> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-1"><span>Topics</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-1" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/topics" class="usa-nav__link">All Topics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/advanced-communications" class="usa-nav__link">Advanced communications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/artificial-intelligence" class="usa-nav__link">Artificial intelligence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/bioscience" class="usa-nav__link">Bioscience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/buildings-construction" class="usa-nav__link">Buildings and construction</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/chemistry" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/climate" class="usa-nav__link">Climate</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity" class="usa-nav__link">Cybersecurity</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/electronics" class="usa-nav__link">Electronics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/energy" class="usa-nav__link">Energy</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/environment" class="usa-nav__link">Environment</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/fire" class="usa-nav__link">Fire</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/forensic-science" class="usa-nav__link">Forensic science</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/health" class="usa-nav__link">Health</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/information-technology" class="usa-nav__link">Information technology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/infrastructure" class="usa-nav__link">Infrastructure</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/manufacturing" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/materials" class="usa-nav__link">Materials</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/mathematics-statistics" class="usa-nav__link">Mathematics and statistics</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/metrology" class="usa-nav__link">Metrology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/nanotechnology" class="usa-nav__link">Nanotechnology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/neutron-research" class="usa-nav__link">Neutron research</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/performance-excellence" class="usa-nav__link">Performance excellence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/physics" class="usa-nav__link">Physics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/public-safety" class="usa-nav__link">Public safety</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/resilience" class="usa-nav__link">Resilience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/standards" class="usa-nav__link">Standards</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/transportation" class="usa-nav__link">Transportation</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <a class="usa-nav__link" href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/publications">Publications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-3"><span>Labs & Major Programs</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-3" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/laboratories" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratories</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/ctl" class="usa-nav__link">Communications Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/el" class="usa-nav__link">Engineering Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/itl" class="usa-nav__link">Information Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/mml" class="usa-nav__link">Material Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/pml" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/user-facilities" class="usa-nav__link">User Facilities</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/ncnr" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Center for Neutron Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/cnst" class="usa-nav__link">CNST NanoFab</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/research-test-beds" class="usa-nav__link">Research Test Beds</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/projects-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Research Projects</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments" class="usa-nav__link">Tools & Instruments</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/major-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Major Programs</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/baldrige" class="usa-nav__link">Baldrige Performance Excellence Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/chips" class="usa-nav__link">CHIPS for America Initiative</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/mep" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/oam" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Advanced Manufacturing</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/spo" class="usa-nav__link">Special Programs Office</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">Technology Partnerships Office</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-4"><span>Services & Resources</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-4" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/standards-and-measurements" class="usa-nav__link">Standards and Measurements</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/calibrations" class="usa-nav__link">Calibration Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/nvlap" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratory Accreditation (NVLAP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/nist-quality-system" class="usa-nav__link">Quality System</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/srm" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Materials (SRMs)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/standardsgov" class="usa-nav__link">Standards.gov</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/time-services" class="usa-nav__link">Time Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Weights and Measures</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software" class="usa-nav__link">Software</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/data" class="usa-nav__link">Data</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry WebBook</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://nvd.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">National Vulnerability Database</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/pml/productsservices/physical-reference-data" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Reference Data</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/srd" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Data (SRD)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/shop" class="usa-nav__link">Storefront</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">License & Patents</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://csrc.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">Computer Security Resource Center (CSRC)</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Research Library</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-5"><span>News & Events</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-5" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news" class="usa-nav__link">News</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events" class="usa-nav__link">Events</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/blogs" class="usa-nav__link">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/feature-stories" class="usa-nav__link">Feature Stories</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/awards" class="usa-nav__link">Awards</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/video-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Video Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/image-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Image Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/pao/media-contacts" class="usa-nav__link">Media Contacts</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-6"><span>About NIST</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-6" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist" class="usa-nav__link">About Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us" class="usa-nav__link">Contact Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/visit" class="usa-nav__link">Visit</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/careers" class="usa-nav__link">Careers</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure" class="usa-nav__link">Our Organization</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/director" class="usa-nav__link">Office of the Director</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure/budget-planning" class="usa-nav__link">Budget & Planning</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/work-nist" class="usa-nav__link">Work with NIST</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/history" class="usa-nav__link">History</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/http://nistdigitalarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Digital Archives</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/nist-museum" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Museum</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel" class="usa-nav__link">NIST and the Nobel</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/education" class="usa-nav__link">Educational Resources</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </header>  </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> <div id="block-nist-www-content" class="nist-block"> <section class="nist-page__content"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="bg-base-darkest"> <div class="nist-hero nist-hero--homepage grid-row"> <div class="nist-hero__item tablet-lg:grid-col-6 "> <div class="nist-hero__item-inner"> <div class="nist-hero__image"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/09/nist-provides-update-investigation-collapse-champlain-towers-south"> <picture> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/800w_x_400h/public/images/2023/09/06/Coring%20and%20MOA%20tests%20%20%28Sep2023%29.jpg.webp?itok=06Hs6SJI 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/1600w_x_800h/public/images/2023/09/06/Coring%20and%20MOA%20tests%20%20%28Sep2023%29.jpg.webp?itok=_SS0BKFj 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/webp" width="800" height="400"/> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/640w_x_320h/public/images/2023/09/06/Coring%20and%20MOA%20tests%20%20%28Sep2023%29.jpg.webp?itok=enuu3Rnv 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/1280w_x_640h/public/images/2023/09/06/Coring%20and%20MOA%20tests%20%20%28Sep2023%29.jpg.webp?itok=88x4PNwJ 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/webp" width="640" height="320"/> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480w_x_240h/public/images/2023/09/06/Coring%20and%20MOA%20tests%20%20%28Sep2023%29.jpg.webp?itok=RCTlxM09 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/960w_x_480h/public/images/2023/09/06/Coring%20and%20MOA%20tests%20%20%28Sep2023%29.jpg.webp?itok=dTdtZ67X 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/webp" width="480" height="240"/> <img loading="eager" src="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/800w_x_400h/public/images/2023/09/06/Coring%20and%20MOA%20tests%20%20%28Sep2023%29.jpg.jpg?itok=06Hs6SJI" width="800" height="400" alt="A slab of concrete with ragged edges sits on a warehouse floor as researchers use equipment to extract core samples. " typeof="foaf:Image"/> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="nist-hero__caption"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/09/nist-provides-update-investigation-collapse-champlain-towers-south"> <div class="text">NIST Provides Update on Investigation Into the Collapse of Champlain Towers South</div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-hero__item tablet:grid-col-6 tablet-lg:grid-col-3 "> <div class="nist-hero__item-inner"> <div class="nist-hero__image"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/09/nist-seeks-input-implementation-national-standards-strategy-critical-and"> <picture> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/400_x_400/public/images/2023/09/06/shutterstock_2118695234-burn-extend-aug23-CROP-web.jpg.webp?itok=9PvwG03Z 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/800_x_800/public/images/2023/09/06/shutterstock_2118695234-burn-extend-aug23-CROP-web.jpg.webp?itok=EnFgZ6Kg 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/webp" width="400" height="400"/> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/640w_x_320h/public/images/2023/09/06/shutterstock_2118695234-burn-extend-aug23-CROP-web.jpg.webp?itok=dRHa2It7 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/1280w_x_640h/public/images/2023/09/06/shutterstock_2118695234-burn-extend-aug23-CROP-web.jpg.webp?itok=Cy5OTdmX 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/webp" width="640" height="320"/> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480w_x_240h/public/images/2023/09/06/shutterstock_2118695234-burn-extend-aug23-CROP-web.jpg.webp?itok=wvkl9G2X 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/960w_x_480h/public/images/2023/09/06/shutterstock_2118695234-burn-extend-aug23-CROP-web.jpg.webp?itok=kpLd2ugh 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/webp" width="480" height="240"/> <img loading="eager" src="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/400_x_400/public/images/2023/09/06/shutterstock_2118695234-burn-extend-aug23-CROP-web.jpg.jpg?itok=9PvwG03Z" width="400" height="400" alt="Illustration shows a shiny robot hand pointing at icons including a molecule, a heart and an atom." typeof="foaf:Image"/> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="nist-hero__caption"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/09/nist-seeks-input-implementation-national-standards-strategy-critical-and"> <div class="text">NIST Seeks Input on Implementation of National Standards Strategy for Critical and Emerging Technology</div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-hero__item tablet:grid-col-6 tablet-lg:grid-col-3 "> <div class="nist-hero__item-inner"> <div class="nist-hero__image"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/09/nists-shrimp-and-salmon-reference-materials-could-help-combat-seafood-fraud"> <picture> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/400_x_400/public/images/2023/09/07/Wild_Caught_Salmon_Chopping4.jpg.webp?itok=DIET42Jg 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/800_x_800/public/images/2023/09/07/Wild_Caught_Salmon_Chopping4.jpg.webp?itok=vnjOA2Gp 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/webp" width="400" height="400"/> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/640w_x_320h/public/images/2023/09/07/Wild_Caught_Salmon_Chopping4.jpg.webp?itok=LHJDh6pQ 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/1280w_x_640h/public/images/2023/09/07/Wild_Caught_Salmon_Chopping4.jpg.webp?itok=P7J6sTN6 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/webp" width="640" height="320"/> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480w_x_240h/public/images/2023/09/07/Wild_Caught_Salmon_Chopping4.jpg.webp?itok=wCePXsGm 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/960w_x_480h/public/images/2023/09/07/Wild_Caught_Salmon_Chopping4.jpg.webp?itok=wUdk66kL 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/webp" width="480" height="240"/> <img loading="eager" src="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/400_x_400/public/images/2023/09/07/Wild_Caught_Salmon_Chopping4.jpg.jpg?itok=DIET42Jg" width="400" height="400" alt="Chopped up pieces of salmon lie in a metal tray in a lab." typeof="foaf:Image"/> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="nist-hero__caption"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/09/nists-shrimp-and-salmon-reference-materials-could-help-combat-seafood-fraud"> <div class="text">NIST’s Shrimp and Salmon Reference Materials Could Help Combat Seafood Fraud</div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bg-primary-lighter padding-y-4"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-slogan"> <h2 class="nist-slogan__title">INNOVATION UNLEASHED</h2> <p class="nist-slogan__content">Working with industry and academia to enhance economic security and improve our quality of life.</p> </div> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-4 margin-top-4"> <div class="nist-card nist-card--primary nist-card--title-overlay tablet:grid-col-4"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-450.webp?v1 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-900.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 800px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-225.webp?v1 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-450.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-600.webp?v1 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-1200.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-450.webp?v1 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-900.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-450.png?v1 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-900.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 800px)" type="image/png"> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-225.png?v1 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-450.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/png"> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-600.png?v1 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-1200.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/png"> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-450.png?v1 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-900.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/png"> <img src="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-1-1200.png?v1" width="1200" height="976" alt="A man wearing safety goggles leans over a scientific device." loading="lazy"> </picture> </div> <div class="nist-card__title "> <h3>Services & Resources</h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__content"> <ul class="add-list-reset"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://csrc.nist.gov/">Computer Security Resource Center (CSRC)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/data">Data</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/http://www.time.gov/">Official U.S. Time</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/publications">Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software">Software</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card nist-card--primary nist-card--title-overlay tablet:grid-col-4"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-450.webp?v1 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-900.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 800px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-225.webp?v1 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-450.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-600.webp?v1 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-1200.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-450.webp?v1 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-900.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-450.png?v1 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-900.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 800px)" type="image/png"> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-225.png?v1 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-450.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/png"> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-600.png?v1 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-1200.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/png"> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-450.png?v1 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-900.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/png"> <img src="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-2-1200.png?v1" width="1200" height="976" alt="A man wearing safety goggles leans over a scientific device." loading="lazy"> </picture> </div> <div class="nist-card__title "> <h3>Laboratories</h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__content"> <ul class="add-list-reset"> <li><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/ctl">Communications Technology Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/el">Engineering Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/itl">Information Technology Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/mml">Material Measurement Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/ncnr">NIST Center for Neutron Research</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/pml">Physical Measurement Laboratory</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card nist-card--primary nist-card--title-overlay tablet:grid-col-4"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-450.webp?v1 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-900.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 800px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-225.webp?v1 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-450.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-600.webp?v1 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-1200.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-450.webp?v1 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-900.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-450.png?v1 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-900.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 800px)" type="image/png"> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-225.png?v1 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-450.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/png"> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-600.png?v1 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-1200.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/png"> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-450.png?v1 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-900.png?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/png"> <img src="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/callout/nist-homepage-callout-3-1200.png?v1" width="1200" height="976" alt="A man wearing safety goggles leans over a scientific device." loading="lazy"> </picture> </div> <div class="nist-card__title "> <h3>Extramural Programs</h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__content"> <ul class="add-list-reset"> <li><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/baldrige">Baldrige Performance Excellence Program</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/mep">Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP)</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://www.manufacturingusa.com/" class="ext extlink">Manufacturing USA<span class="ext" aria-label="(link is external)"></span></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/nvlap">NVLAP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/tpo">Technology Transfer</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="chips-banner"> <div class="grid-container padding-y-4"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-4 flex-align-center"> <div class="tablet:grid-col chips-banner__title"> <h2 class="margin-y-1"><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/chips" title="Learn more at chips.gov">CHIPS <span class="text-italic">for</span> America</a></h2> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-auto chips-banner__image"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/chips" title="Learn more at chips.gov"> <picture> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/chips_logo_mark.webp?v1" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/chips_logo_mark.png?v1" type="image/png"> <img src="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/chips_logo_mark.png?v1" alt="CHIPS.gov logo" width="100" height="76" loading="lazy"> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col chips-banner__text"> <div class="maxw-mobile margin-x-auto tablet:margin-left-0"> Investments in innovation, resilience and a more competitive American future | <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/chips" title="Learn more at chips.gov" class="chips-banner__more">Learn more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bg-base-lightest padding-y-4"> <div class="grid-container"> <h2 class="nist-block__title nist-block__title--no-border text-accent-cool text-center font-body-xl">Featured Topics</h2> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-2 margin-top-4"> <div class="nist-card nist-card--icon mobile-lg:grid-col-6 tablet-lg:grid-col-3"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/artificial-intelligence"> <img src="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/ai.png?v1" alt="Artificial Intelligence" width="60" height="60" loading="lazy"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title nist-card__title--link"> <h3><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card nist-card--icon mobile-lg:grid-col-6 tablet-lg:grid-col-3"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/climate"> <img src="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/environment.png?v1" alt="Climate" width="60" height="60" loading="lazy"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title nist-card__title--link"> <h3><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/climate">Climate</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card nist-card--icon mobile-lg:grid-col-6 tablet-lg:grid-col-3"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/advanced-communications"> <img src="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/communications.png?v1" alt="Communications" width="60" height="60" loading="lazy"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title nist-card__title--link"> <h3><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/advanced-communications">Communications</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card nist-card--icon mobile-lg:grid-col-6 tablet-lg:grid-col-3"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity"> <img src="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/cybersecurity.png?v1" alt="Cybersecurity" width="60" height="60" loading="lazy"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title nist-card__title--link"> <h3><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity">Cybersecurity</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-2"> <div class="nist-card nist-card--icon mobile-lg:grid-col-6 tablet-lg:grid-col-3"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/health-bioscience"> <img src="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/health.png?v1" alt="Health & Bioscience" width="60" height="60" loading="lazy"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title nist-card__title--link"> <h3><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/health-bioscience">Health & Bioscience</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card nist-card--icon mobile-lg:grid-col-6 tablet-lg:grid-col-3"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/infrastructure"> <img src="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/infrastructure.png?v1" alt="Infrastructure" width="60" height="60" loading="lazy"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title nist-card__title--link"> <h3><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card nist-card--icon mobile-lg:grid-col-6 tablet-lg:grid-col-3"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/manufacturing"> <img src="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/manufacturing.png?v1" alt="Manufacturing" width="60" height="60" loading="lazy"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title nist-card__title--link"> <h3><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card nist-card--icon mobile-lg:grid-col-6 tablet-lg:grid-col-3"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/quantum-information-science"> <img src="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/quantum_science2.png?v1" alt="Quantum Science" width="60" height="60" loading="lazy"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title nist-card__title--link"> <h3><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/quantum-information-science">Quantum Science</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bg-primary-lighter padding-y-4"> <div class="grid-container"> <h2 class="nist-block__title nist-block__title--no-border text-primary text-center font-body-xl">Standards & Measurements</h2> <div class="nist-card nist-card--horizontal nist-card--horizontal-full nist-card--primary-lighter margin-top-4"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements_1x.webp?v1 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 800px)" type="image/webp" width="1160" height="800"> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements_crop1x.webp?v1 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements_crop2x.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/webp" width="680" height="800"> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements_1x.webp?v1 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements.webp?v1 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/webp" width="1160" height="800"> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements_1x.jpg 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements.jpg 2x" media="(min-width: 800px)" type="image/jpg" width="1160" height="800"> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements_crop1x.jpg 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements_crop2x.jpg 2x" media="(min-width: 640px)" type="image/jpg" width="680" height="800"> <source srcset="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements_1x.jpg 1x, /web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements.jpg 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/jpg" width="1160" height="800"> <img src="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist-homepage-standards-measurements.jpg" width="1160" height="800" alt="A man wearing safety goggles leans over a scientific device." loading="lazy"> </picture> </div> <div class="nist-card__content"> <p class="mobile-lg:margin-top-neg-105 font-sans-md">NIST’s portfolio of services for measurements, standards, and legal metrology provide solutions that ensure measurement traceability, enable quality assurance, and harmonize documentary standards and regulatory practices.</p> <ul class="add-list-reset margin-top-4"> <li class="maxw-mobile-lg"><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/calibrations" class="usa-button usa-button-homepage usa-button-homepage--measure"><div class="flex-1 display-inline-flex text-left">Calibrations</div></a></li> <li class="maxw-mobile-lg"><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/documentary-standards" class="usa-button usa-button-homepage usa-button-homepage--file-text2"><div class="flex-1 display-inline-flex text-left">Documentary Standards</div></a></li> <li class="maxw-mobile-lg"><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/srd" class="usa-button usa-button-homepage usa-button-homepage--file-binary"><div class="flex-1 display-inline-flex text-left">Standard Reference Data</div></a></li> <li class="maxw-mobile-lg"><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/srm" class="usa-button usa-button-homepage usa-button-homepage--prescription"><div class="flex-1 display-inline-flex text-left">Standard Reference Materials</div></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container padding-y-4"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-6 margin-top-4"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-block"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">News</h2> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-01c9e20654e52e370e279ce9f9edc1f1c3ba7bcaabec7921c552cfe18f9cb0ef"> <div> <article role="article" about="/news-events/news/2023/09/nists-shrimp-and-salmon-reference-materials-could-help-combat-seafood-fraud" typeof="schema:Article" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/09/nists-shrimp-and-salmon-reference-materials-could-help-combat-seafood-fraud" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2023/09/07/Wild_Caught_Salmon_Cryomilling_18.jpg?itok=i9jTsgVW" width="100" height="75" alt="Pieces of salmon are being fed from a metal holder into the icy opening of a milling machine. " typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/09/nists-shrimp-and-salmon-reference-materials-could-help-combat-seafood-fraud"><span property="schema:name">NIST’s Shrimp and Salmon Reference Materials Could Help Combat Seafood Fraud</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2023-09-08T12:00:00Z">September 8, 2023</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div property="schema:text" class="text-with-summary"> Seafood fraud can happen when fish is incorrectly labeled for consumers as a more expensive variety. </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/news-events/news/2023/09/nist-seeks-input-implementation-national-standards-strategy-critical-and" typeof="schema:Article" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/09/nist-seeks-input-implementation-national-standards-strategy-critical-and" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2023/09/06/shutterstock_2118695234-burn-extend-aug23-CROP-web.jpg?itok=Nx-VZDfd" width="100" height="63" alt="Illustration shows a shiny robot hand pointing at icons including a molecule, a heart and an atom." typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/09/nist-seeks-input-implementation-national-standards-strategy-critical-and"><span property="schema:name">NIST Seeks Input on Implementation of National Standards Strategy for Critical and Emerging Technology</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2023-09-07T12:00:00Z">September 7, 2023</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div property="schema:text" class="text-with-summary"> The strategy promotes technologically sound standards that help American industry compete internationally on a level playing field. </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/news-events/news/2023/09/nist-provides-update-investigation-collapse-champlain-towers-south" typeof="schema:Article" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/09/nist-provides-update-investigation-collapse-champlain-towers-south" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2023/09/06/Coring%20and%20MOA%20tests%20%20%28Sep2023%29.jpg?itok=_ZYnXh8D" width="100" height="75" alt="A slab of concrete with ragged edges sits on a warehouse floor as researchers use equipment to extract core samples. " typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/09/nist-provides-update-investigation-collapse-champlain-towers-south"><span property="schema:name">NIST Provides Update on Investigation Into the Collapse of Champlain Towers South</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2023-09-07T12:00:00Z">September 7, 2023</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div property="schema:text" class="text-with-summary"> Preliminary evaluations show additional deviations from design in pool deck construction, no underground voids. </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/news-events/news/2023/08/nist-standardize-encryption-algorithms-can-resist-attack-quantum-computers" typeof="schema:Article" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/08/nist-standardize-encryption-algorithms-can-resist-attack-quantum-computers" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2023/08/22/PQC_Algo_Pre-standardization-vid.jpg?itok=vwl5Celb" width="100" height="56" alt="Collage illustration of servers, laptops and phones is divided into left "Old Encryption Standards" and right "New Encryption Standards."" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/08/nist-standardize-encryption-algorithms-can-resist-attack-quantum-computers"><span property="schema:name">NIST to Standardize Encryption Algorithms That Can Resist Attack by Quantum Computers</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2023-08-24T12:00:00Z">August 24, 2023</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div property="schema:text" class="text-with-summary"> Three new algorithms are expected to be ready for use in 2024. Others will follow. </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <footer> <div class="more-link"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/search">View All News</a></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-block"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Events</h2> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-2f7c1b561da2cf47b71ce6bcd1f2328106fa621543ccebc04dbd30de355092a7"> <div> <article role="article" about="/news-events/events/2023/09/6g-core-networks-workshop" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events/2023/09/6g-core-networks-workshop" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2023/06/21/5G6G%20Banner.jpg?itok=yGGYH3qw" width="100" height="62" alt="Person pushing slider from 5G 100 Mbps to 6G 200 Gbps " typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events/2023/09/6g-core-networks-workshop"><span>6G Core Networks Workshop</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="smartdate">Tue, Sep 12 2023, 8:30am - 5:00pm EDT</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"> Transitioning into a 6G ecosystem from the current 5G landscape will be a great challenge and could bring on profound </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/news-events/events/2023/09/journey-nist-cybersecurity-framework-csf-20-workshop-3" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events/2023/09/journey-nist-cybersecurity-framework-csf-20-workshop-3" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2023/08/07/CSFWorkshop3.png?itok=3MRmn-NO" width="100" height="100" alt="Cybersecurity Framework 2.0 Workshop 3" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events/2023/09/journey-nist-cybersecurity-framework-csf-20-workshop-3"><span>Journey to the NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 | Workshop #3</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="smartdate">Tue, Sep 19 - Wed, Sep 20 2023</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"> The collaborative process to update the NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF), toward CSF 2.0 , continues! This final two </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/news-events/events/2023/09/chips-rd-standards-summit" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events/2023/09/chips-rd-standards-summit" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2023/09/05/Web-Landing_Small_v4.png?itok=SLJu1gaR" width="100" height="100" alt="CHIPS R&D Standard Summit-v4" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events/2023/09/chips-rd-standards-summit"><span>CHIPS R&D Standards Summit</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="smartdate">Tue, Sep 26 - Wed, Sep 27 2023</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"> The CHIPS Research and Development Office’s Standards Summit will be held as an in-person and virtual event on September </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/news-events/events/2023/09/additive-construction-path-standardization" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events/2023/09/additive-construction-path-standardization" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2023/06/22/Add_Construction%20copy.jpg?itok=vcQeaZil" width="100" height="67" alt="Shutterstock Image Additive Construction -- The Path to Standardization" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events/2023/09/additive-construction-path-standardization"><span>Additive Construction - The Path to Standardization</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="smartdate">Tue, Sep 26 - Wed, Sep 27 2023</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"> The event, Additive Construction – The Path to Standardization, will bring together industry stakeholders to discuss </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/news-events/events/2023/10/integrating-crystallographic-and-computational-approaches-carbon-capture" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events/2023/10/integrating-crystallographic-and-computational-approaches-carbon-capture" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2023/06/08/Crystallographic_ImgBanner.jpg?itok=8IgXO5Ci" width="88" height="100" alt="Integrating crystallographic and computational approaches to carbon-capture materials for the mitigation of climate change" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events/2023/10/integrating-crystallographic-and-computational-approaches-carbon-capture"><span>Integrating Crystallographic and Computational Approaches to Carbon-Capture Materials for the Mitigation of Climate Change</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="smartdate">Tue, Oct 31 - Wed, Nov 1 2023</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"> NIST will host a workshop “Integrating crystallographic and computational approaches to carbon-capture materials for the </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <footer> <div class="more-link"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/event-archive">View Past Events</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/upcoming-events">View All Upcoming Events</a></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div data-elastic-exclude>  <footer class="nist-footer padding-bottom-4"> <div class="grid-container nist-footer__info"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__logo"> <a href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" rel="home"> <img class="nist-footer__logo-img" src="/web/20230909061533im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/NIST-Logo-Brand-White.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology logo" width="300px" height="42px"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__contact"> <h3 class="nist-footer__contact-heading">HEADQUARTERS</h3> <address> 100 Bureau Drive<br> Gaithersburg, MD 20899<br> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/tel:301-975-2000">301-975-2000</a> </address> <p> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/mailto:do-webmaster@nist.gov">Webmaster</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us">Contact Us</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/visit">Our Other Offices</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__social-links"> <a class="nist-social nist-social--twitter-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://twitter.com/NIST"> <span>Twitter</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--facebook-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://www.facebook.com/NIST"> <span>Facebook</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--linkedin-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://www.linkedin.com/company/nist"> <span>LinkedIn</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--instagram-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://www.instagram.com/nist/"> <span>Instagram</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--youtube-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://www.youtube.com/NIST"> <span>YouTube</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--giphy-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://giphy.com/nist"> <span>Giphy</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--rss-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/nist-rss-feeds"> <span>RSS Feed</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--envelope-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNIST/subscriber/new"> <span>Mailing List</span> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__feedback"> How are we doing? <a class="usa-button" rel="nofollow" href="/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/form/nist-gov-feedback?destination=/national-institute-standards-and-technology" title="Provide feedback">Feedback</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-footer__nav" role="navigation"> <ul> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/privacy-policy">Site Privacy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/oism/accessibility">Accessibility</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/privacy">Privacy Program</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/oism/copyrights">Copyrights</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://www.commerce.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy">Vulnerability Disclosure</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/no-fear-act-policy">No Fear Act Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/office-director/freedom-information-act">FOIA</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/environmental-policy-statement">Environmental Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/summary-report-scientific-integrity">Scientific Integrity</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://www.nist.gov/nist-information-quality-standards">Information Quality Standards</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://www.commerce.gov/">Commerce.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/http://www.science.gov/">Science.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/http://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533/https://vote.gov/">Vote.gov</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer>  </div> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/783411","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":true,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"back_to_top":{"back_to_top_button_trigger":100,"back_to_top_prevent_on_mobile":false,"back_to_top_prevent_in_admin":true,"back_to_top_button_type":"image","back_to_top_button_text":"Back to top"},"google_analytics":{"account":"G-HEQ0YF2VYL","trackOutbound":true,"trackMailto":true,"trackTel":true,"trackDownload":true,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|bsh|c|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|dw(fx|g|gd)|dxf|eps|epub|exe|f(90)|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|m1v|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mobi|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|pl|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|rfa|rtf|rvt|sch|sea|sit|swf|tar|tgz|tif|txt|txz|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|wrl|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|xsd|z|zip"},"nist_search":{"clickTracking":"search-report-click","isDebug":false,"clickTrackEnabled":true,"message":"NIST Search in debug mode. Check the browsers network inspector for Click Track reporting results..."},"data":{"extlink":{"extTarget":false,"extTargetNoOverride":false,"extNofollow":false,"extNoreferrer":false,"extFollowNoOverride":false,"extClass":"ext","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":false,"extSubdomains":true,"extExclude":"\\.gov\\\/|\\.mil\\\/|\\manufacturingusa\\.com\\\/","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":"","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":true,"extAlertText":"Thank you for visiting NIST. We hope your visit was informative. We have provided a link to this site because it has information that may be of interest to our users. NIST does not necessarily endorse the views expressed or the facts presented on this site. Further, NIST does not endorse any commercial products that may be advertised or available on this site. Click OK to be directed to your link.","mailtoClass":"0","mailtoLabel":"(link sends email)","extUseFontAwesome":false,"extIconPlacement":"append","extFaLinkClasses":"fa fa-external-link","extFaMailtoClasses":"fa fa-envelope-o","whitelistedDomains":[]}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"582eea317b4636ab5a0dffc8c6a006df3d6901ea5610498a0bbefc925ea1da0f"}}</script> <script src="/web/20230909061533js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_TWNv9cx7L2u6xOmxjWFvEVVx5eqI8FiA4zHHfFssVso.js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909061533js_/https://siteimproveanalytics.com/js/siteanalyze_6017546.js" async></script> <script src="/web/20230909061533js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_-7w3JusuRaaB46cS-o2sKvVuKufIlPFmpPV3es8rkoU.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"gov-bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"37b7ccb661","applicationID":"1089704227","transactionName":"YFxUN0sADEdYVkBaClkWdwBNCA1aFkVVVABoWlcAUQQ=","queueTime":4,"applicationTime":42,"atts":"TBtXQQMaH0k=","errorBeacon":"gov-bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

National Institute of Standards and Technology